ALMA is more connected to than you think. Studying these space rocks is very important if we want to understand our cosmic origins and prevent possible collisions with Earth. Although the probability is low, it never ceases to exist.

ALMA observes millimetric and submillimetric radio waves, capturing images from the radiation produced by asteroids. Identifyiang these is important because no two asteroids are alike. They all have different sizes and compositions that have not changed since the Solar System was created.

Commemorate with us on June 30, International Asteroid Day! INSTRUCTIONS 5.1 Data Squares 7 Traps, Superpowers and Milestones • If you have to move your chip because of a trap or REQUIREMENTS OF THE GAME • If you land on a data square, you must choose a number between 1 and 66 (you cannot repeat a number superpower, the square you land on will have no • 1 to 6 players. that was already chosen). The game moderator reads effect. • A player-moderator or “head of records”. from the list of data (which is found in the information that • If it is your turn and you cross a milestone because • 1 pencil per player (to write down information and comes with the game) the information that corresponds to of a trap or superpower, the game moderator must draw your asteroid). the number chosen by the player. Once the data has read the new information based on the last number • Printable “asteroid record” sheet or one paper per been read with complementary information about you rolled on the die. player to take notes. asteroids, it is the next player’s turn. • 1 small rock or other object per player (this will be your chip and the shape of your asteroid). 5.2 Trap Squares 8 End of game • 1 die for the entire game. • If you land on a trap square, the game moderator must • The winner is the rst player to land on one of the 6 read from the list of traps (information that comes with the numbered squares around the Sun, located at the game) the number of the trap indicated on the square center of the board, to correctly guess (before rolling where you landed, and then you must follow the the die) whether to collide or to be observed. RULES instructions indicated. • For this, you need to land on the exact goal square. If you don’t roll the exact number, you will 5.3 Question Squares have to move back the number of corresponding First decide which player will be the game 1 • Every time you land on a data square, you must choose squares, based on the number you rolled on the die. moderator. The mission of the moderator will be to a number between 1 and 22 (numbers cannot be • Once you reach the goal, you must choose keep the data sheets and ensure the rules are repeated). The game moderator will read a between being observed or colliding with Earth, and followed. multiple-choice question from the list of questions that then roll the die. Odd numbers (1, 3 and 5) mean comes with the game. If you answer correctly, you will that you collided with Earth, and even numbers (2, 4 earn a superpower for your asteroid, which is speci ed in and 6) mean that you were observed. 2 To decide who starts, each player throws the die. the list of superpowers that comes with the game. You Whoever rolls the highest number goes rst. All • The game moderator will read about the can earn up to 3 superpowers and these will be valid for development of your asteroid because each square players must draw the shape of their asteroid before the duration of the game. the game begins. represents a speci c ending in the list of endings on the attached data sheet. • The nal result between the players will be based 5.4 Drawing Squares on order of arrival and correctly answering about 3 The players take turns in a clockwise direction. • If you land on this square, you earn the right to draw 1 colliding or being observed. of the following 6 elements on your asteroid: • Sunglasses • Arms and legs • Wings • Wig • Hat • Scarf 4 Each player rolls the die at the beginning of their turn and moves the amount of squares corresponding to the number on the die. 6 Milestones • Along the way, you will nd 4 total milestones (dotted lines after the squares), which will help you add valuable 5 There are 4 types of squares you can land on: Data, information about your asteroid. traps, questions and drawings. • When you cross a milestone, the game moderator will Good luck read the corresponding one from the list of milestones on the race! (that comes with the game) based on the number you rolled on the die on your most recent turn. You must write down the new information on your asteroid record sheet. Based on the number that you roll on the die to cross the border, you can nd your characteristic and write it down MILESTONES on your record sheet.

TYPE TEXTURES HAZARD LEVEL CENTER FINAL ORBIT

1 1 1 1 1 COLLIDED TYPE S NEAR AND INOFFENSIVE GOLD You enter the Earth’s atmosphere 17% of all asteroids, the second most SMOOTH Your diameter is small like a tennis A single asteroid may contain and fall into the ocean. If you are common type. These are bright and Smooth and slippery. ball. If you touch the Earth’s more gold than all the gold on inoffensive, you wreak no havoc. If rocky and are made up of Silicon (Si), atmosphere, you will disintegrate. Earth. Iron (Fe) and Sulfur (S). you are hazardous, you cause tidal waves in nearby oceans. 2 2 2 2 TYPE C 2 These represent 75% of known RUBBLE CUMULUS FAR AND INOFFENSIVE WATER OBSERVED asteroids and are very dark Joined by gravity like a series of You may be big like a city, but you This is the most sought-after You were successfully observed. If because they are primarily made mud balls. orbit far from the Earth and you are element, which is more valuable you are inoffensive, you enter the up of Carbon (C). unlikely to come close to Earth. than any other. registry of new asteroids. If you are hazardous, a space probe will visit 3 you. We will be there soon! 3 TYPE CM 3 3 3 Carbonaceous Chondrites, a very ROCKY PLATINUM With multiple vertices and faces HUGE AND INOFFENSIVE COLLIDED uncommon type of rock. These contain This is a very rare and very like common stones. Your diameter is 948 kilometers, You come straight towards Earth. If remains of water, amino acids and expensive precious metal that is other organic elements. like the dwarf planet Ceres. you are small, the atmosphere will However, your orbit is far from used in the aerospace industry. disintegrate you, but if you are 4 Earth. large, you fall on a city and appear TYPE M 4 in all the headlines. These are the brightest and are 4 4 DOUBLE 4 made of metal, such as Nickel (Ni) Two asteroids that were slowly MEDIUM HAZARD FIRE and Iron (Fe) and other precious drawn together and now orbit A burning, incandescent core OBSERVED You measure less than 140 meters in metals such as Platinum (Pt) and together in the same space. resulting from the combustion of ALMA successfully identi ed you, diameter but you are 8 million Gold (Au). many heavy metals. you are part of the Chilean asteroid kilometers from Earth. registry. 5 5 5 TYPE D 5 5 These reect little light and their CHONDRULES POTENTIAL HAZARD COLLIDED IRON You crashed into Earth! If you are mostly spectral aspect gives them a Remains of different colored rocks You measure more than 140 meters This is not so valuable but it is a inoffensive, you fall in a desert. If reddish hue. It is believed that they that form a single body. in diameter and you are less than 8 metal commonly used on Earth. you are hazardous, you divert the have a high carbonate silicate million kilometers from Earth. content. Earth’s axis and extinction is imminent. 6 6 6 6 6 TYPE V HIGH HAZARD POROUS OBSERVED A rare group such as the Vesta You are enormous and your orbit is ICE Full of holes, like a sponge, If you are inoffensive, you enter asteroid (3rd most important on the hard to predict, because you are Cold core like dry ice, which is produced by previous impacts. the asteroid registry. If you are ), similar to type S but very far away and not very bright. solid Carbon Dioxide. Similar to the surface of the Moon. hazardous, the planetary with more peroxides in their protection mission launches a creation (more Oxygen links). missile to divert you. TRAPS QUESTIONS

According to scientists, what do 1 Where did the asteroid land that 8 When is asteroid day? 16 T1 You lose your next turn. extinguished the dinosaurs? a) October 12 smell like? a) Africa b) June 30 a) Pestilence T2 The next player loses 1 turn. b) Mexico b) Flowers

T3 You move back 1 square. 9 What is the name of the asteroid that 17 How are asteroids and meteorites 2 What do you call the remains of became a dwarf planet? different? asteroids that reach Earth? a) Cedric a) Size T4 The previous player moves forward 1 square. a) Comets b) Ceres b) Whether or not they impact Earth b) Meteorites T5 The game changes direction. 10 Are asteroids the same as the Moon? 18 Are asteroids only located on the belt All players move forward 1 square The asteroid that eliminated 75% of a) Yes between Mars and Jupiter? T6 3 except you. all Cretaceous species created a: b) No a) Yes a) Nuclear winter b) No b) Nuclear spring Where have the last two major 11 What is the difference between a meteorite impacts occurred? 19 SUPERPOWERS and asteroid? a) China Why is it important to know about a) An asteroid has a tail 4 b) Russia Before each turn you can choose to asteroids? b) A comet has a tail move forward 1 square. a) To learn about our cosmic origins b) To strengthen planetary protection Why is it so hard to observe 12 What is a meteor? Before each turn you can choose c) For future space mining projects asteroids? 20 a) A luminous phenomenon any other player to move back 1 d) All of the above a) Because there are so many b) A climatic phenomenon square. b) Because they have poor radiation and are very dark c) All of the above If you don’t like the number you 5 Where is the Asteroid Belt located? 21 How many antennas does ALMA have? rolled on the die, you can roll again. a) Between Mercury and Venus a) 56 b) Between Mars and Jupiter 13 Asteroid day is June 30 because on b) 66 this date: a) A large meteorite fell on Russia in 22 What is the Palermo staircase? 1908 a) A system to count Near Earth b) Ceres was discovered Asteroids What is the acronym used for asteroids If ɘoɉ ǽȞsɒeȹ tȊȩ 6 b) A hazard measurement system for close to Earth? quȩȻɄȏonȻ ǸȡrȸǵǸtȗə, yoɉ objects close to Earth. caȝ ɓȎn ǽ SUȪɋȣPȭȌEȣ a) NEA (Near Earth Asteroid) 14 Space mining would be used to: b) NEOA (Near Earth Orbit Asteroid) a) Extract minerals from asteroids b) Find life in rocks ANSWERS

7 What are asteroids? 15 What is the name of an asteroid 1.b; 2.b; 3.a; 4.d; 5.b; 6.a; 7.a; 8.b; 9.b; a) Rocks from the Solar System observed by ALMA? 10.b; 12.c; 13.a; 14.a; 15.a; 16.a; 17.b; b) Space garbage of no importance a) Juno 18.b; 19.b; 20.a; 21.b; 22.b; b) Zeus 14) Planets and asteroids have an 24) NASA’s OSIRIS-REx probe is a mission that 35) Studies show that the site where the DATA incandescent core, provoked by the collected samples from the Bennu asteroid in asteroid fell, which may have wiped out the radioactive disintegration of heavy metals. 2020 and will return in 2023 to contribute to dinosaurs and the 60º angle with which it fell the study of these celestial bodies. were extremely precise in provoking the 1) There may be 100,000 tons of platinum in a “nuclear winter,” because the level of impact single asteroid (with a 1 km diameter). 15) The existence of rare metals and precious stones on Earth can be explained by the 25) The study of the Bennu and Psyche caused would not have been the same if it 2) A single asteroid may contain more platinum subsequent impact to their formation, called asteroid is important because they provide had hit Earth vertically or fallen into the sea. and gold than all the platinum and gold on Earth. the “late heavy bombardment” clues about the origin of life and the Solar of asteroids. System. 36) There are no asteroids registered that 3) Asteroids are enormous space mines full of present a threat to Earth for the next 100 minerals. 26) In 2022, Space X and NASA will send years, but prevention is the best way to 16) If you use jewelry made from precious a space mission to explore the “gold protect ourselves. 4) The gravitational pull of Jupiter prevents metals or stones, you are using the remains of asteroid,” Psyche. asteroids on the Belt from joining together and an asteroid that collided to form Earth. forming new planets. 37) The initial DART (Double Asteroid 17) Psyche is one of the most interesting 27) The dwarf planet Ceres may contain all the elements necessary to Redirection Test) mission aims to impact an 5) Meteorites are asteroid fragments that have asteroids on the Asteroid Belt due to the generate life in microscopic form. asteroid named Dimorphos to test the rst fallen to Earth. amount of rare metals it may contain. space defense mission.

6) Meteorites tend to be more visible from Earth 18) Some of the requirements for an asteroid 28) Thanks to its antennas, ALMA was able to than asteroids or comets. They are commonly to transform into a dwarf planet include: observe the asteroid Juno in 2015 and 38) An asteroid is considered close to Earth known as shooting stars. orbiting around the Sun, not being a moon, con rmed that it is potato-shaped. when its orbit brings it within 50 million and having enough mass that its own gravity 7) In 1801, Guiseppe Piazzi discovered the kilometers of our planet. pushes it into a more or less spherical shape. shadow of a very large element located 29) Studies show that the asteroid that between Mars and Jupiter, which turned out to be 19) Asteroid families are remains of rocks from extinguished the dinosaurs was fatal because 39) NASA classi es any object more than the largest asteroid in the Solar System, Ceres, the same origin, which probably collided, and of its large size and the 60º angle at which it 140 meters wide which passed eight million currently a dwarf planet. when they destructed they continued to orbit in impacted Earth. kilometers from Earth as a potentially hazardous asteroid. 8) Ceres is the largest asteroid in the Solar the same sector in the shape of small brother 30) It is believed that the asteroid that fragments. System, the rst to be discovered, and is now a extinguished the dinosaurs had a 40) To protect us from asteroids, we need to dwarf planet. 20) The type M (or metallic) Psyche asteroid, diameter between 12-15 kilometers and identify which ones are dangerous and keep which has a 200-km diameter, is believed to fell on the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico. an eye on them. 9) According to NASA, the dwarf planet Ceres contain platinum and gold in its core, had geological activity corresponding to ice estimated at a value of US$ 10,000 31) The crater caused by the meteorite that volcanoes fed by an ancient underground sea. 41) It is hard to observe asteroids because quadrillion. That is more than all the money in extinguished the dinosaurs created a crater they are made of metal or are very dark, so the world! with a diameter of approximately 193 they produce minimal radiation. ALMA is the 10) Almost one million asteroids have been kilometers. 21) Comets and meteorites are not the perfect tool for observing them and identi ed between Mars and Jupiter in the region contributing to the mission of detecting them. known as the Asteroid Belt. same. The rst contain ice and a very long 32) The “nuclear winter” was provoked by tail. The Halley comet is one of the most the large amount of dust and soot released 42) In February 2021, a meteorite fell on 11) Asteroids have the same resources as Earth famous comets. on the Earth’s surface after the impact of the England. It is believed to be a rare species of and planets were created as a result of many of meteorite that extinguished the dinosaurs, 22) The (ESA) carbonaceous chondrite, which are rocky these bodies coming together. because it affected the light and oxygen on discovered that comets, celestial bodies with objects as old as the Solar System. Because it is the face of the Earth and acidi ed the seas, a tail, which are not the same as asteroids, so dark, it was hard to nd amid the sheep 12) The UN has a Committee on the Peaceful which is incompatible with life. have a pestilent odor, a cross between rotten excrement in the eld where it fell from the sky. Uses of Outer Space, which declared International eggs, barnyards and formaldehyde (similar to Asteroid Day. 33) A meteorite was discovered from acetone). Chile, which was baptized Vaca Muerta 13) The Hygiea asteroid was observed from the 23) The Bennu asteroid may cross the Earth’s (Dead Cow). Atacama Desert, which could displace Ceres as orbit towards the end of the 22nd century. the smallest known dwarf planet in the Solar 34) Amor, Apollo and Aten are the names Studying it is important to prevent a possible System. of the asteroids closest to Earth. collision with our planet. 43) The Kirkwood gaps are areas in the Asteroid 53) According to NASA, there are 26,112 Near 61) The new Atlas telescope used to search Belt where the density of the rocky bodies is Earth Asteroids (NEAs), 888 of them over 1 for hazardous asteroids will be installed in the lower. kilometer long. El Sauce Observatory in the Coquimbo region ORIGINAL IDEA and will be operational in late 2021. It will be Catalina Rojas 54) There are around 10 asteroids that are able to provide a one-day warning of any 44) Meteoroid is a small piece of asteroid. It is approximately 1 kilometer long and close to asteroid impact capable of destroying an called a meteor when it enters the Earth’s Earth, which have been dif cult to observe entire town. ACTIVITY DESIGN atmosphere and a meteorite if it collides with because they are not metallic and therefore do Catalina Rojas y David Fernández Earth. There are over 65,000 meteorites not reect light well. They all belong to the 62) The European Southern Observatory cataloged by the Meteoritical Society, an Karma family, discovered in 1953. international organization founded almost a (ESO) and the European Space Agency (ESA) SUPERVISION are building a prototype in the La Silla century ago. Valeria Foncea 55) You can nd a database and photographs Observatory in the Coquimbo Region, an David Fernández of space rocks found on Earth in the online asteroid tracking device known as TBT2. Nicolás Lira 45) There is a classi cation of “questionable” Meteorite Encyclopedia. Its website (in English) is meteorites, which means it is unclear whether http://encyclopedia-of-meteorites.com they are actually pieces of space rock or not, but 63) Flyeye is a joint project between the CHARACTER DESIGN they are still registered. European Southern Observatory (ESO) and the Frannerd 56) In 2016, the United Nations declared June European Space Agency (ESA) to install an 30 International Asteroid Day. asteroid tracking device from Chile. 46) Metal asteroids make up 4% of all asteroids 5th International in the Solar System. Asteroid Day commemoration 64) The Vera Rubin observatory, soon to be June 30, 2021 57) The last two major collisions were in 1908 located in the Coquimbo region, will have an 47) If two asteroids collide, they may divert in Siberia and 2013 in Chelyabinsk, both in 8.4-meter mirror to track asteroids and potentially hazardous debris towards Earth, but Russia. During this last event, over 1,000 contribute to the planetary protection plan for this is highly unlikely because although there are people were injured when a 17-meter, these types of impacts. millions, they are quite spread out on the 10,000-ton meteorite exploded. Asteroid Belt.

58) There is an International Asteroid Warning 65) NASA is in the preliminary stages of 48) Jupiter is the great defender of the Earth. Its designing an infrared space telescope to nd Network. It involves communication plans and 66 daɃȀ: orbit prevents centaur asteroids from getting asteroids that are dark and almost impossible detailed protocols to assist governments in One Ǿȡȹ ǵacȊ close to us. to detect due to their composition. evaluating the possible consequences of an ALȲɝ anɃȩȞnǽ asteroid impact and support threat response 49) Asteroids can explain our cosmic origins. planning. 66) The Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale 50) The Moon has around 8,000 asteroid 59) Comets and meteorites are not the same. is a logarithmic scale (from 1 to 10) whose impacts on its surface. The rst contain ice and have a very long tail. function is to measure the risk of impact of a The Halley comet is one of the most famous. Near Earth Object (NEO). 51) International Asteroid Day commemorates the anniversary of the impact in Tunguska in Siberia (Russia) on June 30, 1908, which 60) Atlas is an asteroid impact warning system crushed 80 million trees. It seeks to raise public that has two telescopes in Hawaii, and in 2021 awareness of the potential danger of an it will install two new ones, one in Africa and asteroid impact. the other in Chile.

52) It is easier to divert the orbit of an asteroid by hitting it than by destroying it with a missile, because the debris could impact Earth. BeȗɄ eȹȡȏd AsɃ

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