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Smith Mountain Lake Association Water Quality

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Smith Mountain Lake Association Water Quality Smith Mountain Lake Water Quality Monitoring Program 2000 Report SMLA Ferrum College Prepared by Dr. Carolyn L. Thomas and Dr. David M. Johnson Life Sciences Division Ferrum College Sponsored by The Smith Mountain Lake Association May, 2001 SMLA Water Quality Monitoring Program 2000 CONTENTS CONTENTS......................................................................................................................... i FIGURES...........................................................................................................................iii TABLES ............................................................................................................................. v 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................... 1 1.1 Conclusions – Trophic Status ............................................................................................. 1 1.2 Conclusions – Fecal Coliform Measurements .................................................................... 2 1.3 Conclusions – Special Studies ............................................................................................ 2 1.4 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 3 2. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 4 3. METHODS ................................................................................................................... 7 4. RESULTS FROM TROPHIC STATUS MONITORING............................................ 9 4.1 Lake Stations....................................................................................................................... 9 4.1.1 Variation of Trophic Parameters over Time ............................................................... 9 4.1.2 Variation of Trophic Parameters with Distance from the Dam ................................ 11 4.2 Tributary Stations ............................................................................................................. 14 4.2.1 Variation of Total Phosphorus and Nitrate during the Sampling Season ................. 14 4.2.2 Average Tributary Concentration of Total Phosphorus and Nitrate by Year........................................................................................................................... 15 4.2.3 Seasonal Average Nutrient Concentrations for each Tributary................................ 15 4.3 Results for Sample Sites Below the Dam ......................................................................... 17 4.4 Shoreline Reconnaissance................................................................................................. 19 4.5 Summary of Section.......................................................................................................... 19 5. FECAL COLIFORM IN SMITH MOUNTAIN LAKE ............................................. 21 5.1 Fecal Coliform Monitoring............................................................................................... 21 5.2 Fecal Coliform Rain Event Sample .................................................................................. 28 5.2.1 Sample Sites.............................................................................................................. 28 CONTENTS i SMLA Water Quality Monitoring Program 2000 5.2.2 Methods..................................................................................................................... 29 5.2.3 Results....................................................................................................................... 29 5.3 Intensive Cove Study........................................................................................................ 31 5.3.1 Methods..................................................................................................................... 32 5.3.2 Results....................................................................................................................... 32 5.4 Antibiotic Resistance/Bacterial Source Tracking of Fecal Streptococci.......................... 34 5.4.1 Introduction............................................................................................................... 34 5.4.2 Progress Report:........................................................................................................ 35 5.4.3 Sample Sites.............................................................................................................. 36 5.4.4 Preliminary Analyses................................................................................................ 36 6. WATER QUALITY TRENDS ................................................................................... 37 6.1 Water Quality Trends by Zone ......................................................................................... 37 6.2 Carlson’s Trophic State Index .......................................................................................... 45 7. QUALITY CONTROL/QUALITY ASSURANCE ................................................... 46 8. SAMPLING EFFICIENCY........................................................................................ 47 9. CONCLUSIONS......................................................................................................... 48 10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................................................................ 50 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 51 APPENDIX....................................................................................................................... 52 CONTENTS ii SMLA Water Quality Monitoring Program 2000 FIGURES Figure 1. Average total phosphorus concentration for each sampling period in 2000........................................................................................................... 10 Figure 2. Average nitrate concentration for each sampling period in 2000............. 10 Figure 3. Average chlorophyll-a concentration for each sampling period in 2000. 11 Figure 4. Average Secchi depth for each sampling period in 2000. ........................ 11 Figure 5. Variation of total phosphorus concentration with distance from the dam............................................................................................................ 13 Figure 6. Variation of nitrate concentration with distance from the dam. ............... 13 Figure 7. Variation of chlorophyll-a concentration with distance from the dam..... 14 Figure 8. Variation of Secchi depth with distance from the dam............................. 14 Figure 9. Average total phosphorus concentration at tributary stations for each sampling period......................................................................................... 16 Figure 10. Average nitrate concentration at tributary stations for each sampling period. ....................................................................................................... 16 Figure 11. Seasonal average total phosphorus concentration for each tributary........ 17 Figure 12. Seasonal average nitrate concentration for each tributary........................ 17 Figure 13. Fecal coliform vs. week sampled on Smith Mountain Lake in 2000........ 25 Figure 14. Mean fecal coliform count vs. site type on Smith Mountain Lake 2000.. 25 Figure 15. Mean fecal coliform count vs. sample site on Smith Mountain Lake, 2000........................................................................................................... 26 Figure 16. Sum of fecal coliform counts for Smith Mountain Lake in 2000 at each site for all sample dates............................................................................. 26 Figure 17. Mean fecal coliform counts per site type and year sampled for Smith Mountain Lake.......................................................................................... 27 Figure 18. Fecal coliform counts (cfus) at five stations on Beaverdam Creek sampled from Nov. 29-Dec. 1, 2000 in the Smith Mountain Lake watershed after a rain event began............................................................ 30 Figure 19. Fecal coliform counts (cfus) versus hours elapsed since samples began at all five sites sampled from Nov. 29-Dec. 1, 2000 in the Smith Mountain Lake watershed after a rain event began. ................................. 31 Figure 20. Smith Mountain Lake rainfall event samples, Nov. 29 - Dec. 1, 2000 at five sites in the watershed and lake for 46 hours after the rainfall began. 31 Figure 21. Intensive cove study for fecal coliform populations in one cove at Smith Mountain Lake, taken at 7 different sites for 46 hours and at 8 different depths on June 25-27, 2000........................................................ 33 FIGURES iii SMLA Water Quality Monitoring Program 2000 Figure 22. Intensive cove study for fecal coliform populations in one cove at Smith Mountain Lake, taken at 8 different depths and 7 different sites for 46 hours on June 25-27, 2000. ............................................................ 33 Figure 23. Intensive cove study for fecal coliform populations in one cove at Smith Mountain Lake taken for 46 hours every 2 hours on June 25-27, 2000 at 8 different depths and 7 different sites......................................... 34 Figure 24. Average annual total phosphorus concentration by zone in Smith Mountain
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