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Crystal Structure of the Tetrameric Mad1–Mad2 Core Complex

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Crystal Structure of the Tetrameric Mad1–Mad2 Core Complex The EMBO Journal Vol. 21 No. 10 pp. 2496±2506, 2002 Crystal structure of the tetrameric Mad1±Mad2 core complex: implications of a `safety belt' binding mechanism for the spindle checkpoint Lucia Sironi, Marina Mapelli, Stefan Knapp1, anaphase-promoting complex (APC), a multi-subunit Anna De Antoni, Kuan-Teh Jeang2 and ubiquitin ligase, whose activity ultimately determines Andrea Musacchio3 loss of sister chromatid cohesion at the metaphase± anaphase transition (Zachariae and Nasmyth, 1999). Structural Biology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology, APC inhibition requires a direct interaction of Mad2 European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, 1Pharmacia Corporation, Department of Chemistry, Discovery with Cdc20, a positive regulator of the APC (Li et al., Research Oncology, 20014 Nerviano, Italy and 2Molecular Virology 1997; Fang et al., 1998; Hwang et al., 1998; Kallio et al., Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0460, USA 1998; Kim et al., 1998; Wassmann and Benezra, 1998). 3Corresponding author Cdc20 mutants impaired in Mad2 binding do not arrest in e-mail: [email protected] metaphase upon Mad2or Mps1 over-expression in ®ssion and budding yeast, respectively (Hwang et al., 1998; Kim The spindle checkpoint protein Mad1 recruits Mad2 et al., 1998). The importance of Mad2is underlined by the to unattached kinetochores and is essential for observation that its gene is essential in mammals, and that Mad2±Cdc20 complex formation in vivo but not the disruption of one Mad2allele causes enhanced rates of in vitro. The crystal structure of the Mad1±Mad2 com- chromosome loss, impaired checkpoint function, and may plex reveals an asymmetric tetramer,with elongated promote tumorigenesis (Dobles et al., 2000; Michel et al., Mad1 monomers parting from a coiled-coil to form 2001). two connected sub-complexes with Mad2. The Mad2 Mad2also interacts with Mad1, a 718-residue coiled- C-terminal tails are hinged mobile elements wrapping coil protein (Hardwick and Murray, 1995; Chen et al., around the elongated ligands like molecular `safety 1998, 1999; Jin et al., 1998). The Cdc20 and Mad1 belts'. We show that Mad1 is a competitive inhibitor complexes with Mad2are exclusive, and occur in the of the Mad2±Cdc20 complex,and propose that the absence of other proteins in vitro (Sironi et al., 2001; Mad1±Mad2 complex acts as a regulated gate to con- Zhang and Lees, 2001; Luo et al., 2002). Precisely how trol Mad2 release for Cdc20 binding. Mad1±Mad2 is these complexes relate to each other is unclear, but a strongly stabilized in the tetramer,but a 1:1 functional link is indicated by the inability of Mad2and Mad1±Mad2 complex slowly releases Mad2 for Cdc20 Cdc20 to interact in budding yeast strains lacking Mad1 binding,driven by favourable binding energies. Thus, (Hwang et al., 1998; Fraschini et al., 2001), and by the the rate of Mad2 binding to Cdc20 during checkpoint observation that Mad1 depletion severely affects the activation may be regulated by conformational spindle checkpoint in mammalian cells (Luo et al., changes that destabilize the tetrameric Mad1±Mad2 2002). Thus, although Mad2 can interact effectively with assembly to promote Mad2 release. We also show that Cdc20 in the absence of other proteins in vitro, binding of unlocking the Mad2 C-terminal tail is required for Mad2to Mad1 makes this interaction possible in vivo. ligand release from Mad2,and that the `safety belt' Dynamic studies indicated that Mad2cycles at the mechanism may prolong the lifetime of Mad2±ligand kinetochore with a rapid turnover (Howell et al., 2000, complexes. 2001). Conceivably, Cdc20 may associate with Mad2 at Keywords: anaphase/Cdc20/Mad1/Mad2/mitotic spindle unattached kinetochores and depart to prevent loss of checkpoint cohesion on already bi-oriented sister chromatids. The Mad2binding sites on Mad1 and Cdc20have been mapped using genetic and biochemical approaches (Hwang et al., 1998; Jin et al., 1998; Kim et al., 1998; Luo et al., 2000; Introduction Zhang and Lees, 2001), and recently it was shown that The spindle assembly checkpoint monitors sister chroma- these otherwise unrelated proteins share an ~10-residue tid bi-orientation in mitosis and prevents loss of sister Mad2binding motif (Luo et al., 2002). This suggests that chromatid cohesion in the presence of a damaged spindle Mad2is transferred from one ligand to the other via (Hardwick, 1998; Shah and Cleveland, 2000). Mad1, competition. Binding of Mad2to peptides encompassing Mad2, Bub1, BubR1/Mad3 and Bub3 associate with the Mad1 and Cdc20 binding sites promotes a similar kinetochores in prophase and prometaphase to monitor dramatic conformational change in the Mad2C-terminal attachment of sister chromatids to the spindle (Chen et al., tail (Luo et al., 2000, 2002), raising the possibility that 1996, 1998; Li and Benezra, 1996; Taylor and McKeon, Mad1 may prepare the Mad2binding site for Cdc20entry, 1997; Taylor et al., 1998). These proteins are conserved increasing the on-rate for this interaction (Luo et al., from yeast to metazoans, suggesting that the signal 2002). transduction pathways originating at unattached kineto- We determined the crystal structure of the tetrameric chores are functionally and mechanistically similar in all Mad1±Mad2core complex and analysed its structural and eukaryotes. The target of the spindle checkpoint is the biochemical properties to ®nd out how this complex may 2496 ã European Molecular Biology Organization Crystal structure of the Mad1±Mad2 complex Table I. Structure determination Data statistics High resolution native Low resolution native Peak 1 Peak 2 Crystal form I II II II Facility and beamline ESRF ID14 Elettra XRD1 ESRF ID29 Elettra XRD1 Unit cell dimensions (AÊ ) a = 111.0 a = 111.6 a = 111.7 a = 111.4 b = 63.0 b = 63.0 b = 63.2 b = 62.9 c = 139.5 c = 261.5 c = 262.6 c = 262.2 Angles (°) b = 111.6 b = 90.3 b = 90.6 b = 90.4 Wavelength (AÊ ) 0.9340 1.0000 0.9793 0.9809 Resolution (AÊ ) 25±2.05 25±3.2 25±3.3 25±3.5 Observations/unique 368 557/113 010 228 813/58 325 169 263/54 062 154 312/48 031 re¯ections Completeness 99.2 (90.0) 95.3 (79.8) 82.6 (62.2) 95.2 (84.1) (last shell) (%) a Rsym (last shell) (%) 3.8 (34.1) 6.3 (37.5) 5.5 (8.3) 4.5 (7.6) I/sI (last shell) 18.2 (2.9) 16.9 (2.9) 13.4 (8.0) 14.7 (8.3) Number of Mad1±Mad2 4±4 8±8 8±8 8±8 in asymmetric unit Re®nement statistics Protein atoms 9237 Water molecules 711 b Rcryst (% of data) 24.0 (95) c Rfree (%) (% of data) 26.8 (5) R.m.s. bonds (AÊ ) 0.015 R.m.s. angles (°) 1.88 P P jIi hklÀI hklj a hkl i Rsym P P Ii hkl hkl i P jjFobsjÀkjFcalcjj b hkl Rcryst P jFobsj hkl c Rfree is equivalent to Rcryst but is calculated using a disjoint set of re¯ections excluded from re®nement. favour the Mad2±Cdc20 interaction. We ®nd that Mad1 is single peak from a size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) a competitive inhibitor of Cdc20, and that the Mad1±Mad2 column, but further analyses established that it contains a complex is engineered to slow down the rate of formation super-stoichiometric amount of Mad2wt, probably due to of Mad2±Cdc20. The Mad2 C-terminal tail locks in the Mad2aggregation (Sironi et al., 2001). Consistently, Mad1 ligand, and release of Mad2likely requires its Mad1485±718±Mad2wt was polydisperse (not shown) and unfolding. We show consistently that previous binding of did not crystallize. Mad2R133A, a point mutant of Mad2 Mad2 to Mad1 decreases the rate of the Mad2±Cdc20 with a substitution of Arg133 by alanine, effectively binds interaction in vitro relative to unbound (apo) Mad2. The Mad1 and Cdc20 (Sironi et al., 2001). Its interaction with Mad1 binding sites are buried at the interface of the Mad1 is tight and results in a monodisperse complex (not Mad1±Mad2tetramer, and an unperturbed Mad1±Mad2 shown) devoid of the excess Mad2observed in the tetramer will not release Mad2. A 1:1 complex, however, complex containing Mad2wt (Sironi et al., 2001). We refer will allow a slow exchange of Mad2from Mad1 for Cdc20 to the resulting complex as the Mad1±Mad2core binding. These results suggest that an appropriate complex. Although we were unable to crystallize conformational change in the Mad1±Mad2complex may Mad1485±718±Mad2R133A (large Mad1±Mad2core com- allow regulated release of Mad2for Cdc20binding, which plex), a complex containing a shorter fragment of Mad1 our thermodynamic studies indicate as a favourable (Mad1485±584±Mad2R133A: short Mad1±Mad2core com- interaction. plex) yielded a crystallizable sample. The structure was determined at 2.05 AÊ resolution using SIRAS methods on a selenomethionyl derivative (Table I) as described in Results Materials and methods. Structure determination A soluble complex between the C-terminal region of Overall view of the Mad1±Mad2 core complex human Mad1 (residues 485±718, Mad1485±718) and histi- Mad1±Mad2core is a tetramer containing two copies of dine-tagged (His) human Mad2wt was puri®ed from each subunit (Mad2A and Mad2B, yellow in Figure 1; and bacteria (Sironi et al., 2001). The complex eluted in a Mad1A and Mad1B). The Mad1 molecules are elongated, 2497 L.Sironi et al. Fig. 1. Structure of the Mad1±Mad2complex. ( A and B) Ribbon diagrams of the Mad1±Mad2tetramer viewed from orthogonal directions. Mad2 A and Mad2B (yellow) are two Mad2monomers in the complex. The Mad1 chains (Mad1 A and Mad1B) interact via the N-terminal coiled-coil (cyan). The dark blue segments contain the Mad2binding sites. A helical conformation is resumed in the C-terminal region (green).
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