Smith Mountain Lake Water Quality Monitoring Program

SMLA Ferrum College

Prepared by Dr. Carolyn L. Thomas and Dr. David M. Johnson Life Sciences Division Ferrum College

Sponsored by The Smith Mountain Lake Association Funded by American Electric Power Bedford County Franklin County Pittsylvania County Tri-county Lake Administrative Commission May 2004 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

CONTENTS

CONTENTS...... i FIGURES...... iii TABLES ...... v 2003 Officers ...... vii 2003 Directors...... vii 2003 Smith Mountain Lake Volunteer Monitors...... viii 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 1 1.1 The Conclusions...... 1

1.2 The Facts Supporting These Conclusions...... 1

2. INTRODUCTION ...... 3 3. METHODS ...... 6 4. RESULTS FROM TROPHIC STATUS MONITORING...... 8 4.1 Lake Stations...... 9

4.1.1 Variation of Trophic Parameters during the 2003 Sample Season ...... 9

4.1.2 Variation of Trophic Parameters with Distance from the Dam ...... 11

4.2 Tributary Stations...... 14

4.2.1 Variation of total phosphorus and nitrate during the sampling season...... 14

4.2.2 Tributary Concentration of Total Phosphorus and Nitrate by Year...... 16

4.2.3 Seasonal Average Nutrient Concentrations for each Tributary ...... 16

4.3 Results for Sample Sites Below the Dam ...... 18

4.4 Summary of Section...... 19

5. BACTERIA IN SMITH MOUNTAIN LAKE ...... 21 5.1 Fecal Coliform Monitoring...... 21

5.1.1 Results...... 23

5.2 Escherichia coli Monitoring...... 27

5.2.1 Introduction...... 27

5.2.2 Methods...... 28

CONTENTS i SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

5.2.3 Results...... 28

5.3 Optical Brightener Method Evaluation...... 31

5.4 Bacterial Source Tracking...... 32

5.4.1 Introduction...... 32

5.4.2 Sample Sites...... 33

5.4.3 Results...... 33

6. WATER QUALITY TRENDS...... 38 6.1 Water Quality Trends by Zone ...... 38

6.2 Carlson’s Trophic State Index ...... 48

7. QUALITY CONTROL/QUALITY ASSURANCE ...... 55 8. SAMPLING EFFICIENCY...... 56 9. CONCLUSIONS...... 57 10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...... 60 REFERENCES ...... 61 APPENDIX...... 62

CONTENTS ii SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

FIGURES

Figure 1. Average total phosphorus concentration for each sampling week in 2003...... 10 Figure 2. Average nitrate concentration for each sampling week in 2003...... 10 Figure 3. Average chlorophyll-a concentration for each sampling week in 2003. .. 11 Figure 4. Average Secchi depth for each sampling week in 2003...... 11 Figure 5. Variation of total phosphorus concentration with distance from the dam...... 13 Figure 6. Variation of nitrate concentration with distance from dam...... 13 Figure 7. Variation of chlorophyll-a concentration with distance from the dam..... 14 Figure 8. Variation of Secchi depth with distance from the dam...... 14 Figure 9. Average total phosphorus concentration at tributary stations per week. .. 15 Figure 10. Average nitrate concentration at tributary stations per week...... 16 Figure 11. Seasonal average total phosphorus concentration for each tributary...... 17 Figure 12. Seasonal average nitrate concentration for each tributary...... 18 Figure 13. Fecal coliforms vs. week sampled on Smith Mountain Lake in 2003...... 24 Figure 14. Mean fecal coliform count vs. site type on Smith Mountain Lake 2003 (7 marina sites, 5 non-marina sites, and 2 headwater sites)...... 24 Figure 15. Mean fecal coliform count vs. sample site on Smith Mountain Lake 2003...... 25 Figure 16. Sum of fecal coliform counts for Smith Mountain Lake in 2003 at each site for all sample dates...... 25 Figure 17. Mean fecal coliform counts per site type and year sampled for Smith Mountain Lake...... 27 Figure 18. Total coliform and Escherichia coli colonies per site sampled at Smith Mountain Lake in 2003 using the Coliblue™ method for the August 6th sample date...... 30 Figure 19. Escherichia coli average colonies per site sampled at Smith Mountain Lake in 2003 using the Coliblue™ method...... 30 Figure 20. Percent of Escherichia coli colonies per total coliforms per site sampled at Smith Mountain Lake in 2003 using the Coliblue™ method. 31 Figure 21. Percent of Escherichia coli colonies per fecal coliform colony per site sampled at Smith Mountain Lake in 2003 using the Biolog™ method.... 31 Figure 22. Percent of bacteria isolates from four potential sources in Franklin County tributaries in 2003 ...... 36

FIGURES iii SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

Figure 23. Percent of bacteria isolates from four potential sources in Bedford County tributaries...... 36 Figure 24. Percent of bacteria isolates from four potential sources in Pittsylvania County...... 37 Figure 25. Percent of bacteria isolates from four potential sources from all sample sites in 2003...... 37 Figure 26. Average annual total phosphorus concentration by year and zone in Smith Mountain Lake...... 40 Figure 26. Average annual total phosphorus concentration by year and zone in Smith Mountain Lake (cont.)...... 41 Figure 27. Average annual chlorophyll-a concentration by year and zone in Smith Mountain Lake...... 42 Figure 27. Average annual chlorophyll-a concentration by year and zone in Smith Mountain Lake (cont.)...... 43 Figure 28. Average annual Secchi disc depth for year and zone in Smith Mountain Lake...... 44 Figure 28. Average annual Secchi disc depth for year and zone in Smith Mountain Lake (cont.)...... 45 Figure 29. Average parameter value by zone for 2003...... 46 Figure 30. Average parameter value for all zones by year (1987-2003)...... 47 Figure 31. Trophic State Index as a function of distance from dam...... 51 Figure 32. Combined Trophic State Index as a function of distance from dam...... 51

FIGURES iv SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

TABLES

Table 1. Summary of trophic state data from 1997 to 2003...... 8 Table 2. Average tributary concentrations of total phosphorus and nitrate from 1995-2003...... 16 Table 3. Summary of results for total phosphorus at sites below the dam (1996 to 2003)...... 19 Table 4. Summary of results for nitrate at sites below the dam (1998 to 2002)...... 19 Table 5. Relative change (%) in water quality parameters from 1998-2003...... 20 Table 6. Known bacterial sources and the percent agreement with the prediction of source...... 34 Table 7. Special study sites and the number of Enterococci isolates found from July 7, 2003 sample...... 34 Table 8. The number of fecal streptococci isolates from each tributary in 2003...... 35 Table 9. Proposed relationships among phosphorus concentration, trophic state, and lake use for northern temperate lakes...... 48 Table 10. Trophic status related to chlorophyll-a concentration in different studies.. 49 Table 11. Monitoring stations arranged in order of Combined Trophic State Index for 2003...... 52 Table 11. Monitoring stations arranged in order of Combined Trophic State Index for 2003 (cont.)...... 53 Table 12. Combined Trophic State Index summary for 1997-2003...... 54 Table 13. Sampling efficiency data for 2003...... 56 Table 14. Comparison of sampling efficiencies for 1993-2003...... 56 Table A1. 2003 Smith Mountain Lake monitoring stations with monitor names and station locations...... 63 Table A1. 2003 Smith Mountain Lake monitoring stations with monitor names and station locations (cont.) ...... 64 Table A2. 2003 Smith Mountain Lake tributary stations and other downstream stations...... 65 Table A3. 2003 Total phosphorus data for Smith Mountain Lake sample stations..... 66 Table A3. 2003 Total phosphorus data for Smith Mountain Lake sample stations (cont.) ...... 66 Table A4. 2003 Total phosphorus data for Smith Mountain Lake tributaries...... 67 Table A5. 2003 Nitrate data for Smith Mountain Lake sample stations...... 68 Table A5. 2003 Nitrate data for Smith Mountain Lake sample stations (cont.) ...... 69

TABLES v SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

Table A6. 2003 Nitrate data for Smith Mountain Lake tributaries...... 69 Table A7. 2003 Chlorophyll-a data for Smith Mountain Lake sample stations...... 70 Table A7. 2003 Chlorophyll–a data for Smith Mountain Lake sample stations (cont.) ...... 71 Table A8. 2003 Secchi disc data for Smith Mountain Lake sample stations...... 72 Table A8. 2003 Secchi disc data for Smith Mountain Lake sample stations (cont.) ... 73 Table A9. 2003 Fecal coliform data for Smith Mountain Lake...... 74 Table A9. 2003 Fecal coliform data for Smith Mountain Lake (cont.) ...... 75 Table A9. 2003 Fecal coliform data for Smith Mountain Lake (cont.) ...... 76 Table A10. 2001 Chlorophyll-a data (corrected) for Smith Mountain Lake sample stations...... 77 Table A10. 2001 Chlorophyll-a data (corrected) for Smith Mountain Lake sample stations (cont.) ...... 78 Table A11. 2002 Chlorophyll-a data (corrected) for Smith Mountain Lake sample stations...... 79 Table A11. 2002 Chlorophyll-a data (corrected) for Smith Mountain Lake sample stations (cont.) ...... 80

TABLES vi SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

Smith Mountain Lake Association Moneta, Virginia

2003 OFFICERS President Ralph Brush Vice President James E. (Ed) Hines Treasurer John F. Imirie Secretary Joan Teller Administrative Carolyn Stone Assistant

2003 DIRECTORS Ron Bach Russell Baskett Ralph Brush Ginny Brock Lorraine Conary Bruce C. Dungan Bernie Galvin James E. (Ed) Hines John F. Imirie Russell Johnson Mickie Koch Monroe D. Macpherson Richard L. Murphy Liz Parcell (AEP) Stanley W. Smith Thomas L. Smith Art Strunk Joan Teller

Ferrum College Ferrum, Virginia “Educating with Confidence since 1913” President Dr. Jennifer L. Braaten Vice President and Dean Dr. Richard Sours Chair, Life Sciences Division Dr. David M. Johnson

OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS vii SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

2003 SMITH MOUNTAIN LAKE VOLUNTEER MONITORS

Advanced Monitors Basic Monitors

Eric and Melba Anderson, Moneta Andy and Ellie Anderson, Moneta

Ted Bogsrud, Hardy Clif and Chris Collins, Moneta

Tony and Alice DeCesare, Glade Hill Jim and Patti Gerhart, Moneta

Neil and Edie Dick, Wirtz Robert Gore, Moneta

Paul Dooley, Moneta Ron and Audrey Holasek, Moneta

Paul Gascoyne, Goodview Al Lorent, Moneta

Dick Hach, Moneta Glenn Randa, Moneta

Gary and Betty Hatfield, Union Hall Stan Smith, Moneta

Janet and Richard Hill, Huddleston

Dan Holdgreve, Hardy

Ronn and Yolanda Hunt, Moneta

Larry Hutson, Union Hall

Daphne Jamison, Wirtz

Jim and Diana Lester, Moneta

Luther and Judy Mauney, Goodview

Tom McDermet, Moneta

Brent Reus, Hardy

George Rice, Huddleston

Larry Sakayama, Moneta

Tom Scott, Union Hall

John Short, Union Hall

Houston Snoddy, Burnt Chimney

VOLUNTEER MONITORS viii SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Smith Mountain Lake Volunteer Water Quality Monitoring Program was initiated in 1987 and has collected data in all subsequent years. The Smith Mountain Lake Association and scientists from Ferrum College cooperatively administer the program. The mission of the program is to monitor the health, or trophic status, of Smith Mountain Lake.

As in earlier years, the program in 2003 began in late May with a training and organizational meeting. The volunteer monitors then collected water samples every other week until mid August from 78 sampling sites on the lake and its tributaries. Students and staff of Ferrum College took other samples, collected the samples from the volunteer monitors, analyzed the samples and organized the data under the supervision of Dr. Carolyn L. Thomas and Dr. David M. Johnson who then prepared and submitted this report.

The trophic status of SML was measured by four parameters: total phosphorus, nitrate, chlorophyll-a, and the degree of water clarity as determined by Secchi depth measurements. Total phosphorus and nitrate are plant nutrients that stimulate the growth of algae. Phosphate is the form of phosphorus most immediately available to algae and is probably the limiting nutrient in SML. Chlorophyll-a is extracted from algae and is a measure of the algal population. Secchi depth is a measure of water clarity, which decreases as the algal populations and the suspended solids increase. In addition, the 2003 program included measurement of fecal coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli (E. coli).

1.1 The Conclusions The overall lake water quality deteriorated significantly in 2003. The increasing levels of total phosphorus and chlorophyll-a must be closely monitored in the future. Fecal bacteria from humans in most tributaries are of concern and need to be studied more closely. The results of the 2004 study could be critically important as we track trends in the aging of the lake.

1.2 The Facts Supporting These Conclusions Trophic status of freshwater lakes can be measured on a scale universally accepted in the scientific community. In layman’s terms, the scale extends from a sterile lake (a lake without

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

nutrients in the water) to a dead lake. The data from the 2003 WQMP place SML more than halfway along this scale and this adverse trend is accelerating.

The long-term trends for mean levels of total phosphorus and chlorophyll-a have become adverse (Figure 30). The adverse variation from the trend line in 2003 was the greatest experienced since 1995 for total phosphorus and the greatest ever for chlorophyll-a.

While there is no adverse long-term trend in the mean of Secchi depth, the mean of the measurements taken in 2003 was the lowest (worst) in the history of the program. The average depth was 1.9 meters that compares to 2.6 meters in 2002.

The mean of total phosphorus increased from 30.9 ppb in the prior six years to 54.4 ppb in 2003, an increase of 76%.

The mean of chlorophyll-a increased from 4.0 ppb in the prior six years to 8.7 ppb in 2003, an increase of 118%.

The mean colony counts of fecal coliform in marina coves and headwaters were the highest found in the eight years of sampling and the counts in non-marina coves were higher than usual. Six samples taken for fecal coliform during the summer exceeded Virginia health standards for swimmable, fishable and potable waters.

Fecal streptococci (Enterococci) bacteria isolates from human sources were found in the tributaries of all three counties. All but one of the 22 tributaries had fecal streptococci isolates from human sources in 2003 as was true in 2002. All of the 22 tributaries in 2003 had significant isolates from livestock sources, which is also of concern because of the toxic Escherichia coli found in cattle.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

2. INTRODUCTION

The Smith Mountain Lake Water Quality Monitoring Program (SMLWQMP), now in its seventeenth year, is a water quality program designed to monitor the water quality and the trophic status of Smith Mountain Lake, a large (25,000 acre) pump-storage reservoir located in southwestern Virginia. Scientists from Ferrum College and designated members of the Smith Mountain Lake Association (SMLA) jointly manage the project. This report describes the 2003 monitoring season. Secchi depths were recorded and water samples collected every other week from the first week of June to the third week of August.

The sampling season for the monitoring program runs roughly from Memorial Day to Labor Day. The samples are picked up at the homes of the monitors by Ferrum College interns and analyzed for total phosphorus, chlorophyll-a and nitrate concentrations. The monitoring network includes "trend stations" on the main channels and "watchdog stations" in coves off the main channels. One of two types of monitoring is carried out at each site. At "basic stations" water clarity is measured with a Secchi disk while, at "advanced stations", water clarity is measured and samples are collected for further analysis in the Water Quality Laboratory at Ferrum College. In 2003, there were 78 stations in the lake monitoring network; 53 advanced stations and an additional 25 basic stations, with all but one of the basic stations located in coves.

Beginning in 1995, Ferrum College personnel began collecting 20 tributary samples each sampling period in order to assess tributary inputs of nutrients to the lake. In 1996 a volunteer monitoring team began collecting samples in the upper Roanoke channel just below the confluence of Back Creek, 34 miles from the dam. This sample site has been designated T21 and is considered the headwaters station for the Roanoke channel. In 2002 Ferrum College technicians continued the sampling at this site from the shoreline (T21a). Sample site T3 is the headwaters station designated for the Blackwater channel; it is located at the Route SR834 Bridge near Riverside Exxon. Both headwaters stations are considered to be tributary stations, although there is minimal velocity at either site during base flow conditions. All other tributary stations are on flowing tributaries near their confluence with the lake except for the upper Gills Creek site. This site, T0, is several miles from the lake and a volunteer monitor collects samples there.

INTRODUCTION 3 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

Collection of lake samples for fecal coliform enumeration also began in 1995 with samples collected at 8 sites on three occasions. In 1996 and 1997, the number of sampling sites was increased to 12 and, since 1998, fecal coliform samples have been collected at 14 sites on six occasions. Personnel from the SMLA and Ferrum College collected bacterial samples every other week, alternating with the weeks during which trophic samples were to be picked up from the volunteer monitors.

The 2003 training session was carried out in May by Ferrum College scientists Carolyn Thomas and David Johnson, and the SMLA Volunteer Monitoring Coordinator, Stan Smith, with assistance from student technicians Tammy Manning, Eric Hoppis, Brian Owen and lab coordinator Carol Love. The training session was held at the Bethlehem United Methodist Church in Moneta, Virginia. The program included a review of the previous year's findings and planning for the upcoming season. Experienced monitors reviewed their sample site locations and sample site identification numbers, received new supplies (sample bottles and filters), and had their monitoring equipment checked. The program co-directors worked with the new volunteer monitors to assign sample station locations and sample station identification numbers, practiced the sampling procedures, and issued sampling equipment and supplies.

Sample collection began the week of May 25 through May 31 and the first sample bottles and sample filters were picked up on Tuesday, June 3. Newsletters were written and published by the program co-directors and student technicians during the summer, reporting on activities of the program. Announcements were included in the newsletters in addition to advice and tips on sample collection. Two newsletters were written in 2003. In September, the annual end-of-the- season meeting and social event was held at the Smith Mountain Lake 4-H center.

The Virginia Environmental Endowment (VEE) provided primary funding for the project during the first three years and the final report to the VEE describes the development of the project during the period from 1987-1990 (Johnson and Thomas, 1990). Beginning in 1990 and continuing through 2002, support for the project has come from the Commonwealth of Virginia through the Smith Mountain Lake Policy Advisory Board, now known as Tri County Lake Administrative Commission (TLAC), the SMLA, and Ferrum College. Funding from the Commonwealth of Virginia ended after the 2002 season. The SMLA fund drive, Friends of the

INTRODUCTION 4 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

lake, provided the necessary monetary support for the 2003 season. Friends of the lake received funds from American Electric Power, Bedford County, Franklin County and Pittsylvania County. Monitoring results from 1990 to 2002 can be found in the project annual reports. Many of the previous reports, the procedures manual, and the Volunteer Monitor Training Manual are all available on the website www.ferrum.edu/sml.

This year's monitoring results, data analyses, and comparisons with the seventeen years of data are discussed in the full report.

INTRODUCTION 5 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

3. METHODS

Detailed descriptions of the methods of sample collection, preservation and analyses, and quality control/quality assurance procedures can be found in the VEE Report (Johnson and Thomas, 1990), in the Volunteer Methods Manual (Thomas & Johnson, 2000), and in the Ferrum College Water Quality Procedures Manual (Johnson, Thomas & Love, 2001).

The water quality parameters measured include water clarity (turbidity), measured as Secchi disc depth; total phosphorus, measured spectrophotometrically (λ = 700 nm) after persulfate digestion; nitrate, also measured spectrophotometrically (λ = 540 nm) after cadmium reduction; and chlorophyll-a, determined using the acetone extraction method and measured fluorimetrically. Quality control and quality assurance procedures evaluate sample collection and storage by the volunteers as well as laboratory procedures and are described in a later section in this report.

Sampling station codes contain information on the location of the site. The sample station codes are based on:

(1) The section of the lake in which the station is located ("C" for Craddock Creek, "B" for Blackwater, “M” for main basin, “R” for Roanoke, and “G” for Gills Creek).

(2) The approximate number of miles to the Smith Mountain Lake Dam (i.e., 23 miles from the dam would have a "23" in the station code).

(3) Designation of the sampling station as a cove, main channel, or tributary (cove sampling station codes start with "C", tributary sampling station codes begin with “T”, channel sampling station codes have no letter designation and begin with the letter of the channel as given in (1) above).

(4) Basic monitoring station codes begin with an "S" (for Secchi depth).

An example of a sampling station code would be "CB14" which would indicate a cove station off the Blackwater channel 14 miles from Smith Mountain Lake Dam.

METHODS 6 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

Channel sampling stations are located about every two miles on the Roanoke and Blackwater channels to monitor the movement of the silt and nutrient laden waters moving toward the main basin of the lake. These sites begin at the dam and extend two miles beyond the Hardy Ford Bridge on the Roanoke channel and to the SR834 Bridge in Franklin County on the Blackwater channel. The cove sampling stations are also important for trend analysis and help us fulfill the role of "watchdogs". In the "watchdog" mode, we monitor as much of the lake as possible for signs of localized deterioration of water quality, which may be due to site-specific problems such as malfunctioning septic systems. To evaluate tributary loading of nutrients, interns collect grab samples (to fill a bottle with water) every other week at 21 tributary stations on their rounds to pick up lake water samples. A volunteer monitor collects one additional tributary sample (T0), in upper Gills Creek.

METHODS 7 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

4. RESULTS FROM TROPHIC STATUS MONITORING

In this section the parameters used to monitor trophic status are displayed. These parameters include total phosphorus, nitrate, chlorophyll-a, and Secchi depth. Total phosphorus and nitrate are plant nutrients that stimulate the growth of algae. Phosphate, the form of phosphorus most immediately available to algae, is the limiting nutrient in Smith Mountain Lake. Nitrate is a nutrient and also a pollutant listed in drinking water standards. Chlorophyll-a is extracted from algae and is a measure of the algal population. Secchi depth is a measure of water clarity that decreases as algal populations and siltation increase. The seasonal average for the lake stations for each parameter over the past seven years is shown in Table 1. The average concentration of chlorophyll-a in 2003 was significantly higher than the chlorophyll-a concentration in 2002. The previous increases in the algal population in the lake have been a great concern, however, and this year the values for 2002 and 2001 were reevaluated and then recalculated. We discovered there was a calculation error in those years and the corrected values are displayed in Table 1. The asterisk * indicates a questionable value for chlorophyll-a in 2000 because of the malfunctioning fluorometer. We also observed significantly lower Secchi disk depths in 2003 indicating less water clarity. Total phosphorus also increased in 2003. With corrected chlorophyll-a concentrations, there is a reassuring consistency in the values for the trophic state parameters displayed in Table 1. A more complete discussion of water quality trends is presented in Section 6 of this report.

Table 1. Summary of trophic state data from 1997 to 2003. Year Nitrate Total Phosphorus Chlorophyll-A Secchi Depth (ppb) (ppb) (ppb) (m) 2003 117 54.4 8.7 1.9 2002 188 35.4 4.1 2.6 2001 217 33.3 4.1 2.3 2000 129 35.9 NA* 2.2 1999 296 28.9 3.9 2.2 1998 257 24.4 3.8 2.3 1997 180 27.6 4.1 2.1 * indicates a questionable CHA value due to equipment malfunction.

RESULTS FROM TROPHIC STATUS MONITORING 8 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

4.1 Lake Stations

4.1.1 Variation of Trophic Parameters during the 2003 Sample Season The values for each parameter were averaged for each sampling week to indicate the variation of the parameters during the sampling season. The results are displayed in Figures 1-4.

(a) Total Phosphorus (TP): The Smith Mountain Lake stations (53 sites) exhibited the lowest average concentration of total phosphorus (TP = 33.5 ppb) during the tenth week (July 20-26) and the highest mean concentration (TP = 112.4 ppb) during the fourth week (June 6-14).

(b) Nitrate (NO3): The lowest average concentration (53 sites) of nitrate (NO3 = 21.9 ppb) occurred during the twelfth week (August 3-9) and the highest average nitrate concentration (NO3 = 290.0 ppb) occurred during the first week (May 25-31).

(c) Chlorophyll-a (CHA): The sample set (53 sites) with the lowest average chlorophyll-a concentration (CHA = 5.1 ppb) was collected during the fourth week (June 8-14) and the week with the highest average chlorophyll-a concentration (CHA = 12.2 ppb) was collected during the fourth week (June 8-14).

(d) Secchi Depth (SD): The lake (78 sites) exhibited the highest average Secchi depth (SD = 2.24 m - best water clarity) during the fourth week (June 8-14). The lowest average Secchi depth (SD = 1.66 m) was exhibited during the first week (May 25-31).

RESULTS FROM TROPHIC STATUS MONITORING 9 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

120 2003

100

60 mean=54.4

40 Total Phosphorus (ppb) 20

0 5/25-5/31 6/8-6/14 6/22-6/28 7/6-7/12 7/20-7/26 8/3-8/9

Figure 1. Average total phosphorus concentration for each sampling week in 2003.

350 2003 300

250

200

150

Nitrate (ppb) mean=117.3 100

0 5/25-5/31 6/8-6/14 6/22-6/28 7/6-7/12 7/20-7/26 8/3-8/9

Figure 2. Average nitrate concentration for each sampling week in 2003.

RESULTS FROM TROPHIC STATUS MONITORING 10 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

14 2003 12

10 mean=8.7

4 Chlorophyll A(ppb)

0 5/25-5/31 6/8-6/14 6/22-6/28 7/6-7/12 7/20-7/26 8/3-8/9

Figure 3. Average chlorophyll-a concentration for each sampling week in 2003.

2.5 2003 2.0 mean=1.94

1.5

1.0 Secchi depth (m) 0.5

0.0 5/25-5/31 6/8-6/14 6/22-6/28 7/6-7/12 7/20-7/26 8/3-8/9

Figure 4. Average Secchi depth for each sampling week in 2003.

4.1.2 Variation of Trophic Parameters with Distance from the Dam The parameters were averaged by station over the six sampling weeks and the average values were graphed as a function of distance from the dam. The results are displayed in Figures 5-8.

(a) Total Phosphorus: Total phosphorus levels in the lake increase as distance from the dam increases. The correlation coefficient (R2) is higher than usual and shows a significant

RESULTS FROM TROPHIC STATUS MONITORING 11 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

correlation (Figure 5). The sampling site with the highest average total phosphorus concentration (TP = 180.1 ppb) was on the Roanoke channel (R 30). The lowest average total phosphorus concentration (TP = 17.1 ppb) was at a site one mile from the dam in a cove off the main basin (CM1.2). The trend line in Figure 5 is significant (α =0.01) with a sample size of 308.

(b) Nitrate: Unlike the phosphorus measurements, nitrate concentrations do not increase linearly as distance to the dam increases. Instead, we may be seeing a bimodal distribution because of the difference in the two main channels’ characteristics. The sampling site with the highest average nitrate concentration (NO3 = 508.4 ppb) was in the Roanoke channel (R31), the same site as last year’s highest nitrate value (1913.7 ppb). The lowest average nitrate concentration (NO3 = 19.6 ppb) was at a site in Gills Creek (G18). Figure 6 shows the annual average nitrate concentration by station as a function of distance from the dam. It is interesting to note that the nitrate levels (138.8 ppb) in the Roanoke channel (32 stations) in 2003 are only two times higher than the nitrate levels (58.2 ppb) in the Blackwater channel (17 stations) and approximately the same as nitrate levels (129.8 ppb) in the main basin (7 stations), where the two channels mix. In the last few years, the nitrate levels have been three times higher in the Roanoke channel and the main basin as compared to the Blackwater channel. This may be a result of higher flows producing greater dilution of nitrate from point sources to the Roanoke River.

(c) Chlorophyll-a: Chlorophyll-a levels decreased closer to the dam but, as with total phosphorus, the trend was less regular this year (Figure 7). Rather than the normal pattern of regularly increasing concentration with increasing distance, the stations show a bimodal distribution. The chlorophyll-a levels are rather uniform until about 15 miles from the dam and then rise to a higher level, then decrease to a low level at 23 miles, rise again at 25 miles from the dam and stay high. The highest average total chlorophyll-a concentration (CHA = 29.81 ppb) was on the main channel of the Blackwater River (B22) this year. Last year (2002) the highest value was in the Roanoke channel. The lowest average chlorophyll-a concentrations (CHA = 1.4 ppb) were found this year in a cove off the Roanoke channel (CR21). The low chlorophyll-a values observed more than 20 miles from the dam are due to heavily silted water that diminishes light available for algal growth. The trend line in Figure 7 is significant (α =0.01) with a sample size of 318.

RESULTS FROM TROPHIC STATUS MONITORING 12 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

(d) Secchi Depth: Secchi depth increased as miles to the dam decreased, indicating greater water clarity toward the main basin (Figure 8). The highest average Secchi depth (SD = 3.48 m) in the lake was measured at a station in main basin of the lake (M3). The lowest average Secchi depth (SD = 0.43 m) was at the farthest station up the Roanoke channel this year (R31).

200 2003 180 160 140 120 100 80 hosphorus (ppb) 60 40 Total P 20 R2 = 0.5242 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Miles to Dam

Figure 5. Variation of total phosphorus concentration with distance from the dam.

600 2003 500

400

300

Nitrate (ppb) 200

100 R2 = 0.11 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Miles to Dam

Figure 6. Variation of nitrate concentration with distance from dam.

RESULTS FROM TROPHIC STATUS MONITORING 13 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

35 2003 30 R2 = 0.32 25

10 Chlorophyll A (ppb)

0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Miles to Dam

Figure 7. Variation of chlorophyll-a concentration with distance from the dam.

4.0 2003 3.5 R2 = 0.73 3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5 Secchi Depth (m) 1.0

0.5

0.0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Miles to Dam

Figure 8. Variation of Secchi depth with distance from the dam.

4.2 Tributary Stations

4.2.1 Variation of total phosphorus and nitrate during the sampling season The values for each parameter were averaged for each sampling week to indicate their variation during the sampling season. The results are displayed in Figures 9 and 10.

RESULTS FROM TROPHIC STATUS MONITORING 14 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

(a) Total Phosphorus: The tributaries (22 sites) exhibited the lowest average concentration of total phosphorus (TP = 67.2 ppb) in the tenth week (July 20-26) and the highest mean concentration (TP = 152.8 ppb) in the fourth week (June 8-14). This is reversed from last year (2002), when the highest concentration was found in the tenth week and the lowest was found in the fourth week.

(b) Nitrate: The lowest average concentration (22 sites) of nitrate (NO3 = 156.8 ppb) occurred during the tenth week (July 20-26) and is 75% lower than the lowest nitrate value last year. The highest average nitrate concentration (NO3 = 453.1 ppb) occurred during the fourth week (June 8-14) and is 33% lower than last year’s highest nitrate value. The lowest and the highest average concentrations for nitrate occurred during the same weeks as the lowest average concentrations for total phosphorus.

180 2003 160

140

120

100 mean=88.1

Total Phosphorus (ppb) 40

0 5/25-5/31 6/8-6/14 6/22-6/28 7/6-7/12 7/20-7/26 8/3-8/9 tributaries

Figure 9. Average total phosphorus concentration at tributary stations per week.

RESULTS FROM TROPHIC STATUS MONITORING 15 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

500 450 2003 400

350 300 mean=285 (ppb)

e 250 t 200 Nitra 150

100 50 0 5/25-5/31 6/8-6/14 6/22-6/28 7/6-7/12 7/20-7/26 8/3-8/9

sampling period Figure 10. Average nitrate concentration at tributary stations per week.

4.2.2 Tributary Concentration of Total Phosphorus and Nitrate by Year Table 2 indicates that tributary total phosphorus (TP) levels decreased by two thirds from 2002 to 2003. Nitrate monitoring in tributaries was begun in 1998 and the average concentration was the lowest yet observed. The reduction in nutrients in the tributaries needs further study but may be due to the dilution effect of all the rainfall we had in 2003.

Table 2. Average tributary concentrations of total phosphorus and nitrate from 1995- 2003. Year 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Tributary avg. TP (ppb) 91.5 63.5 67.4 50.9 61.8 80.9 67.1 125.8 88.1 Tributary avg. NO3 (ppb) na na na 568 621 570 617 626 285

4.2.3 Seasonal Average Nutrient Concentrations for each Tributary In order to obtain information on relative impact on Smith Mountain Lake by each tributary, the average for each tributary has been calculated over the six sampling periods. The results are shown in Figures 11 and 12, which also include the overall average tributary and lake concentrations of total phosphorus and nitrate. To compare actual nutrient loading by tributary, the flow rate of each tributary must also be measured in the future. The tributary stations are identified below:

RESULTS FROM TROPHIC STATUS MONITORING 16 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

Trib. Station Stream Name T0 Upper Gills Creek T1 Maggodee Creek T2 Lower Gills Creek T3 Blackwater River T4 Poplar Camp Creek T5 Standiford Creek T6 Bull Run T7 Cool Branch T8 Branch at Lumpkin’s Marina T9 Below Dam - Former Station 105 T10 Pigg River - Former Station 104 T11 Leesville Lake-Former Station 103 T12 Creek at Summit Drive T13 Creek at Snug Harbor T14 Stoney Creek T15 Jumping Run T16 Beaverdam Creek T17 Roanoke Channel at Bay Roc T18 Lynville Creek T19 Grimes Creek T20 Indian Creek T21a Roanoke Channel near Back Creek (sampled by Ferrum College personnel)

160.0

140.0 2003

120.0

100.0 trib x= 88.1

80.0 lake x=54.4

60.0 Phosphorus (ppb) 40.0

Total 20.0

0.0 T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 T17 T18 T19 T20 T21

Tributary

Figure 11. Seasonal average total phosphorus concentration for each tributary.

RESULTS FROM TROPHIC STATUS MONITORING 17 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

700 2003 600

500

400 trib x.=285 300

Nitrate (ppb) lake x=117.1 200

100

Tributary

Figure 12. Seasonal average nitrate concentration for each tributary.

4.3 Results for Sample Sites Below the Dam The student technicians collect grab samples from a bridge in the same manner as the tributary samples. The difference is that these samples are collected below the dam and are not tributaries flowing directly into the lake. Because of the pump back system, water from these sites may end up in the lake. T9 is in the Roanoke River just below the dam at the AEP Visitor Center, T10 is in the Pigg River near its confluence with the Roanoke River, and T11 is in the Roanoke River after the confluence with the Pigg River and near where Leesville Lake begins. The results for 1996 through 2003 are summarized in Table 3. This data is consistent with Figure 5 in a section above. The values given for each year are the annual averages. The average total phosphorus concentration in the Roanoke River below the dam generally decreased until 2000, has been increasing since, and continues to increase in 2003. The higher phosphorus concentration in the Pigg River (site T10) compared to the lake continues to elevate the phosphorus levels at the lake site nearest Smith Mountain Lake Dam because of the pump back system. The mean total phosphorus concentrations in the sites below the dam were 9% greater in 2003 than in 2002.

RESULTS FROM TROPHIC STATUS MONITORING 18 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

Table 3. Summary of results for total phosphorus at sites below the dam (1996 to 2003). Total Phosphorus (ppb) Site/Location 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 avg. T9/ Roanoke R. below 38.3 19.7 11.4 11.5 28.8 25.1 26.3 29.2 27.2 T10/Pigg R. at Rt. 605 48.3 38.9 43.4 22.2 48.7 86.0 119.1 114.6 65.2 T11/Roanoke R. at Rt. 48.1 33.9 33.1 12.3 56.0 33.2 38.3 56.8 39.0 Average by year 44.9 30.8 29.3 15.3 44.5 48.1 61.3 66.9 42.6

Table 4 gives similar results for six years of nitrate monitoring at sites below the dam. The nitrate levels below the dam and in the Pigg River were higher in 2003 than in 2002.

Table 4. Summary of results for nitrate at sites below the dam (1998 to 2002). Nitrate (ppb) 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 avg. T9/ Roanoke R. below dam 516 225 246 209 244 299 289 T10/Pigg R. at Rt. 605 447 200 454 331 345 362 356 T11/Roanoke R. at Rt. 608 427 182 302 309 225 331 296 average by year 463 202 334 283 271 331 314

4.4 Summary of Section Overall, it would appear that water quality in Smith Mountain Lake has decreased from 2002 to 2003. It is more accurate to say that the trophic level (nutrient status) increased in 2003. Although nitrate decreased significantly, total phosphorus and chlorophyll-a increased and Secchi disk depth decreased. The chlorophyll-a increase is of the greatest concern, increasing from 4.1 to 8.7 ppb. Average total phosphorus levels increased by 54% in lake samples and decreased by 30% in tributary samples, and average nitrate levels decreased by 38% in lake samples and decreased by 54% in tributary samples. The water clarity in the lake decreased significantly (27%) in 2003. The water clarity declined due to the increased rainfall and which increased sediment-laden runoff. The relative change in each parameter from 1998 to 2003 is shown in Table 5.

RESULTS FROM TROPHIC STATUS MONITORING 19 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

Table 5. Relative change (%) in water quality parameters from 1998-2003. TP - Lake TP– Tribs. NO3 - Lake NO3 – Tribs. Chlorophyll-a Secchi Depth ‘98-‘99 +18% +21% +15% +9% +3% -4% ‘99-‘00 +24% +31% -56% -8% +274% 0% ‘00-‘01 -7% -17% +59 +8% +91 +5% ‘01-‘02 +6% +87% -13% +1% -1% +13% ‘02-‘03 +54% -30% -38% -54% +112% -27%

Water circulation, nutrient interchange, and biotic relationships connect the channels and the coves of Smith Mountain Lake. Tributaries provide nutrients to coves, especially phosphorus. The average concentration of total phosphorus from the sampled tributaries was 88.1 ppb, higher than the average concentration of 54.4 ppb for the lake. The situation with nitrate is not as clear. Because nitrate is not the limiting nutrient in Smith Mountain Lake, it is not easy to assess the impact that high nitrate levels have on water quality. The 38% decrease in nitrate levels in the lake may have been due to the increased uptake by algal populations. It is highly unlikely that the nitrate concentration controls the growth of algae in a sediment-rich habitat like Smith Mountain Lake.

As has been observed since the second year of the monitoring project, water quality improves significantly as it moves from the upper channels toward the dam. Eroded soil is carried to the lake by silt-laden streams but sedimentation begins in the quiescent lake water. Phosphorus, in the form of phosphate ions, strongly associates with soil particles and settles out during the sedimentation process. Total phosphorus, chlorophyll-a and Secchi depth all correlate significantly with distance from the dam. This is not the case for nitrate, a labile ion that does not adsorb to silt particles. As a result, nitrate ions do not settle out of the water column and there is no correlation between nitrate concentration and distance from the dam. It is also apparent from the lower correlation coefficients (R2) in Figures 5-8 that this relationship was less well defined in 2003 than it was from 2000-2002. In other words, the change in the parameters’ values is not attributable to the distance from the dam.

RESULTS FROM TROPHIC STATUS MONITORING 20 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

5. BACTERIA IN SMITH MOUNTAIN LAKE

5.1 Fecal Coliform Monitoring Water samples were collected from 14 sites on Smith Mountain Lake on May 27, June 10, June 24, July 7, July 22, and August 5, 2003. These samples were collected and stored according to standard methods (APHA). Two stations were sampled at each site and three replicates at each station were filtered. A standard 100 mL aliquot of sample was filtered immediately upon return to the laboratory. The membrane filtration method for bacterial analyses was used with DIFCO m-Fecal Coliform media prepared with rosolic acid, as prescribed in standard methods (APHA). Characteristic blue fecal coliform colonies were counted and recorded after 22-24 hours of incubation at 45.5° C.

The sites on Smith Mountain Lake that were sampled included the following:

Non-marina Sites

a. Main basin at the confluence of the Blackwater and Roanoke Channels. (Site 10) b. Forest Cove on the Bedford County side of the lake. (Site 8) c. Fairway Bay on the Franklin County side of the lake. (Site 6) d. Palmer’s Trailer Park Cove on the Franklin County side of the lake. (Site 11) e. Smith Mountain Lake State Park Cove on the Bedford County side of the lake. (Site 7)

Marina Sites

f. Shoreline Marina on the Franklin County side of the lake. (Site 5) g. Pelican Point Marina on the Franklin County side of the lake. (Site 12) h. Smith Mountain Lake Dock on the Pittsylvania County side of the lake. (Site 9) i. Smith Mountain Yacht Club on the Bedford County side of the lake. (Site 4) j. Foxport Marina on the Franklin County side of the lake. (Site 13) k. Indian Point Marina on the Franklin County side of the lake. (Site 3) l. Marker’s Marina (formerly Bay Roc Marina) at Hardy Ford Bridge on the Franklin County side of the lake. (Site 1)

Headwaters Sites

m. Ponderosa Campground on the Franklin County side of the lake. (Site 14) n. Beaverdam Creek on the Bedford County side of the lake. (Site 2)

BACTERIA IN SMITH MOUNTAIN LAKE 21 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

These sites were selected as representative coves around Smith Mountain Lake to allow comparison between non-marina coves and marina coves and to allow evaluation of two headwater coves. (a) The main basin site at the confluence of the Blackwater and Roanoke channels was selected to provide samples not influenced by runoff from nearby shoreline. (b) Forest Cove (Bedford County) is surrounded by a residential area of low density and is located after the confluence of the two main channels and in close proximity to Smith Mountain Lake Dam. (c) Fairway Bay (Franklin County) is surrounded by homes and multi-family residences and is on the Roanoke channel. (d) Palmer’s Trailer Park Cove is surrounded by trailers that have been there for a long time, each with a septic tank and drain field, and is located off Little Bull Run, a tributary of the Blackwater channel. (e) Smith Mountain Lake State Park Cove was sampled where it intersects the main channel.

The marina sites include: (f) Shoreline Marina which is up Becky’s Creek, a tributary of the Roanoke channel in Franklin County and is a storage place for many houseboats and may have some people living aboard their boats. (g) Pelican Point Marina is on the Blackwater channel in Franklin County and is a storage place for many large sailboats and a few houseboats. (h) Smith Mountain Lake Dock is in a cove off the main basin in Pittsylvania County, in close proximity to Smith Mountain Lake Dam and is a storage place for many houseboats. (i) Smith Mountain Lake Yacht Club is in a cove off the Roanoke channel in Bedford County and is a storage place for many houseboats. (j) Foxport Marina is on the channel of Gills Creek, a major tributary of the Blackwater River and has very few boats docked there. (k) Indian Point Marina is in a cove off the main channel of the Roanoke River, and is a recently developed marina with very few permanently docked boats. (l) Marker’s Marina at Hardy Ford Bridge is one of the oldest marinas and is on the Franklin County side of the lake located at the beginning of the lake. This marina has many houseboats that have been docked for a long time.

There are two headwaters sites, which primarily indicate specific watershed influences and not within-lake influences. Organic compounds and other nutrients in a body of water come from two possible sources, allochthonous inputs and autochthonous inputs. “Allochthonous” refers to input from outside the body of water (in other words, from the watershed) and “autochthonous” refers to input from within the body of water (for example, the algal population that is dependent on the in-lake process of photosynthesis). The two headwaters sites reflect two of the

BACTERIA IN SMITH MOUNTAIN LAKE 22 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

allochthonous inputs to Smith Mountain Lake. (m) Ponderosa Campground is located on a curve far upstream on the Blackwater River not far from the non-navigable portion of the river, and (n) Beaverdam Creek is a tributary of the Roanoke River on the Bedford County side of the lake.

Figure 13 indicates the mean fecal coliform colony forming units (cfus), commonly called colony counts, for the six sample dates. Figure 14 indicates the 2003 comparison of marinas, non-marinas, and headwaters sites. Figure 15 indicates the average colony counts for each sample site. Figure 16 indicates the comparison of the sum of the colony counts of each sample site. Figure 17 shows a comparison of mean fecal coliform counts for the eight sample years (1995-2003) for combined marina fecal coliform counts, non-marina fecal coliform counts and headwater fecal coliform sites.

5.1.1 Results 1. The means of fecal coliform populations averaged over the whole summer were below the Virginia health standard for recreational waters (standard is 200 cfus/100 mL) for all sites except for two: Marker’s Marina site (Roanoke channel) and Ponderosa Campground site (Blackwater channel) (Table A9). Both of these sites are the farthest upriver that we sample.

2. The mean colony counts and variances for marinas in 2003 (74.5 + 205 cfus) are significantly higher than the 2002 counts and the 2003 non-marinas’ colony counts (15.5 + 29.9 cfus). The marinas’ mean colony counts were the highest counts measured during the seven years samples have been taken. In 2002 the lowest counts of the seven years were measured, probably because of the low runoff due to lack of rainfall. This year we have had a very rainy, wet year, and runoff was higher than usual.

3. As in 2003, sample date was an influence on the fecal coliform population estimates, with the mid summer sample date (July 7) exhibiting the highest mean number of colonies (119 cfus) and the first sample date exhibiting the second highest number of colonies (102 cfus) (Figure 13). Other reports and scientists have observed a relationship with rain events and increased number of coliforms in streams. (Thomas & Johnson, 1998 &1999; The Blackwater River TMDL Study, 2000). Consistent with this observation, in the spring and summer of 2003 there was significant rainfall, probably causing the higher fecal coliform populations observed.

BACTERIA IN SMITH MOUNTAIN LAKE 23 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

140 120 2003 100 (cfus) s 80 mean = 63 60 40

Fecal coliform 20 0 May 27 June 10 June 24 July 7 July 22 August 5

Figure 13. Fecal coliforms vs. week sampled on Smith Mountain Lake in 2003 (Each sample date included 14 sites with 2 samples per site and three replicate filters per sample, n =84).

4. The mean coliform population estimate for all marinas (74.5 + 205 cfus) was 381% higher than the mean coliform population counts for non-marina sites (15.5 + 29.9 cfus). The two headwaters sites’ mean fecal coliform population (143 + 343 cfus) was higher than the non- marinas’ sites and the marinas’ sites as seen in Figure 14. These high fecal coliform counts, especially in headwaters, are further confirmation of the effect of non-point source pollution in wet years because the smaller volume of water in the headwaters means a greater percentage of the water flowing at any time has a greater percentage of runoff water (non- point).

160 140 2003 120 100 80 60 40 20

Fecal coliforms (mean cfus) 0 Marinas Headwaters Non-Marinas

Figure 14. Mean fecal coliform count vs. site type on Smith Mountain Lake 2003 (7 marina sites, 5 non-marina sites, and 2 headwater sites).

BACTERIA IN SMITH MOUNTAIN LAKE 24 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

5. The highest fecal coliform counts of the summer were at Marker’s Marina (Roanoke channel) on July 7th (1222 cfus) and Ponderosa Campground (Blackwater channel) on May 27th (1210 cfus). Four of the five sample times at Marker’s Marina sample site and two of the six sample times at Ponderosa Campground exceeded the Virginia Department of Health standards (Table A9.) The Virginia Department of Health was notified of the results. The two sites are the sites farthest from the dam and are the most river-like of all of the sites.

500 450 2003 400 350 (cfus)

s 300 headwaters

orm 250 f i l marinas non-marinas o 200 C 150 100 Fecal x=63.1 50 0

t Pt e rl. ine ock t Pk ker's acht nc an Y el D S Cove 's T Dam L L ican Pt L lue Mar ndi hor oxspor er I S F nf m SM SM Pel airway BaySM eaver Ponderosa F Forest Co B Pal Figure 15. Mean fecal coliform count vs. sample site on Smith Mountain Lake 2003. (Each site has two stations sampled 6 times during the summer.)

2500 August 5 2003 July 22 2000 July 7 June 24 1500 June 10 May 27 1000

Fecal Coliforms (cfus) 500

e rt y e a ht n ck a m s er's o po n Pt B Trl. a an Pt a enc Yac oreli xs ay t Cove u L h L D ic L St Pk s Mark Indi M Fo e mer's S S Pel r onfl l aver D SM airw SM C a e Pondero F Fo P B Figure 16. Sum of fecal coliform counts for Smith Mountain Lake in 2003 at each site for all sample dates. (There are two sampling stations at each site.)

BACTERIA IN SMITH MOUNTAIN LAKE 25 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

6. The confluence of the two main tributaries and the Smith Mountain Lake State Park Cove had the lowest mean fecal coliform counts and the lowest fecal coliform counts on four of the six sample dates, which has been true since 1999. This year, the other three sites that were consistently low were Pelican Point Marina, Fairway Bay and Foxport Marina (Figures 15 & 16).

7. When all marina sites and non-marina sites are included, the mean fecal coliform population estimate for the marinas was significantly higher than that for the non-marinas (Figure 14). One of the seven marinas (Marker’s Marina) had consistently higher fecal coliform counts than all of the non-marina sites and both of the headwaters sites.

The high variability of fecal coliform counts is shown by the large standard deviations of each mean. In fact, the standard deviations are greater than the mean values and therefore it is not possible to show significant statistical differences among sites.

8. In a comparison of the sums of fecal coliform populations for sample dates and sites (Figure 16) in 2003, Marker’s Marina and Ponderosa Campground have the highest sum of fecal coliform populations, and the confluence of the Roanoke and Blackwater Channels and the Smith Mountain Lake State Park Cove (all non-marina sites) had the lowest sum of fecal coliform populations for the summer of 2003 (also in 2002). The high value for the sum of sample dates for Marker’s Marina is due to the unusually high counts on July 7th sample date.

9. The mean fecal coliform counts for marina sites have been greater than the mean fecal coliform counts for the non-marina sites for six of the eight sample years (1995-2003). The two exceptions are 1999 and 2001, when the mean values were almost equal (Figure 17). In 2003 the marinas’ mean counts were much higher than the non-marinas’ sites, but the headwaters’ sites’ mean was higher than either because one of the headwaters’ sites (Ponderosa Campground) was much higher than all other sites except Marker’s Marina site (Figure 17).

BACTERIA IN SMITH MOUNTAIN LAKE 26 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

180

160 Marinas 140 Headwaters Non-Marinas 120

100

60 Fecal Coliforms (cfus) 40

0 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996

Figure 17. Mean fecal coliform counts per site type and year sampled for Smith Mountain Lake.

Note: In 2003, the Virginia Department of Health, especially the Franklin and Bedford County offices, were sampling regularly around the shoreline of the lake and found a few sites with unusually high fecal coliform counts. There were a few sites in which health warnings were issued in the summer of 2003, and one of them was Ponderosa Campground (one of the sites identified in this report as having high fecal coliform counts). VDH has continued sampling as a special project since 1999. The results of both sampling teams (VDH and Ferrum College) were not always in agreement, which would be expected because the teams sample at different locations and at different times.

5.2 Escherichia coli Monitoring

5.2.1 Introduction Recently, the Virginia Department of Health changed its monitoring standard for recreational waters to the measurement of Escherichia coli populations instead of fecal coliform populations. In 2004, the threshold is a geometric mean of 126 colonies per 100 mL of sample water and 500 colonies per 100 mL grab sample. These standards will be shared with the former standards until 2008, and then will become the only standards enforced. In 2003, we began evaluating the Escherichia coli populations at Smith Mountain Lake using a commonly used method (Coliblue™) and a less commonly used method (Biolog™).

BACTERIA IN SMITH MOUNTAIN LAKE 27 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

5.2.2 Methods The method described as Coliblue™ is similar to the fecal coliform method described in section 5.1. The media used have a special indicator chemical that Escherichia coli take up and grow as blue colonies. The water samples are filtered onto a sterile cellulose filter with a pore size of 0.45 µm, with grid lines. The filter is placed on a sterile absorbent pad with the Coliblue™ media added in a small sterile petri plate (47 mm). The petri dish with media and sample filter are incubated at 35 +/- 0.5 °C for 24 hours. After the allotted time, the plates are observed and the colonies on the filter are counted. On this media, non-fecal total coliforms show up as red colonies (total coliforms – cfus), while Escherichia coli colonies are blue tinted.

The Biolog™ method is a standardized micro-method that uses 95 biochemical tests to identify / characterize a road range of bacteria. We first employ the fecal coliform method as described earlier in this section to isolate colonies. The fecal coliform colonies are identified as blue tinted colonies on the mFC media plates. These colonies are aseptically transferred and grown on a special medium (BiologTM Universal Growth Agar with 5% sheep blood). Several tests are then performed to verify that the isolates are Gram negative and to determine which of several protocols to follow. After incubation on appropriate media, cells are transferred to sterile inoculating fluid until an acceptable density is reached (as determined by a turbidity meter). This cell suspension is immediately inoculated into the appropriate Micro-Plate, a multi-well plate containing 95 different carbon sources such as sugars, alcohols, and amino acids. After inoculation, the Micro-Plates are incubated at 35-37° and read on the Biolog™ MicroStation Reader at 4-6 hours and again at 16-24 hours. The pattern of growth and color change (tetrazolium redox dye changes to purple when growth is present) is entered into the Micro Log software database. These patterns are compared to the archived data from 524 Gram-negative aerobic bacterial species and are identified to species. Specifically, we record colonies identified as Escherichia coli bacterial strains. We could also record the number of different Gram- negative bacterial species and potentially find pathogenic bacterial species.

5.2.3 Results Using the Coliblue™ method, the mean total coliform population estimates for all sample sites on July 7th was 571 cfus and the mean Escherichia coli population estimate was 34 cfus while, on August 6th the mean total coliforms estimate was 1296 cfus and the mean Escherichia coli

BACTERIA IN SMITH MOUNTAIN LAKE 28 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003 population estimate was 80 cfus. This represents averages from 1-13 % of Escherichia coli organisms per total coliform organisms. Total coliforms include many different species of bacteria, most of which are not indicators of fecal pollution. The Beaverdam Creek site is a headwaters site along the Roanoke channel, the Shoreline Marina and Smith Mountain Lake Dock are marina sites, and Palmer’s Trailer site is a non-marina site on the Blackwater channel (Figures 18,19 & 20).

The Biolog™ method gives a different type of result and, because it is time consuming and expensive, only a few samples were tested with this method. We evaluated four samples, two in the Roanoke channel (Beaverdam Creek and Shoreline Marina) and two in the Blackwater channel (Palmer’s Trailer Park and Ponderosa Campground). The average percent Escherichia coli per fecal coliform was 44.4% (Figure 21) and the Roanoke channel sites had a higher percent of E. coli (65% and 60 %) than the Blackwater channel sites (25% and 28%).

The Coliblue™ method is the more useful method because of the information it provides and its shorter time to perform and lower cost.

BACTERIA IN SMITH MOUNTAIN LAKE 29 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

3000 2003 Total coliform 2500 marinas E. coli

2000

1500 non-marina CFUS headwaters

1000

500

2 5 6 1 2 3 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 m 1 m m 3 m 4 m m e e 4 k k k k k a ine ine in ine ne ck ck ck ck Pk Pk P P Pk P d l o o o o r relin rel rel e rel reli r's erda erda erda o or D er's er's verda verda ho ho h ho ho L D L D L Doc L D L L Doc M lm lm lmer's lmer's lme lmer's ea Sh S S S S S S SM SM SM SM SM a a a a a Beav B Beav Beave Bea Beav P P Pa P P P Figure 18. Total coliform and Escherichia coli colonies per site sampled at Smith Mountain Lake in 2003 using the Coliblue™ method for the August 6th sample date.

140

120 7/7 E.coli 8/6 E.coli 100

CFUs 60

0 Beaverdam Shoreline SML Dock Palmer's Pk. Ponderosa

Figure 19. Escherichia coli average colonies per site sampled at Smith Mountain Lake in 2003 using the Coliblue™ method.

BACTERIA IN SMITH MOUNTAIN LAKE 30 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

12 % E.coli 7/7 10 % E.coli 8/6

% E.coli 4

0 Beaverdam Shoreline SML Dock Palmer's Pk.

Figure 20. Percent of Escherichia coli colonies per total coliforms per site sampled at Smith Mountain Lake in 2003 using the Coliblue™ method.

70 2003 60

30 % E. coli

0 Beaverdam Shoreline Palmer's. Pk. Ponderosa Cpgd.

Figure 21. Percent of Escherichia coli colonies per fecal coliform colony per site sampled at Smith Mountain Lake in 2003 using the Biolog™ method.

5.3 Optical Brightener Method Evaluation Optical brighteners are white dyes that are added to virtually all laundry detergents. These optical brighteners make light colors appear brighter without using bleach. This serves as a good indicator of the presence of wastewater in streams because laundry waste matter is a major component of human sewage. The method that we used in testing optical brighteners in the stream water was very simplistic. We placed unwashed muslin cloth into embroidery hoops and

BACTERIA IN SMITH MOUNTAIN LAKE 31 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003 then placed these in ham bags. Next we placed these bags in some of the streams and rivers and secured them to the ground with a large nail. We left the bags in the water for two weeks and then collected them and placed them in plastic Ziploc bags. Upon returning to the lab, the cloths were placed on a line and allowed to dry in a dark room. A fluorescent light was used to determine if the cloths would fluoresce. Our results were inconclusive in determining human sewage presence in the streams and rivers.

5.4 Bacterial Source Tracking

5.4.1 Introduction Drs. Carolyn L. Thomas and David M. Johnson have been studying water quality at Smith Mountain Lake since 1985. For the last 8 years (1995-2002) we have been evaluating the fecal coliform population in the lake by comparing 14 marina, non-marina, and headwater sites. For most of these samples the numbers have been below the Virginia standards for fecal coliform counts. Because this is a very important and controversial water quality parameter, it was decided that knowing the source of these fecal coliforms could be valuable in developing strategies for controlling fecal coliforms in the lake.

Five years ago, a preliminary study of bacterial sources was carried out using the DNA fingerprinting method developed by Dr. George Simmons at Virginia Tech. Mr. Ron Stephens, an associate of Dr. Simmons and a professor at Ferrum College carried out the analyses. Although interesting results were found (we were able to trace some fecal coliforms back to a specific farm), the testing was too time consuming and expensive for the information gained.

Antibiotic Resistance Analysis (ARA) has become a more common method for tracking bacteria, and Dr. Charles Hagedorn from Virginia Tech and his associates shared information with us about this method and its successes. The method is explained in Harwood et al. (2000). The ARA technique is based on fecal streptococci becoming resistant to antibiotics used in certain species of animals, for example cattle and humans. Therefore, when a particular pattern of antibiotic resistance is observed, the source (animal) can be identified. A computer program (JMP-IN version 4, a discriminate analysis program) was used to analyze the data and find particular patterns of antibiotic resistance.

BACTERIA IN SMITH MOUNTAIN LAKE 32 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

In the summer of 2000, Dr. Hagedorn and his graduate student, Amy Bowman, showed the faculty and students from the Ferrum College Water Quality Lab the method used in their lab at Virginia Tech. Since that time, in discussions with Dr. Hagedorn, it was decided to try the methods at Ferrum College in collaboration with Dr. Hagedorn in the fall and winter of 2000/2001. The results were described in the 2000 and 2001 Smith Mountain Lake Reports.

Ms. Carol Love (Ferrum College Life Sciences Division’s Lab Coordinator) and Patricia Moyer (student lab assistant) have carried out most of the preliminary work on this project; planning, ordering supplies, setting up the lab space, doing the antibiotic preparation, screening of colonies, and analysis of data. In 2003, as in 2002, the student sampling team took the samples at the 22 tributary sites. The sample sites (lake sites and Roanoke and Blackwater River sites) analyzed in previous years were not sampled because of the lack of fecal streptococci found at these sites during the previous two years. One-time special samples were taken in the upper Roanoke River during the summer of 2003.

5.4.2 Sample Sites These sites are the 22 tributary sites that have been sampled for 9 years for nutrient levels and three years for fecal streptococci. They are listed in Section 4.2.3. of this report.

5.4.3 Results The samples were compared with known sources of fecal streptococci as listed in Table 6 below. The larger the number of isolates, the more accurate is the prediction of the bacterial source detected in the samples. Table 6 indicates how close the identification of source can be to known sources. The domestic designation includes isolates from pet dogs and cats. Livestock includes primarily cattle and wildlife isolates includes deer, raccoon and Canada geese.

The bacteria used for the Antibiotic Resistance Analysis, fecal streptococci (Enterococci faecalis), is a common enteric bacteria found in mammals and birds and is found at lower population levels than the most common fecal coliforms.

BACTERIA IN SMITH MOUNTAIN LAKE 33 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

Table 6. Known bacterial sources and the percent agreement with the prediction of source. Source Domestic Human Livestock Wildlife Totals # of Name (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) Isolates Domestic 74.47 0.00 0.00 25.53 100.00 47 Human 0.47 84.24 11.29 4.00 100.00 425 Livestock 0.15 6.24 88.82 4.79 100.00 689 Wildlife 5.82 4.74 16.16 73.28 100.00 464

The following figures (Figures 22, 23, and 24) show the predicted sources (based on comparison to known sources) of the bacterial isolates from tributary water samples taken this summer. All tributaries except two had between 17 and 46 isolates (48 is the maximum tested per site) in the water sample with most (15 of 22) having greater than 40 isolates (see Table 7), which makes the predicted sources valid. There are four non-tributary sites: Upper Roanoke #1, Upper Roanoke #2, Hardy Ford (Roanoke) and Ponderosa (Blackwater) sampled on July 7 as a special study to evaluate the influence of suspected releases of untreated effluent from the Roanoke Sewage Treatment Plant. The number of isolates of Enterococci was too low to complete the Antibiotic Resistance Assay on these sites (Table 7).

Table 7. Special study sites and the number of Enterococci isolates found from July 7, 2003 sample. Sample site # isolates Upper Roanoke #1 3 Upper Roanoke #2 14 Hardy Ford (Roanoke) 3 Ponderosa (Blackwater) 2

All except one (T4) of the Franklin County tributaries had some isolates coming from human sources and all of the Franklin County tributaries had some isolates from livestock sources, both of which are of concern in regard to human health (Figure 22). Five of the Franklin County tributaries (T0, T2, T3, T4, and T19) had greater than 50 percent of the isolates from livestock sources. These fecal streptococci could come from cattle in the lake, runoff across pastures, or leaking animal waste holding ponds.

BACTERIA IN SMITH MOUNTAIN LAKE 34 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

Table 8. The number of fecal streptococci isolates from each tributary in 2003. Trib Site # Isolates Trib Site # Isolates T0 (Gills Creek) 43 T13 (Snug Harbor) 37 T1 (Maggodee Creek) 46 T14 (Stoney Creek) 37 T2 (Gills Creek) 43 T15 (Jumping Run) 44 T3 (Blackwater) 40 T16 (Beaver Dam Creek) 44 T4 (Poplar Camp Creek) 41 T17 (Marker’s Marina) 43 T5 (Standiford Creek) 42 T18 (Lynville Creek) 45 T6 (Bull Run) 45 T19 (Grimes Creek) 43 T7 (Cool Branch) 17 T20 (Indian Creek) 20 T8 (Lumpkin’s Marina) 44 T21a (Roanoke River) 35 T9 (SML Dam) 38 Upper Roanoke #1 3 T10 (Pigg River) 45 Upper Roanoke #2 14 T11 (Old 103) 41 Hardy Ford (Roanoke) 3 T12 (Surry Drive) 38 Ponderosa (Blackwater) 2

Every Bedford County tributary had some isolates coming from human sources and livestock sources (Figure 23). The fecal streptococci from human sources could come from leaking septic tanks or straight pipes. Five of the Bedford County tributaries (T11, T12, T13, T15, and T16) had greater than 56 percent of the isolates from livestock sources and Snug Harbor Creek (T13) had 70 percent of the isolates from livestock sources, which is the site with the highest livestock influence for the second year in a row. The fecal streptococci from livestock sources could come from cattle wading in the creeks, runoff from pastures, or leaking animal waste holding facilities.

Every Pittsylvania County tributary had some isolates coming from human sources and livestock sources (Figure 24). Two of the three Bedford County tributaries (T7 and T9) had greater than 60 percent of the isolates from livestock sources.

The human sources cause concern and should be investigated further as to the probable sources. Humans carry disease-causing organisms in their intestines, and these isolates of fecal streptococci (from human sources) indicate a potential health risk. The livestock source is probably cattle because of their prevalence in the Smith Mountain Lake tributaries’ watersheds. Cattle are known to carry a toxic Escherichia coli species (0157:H7) in their intestines, another health risk to humans using the water as drinking water. The wildlife predictions are problematic since no solution is readily available; however, wildlife is not known to carry human pathogenic organisms or to pose a health risk.

BACTERIA IN SMITH MOUNTAIN LAKE 35 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

100%

90% Wildlife Livestock 80% Human 70% Domestic

60%

50%

40%

% Enterococci Isolates 30%

20%

10%

0% T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T18 T19 T20 T21A Franklin County Tributaries 2003

Figure 22. Percent of bacteria isolates from 4 sources in Franklin County tributaries.

100%

Wildlife Livestock 80% Human Domestic

60%

40% % Enterococci. Isolates

20%

0% T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 T17 Bedford County Tributaries 2003

Figure 23. Percent of bacteria isolates from 4 sources in Bedford County tributaries.

BACTERIA IN SMITH MOUNTAIN LAKE 36 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

100%

90% Wildlife Livestock 80% Human Domestic 70%

60%

50%

40%

Enterococci Isolates 30% %

20%

10%

0% T7 T9 T10 Pittslyvania Tributaries 2003

Figure 24. Percent of bacteria isolates from 4 sources in Pittsylvania County.

6% 9%

38% % Domestic % Humans % Livestock % Wildlife

47%

Figure 25. Percent of bacteria isolates from four potential sources (all sample sites).

BACTERIA IN SMITH MOUNTAIN LAKE 37 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

6. WATER QUALITY TRENDS

6.1 Water Quality Trends by Zone In studying Smith Mountain Lake over the last fourteen years we have found that lake cannot be described as a single, homogeneous waterbody because of the broad differences between the upper reaches of the lake and the lower reaches nearer the dam. As a result, we have attempted to describe the lake in zones based on the distance to the dam and having similar physical characteristics. As can be seen, the evaluation of water quality based on zones provides some interesting suggestions about multiple uses of the lake. For example, fishing would be best in those zones that have greater nutrient enrichment, and water used as potable water to produce drinking water would be better in those zones with lower nutrient enrichment.

The lake sample sites are divided into zones based on the site’s distance from the dam:

Zone 1 = 0-5 miles Zone 4 = 15-20 miles Zone 2 = 5-10 miles Zone 5 = 20-25 miles Zone 3 = 10-15 miles Zone 6 = 25 + miles

The data do not show much in the way of trends in a comparison of the 17 years’ worth of data that we have collected. No strong trends have been observed over the 17 years of monitoring. It should be noted that Zones 5 and 6 have only six to eleven years’ worth of data.

In Figure 26, no significant trend in total phosphorus concentration over the 17-year period in any zone is noted. It should be noted that total phosphorus increased significantly in all zones from 2002 to 2003. The mean total phosphorus for 2003 for the entire lake was 54.4 ppb, which is a 54% increase from the 2002 mean total phosphorus (35.4 ppb). This could be due to the increased rainfall again this year causing increased runoff and non-point source phosphorus influences.

In Figure 27 the chlorophyll-a concentration shows no statistically significant trend in any of the six zones but does show an increasing trend in Zone 5 and 6. The mean chlorophyll-a for 2003 for the entire lake was 8.7 ppb, which is a 112% increase from the 2002 mean chlorophyll-a (4.1

WATER QUALITY TRENDS 38 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

ppb). Chlorophyll-a, like total phosphorus, increased significantly in all zones except 6 (phosphorus increased in Zone 6).

Secchi disc depth, which is an integrating property of water clarity, shows no statistically significant trend in Figure 28. Water clarity (Secchi disc depth) does appear to have improved slightly in Zones 1-4 (0-20 miles to the dam) over the years but appears to have deteriorated in Zone 5 and 6 over the years. The range of the scales of all graphs in Figures 26-28 increases for total phosphorus and chlorophyll-a as samples are collected further away from the dam and decreases for Secchi disc depth. Water clarity (Secchi disc depth) in 2003 decreased significantly in all six zones. The mean Secchi disc depth for 2003 for the entire lake was 1.9 m, which is a 27% decrease from the 2002 mean Secchi disc depth (2.6 m). This could be due to the increased rainfall again this year causing increased runoff and non-point source sediment input.

Figure 29 shows significant correlations with total phosphorus, chlorophyll-a, and Secchi disc depth and miles from the dam in 2003 as we have seen for many years. These trends again this year indicate lower water quality (more nutrients, more algae, and less water clarity) the farther from the dam you travel. In Figure 30, where all zones are combined and the means of total phosphorus, chlorophyll-a and Secchi disc depth for the entire lake are compared per year, we see no significant trend with time.

WATER QUALITY TRENDS 39 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

35 Zone 1(1-5 MTD) 30

10 Total Phosphorus (ppb) 5 R2 = 0.0096 0 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

45 Zone 2 (6-10 MTD) 40 35 30 25 20 osphorus (ppb) j 15 10 Total P 5 R2 = 0.0041 0 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

60 Zone 3 (11-15 MTD) 50

Total Phosphorus (ppb) 10 R2 = 0.0172 0 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Figure 26. Average annual total phosphorus concentration by year and zone in Smith Mountain Lake.

WATER QUALITY TRENDS 40 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

70 Zone 4 (16-20 MTD) 60

Total Phosphorus (ppb) 10 R2 = 0.0077 0 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

90 Zone 5 (21-25 MTD) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 Total Phosphorus (ppb) 10 2 R = 0.1798 0 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

120 Zone 6 (> 25 MTD) 100

20 2 Total Phosphorus (ppb) R = 0.0091 0 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Figure 26. Average annual total phosphorus concentration by year and zone in Smith Mountain Lake (cont.)

WATER QUALITY TRENDS 41 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

4 Zone 1(0-5 MTD)

Chlrophyll A (ppb) 1

R2 = 0.03 0 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Zone 2(5-10 MTD) 5

Chlorophyll A (ppb) 1 R2 = 0.13 0 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

8 Zone 3(10-15 MTD) 7

2 Chlorophyll A (ppb) 1 R2 = 0.09 0 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Figure 27. Average annual chlorophyll-a concentration by year and zone in Smith Mountain Lake.

WATER QUALITY TRENDS 42 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

16 Zone 4(15-20 MTD) 14

6 Chlorophyll A 4

2 R2 = 0.001 0 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

16 Zone 5(20-25 MTD) 14 12 10 8 6 4 Chlorophyll A (ppb) 2 R2 = 0.3614 0 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

18 Zone 6(>25 MTD) 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 Chlorophyll A (ppb) 2 2 R = 0.2195 0 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Figure 27. Average annual chlorophyll-a concentration by year and zone in Smith Mountain Lake (cont.)

WATER QUALITY TRENDS 43 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

4.0 Zone 1 (0-5 MTD) 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 Secchi Depth (m) R2 = 0.48 0.5 0.0 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

3.5 Zone 2(5-10 MTD 3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

Secchi Depth (m) 1.0

0.5 R2 = 0.2853

0.0 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

3.0 Zone 3(10-15 MTD) 2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0 Secchi Depth (m)

0.5 R2 = 0.40

0.0 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Figure 28. Average annual Secchi disc depth for year and zone in Smith Mountain Lake.

WATER QUALITY TRENDS 44 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

2.5 Zone 4 (15-20 MTD)

2.0

1.5

1.0 Secchi Depth (m) 0.5 R2 = 0.05

0.0 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

2.0 Zone 5(20-25 MTD) 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 Secchi Depth (m) 0.6 0.4 2 0.2 R = 0.33 0.0 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

1.8 1.6

1.4 Zone 6(>25 MTD) 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6

Secchi Depth (m) 0.4 2 0.2 R = 0.10 0.0 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Figure 28. Average annual Secchi disc depth for year and zone in Smith Mountain Lake (cont.)

WATER QUALITY TRENDS 45 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

120 2003 100 ppb) 80

60 R2 = 0.8626

40 al Phosphorus (

Tot 20

0 Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5 Zone 6

2003 2 12 R = 0.9096

4 Chlorophyll A (ppb) 2

0 Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5 Zone 6

4.0 R2 = 0.95 2003 3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

Mean Secchi Depth (m) 0.5

0.0 Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5 Zone 6

Figure 29. Average parameter value by zone for 2003.

WATER QUALITY TRENDS 46 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

70 R2 = 0.192 60

10 Mean Total Phosphorus (ppb) 0

8 1 4 7 0 1 3 87 8 89 90 9 92 93 9 95 96 9 98 99 0 0 02 0 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 19 1 19 19 1 19 19 1 1 19 1 1 19 2 2 20 2

10 9 All Zones R2 = 0.30 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Mean Chlorophyll A (ppb) 1 0

9 87 88 97 996 19 19 198 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1 19 1998 1999 2001 2002 2003

3.0 All Zones R2 = 0.01 2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

Mean Secchi Depth (m) 0.5

0.0

7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 8 9 9 9 9 9 0 98 98 99 99 99 99 00 00 19 1 1 19 19 1 1 19 19 1 199 19 1 2 200 20 2 Figure 30. Average parameter value for all zones by year (1987-2003). (In the chlorophyll-a graph, the year 2000 is omitted because of instrument error.)

WATER QUALITY TRENDS 47 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

CARLSON’S TROPHIC STATE INDEX

The trophic status of a lake indicates the degree of nutrient enrichment and the resulting suitability of that lake for various uses. The process of eutrophication is nutrient enrichment of a body of water resulting in a significant increase in aquatic plant life (algae and aquatic plants). Phosphorus is most often the nutrient that limits algal production and attempts have been made to relate the trophic status of a lake to concentration of phosphorus. Table 9 shows one such effort (note that the relationships are for northern temperate lakes and will not represent southeastern lakes as well).

Table 9. Proposed relationships among phosphorus concentration, trophic state, and lake use for northern temperate lakes. (Reckhow and Chapra, 1983) Phosphorus Concentration (ppb) Trophic State Lake Use < 10 Oligotrophic Suitable for water-based recreation and cold water fisheries. Very high water clarity and aesthetically pleasing.

10-20 Mesotrophic Suitable for recreation, often not for cold water fisheries. Clarity less than in oligotrophic lakes.

20-50 Eutrophic Reduction in aesthetic properties reduces enjoyment from body contact recreation. Generally productive for warm water fish.

> 50 Hypereutrophic A typical “old-aged” lake in advanced succession. Some fisheries, but high levels of sedimentation and algae or macrophyte growth diminish open water surface area.

The algal growth resulting from inputs of phosphorus can also be used to evaluate the trophic status of a lake. This is done by extracting the green pigment, chlorophyll-a, from algae filtered from lake water samples and measuring its concentration. Table 10 shows the trophic status delineation based on the concentration of chlorophyll-a. It also shows that the evaluation of trophic status is a matter of professional judgment, not a parameter to be measured exactly.

WATER QUALITY TRENDS 48 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

Trophic status can also be evaluated from Secchi disk measurements since algal growth decreases water clarity. Researchers have also attempted to relate water quality parameters such as conductivity and total organic nitrogen to trophic status. Regardless of how trophic status is evaluated, a particular status is used to summarize the water quality in a lake with respect to certain uses. The particular summary term, such as mesotrophic, is assigned to a lake based on a summary statistic, such as the average total phosphorus concentration. Furthermore, researchers have devised water quality indices based on one or more summary statistics to better communicate water quality information to the general public. Using an index, trophic status can be placed on a scale from 1 to 100, with 1 being the least eutrophic or least nutrient enriched. An index can be derived from any summary statistic by means of a mathematical transformation and provides a way of directly comparing various parameters, which are measured in very different units. For example, without indexing most people would have a hard time comparing the water quality significance of a 14 ppb total phosphorus concentration with a 3.5 meter Secchi depth.

Table 10. Trophic status related to chlorophyll-a concentration in different studies. (Reckhow and Chapra, 1983). Chlorophyll-a Concentration (ppb) Trophic Status Sakamoto NAS Dobson EPA-NES Oligotrophic 0.3-2.5 0-4 0-4.3 < 7 Mesotrophic 1-15 4-10 4.3-8.8 7-12 Eutrophic 5-140 > 10 > 8.8 > 12

One of the best-known trophic state indices is the Carlson Trophic State Index, TSI, named after the researcher who developed it. This index is used to help interpret the water quality data collected on Smith Mountain Lake. The Carlson TSI may be calculated from total phosphorus concentration (TP), chlorophyll-a concentration (CHA), or Secchi disk depth (SEC). The index obtained from each of these parameters can be averaged to give a combined TSI. This is important because any of the individual parameters can be misleading in some situations. Secchi disk readings are a misleading indicator of trophic status in lakes with non-algal turbidity caused by soil erosion, such as in the upper river channels and near shore areas of Smith Mountain Lake. Phosphorus will not be a good indicator in lakes where algal growth is not limited by availability of phosphorus (algal growth in Smith Mountain Lake is phosphorus-limited). Chlorophyll-a may be the best indicator during the growing season and the worst at other times.

WATER QUALITY TRENDS 49 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

The following equations are used for the calculation of TSIs. (TSI (C) is the combined trophic state index.)

TSI(TP) = 14.42 ln TP + 4.15 TSI(CHA) = 9.81 ln CA + 30.6 TSI(SEC) = 60 - 14.41 ln SD TSI(C) = [TSI(TP) + TSI(CHA) + TSI(SEC)]/3

Another useful aspect of the trophic state index is in comparing the stations being monitored. In Figure 31, the individual parameter trophic state index for each station has been plotted and, in Figure 32, the combined trophic state index has been plotted as a function of its distance from the dam. The results demonstrate again the trend toward improved water quality near the dam (lower TSI values).

In Smith Mountain Lake, the total phosphorus trophic state index is much higher than the chlorophyll-a or the Secchi depth trophic state index. The average TSI for total phosphorus (59.7) is also in the eutrophic classification (> 50). The average TSI for chlorophyll-a (49.1) is in the mesotrophic to eutrophic classification (> 30 and < 50) and very close to the eutrophic classification. The average TSI for Secchi depth (52) is in the mesotrophic classification (> 30 and < 50). In the combined trophic state index, the eutrophic classification begins at about 11 miles from the dam, which is two miles closer to the dam in 2003 than it was in 2002 (13-15 miles from the dam). Closer to the dam, the classification is in the mesotrophic range (Table 11).

WATER QUALITY TRENDS 50 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

90 2003 80 70 x 60

50 40

Trophic State Inde TP 20 CHA 10 SD 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Miles to Dam

Figure 31. Trophic State Index as a function of distance from dam.

60 2003 50 e

30 Combined TSI Valu 20 R2 = 0.80 10

0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Miles to Dam

Figure 32. Combined Trophic State Index as a function of distance from dam.

WATER QUALITY TRENDS 51 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

Table 11. Monitoring stations arranged in order of Combined Trophic State Index for 2003. 2003 Station Miles To Dam TSI(TP) TSI(CHA) TSI(SD) TSI-C M0 0 58.0 40.7 45.0 47.9 CM1 1 47.3 46.8 44.2 46.1 M1 1 61.1 42.9 38.5 47.5 CM1.2 1.2 45.1 45.8 45.2 45.4 M3 3 59.6 42.9 38.3 46.9 C4 4 48.5 35.8 41.4 41.9 C5 5 45.5 38.3 42.5 42.1 CM5 5 50.9 43.2 44.6 46.2 M5 5 59.8 42.9 39.5 47.4 C6 6 46.3 38.8 45.6 43.6 R7 7 61.1 41.7 45.0 49.3 B8 8 47.9 42.0 46.6 45.5 CR8 8 48.0 42.3 45.6 45.3 CR9 9 52.9 44.2 46.1 47.7 R9 9 62.5 44.4 47.5 51.5 CR9.2 9.2 50.4 38.8 45.0 44.7 B10 10 46.5 46.4 48.1 47.0 CB11 11 45.5 50.9 48.3 48.2 R11 11 59.5 45.6 47.8 51.0 B12 12 52.2 52.4 50.3 51.6 G12 12 67.9 48.5 47.5 54.6 CR13 13 61.8 53.7 48.6 54.7 G13 13 65.4 48.3 50.3 54.7 R13 13 65.7 53.2 48.3 55.7 B14 14 54.5 50.8 53.8 53.0 G14 14 65.8 48.5 51.9 55.4 R14 14 59.5 49.0 52.3 53.6 CR14.2 14.2 53.5 42.9 55.4 50.6 G15 15 65.4 48.2 51.9 55.2 R15 15 62.0 55.1 52.6 56.6 B16 16 55.7 54.4 57.7 56.0 CB16 16 51.9 53.9 55.4 53.7 CR16 16 54.5 58.8 53.4 55.6 G16 16 65.4 48.2 51.6 55.1 CR17 17 56.1 57.1 53.8 55.6 B18 18 60.7 60.6 61.2 60.8 G18 18 68.3 53.3 55.4 59.0

WATER QUALITY TRENDS 52 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

Table 11. Monitoring stations arranged in order of Combined Trophic State Index for 2003 (cont.) 2003 Station Miles To Dam TSI(TP) TSI(CHA) TSI(SD) TSI-C B20 20 65.1 58.1 58.9 60.7 CB20 20 62.1 58.0 58.4 59.5 CR21 21 62.8 35.2 57.4 51.8 R21 21 69.5 40.3 56.2 55.4 CR21.2 21.2 68.1 40.7 57.4 55.4 B22 22 71.5 63.9 63.0 66.1 CR22 22 64.8 59.8 58.2 60.9 R23 23 66.7 56.4 57.7 60.3 CR24 24 64.3 62.1 60.7 62.4 CR25 25 62.6 58.8 58.2 59.9 R25 25 67.4 56.3 59.4 61.1 CR26 26 64.7 59.5 58.2 60.8 R27 27 66.4 52.5 57.7 58.9 R29 29 73.7 54.0 60.6 62.8 R30 30 79.0 51.9 67.8 66.3 R31 31 72.9 44.7 72.2 63.2 Mean TSI/parameter 59.7 49.1 52.0 53.6

Table 11 gives the monitoring stations ordered according to the combined TSI. For each station, especially those with high TSI(C) values, it is useful to look at TSIs calculated on the basis of total phosphorus, chlorophyll-a, or Secchi depth separately to see which parameter(s) is most affecting the value of the combined trophic state index. The highest combined TSI values (66.3) are found 30 miles up the Roanoke channel (R30), while the lowest TSI values (C4 = 41.9) are found in a tributary off the main basin (Craddock Creek), four miles from the dam.

If we compare the TSI for 1997- 2002 in Table 12, we see the increasing trend of the TSI values from 47 in the mesotrophic range in 1997 to 53.6 (eutrophic range) in 2003. In 2003 again it is interesting to note that, while the correlation coefficient decreased for each parameter plotted as average station value versus distance from the dam, the correlation coefficient for the combined TSI continued to give a highly significant correlation. In 2003 the average combined TSI was over 50, which moves the lake into the eutrophic classification. Although, for the TSI(C), the eutrophic classification in Smith Mountain Lake is based primarily on total phosphorus values, in other classification systems described above, the phosphorus concentration also puts the lake in

WATER QUALITY TRENDS 53 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003 the eutrophic classification. It should be noted in Table 12 that the lowest part of the TSI range increases (from 36.7 in 1997 to 41.9 in 2003) with the exception of 2001 and 2002, as does the highest part of the range (from 56.3 in 1997 to 66.3 in 2003).

Table 12. Combined Trophic State Index summary for 1997-2003. Year Avg Combined TSI TSI Range R2 (TSI vs. MTD) 1997 47.0 36.7 - 56.3 0.867 1998 45.6 35.1 - 56.3 0.885 1999 46.7 35.3 - 59.5 0.833 2000 52.8* 44.6 – 65.9* 0.840 2001 47.6 38.4 – 59.7 0.830 2002 46.2 35.9 – 62.8 0.819 2003 53.6 41.9 – 66.3 0.803 * Indicates a questionable CHA value included in the TSI calculations.

WATER QUALITY TRENDS 54 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

7. QUALITY CONTROL/QUALITY ASSURANCE

The full QA/QC plan being used for the monitoring program is described in detail in the 1990 Final Report to the VEE. The laboratory analysis portion of this plan has been evaluated and improved over the last four monitoring seasons (2000-2003). The only change implemented during the 2003 sampling season was in chlorophyll analysis and will be described in that section.

During the summer of 2002, Mr. Gary Du, the Virginia DEQ Water Quality Monitoring Quality Assurance Officer, evaluated the Ferrum College Water Quality Lab. Although the verbal report regarding field and lab procedures was good, a few suggestions and recommendations were made in a written report that we received in November 2003. While not yet fully implemented, the QA/QC plan with the recommendations from the Virginia DEQ for the Ferrum College Water Quality Lab will be implemented and will continue to evolve and improve with each sampling season. This consistent improvement increases the reliability of the data generated by the Smith Mountain Lake Volunteer Water Quality Monitoring Program, which is especially important in a program where samples are analyzed in an uncertified lab by student technicians. It also allows for more confidence in comparing data from year to year, a critical aspect of the program.

The usual QA/QC report for the sampling season of 2003 will not be included in this report but will be published in a separate report.

QUALITY CONTROL/QUALITY ASSURANCE 55 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

8. SAMPLING EFFICIENCY

The monitoring program depends on volunteers for sample collection and one measure of success for the program is the consistency with which these volunteers attend to their stations. Table 13 indicates the sampling efficiency data for 2003 and Table 14 presents the collection efficiencies from 1993 through 2003. The figures show that the volunteer monitors are very conscientious about sample collection. Sample efficiency was 97% for total phosphate, nitrate, and chlorophyll-a samples, and 99% for Secchi readings. This sampling efficiency is remarkably high for any monitoring program, voluntary or otherwise. In 1995, a decrease in efficiencies was attributed to the implementation of Phase 2 of the Water Quality Monitoring Program and the change in sample sites to better cover the lake and to provide cove sites to match the tributary sites. In 1996 and 1997 the sampling efficiencies were back up to the levels that they had been previously. The volunteers' sampling efficiency is as good as that of professionals in agencies responsible for environmental sampling. This degree of commitment no doubt carries over to the care with which samples are collected and is evidence of the volunteers’ dedication to the program.

Table 13. Sampling efficiency data for 2003. monitoring % Sample Type stations possible samples samples collected efficiency CHA/NO3/TP 53 318 310 97% Secchi 78 468 462 99%

Table 14. Comparison of sampling efficiencies for 1993-2003. % 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Efficiencies/year Secchi Depth 80 93 75 92 95 96 89 89 89 93 99 Total Phosphorus 90 99 80 96 96 96 95 83 94 98 97 Chlorophyll-a 90 98 80 96 97 96 95 81 98 98 97 Nitrate NA NA NA NA 99 96 95 86 88 98 97

SAMPLING EFFICIENCY 56 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

9. CONCLUSIONS

The Smith Mountain Lake Water Quality Program again accomplished a thorough study of the trophic status of Smith Mountain Lake in 2003 and continued the task of tracking the sources of the fecal bacteria found in Smith Mountain Lake. The procedures manual describing field and lab procedures was updated again this year (Johnson, Thomas & Love, 2003) in addition to updating the Volunteer Monitoring Training Manual (Thomas & Johnson, 2003).

Eleven students worked on water quality projects at Ferrum College over the summer. Two student technicians took primary responsibility for the monitoring program and a third acted as the liaison with the Claytor Lake Program. Six students worked on the Marina Education Program, sponsored by the Virginia Department of Health. Two students worked on the Ferrum College Watershed project. The last student worked primarily for the Life Sciences Division but worked in several capacities in the Water Quality Lab.

Overall, it would appear that water quality in Smith Mountain Lake decreased from 2002 to 2003. It is more accurate to say that the trophic level (nutrient status) increased to a eutrophic status in 2003 (TSI(C) = 53.6). The changes are significant for total phosphorus (54% increase), chlorophyll-a (112% increase), and Secchi disk depth (27% decrease). This is not good news, with chlorophyll-a more than doubling in 2003. The increase in total phosphorus in 2003 indicates that the algae will also have additional phosphorus to stimulate growth in the summer of 2004. Both nutrients (TP & NO3) began the summer with the highest concentrations of the summer (nitrate in week 1 and phosphorus in week 3) and the algal populations (CHA) were at the highest in the middle of the summer (week 5). Nitrate concentrations were significantly higher in the Roanoke channel than in the Blackwater channel of Smith Mountain Lake again in 2003. The water clarity in the lake was lower (SD = 1.88m) in 2003 than it ever has been except for 1992 (SD = 1.83m). The water clarity was lower because of the 2003 rainfall and the increase of sediment-laden runoff.

Average total phosphorus levels decreased by 30% in tributary samples (TP = 88.1 ppb), and average nitrate levels decreased by 54% in tributary samples (NO3 = 285 ppb). The tributaries’ nutrients concentrations decreased in 2003 when compared to 2002, but were still greater than the lake nutrient concentrations (TP = 54.4 ppb and NO3 = 117.1 ppb). Total phosphorus was

CONCLUSIONS 57 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

62% higher than the lake phosphorus and nitrate concentrations were 143% higher in the tributaries than the lake nitrate concentrations. Eight of the 20 tributaries sampled around the lake (T1, T2, T3, T10, T14, T15, T19 & T21) had mean total phosphorus concentrations greater than 100 ppb. Additionally, four tributaries of the lake (T1, T3, T18, & T21A) had nitrate concentrations greater than 500 ppb. The water sources below the dam (which end up in Smith Mountain Lake because of the pump back operation) were 9% higher in total phosphorus and 5% higher in average nitrate concentration in 2003 than they were in 2002. These nutrients from the tributaries and the water of the pump back will eventually end up in Smith Mountain Lake and will continue to increase the nutrient enrichment and trophic status of the lake.

In the combined yearly trends in the six zones through Smith Mountain Lake (based on miles from the dam) we see the differences in those zones very clearly defined by all three parameters (total phosphorus, chlorophyll-a and Secchi depth) in 2003. When we compare all three parameters’ trends by year, we see no significant change over time for any of the water quality indicators measured. The 2003 values for total phosphorus and chlorophyll-a in all zones is higher than that measured in 2002 (except Zone 6 for chlorophyll-a) and all zones had lower Secchi disc depth reading in 2003 than in 2002.

The analysis of the Trophic State Index (TSI) for Smith Mountain Lake indicates a combined TSI of 53.6, which is an indication of eutrophic status for the third year in a row. The total phosphorus trophic state index is much higher than the chlorophyll-a or the Secchi depth trophic state index. The average TSI for total phosphorus (TSI = 59.7) is in the eutrophic classification, for Secchi disc depth (TSI=52.0) is also in the eutrophic classification, and the average TSI for chlorophyll-a (TSI = 49.1) is barely in the mesotrophic classification. In the combined trophic state index, the eutrophic classification begins at about 11 miles from the dam, two miles closer to the dam than in 2002. As the miles to the dam decrease and we are closer to the dam, the combined TSI classification is in the mesotrophic range. The lowest combined TSI values were in the Craddock Creek area.

The fecal coliform measurements made on Smith Mountain Lake in 2003 indicate a significant increase in bacterial populations from 2002 bacterial populations. In 2003, the fecal coliform population was the highest that it has been for the marinas (mean = 74.5cfus) since the program

CONCLUSIONS 58 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

began 8 years ago. Since we have learned from previous studies of the bacterial populations that most of the fecal coliforms enter the lake by non-point source runoff after a rain event, the increase in bacterial populations may be due to the rain events in 2003. Marina sites had higher bacterial populations in 2003 than in 2002, and one marina (Marker’s Marina) had the highest bacterial counts of the summer. Ponderosa Campground (headwaters site) was the second highest total fecal coliform population, both violating the fecal coliform standard for Virginia. There were six violations of the health standard for fecal coliforms all at either Marker’s Marina (4 times) or Ponderosa Campground (2 times).

Escherichia coli (E. coli) populations were also evaluated and methods developed for future analyses. E. coli bacteria will become the health standard for potable water in the future in Virginia (2008).

The bacterial source tracking (Antibiotic Resistance Assay - ARA) of the 22 tributaries sampled around the lake indicated a result that is of human health concern. All but one (T4) of the twenty-two tributaries had fecal streptococci isolates from human sources in 2003, which is consistent with the 2002 results. All 22 of the tributaries in 2003 had significant isolates from livestock sources, which is also of concern because of the toxic Escherichia coli found in cattle. The bacterial source tracking analyses of the upper Roanoke River yielded very few Enterococci isolates and the isolates indicated a livestock source.

The quality control and quality assurance analyses will be published in a separate report in response to the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality evaluation of the lab and field techniques in 2002. In 2003, the sample efficiencies of the volunteer monitors were one of the best ever for both advanced and basic monitors (97%-99%).

CONCLUSIONS 59 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks go out to all of our volunteer monitors who once again made this program possible with their dedication and support. The Smith Mountain Lake Association again provided the much needed political and financial support. Tammy Manning, Eric Hoppis and Brian Owen were the student technicians this past summer and they did a fine job. Their conscientiousness and hard work kept the monitoring program running smoothly and everyone enjoyed their positive, friendly attitude. Assisting the student technicians when possible were Briana Brooks, Jennifer Paugh, Felicia Clark, Dave Evans, Linwood Rogers, Rebecca Harmon, Scott Adams and Jason Stinnett, who had other duties assigned but assisted the Smith Mountain Lake Project when needed. We would also like to acknowledge the support and time of Stan Smith, the liaison with the SMLA. His enthusiasm and the leadership he brings to the program are wonderful. We would like to offer Tom Cosgrove special thanks for his help and time in keeping the Virginia Department of Health/SMLA boat (Royal Flush) working for fecal coliform sampling and the other assigned duties. We would also like to thank Shoreline Marina and especially Marc Detourillion for his assistance and allowing us to dock at their marina while taking samples. We want to give special thanks to one of our advanced monitors, Dick Hach, for allowing us to dock our Boston Whaler at his place. Finally we wish to thank the Tri County Lake Advisory Commission and Pam Dinkle for providing political support, the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) for their support, and Ferrum College for making space and equipment available at no cost to the project as a community service.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 60 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

REFERENCES

American Public Health Association. 1995 Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater, 16th edition. Washington

Carlson, R.E. 1977. "A Trophic State Index for Lakes", Limnol. Oceanog. 22(2):361-369.

Downie, N.M. and R.W. Heath. 1974. Basic Statistical Methods p.314, Harper and Row, Publishers, New York, NY.

Harwood, Valerie J., John Whitlock, and Victoria Withington. 2000. “Classification of Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Indicator Bacteria by Discriminate Analysis: Use in Predicting the Source of Fecal Contamination in Subtropical Waters”. Applied and Environmental Microbiology vol. 66: 3698- 3704.

Johnson, David M. and Carolyn L. Thomas. 1993, 1995, 1997, and 1999 Smith Mountain Lake Water Quality Volunteer Monitoring Program: 1993, 1995, 1997, & 1999 Annual Reports. Published by Ferrum College

Johnson, David M. and Carolyn L. Thomas. 1990. Smith Mountain Lake Water Quality Monitoring and Public Education Program. Final Report to Virginia Environmental Endowment, Grant # 86-27 and 88-20. 123pp.

Johnson, David M. and John W. Leffler. 1987. An Assessment of the Effects of Shoreline Landuse on the Water Quality of Smith Mountain Lake, Virginia. Final Report to Virginia Environmental Endowment, Grant 85-03. 39pp.

Johnson, David M., Carolyn L. Thomas, and Carol Love. 2002. Ferrum College Water Quality Lab Procedures Manual. Published by Ferrum College

Ney, John. 1996. “Oligotrophication and Its Discontents: Effects of Reduced Nutrient Loading on Reservoir Fisheries”, American Fisheries Society Symposium 16:285-295.

Reckhow, K.H. and S.C. Chapra. 1983. Engineering Approaches to Lake Management, Vol. 1: Data Analysis and Empirical Modeling, pp 189-193, Ann Arbor Science Book Publishers, Ann Arbor, MI.

Thomas, Carolyn L. and David M. Johnson. 1992 a,b, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2001 and 2002 Smith Mountain Lake Water Quality Volunteer Monitoring Program: 1990-91, 1992, 1994, 1996, 1998 , 2000, 2001 & 2002 Report. Published by Ferrum College.

Thomas, Carolyn L. and David M. Johnson. 1988, 1992, & 2002 Training Manual for Smith Mountain Lake Lay Monitoring Program. Published by Ferrum College, Ferrum, VA.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1974. "The Relationships of Phosphorous and Nitrogen to the Trophic State of Northeast and North-Central Lakes and Reservoirs", National Eutrophication Paper No. 23, U.S. EPA, Corvallis, Oregon.

REFERENCES 61 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

APPENDIX

APPENDIX 62 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

Table A1. 2003 Smith Mountain Lake monitoring stations with monitor names and station locations. Station Monitor Longitude Latitude Site Number B8 Scott B10 Scott B12 Hatfield B14 Jamison 79.676 37.035 85 B16 Jamison 79.704 37.040 50 B18 Short 79.720 37.035 52 B20 Short 79.728 37.033 53 B22 DeCesare 79.743 37.063 55 C4 Hill 79.572 37.056 8 C5 Hill 79.565 37.066 7 C6 Hill 79.568 37.082 6 CB11 Hatfield CB16 Jamison 79.703 37.045 49 CB20 DeCesare 79.737 37.036 54 CM1 Rice 79.539 37.055 2 CM1.2 Rice 79.535 37.063 1 CM5 E. Anderson 79.587 37.047 9 CR8 E. Anderson 79.593 37.065 33 CR9 Hunt 79.606 37.077 21 CR9.2 Hunt 79.617 37.070 20 CR13 Hach 79.642 37.099 28 CR14.2 Dooley 79.682 37.119 97 CR16 McDermet 79.663 37.145 57 CR17 McDermet 79.667 37.150 58 CR19 79.692 37.159 64 CR21 Lester 79.706 37.150 68 CR21.2 Lester 79.708 37.148 69 CR22 Bogsrud 79.712 37.167 71 CR24 Gascoyne/Mauney CR25 Gascoyne/Mauney CR26 Reus/Holdgreve G12 Hatfield G13 Hutson 79.674 37.049 84 G14 Dick 79.673 37.055 47 G15 Hutson G16 Dick 79.688 37.062 48 G18 Dick 79.682 37.072 59 M0 Rice 79.538 37.043 3 M1 Sakayama 79.547 37.047 4 M3 Sakayama 79.564 37.041 5 M5 Sakayama 79.588 37.042 10 R7 E.Anderson 79.595 37.052 12 R9 Hunt 79.617 37.073 19 R11 E. Anderson 79.612 37.089 22 R13 Hach 79.642 37.103 29 R14 Dooley 79.647 37.113 31

APPENDIX 63 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

Table A1. 2003 Smith Mountain Lake monitoring stations with monitor names and station locations (cont.) Station Monitor Longitude Latitude Site Number

R15 McDermet 79.657 37.131 35 R17 79.676 37.152 60 R19 79.697 37.161 66 R21 Lester 79.707 37.155 70 R23 Bogsrud 79.717 37.180 74 R25 Gascoyne/Mauney R27 Reus/Holdgreve R29 Reus/Holdgreve 79.797 37.218 86 R30 Ferrum R31 Ferrum SCB8 Randa 79.599 37.026 38 SCB10 Randa 79.639 37.023 40 SCB11 Randa 79.632 37.017 24 SCB11.5 Randa 79.644 37.062 13 SB12 Beard 79.664 37.040 42 SCB14 Beard 79.683 37.031 51 SCB16 Beard 79.693 37.034 46 SCM5 Smith/Lorent 79.588 37.048 32 SCR7 Smith/Lorent 79.585 37.061 11 SCR8 Smith/Lorent 79.588 37.068 23 SCR10.1 Gore 79.629 37.073 18 SCR10.2 Gore 79.628 37.076 17 SCR10.3 Gore 79.635 37.080 16 SCR11.1 Collins 79.604 37.103 25 SCR11.2 Collins 79.616 37.105 26 SCR11.3 Collins 79.631 37.106 27 SCR14 Gerhart 79.642 37.112 30 SCR14.1 Hach 79.665 37.109 34 SCR14.2 Hach 79.679 37.105 91 SCR14.3 Hach 79.659 37.113 92 SCR15 Gerhart 79.646 37.120 93 SCR15.1 Holasek SCR15.2 Holasek SCR17 Gerhart 79.670 37.157 95 SCR17.1 Holasek 79.677 37.158 61 SCR18 A. Anderson SCR19.2 A. Anderson SCR20 A. Anderson SCR22.2 No monitor in 2003 79.707 37.171 73 SCR22.3 No monitor in 2003 SCR23 No monitor in 2003 SCR23.2 No monitor in 2003 SCR23.3 No monitor in 2003 79.721 37.183 77 SCR24 No monitor in 2003 79.724 37.197 78 T0 Snoddy T21a Ferrum

APPENDIX 64 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

Table A2. 2003 Smith Mountain Lake tributary stations and other downstream stations. Tributary Station Number Stream Name T0 Upper Gills Creek T1 Maggodee Creek T2 Lower Gills Creek T3 Blackwater River T4 Poplar Camp Creek T5 Standiford Creek T6 Bull Run T7 Cool Branch T8 Branch at Lumpkin’s Marina T9 Below Dam - Former Station 105 T10 Pigg River - Former Station 104 T11 Leesville Lake - Former Station 103 T12 Creek at Summit Drive T13 Creek at Snug Harbor T14 Stoney Creek T15 Jumping Run T16 Beaverdam Creek T17 Roanoke Channel at Marker’s Marina T18 Lynville Creek T19 Grimes Creek T20 Indian Creek T21a Roanoke Channel below Back Creek (sampled from shore)

APPENDIX 65 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

Table A3. 2003 Total phosphorus data for SML sample stations. Period 5/25-5/31 6/8-6/14 6/22-6/28 7/6-7/12 7/20-7/26 8/3-8/9 Station conc(ppb) conc(ppb) conc(ppb) conc(ppb) conc(ppb) conc(ppb) Sta Avg Stdev B8 31.3 19.1 30.9 23.5 -0.9 20.0 20.7 11.8 B10 30.0 17.0 21.7 20.0 4.3 20.0 18.8 8.4 B12 23.9 30.4 39.6 25.2 20.4 27.9 7.4 B14 41.7 30.4 34.3 40.9 28.7 20.9 32.8 7.9 B16 46.1 23.0 42.6 41.7 33.0 28.3 35.8 9.1 B18 33.0 53.9 84.8 61.3 23.5 45.7 50.4 21.7 B20 75.7 95.7 77.4 64.3 35.2 62.6 68.5 20.1 B22 152.2 71.7 98.3 105.7 107.4 105.7 106.8 25.9 C4 30.0 15.2 32.2 16.5 20.0 15.7 21.6 7.6 C5 22.6 13.5 26.1 19.6 11.7 11.7 17.5 6.1 C6 29.1 13.0 26.1 14.3 17.4 11.7 18.6 7.3 CB11 20.4 2.6 26.5 22.6 16.1 17.7 9.2 CB16 50.0 25.7 38.3 38.7 23.0 -10.9 27.5 21.2 CB20 64.8 53.0 57.8 66.5 44.3 46.5 55.5 9.2 CM1 25.7 17.8 32.2 18.7 13.0 12.6 20.0 7.6 CM1.2 22.6 18.3 20.4 19.6 12.2 9.6 17.1 5.1 CM5 31.7 29.1 25.2 24.3 17.8 24.8 25.5 4.8 CR8 30.0 23.9 26.5 21.3 13.5 10.0 20.9 7.7 CR9 35.7 25.7 50.9 27.8 21.3 15.2 29.4 12.5 CR9.2 33.5 14.3 36.5 25.2 20.0 18.7 24.7 8.7 CR13 45.2 45.7 80.9 60.4 40.0 54.4 16.6 CR14.2 32.6 29.1 43.5 30.4 23.5 25.2 30.7 7.1 CR16 51.3 35.7 50.9 42.6 21.3 -5.2 32.8 21.7 CR17 66.1 30.0 57.4 43.9 21.7 0.4 36.6 24.2 CR19 CR21 98.3 60.0 56.1 31.7 46.1 58.4 24.8 CR21.2 228.3 57.4 47.4 38.7 48.7 84.1 80.9 CR22 98.3 54.3 90.4 61.7 57.0 39.6 66.9 22.7 CR24 86.5 57.4 87.8 67.4 50.4 38.3 64.6 19.9 CR25 53.0 46.1 69.6 71.3 60.0 44.8 57.5 11.4 CR26 86.1 50.9 88.7 63.5 60.0 50.0 66.5 17.0 G12 265.7 33.0 50.4 27.8 37.8 83.0 102.5 G13 29.6 295.2 28.7 25.2 27.0 13.5 69.9 110.6 G14 32.2 287.8 30.9 31.3 27.4 20.4 71.7 106.0 G15 21.7 284.3 29.6 33.5 24.3 24.8 69.7 105.2 G16 29.1 268.7 34.8 39.1 30.4 17.0 69.9 97.7 G18 67.0 243.5 54.3 57.8 56.1 36.1 85.8 77.9 M0 21.7 156.5 20.4 37.4 18.7 -4.3 41.7 57.8 M1 25.7 217.8 27.4 20.4 17.0 3.9 52.0 81.7 M3 22.2 203.0 20.9 18.3 15.7 0.0 46.7 77.0 M5 30.0 199.1 22.2 15.2 15.2 2.6 47.4 74.9 R7 31.3 196.1 30.9 24.8 23.0 4.3 51.7 71.4 Table A3. 2003 Total phosphorus data for SML sample stations (cont.) Period 5/25-5/31 6/8-6/14 6/22-6/28 7/6-7/12 7/20-7/26 8/3-8/9

APPENDIX 66 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

Station conc(ppb) conc(ppb) conc(ppb) conc(ppb) conc(ppb) conc(ppb) Sta Avg Stdev R9 36.1 186.1 33.0 26.5 27.8 32.6 57.0 63.3 R11 21.7 173.0 33.9 23.9 17.4 9.1 46.5 62.5 R13 30.0 186.5 52.2 50.9 37.4 71.4 65.0 R14 33.5 147.0 40.0 31.7 25.7 1.7 46.6 50.9 R15 40.9 179.1 38.7 35.2 25.2 13.5 55.4 61.4 R17 R19 R21 107.8 173.0 43.9 90.0 49.6 92.9 52.3 R23 94.8 156.5 82.2 37.0 53.9 34.8 76.5 46.0 R25 62.6 166.5 77.8 75.2 56.1 45.2 80.6 43.8 R27 61.7 148.3 68.7 57.0 53.5 59.1 74.7 36.4 R29 102.2 112.6 66.5 305.7 77.0 83.0 124.5 90.3 R30 448.3 151.3 172.2 58.7 70.0 180.1 157.8 R31 144.3 116.1 172.2 73.0 82.2 117.6 41.6

Table A4. 2003 Total phosphorus data for Smith Mountain Lake tributaries. Period 5/25-5/31 6/8-6/14 6/22-6/28 7/6-7/12 7/20-7/26 8/3-8/9 Station conc(ppb) conc(ppb) conc(ppb) conc(ppb) conc(ppb) conc(ppb) Sta Avg Stdev T0 125.7 16.5 107.0 82.6 65.7 83.0 80.1 37.6 T1 125.2 339.6 118.3 87.0 97.0 123.0 148.3 94.9 T2 107.4 334.8 93.0 150.9 90.9 131.7 151.4 92.8 T3 121.3 300.9 118.3 120.4 102.2 123.0 147.7 75.4 T4 47.8 170.9 54.8 48.7 47.0 31.3 66.7 51.6 T5 50.4 187.8 70.9 63.9 47.4 45.2 77.6 54.9 T6 46.5 110.4 60.4 52.2 59.6 49.1 63.0 23.9 T7 20.4 18.3 24.3 23.5 15.2 -0.4 16.9 9.1 T8 33.9 320.4 77.0 65.7 45.7 12.2 92.5 114.0 T9 19.1 21.7 22.6 36.1 17.4 58.3 29.2 15.7 T10 57.8 189.1 103.0 97.0 77.8 163.0 114.6 50.8 T11 29.1 27.0 41.3 98.7 48.7 96.1 56.8 32.4 T12 69.6 184.8 42.2 53.0 47.8 40.4 73.0 55.8 T13 48.7 80.9 41.7 37.0 31.3 17.0 42.8 21.5 T14 140.0 157.4 100.9 91.3 80.9 114.1 33.0 T15 120.4 200.4 98.7 96.5 93.9 105.2 119.2 40.9 T16 80.4 56.1 75.7 109.1 107.4 85.7 22.5 T17 99.6 104.3 73.5 85.2 92.2 106.1 93.5 12.5 T18 74.8 101.3 59.6 60.4 66.5 47.4 68.3 18.5 T19 120.0 130.4 73.9 75.2 146.5 64.8 101.8 34.7 T20 128.7 109.6 68.7 105.7 63.0 92.2 94.6 25.2 T21a 109.1 101.3 170.0 126.1 47.4 73.0 104.5 42.5

APPENDIX 67 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

Table A5. 2003 Nitrate data for Smith Mountain Lake sample stations. Period 5/25-5/31 6/8-6/14 6/22-6/28 7/6-7/12 7/20-7/26 8/3-8/9 Station conc(ppb) conc(ppb) conc(ppb) conc(ppb) conc(ppb) conc(ppb) Sta Avg Stdev B8 231.8 182.1 0.0 13.0 0.0 0.0 71.1 118.2 B10 172.6 107.1 85.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 60.8 100.2 B12 82.1 105.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 37.5 73.0 B14 230.1 33.4 50.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 52.3 122.0 B16 266.8 0.0 93.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 60.0 124.3 B18 128.4 18.4 33.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 30.0 76.2 B20 179.6 15.9 137.0 294.0 0.0 0.0 104.4 149.9 B22 505.9 118.4 150.2 139.2 176.2 194.3 214.0 145.5 C4 326.8 165.9 220.2 140.0 45.2 39.3 156.2 109.1 C5 286.8 128.4 151.2 113.0 10.2 11.8 116.9 102.6 C6 216.8 0.0 111.2 45.0 0.0 0.0 62.2 111.3 CB11 60.9 64.2 54.0 0.0 0.0 35.8 80.8 CB16 273.4 -29.1 95.2 17.0 0.0 0.0 59.4 142.9 CB20 240.1 -99.1 17.2 0.0 22.2 0.0 30.1 125.5 CM1 323.4 165.9 56.2 155.0 0.0 16.8 119.5 123.9 CM1.2 281.8 183.4 113.2 176.0 91.2 25.1 145.1 88.8 CM5 254.3 213.4 153.2 81.0 0.0 15.1 119.5 108.2 CR8 248.4 215.9 144.2 171.0 62.2 20.9 143.8 87.9 CR9 243.4 225.9 181.2 161.0 83.2 7.6 150.4 89.8 CR9.2 264.3 243.4 122.2 156.0 167.2 0.0 158.8 99.3 CR13 262.6 227.1 208.2 44.2 98.2 0.0 140.1 92.5 CR14.2 318.4 118.4 107.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 90.7 156.6 CR16 251.8 124.6 114.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 81.8 148.0 CR17 273.4 159.6 94.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 87.9 164.6 CR19 0.0 0.0 0.0 CR21 244.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 48.9 152.6 CR21.2 256.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 51.4 162.8 CR22 242.6 125.9 213.2 0.0 54.2 0.0 106.0 137.3 CR24 288.4 148.4 126.2 106.0 0.0 0.0 111.5 168.2 CR25 123.4 99.6 128.2 68.0 0.0 0.0 69.9 117.0 CR26 485.1 220.9 105.2 119.0 0.0 0.0 155.0 232.9 G12 78.4 44.2 50.0 0.0 0.0 34.5 90.1 G13 205.9 83.4 23.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 52.1 125.6 G14 190.9 59.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 41.8 128.7 G15 147.6 77.1 33.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 43.0 118.7 G16 178.4 74.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 42.2 137.6 G18 117.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 19.6 101.7 M0 261.8 190.9 137.2 69.0 6.2 3.4 111.4 104.0 M1 290.1 190.9 220.2 148.0 46.2 50.1 157.6 96.6 M3 225.1 189.6 163.2 93.0 25.2 89.3 130.9 74.4 M5 270.1 177.1 129.2 98.0 10.2 60.9 124.3 91.4 R7 285.9 247.1 119.2 190.0 39.2 74.3 159.3 97.9 R9 317.6 288.4 122.2 140.0 61.2 37.6 161.2 116.5

APPENDIX 68 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

Table A5. 2003 Nitrate data for Smith Mountain Lake sample stations (cont.) Period 5/25-5/31 6/8-6/14 6/22-6/28 7/6-7/12 7/20-7/26 8/3-8/9 Station conc(ppb) conc(ppb) conc(ppb) conc(ppb) conc(ppb) conc(ppb) Sta Avg Stdev R11 301.8 267.1 74.2 178.0 0.0 61.8 147.1 127.5 R13 345.1 224.6 201.2 81.2 0.0 170.4 144.1 R14 325.1 329.6 53.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 118.0 195.2 R15 350.9 183.4 102.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 106.1 182.8 R17 0.0 0.0 R19 0.0 0.0 R21 410.9 16.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 85.4 231.1 R23 525.1 245.9 260.2 25.0 0.0 0.0 176.0 257.5 R25 504.6 388.4 156.2 237.0 0.0 0.0 214.4 264.7 R27 660.9 268.4 345.2 364.0 0.0 0.0 273.1 298.1 R29 584.3 350.9 226.2 404.0 0.0 0.0 260.9 258.8 R30 335.9 677.2 562.0 75.2 0.0 330.1 313.3 R31 158.4 722.2 658.0 509.2 494.3 508.4 218.4

Table A6. 2003 Nitrate data for Smith Mountain Lake tributaries. Period 5/25-5/31 6/8-6/14 6/22-6/28 7/6-7/12 7/20-7/26 8/3-8/9 Average Std. Dev. Station conc(ppb) conc(ppb) conc(ppb) conc(ppb) conc(ppb) conc(ppb) T0 327.6 125.6 211.2 175.0 59.2 127.6 171.0 92.3 T1 661.8 859.4 468.2 475.0 426.2 382.6 545.5 181.0 T2 361.8 585.6 283.2 253.0 138.2 324.4 166.7 T3 640.9 973.1 595.2 565.0 476.2 650.1 190.3 T4 406.8 605.6 323.2 273.0 243.2 260.1 352.0 137.6 T5 311.8 576.9 374.2 195.0 113.2 97.6 278.1 182.4 T6 276.8 304.4 416.2 238.0 379.2 196.8 301.9 83.4 T7 35.9 -6.9 -86.8 -102.0 -182.8 -99.1 77.5 T8 211.8 1219.4 133.2 79.0 -8.8 35.1 278.3 467.4 T9 400.1 470.6 227.2 302.0 160.2 233.4 298.9 117.0 T10 403.4 778.1 343.2 306.0 35.2 305.1 361.8 240.2 T11 397.6 454.4 307.2 319.0 206.2 300.1 330.7 85.9 T12 200.1 169.4 38.2 48.0 -54.8 40.1 73.5 94.5 T13 225.9 106.9 178.2 106.0 18.2 49.3 114.1 77.6 T14 383.4 381.9 463.2 128.0 131.8 297.6 156.7 T15 347.6 52.9 385.2 334.0 310.2 227.6 276.3 121.4 T16 285.1 84.2 130.0 65.2 77.6 128.4 90.9 T17 695.1 521.9 797.2 313.0 333.2 501.8 527.0 192.5 T18 148.4 250.6 28.2 30.0 -46.8 37.6 74.7 106.5 T19 351.8 275.6 115.2 120.0 18.2 113.4 165.7 123.1 T20 300.1 241.9 116.2 238.0 64.2 149.3 184.9 89.3 T21a 628.4 566.9 926.2 643.0 577.2 568.4 651.7 138.3

APPENDIX 69 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

Table A7. 2003 Chlorophyll-a data for Smith Mountain Lake sample stations. Period 5/25-5/31 6/8-6/14 6/22-6/28 7/6-7/12 7/20-7/26 8/3-8/9 Station conc(ppb) conc (ppb) conc (ppb) conc (ppb) conc (ppb) conc (ppb) Sta Avg Stdev B8 1.06 1.80 4.33 3.67 2.78 5.51 3.2 1.65 B10 3.93 1.47 2.20 6.54 8.64 7.14 5.0 2.89 B12 4.61 10.89 8.45 6.34 17.65 7.51 9.2 4.62 B14 7.59 4.40 9.96 10.01 5.48 9.66 7.8 2.45 B16 5.16 4.36 25.14 15.53 8.94 8.73 11.3 7.84 B18 30.92 9.07 36.12 33.39 7.80 9.74 21.2 13.59 B20 5.73 9.52 25.49 33.83 11.58 13.13 16.5 10.78 B22 16.40 10.23 37.82 73.47 26.08 14.85 29.8 23.54 C4 1.87 0.41 1.13 3.01 0.85 2.93 1.7 1.09 C5 2.03 0.67 5.53 1.81 1.68 1.59 2.2 1.69 C6 2.25 1.05 2.31 4.93 1.12 2.42 2.3 1.41 CB11 3.81 2.52 5.16 15.15 9.82 10.89 7.9 4.87 CB16 6.68 4.44 23.87 17.09 5.79 6.99 10.8 7.84 CB20 12.89 15.13 10.52 33.73 14.85 11.01 16.4 8.72 CM1 2.54 1.20 1.51 17.36 5.91 2.85 5.2 6.17 CM1.2 1.42 0.83 2.01 13.80 6.58 3.28 4.7 4.92 CM5 2.48 1.91 5.42 5.02 3.08 3.76 3.6 1.40 CR8 4.22 1.16 0.72 2.78 4.88 5.79 3.3 2.05 CR9 7.96 1.11 2.45 7.18 2.60 2.77 4.0 2.83 CR9.2 4.48 1.83 1.20 1.08 1.82 3.37 2.3 1.35 CR13 10.61 9.44 9.38 12.43 0.00 0.00 7.0 5.52 CR14.2 1.03 1.57 4.85 7.95 0.61 5.08 3.5 2.91 CR16 20.75 5.71 30.41 24.30 7.39 17.65 17.7 9.64 CR17 23.63 12.95 22.32 13.48 8.00 8.95 14.9 6.63 CR21 1.44 0.00 1.98 1.95 2.05 0.68 1.3 0.84 CR21.2 2.20 0.00 3.01 1.19 2.97 4.69 2.3 1.62 CR22 28.38 22.26 27.22 16.28 10.56 12.77 19.6 7.51 CR24 27.69 14.69 49.84 10.36 6.63 40.20 24.9 17.40 CR25 19.07 12.24 35.57 14.85 7.54 17.51 17.8 9.62 CR26 9.53 10.87 51.62 5.75 13.79 22.73 19.0 16.95 G12 4.41 3.05 6.24 9.60 6.96 7.21 6.2 2.29 G13 2.04 4.02 11.57 9.31 2.72 7.03 6.1 3.83 G14 7.31 5.96 3.22 4.48 11.70 4.29 6.2 3.07 G15 5.03 1.84 11.70 8.17 4.41 5.14 6.0 3.43 G16 4.65 1.43 11.67 2.59 6.58 8.90 6.0 3.88 G18 3.74 5.69 19.64 10.38 5.19 15.99 10.1 6.48 M0 1.99 0.99 1.95 5.01 2.82 4.19 2.8 1.51 M1 4.36 1.01 1.08 5.18 3.82 5.36 3.5 1.96 M3 4.73 0.93 2.15 5.32 3.73 4.21 3.5 1.66 M5 4.05 0.86 2.86 4.09 3.70 5.61 3.5 1.58 R7 2.70 1.30 3.76 2.06 3.52 5.13 3.1 1.36 R9 4.74 1.81 13.97 0.31 2.84 0.71 4.1 5.11

APPENDIX 70 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

Table A7. 2003 Chlorophyll–a data for SML sample stations (cont.) Period 5/25-5/31 6/8-6/14 6/22-6/28 7/6-7/12 7/20-7/26 8/3-8/9 Station conc(ppb) conc (ppb) conc (ppb) conc (ppb) conc (ppb) conc (ppb) Sta Avg Stdev R11 4.98 1.38 7.24 4.45 4.32 5.23 4.6 1.90 R13 8.61 4.83 12.98 12.23 11.51 0.00 8.4 5.07 R14 11.25 2.74 5.56 4.37 6.71 8.34 6.5 3.02 R15 14.10 7.72 20.39 14.50 8.40 7.82 12.2 5.09 R21 3.35 0.00 1.50 1.79 2.78 4.23 2.3 1.50 R23 15.88 7.58 15.76 12.48 22.18 9.77 13.9 5.20 R25 0.08 13.15 30.56 8.31 13.81 16.00 13.7 10.04 R27 2.87 7.22 8.67 6.50 17.58 12.71 9.3 5.18 R29 1.91 6.93 4.17 12.96 16.71 22.58 10.9 7.96 R30 0.64 0.39 1.21 12.32 29.32 8.8 12.53 R31 0.67 0.03 0.92 15.24 4.28 4.2 6.37

APPENDIX 71 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

Table A8. 2003 Secchi disc data for Smith Mountain Lake sample stations. Period 5/25-5/31 6/8-6/14 6/22-6/28 7/6-7/12 7/20-7/26 8/3-8/9 Station Depth (m) Depth (m) Depth (m) Depth (m) Depth (m) Depth (m) Sta Avg Stdev B8 2.50 3.50 3.00 2.00 2.00 2.25 2.54 0.60 B10 2.00 3.50 2.50 1.75 2.00 2.00 2.29 0.64 B12 1.50 2.00 2.75 1.75 2.25 1.50 1.96 0.49 B14 1.50 2.00 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.25 1.54 0.25 B16 1.25 1.50 1.00 1.00 1.25 1.00 1.17 0.20 B18 1.00 1.00 0.75 1.00 0.75 1.00 0.92 0.13 B20 0.75 0.75 1.00 1.50 1.50 1.00 1.08 0.34 B22 0.75 0.875 1.00 1.00 0.50 0.75 0.81 0.19 C4 3.25 3.75 4.00 4.00 3.50 3.25 3.63 0.34 C5 3.00 3.25 3.75 3.75 3.50 3.00 3.38 0.34 C6 2.50 2.75 3.00 3.00 2.50 2.50 2.71 0.25 CB11 1.75 3.00 3.00 2.00 2.25 1.50 2.25 0.63 CB16 1.50 1.50 1.00 1.50 1.50 1.25 1.38 0.21 CB20 1.25 1.33 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.12 0.16 CM1 2.75 3.25 3.25 2.75 2.50 3.50 3.00 0.39 CM1.2 3.00 2.75 3.00 2.75 2.50 2.75 2.79 0.19 CM5 2.50 3.75 2.75 3.25 2.50 2.75 2.92 0.49 CR8 1.75 2.75 2.00 4.25 2.75 2.75 2.71 0.87 CR9 2.25 3.00 2.00 3.00 3.50 2.00 2.63 0.63 CR9.2 2.00 3.25 1.50 4.75 3.50 2.00 2.83 1.22 CR13 1.50 2.25 2.00 3.00 2.25 2.20 0.54 CR14.2 1.25 1.00 1.25 2.00 1.50 1.25 1.38 0.34 CR16 1.25 1.50 1.25 2.00 2.00 1.50 1.58 0.34 CR17 1.50 1.75 1.00 1.50 2.00 1.50 1.54 0.33 CR19 CR21 1.00 1.00 1.50 1.50 1.00 1.20 0.27 CR21.2 1.00 1.00 1.50 1.50 1.00 1.20 0.27 CR22 1.00 1.25 0.50 1.50 1.50 1.00 1.13 0.38 CR24 0.75 1.00 0.75 1.25 1.00 0.95 0.21 CR25 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.13 0.14 CR26 0.75 1.25 0.75 1.75 1.25 1.00 1.13 0.38 G12 1.50 3.00 3.00 2.50 2.50 1.75 2.38 0.63 G13 2.00 3.00 1.75 1.50 1.75 1.75 1.96 0.53 G14 1.50 2.75 2.00 1.50 1.25 1.50 1.75 0.55 G15 1.75 2.75 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.75 0.50 G16 1.50 3.00 2.00 1.50 1.25 1.50 1.79 0.64 G18 1.00 2.00 1.25 1.50 1.25 1.25 1.38 0.34 M0 2.25 3.50 3.00 2.50 2.50 3.25 2.83 0.49 M1 3.50 5.50 5.00 4.25 4.00 4.45 0.80 M3 3.50 6.50 4.25 4.25 4.00 4.50 1.16 M5 3.25 6.00 4.25 4.00 3.25 4.15 1.13 R7 2.25 3.25 2.50 3.75 2.50 2.75 2.83 0.56 R9 2.00 2.25 1.50 3.75 2.75 2.00 2.38 0.79

APPENDIX 72 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

Table A8. 2003 Secchi disc data for SML sample stations (cont.) 5/25-5/31 6/8-6/14 6/22-6/28 7/6-7/12 7/20-7/26 8/3-8/9 Station Depth (m) Depth (m) Depth (m) Depth (m) Depth (m) Depth (m) Sta Avg Stdev R11 1.75 3.00 1.50 3.25 2.50 2.00 2.33 0.70 R13 1.50 2.25 2.25 3.25 2.00 2.25 0.64 R14 1.50 1.75 1.25 2.50 1.75 1.50 1.71 0.43 R15 1.25 1.75 1.50 2.00 2.00 1.50 1.67 0.30 R17 R19 R21 1.00 1.00 2.00 1.50 1.00 1.30 0.45 R23 1.00 1.25 0.50 1.50 1.50 1.25 1.17 0.38 R25 1.00 1.25 1.00 1.50 0.25 1.25 1.04 0.43 R27 1.00 1.50 0.75 1.25 1.50 1.00 1.17 0.30 R29 0.75 1.25 1.00 0.50 1.25 1.00 0.96 0.29 R30 0.25 0.50 0.125 1.00 1.00 0.58 0.41 R31 0.25 0.75 0.125 0.75 0.25 0.43 0.30 SB12 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.00 2.00 1.25 1.88 0.34 SCB 8 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.25 2.50 2.00 2.25 0.22 SCB10 2.00 2.50 2.00 2.25 2.25 2.00 2.17 0.20 SCB11 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.25 2.75 2.25 2.21 0.33 SCB11.5 1.50 1.75 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.50 1.79 0.40 SCB14 1.75 1.50 1.50 1.25 1.75 1.25 1.50 0.22 SCB16 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.75 1.00 1.46 0.25 SCM5 2.00 3.50 3.25 3.25 3.00 0.68 SCR7 1.75 3.25 3.25 3.50 2.94 0.80 SCR8 1.75 3.25 3.50 3.00 2.88 0.78 SCR10.1 1.25 1.75 1.25 2.00 1.75 1.50 1.58 0.30 SCR10.2 1.25 1.75 1.25 3.25 2.00 1.25 1.79 0.78 SCR10.3 1.25 1.50 1.25 3.50 2.25 1.00 1.79 0.94 SCR11.1 2.00 2.75 2.00 3.00 2.00 2.00 2.29 0.46 SCR11.2 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.75 2.25 2.00 2.17 0.30 SCR11.3 1.50 2.25 1.50 1.75 1.50 2.00 1.75 0.32 SCR14 1.75 2.50 2.00 3.25 2.50 2.00 2.33 0.54 SCR14.1 1.50 2.00 1.75 2.50 1.50 1.50 1.79 0.40 SCR14.2 1.25 1.50 1.50 2.00 1.50 1.25 1.50 0.27 SCR14.3 1.75 2.00 1.75 2.25 1.75 1.50 1.83 0.26 SCR15 1.75 2.50 2.00 3.25 2.25 2.00 2.29 0.53 SCR 15.1 1.75 1.375 2.50 2.00 1.75 1.88 0.41 SCR 15.2 1.25 1.25 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.70 0.54 SCR17 1.25 1.50 1.25 1.75 1.25 1.25 1.38 0.21 SCR17.1 1.25 1.25 1.50 1.50 1.00 1.30 0.21 SCR18 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 0.00 SCR19.2 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.00 1.20 0.11 SCR20 1.00 1.00 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.15 0.14

APPENDIX 73 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

Table A9. 2003 Fecal coliform data for Smith Mountain Lake. Sample Date 5/27 6/10 6/24 7/7 7/22 8/5 Avg Station/Rep cfu/100mL cfu/100mL cfu/100mL cfu/100mL cfu/100mL cfu/100mL 1-1-1 490 589 188 29 193 1-1-2 34 459 232 36 257 STATION 1-1 1-1-3 61 506 372 23 354 255 1-2-1 33 472 2400 32 43 1-2-2 599 525 340 37 239 STATION 1-2 1-2-3 37 482 3800 23 265 622 2-1-1 0 6 39 35 6 2 2-1-2 6 7 35 36 13 4 STATION 2-1 2-1-3 4 5 28 3 12 4 14 2-2-1 30 4 51 6 4 7 2-2-2 4 6 48 6 5 6 STATION 2-2 2-2-3 4 5 41 8 10 7 14 3-1-1 20 9 11 140 7 11 3-1-2 10 18 5 134 7 24 STATION 3-1 3-1-3 10 13 4 144 8 18 33 3-2-1 0 1 3 6 1 14 3-2-2 4 3 3 8 5 13 STATION 3-2 3-2-3 8 2 3 11 5 9 6 4-1-1 10 17 35 23 29 47 4-1-2 6 20 26 31 22 40 STATION 4-1 4-1-3 18 16 49 23 34 43 27 4-2-1 0 8 43 16 28 20 4-2-2 18 8 26 33 21 26 STATION 4-2 4-2-3 8 2 46 15 9 23 19 5-1-1 10 22 8 53 24 183 5-1-2 34 38 14 54 27 158 STATION 5-1 5-1-3 60 46 7 55 17 146 53 5-2-1 20 12 5 68 18 70 5-2-2 24 12 7 61 14 97 STATION 5-2 5-2-3 0 8 3 59 12 74 31 6-1-1 30 0 2 70 4 14 6-1-2 8 0 2 70 4 18 STATION 6-1 6-1-3 14 3 1 80 5 12 19 6-2-1 0 1 1 18 1 13 6-2-2 4 0 0 21 1 10 STATION 6-2 6-2-3 6 1 1 8 1 7 5

APPENDIX 74 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

Table A9. 2003 Fecal coliform data for Smith Mountain Lake (cont.) Sample Date 5/27 6/10 6/24 7/7 7/22 8/5 Avg Station/Rep cfu/100mL cfu/100mL cfu/100mL cfu/100mL cfu/100mL cfu/100mL 7-1-1 0 0 1 4 6 7 7-1-2 2 0 0 3 7 4 STATION 7-1 7-1-3 0 0 2 4 9 12 3 7-2-1 0 0 1 0 1 5 7-2-2 0 0 0 1 0 8 STATION 7-2 7-2-3 4 1 0 1 0 6 2 8-1-1 10 8 6 9 3 61 8-1-2 10 14 11 13 8 57 STATION 8-1 8-1-3 2 13 7 18 4 71 18 8-2-1 20 1 3 2 2 26 8-2-2 2 5 2 2 5 38 STATION 8-2 8-2-3 4 6 3 6 3 25 9 9-1-1 0 58 2 23 7 206 9-1-2 6 44 5 15 5 177 STATION 9-1 9-1-3 10 55 5 14 5 203 47 9-2-1 20 149 4 34 13 45 9-2-2 4 167 5 49 16 43 STATION 9-2 9-2-3 4 137 1 53 9 60 45 10-1-1 0 1 0 1 0 8 10-1-2 2 0 0 0 0 7 STATION 10-1 10-1-3 2 1 0 2 1 14 2 10-2-1 0 1 0 3 1 10 10-2-2 2 0 0 3 2 8 STATION 10-2 10-2-3 0 0 1 3 2 7 2 11-1-1 0 11 8 88 23 209 11-1-2 6 10 5 83 23 206 STATION 11-1 11-1-3 10 11 4 90 26 189 56 11-2-1 30 8 5 51 38 95 11-2-2 58 4 4 45 38 92 STATION 11-2 11-2-3 44 5 4 44 44 104 40 12-1-1 0 4 8 5 8 10 12-1-2 0 4 5 4 13 11 STATION 12-1 12-1-3 0 4 4 4 15 12 6 12-2-1 10 1 0 12 6 5 12-2-2 4 1 0 16 7 7 STATION 12-2 12-2-3 8 2 1 10 7 9 6

APPENDIX 75 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

Table A9. 2003 Fecal coliform data for Smith Mountain Lake (cont.) Sample Date 5/27 6/10 6/24 7/7 7/22 8/5 Avg Station/Rep cfu/100mL cfu/100mL cfu/100mL cfu/100mL cfu/100mL cfu/100mL 13-1-1 0 1 0 18 3 17 13-1-2 2 3 0 17 6 23 STATION 13-1 13-1-3 0 1 0 15 5 21 7 13-2-1 10 1 2 9 1 18 13-2-2 4 1 1 10 7 15 STATION 13-2 13-2-3 2 4 0 13 8 10 6 14-1-1 2680 335 7 52 5 79 14-1-2 558 160 11 52 7 68 STATION 14-1 14-1-3 392 310 6 56 9 72 270 14-2-1 no sample 229 15 124 10 69 14-2-2 no sample 197 21 119 10 87 STATION 14-2 14-2-3 no sample 198 16 125 16 75 87

APPENDIX 76 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

Table A10. 2001 Chlorophyll-a data (corrected) for SML sample stations. Station conc(ppb) conc(ppb) conc(ppb)conc(ppb)conc(ppb)conc(ppb)Sta AvgStdev B8 3.50 1.00 -0.02 1.28 1.41 1.43 1.15 B10 1.33 0.73 0.01 1.41 1.17 0.93 0.52 B12 2.13 1.23 0.84 1.65 3.49 3.72 2.18 1.08 B14 3.52 2.44 1.90 2.80 1.57 1.13 2.22 0.80 B16 2.99 1.52 4.75 2.94 3.16 0.00 2.56 1.48 B22 2.02 5.32 6.27 8.34 13.55 9.82 7.55 3.63 C4 2.62 1.57 0.87 0.90 2.22 0.79 1.49 0.71 C5 1.06 1.02 0.63 1.98 1.77 1.32 1.30 0.46 C6 1.70 2.01 1.28 1.45 2.95 0.65 1.67 0.71 CB11 1.87 1.14 0.76 1.79 4.64 2.25 2.07 1.25 CB16 1.47 2.61 1.44 3.29 3.99 1.07 2.31 1.07 CB20 1.54 2.95 4.15 2.67 8.18 3.46 3.82 2.10 CM1 1.32 1.16 1.06 0.90 1.36 1.28 1.18 0.16 CM1.2 1.73 0.51 0.78 1.65 1.20 0.52 1.07 0.50 CM5 2.57 1.35 1.23 2.02 1.67 1.46 1.72 0.46 CR8 3.10 2.30 1.92 3.88 0.83 2.00 2.34 0.96 CR9 3.08 1.14 0.35 0.11 0.23 0.74 0.94 1.02 CR9.2 1.51 0.42 0.41 0.46 0.22 0.30 0.55 0.44 CR13 1.77 4.68 1.29 2.39 3.51 2.22 2.64 1.14 CR14.2 3.04 0.94 1.19 3.04 3.90 0.80 2.15 1.22 CR16 6.28 2.29 3.79 2.67 2.51 1.35 3.15 1.57 CR17 9.35 2.77 1.99 1.96 2.41 2.21 3.45 2.65 CR19 10.28 4.13 6.31 7.48 9.64 5.36 7.20 2.20 CR21 5.54 0.15 0.77 0.29 5.76 2.41 2.49 2.36 CR21.2 1.72 0.87 0.25 0.62 0.53 0.87 0.81 0.46 CR22 9.31 8.64 9.52 11.92 8.03 8.96 9.40 1.23 CR24 1.35 6.96 16.17 20.08 12.76 17.56 12.48 6.47 CR25 1.71 8.76 11.01 39.06 13.96 6.28 13.46 12.06 CR26 4.05 10.30 21.95 16.23 10.07 12.52 6.09 G12 1.43 0.94 1.54 1.79 2.16 0.00 1.31 0.69 G13 1.26 1.56 1.55 2.03 2.17 1.71 0.34 G14 1.16 1.40 1.31 1.77 1.47 1.42 0.20 G15 2.15 1.29 2.16 2.82 0.80 1.84 0.71 G16 1.33 1.57 3.20 3.49 1.20 2.16 0.98 G18 2.87 4.14 3.27 2.02 2.93 3.05 0.69 M0 1.34 1.20 1.12 1.33 0.68 1.23 1.15 0.22 M1 2.73 0.42 0.53 0.92 0.83 0.76 1.03 0.78 M3 3.45 0.73 1.00 0.98 1.31 1.06 1.42 0.92 M5 1.65 1.05 1.78 1.31 1.55 3.48 1.80 0.79 R7 2.79 1.41 1.57 3.63 1.75 1.84 2.16 0.79 R9 3.52 1.35 0.22 0.13 0.40 0.24 0.98 1.21

APPENDIX 77 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

Table A10. 2001 Chlorophyll-a data (corrected) for SML sample stations (cont.) Stationconc(ppb) conc(ppb) conc(ppb)conc(ppb)conc(ppb)conc(ppb)AverageStd. Dev. R11 7.48 1.74 4.78 1.85 1.94 3.39 3.53 2.07 R13 1.60 3.79 1.98 3.14 2.01 2.13 2.44 0.77 R14 2.09 1.07 1.64 1.39 3.34 2.70 2.04 0.78 R15 9.03 2.09 13.75 1.82 3.78 2.90 5.56 4.39 R17 3.14 2.33 26.64 5.47 8.06 0.00 7.61 8.88 R19 2.97 3.19 4.51 5.13 6.87 10.26 5.49 2.50 R21 0.47 0.48 0.82 0.43 4.11 3.18 1.58 1.49 R23 13.50 5.18 15.14 11.03 11.99 7.05 10.65 3.49 R25 1.38 6.88 7.86 9.88 12.17 4.65 7.14 3.48 R27 12.35 6.51 14.18 14.32 12.47 11.73 11.93 2.60 R29 12.42 5.55 11.78 11.15 16.53 15.87 12.22 3.60 R30 4.64 17.80 16.11 17.87 13.92 14.07 4.93 R31 9.46 23.02 12.76 13.66 12.10 14.20 4.62

APPENDIX 78 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

Table A11. 2002 Chlorophyll-a data (corrected) for SML sample stations. 5/26-6/1 6/9-6/15 6/23-6/29 7/7-7/13 7/21-7/27 8/4-8/10 Station conc (ppb)conc (ppb) conc (ppb)conc (ppb)conc (ppb)conc (ppb)Sta Avg Stdev B8 1.65 0.47 1.00 1.15 0.74 1.21 1.04 0.41 B10 1.43 1.05 0.96 1.00 1.87 1.27 1.26 0.35 B12 1.20 0.97 2.89 1.49 2.22 1.46 1.01 B14 1.13 1.51 2.04 1.35 1.70 1.10 1.47 0.36 B16 1.73 1.51 2.45 2.10 2.05 1.11 1.83 0.48 B18 1.34 2.27 0.20 0.70 1.62 1.02 0.88 B20 3.24 0.31 2.33 2.28 1.63 1.41 B22 1.83 18.01 34.62 18.70 6.80 11.16 15.19 11.51 C4 0.76 0.91 1.38 2.06 0.50 1.33 1.16 0.55 C5 0.74 1.69 1.19 0.61 0.69 0.41 0.89 0.47 C6 0.68 1.33 1.54 0.23 0.98 1.28 1.01 0.48 CB11 0.72 2.06 1.02 1.12 2.68 1.15 1.46 0.75 CB16 0.93 1.38 1.86 1.37 0.88 0.36 1.13 0.52 CB20 5.53 2.67 3.92 3.96 2.09 2.15 3.39 1.34 CM1 0.65 1.86 1.34 0.77 0.60 0.43 0.94 0.55 CM1.2 0.78 1.60 0.75 0.66 1.25 0.54 0.93 0.41 CM5 0.96 3.24 1.49 1.47 0.96 1.40 1.59 0.85 CR8 1.49 3.83 0.86 1.62 0.73 2.69 1.87 1.19 CR9 0.67 0.60 0.40 0.30 2.54 0.75 0.91 CR9.2 0.08 1.26 0.56 0.38 2.50 0.80 0.95 CR13 1.16 0.76 1.59 2.07 0.37 0.92 1.14 0.61 CR14.2 0.80 0.52 0.94 0.93 1.07 0.30 0.76 0.29 CR16 4.19 3.11 2.89 1.49 1.08 2.13 1.54 CR17 3.82 5.16 4.68 2.36 1.35 2.90 2.01 CR19 2.12 5.49 2.44 4.02 2.35 2.18 CR21 0.62 2.01 0.97 2.44 2.34 1.40 1.01 CR21.2 2.07 0.56 0.82 2.20 0.94 0.98 CR22 5.28 6.64 7.26 15.30 3.66 13.55 8.62 4.70 CR24 5.36 5.64 12.27 14.27 14.45 8.67 5.88 CR25 6.92 5.43 18.84 11.08 12.95 9.20 6.55 CR26 7.88 6.82 5.18 3.93 14.93 19.72 9.74 6.22 G12 0.10 0.47 1.99 0.88 1.31 0.79 0.77 G13 3.19 0.61 1.47 2.33 1.26 0.90 1.63 0.97 G14 1.23 0.41 1.12 1.13 0.57 1.62 1.01 0.45 G15 1.52 2.02 2.19 1.65 5.12 1.32 2.30 1.42 G16 1.64 1.15 1.29 0.57 2.64 1.92 1.54 0.71 G18 1.72 1.54 3.46 1.08 3.24 2.47 2.25 0.96 M0 0.47 0.85 1.29 1.42 1.70 0.58 1.05 0.49 M1 0.95 0.20 0.59 0.41 0.40 0.38 0.49 0.26 M3 0.38 0.38 0.39 0.35 0.77 1.98 0.71 0.64 M5 0.69 0.47 0.56 0.38 0.39 1.16 0.61 0.30 R7 1.02 2.18 1.38 0.76 1.68 2.13 1.52 0.58 R9 0.25 0.65 0.43 1.16 1.14 0.60 0.47

APPENDIX 79 SMLA WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM 2003

Table A11. 2002 Chlorophyll-a data (corrected) for SML sample stations (cont.) 5/26-6/1 6/9-6/15 6/23-6/29 7/7-7/13 7/21-7/27 8/4-8/10 Average Std. Dev. Stationconc (ppb)conc (ppb) conc (ppb)conc (ppb)conc (ppb)conc (ppb)conc (ppb) R11 1.15 1.81 0.90 0.79 3.39 0.56 1.43 1.05 R13 2.03 2.40 1.33 1.87 2.28 2.04 1.99 0.38 R14 1.07 1.10 0.88 0.28 0.87 1.94 1.02 0.54 R15 1.78 1.52 1.27 1.55 2.15 1.38 0.74 R17 4.55 11.46 1.80 3.56 2.34 3.95 3.99 R19 4.72 5.83 2.88 4.18 2.94 2.46 R21 0.52 2.71 0.87 15.03 3.19 5.88 R23 8.67 5.92 5.16 3.19 6.01 16.88 7.64 4.86 R25 12.94 11.31 10.91 20.67 15.51 44.42 19.29 12.82 R27 16.25 9.24 4.89 14.04 6.90 28.15 13.25 8.46 R29 21.98 9.23 6.48 22.59 9.34 10.61 13.37 7.04 R30 52.95 23.57 12.63 15.44 19.53 8.84 22.16 15.94 R31 51.07 13.02 11.00 12.66 18.24 22.17 21.36 15.14

APPENDIX 80