Assessment and Control Measures for the Water Pollution of Panchganga

Journal of Water Resources and Pollution Studies e- ISSN: 2581-5326 Volume 4 Issue 1

Assessment and Control Measures for Jayanti Stream to Control Water Pollution of Panchganga River, Maharashtra, India

1Rohan Sandeep Ghatage, 2Ar. Vandana Pusalkar 1UG Student Department of Civil Engineering Sardar Patel College of Engineering affiliated to University of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India 2Assistant Professor SPSMBH's College Of Architecture, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India Email: [email protected], [email protected] DOI:

Abstract In the upcoming years we might experience scarcity of water; hence it is the need of the hour to protect the water bodies from getting polluted. Polluted water will not only affect the human health but will also disturb the ecological balance of the river. More industrialization and increased population results in everlasting demands which finally gives rise to water pollution. In this research paper, Panchganga River of Kolhapur City in Maharashtra Stateis taken as the part of study work. Kolhapur City is blessed to have Panchganga River flowing within the city. But water quality of Panchganga River is becoming a more cause of concern than pride for the past 10-15 years. The water in the Panchganga River is polluted due to direct discharge of many streams, CETP Plants of MIDC industrial hub, chemical fertilizers used for agriculture and lack of awareness among the people. The polluted water of Panchganga has given rise to many some dangerous infectious diseases like Diarrhea, jaundice, gastro and fever etc. in Kolhapur city. As more than half the polluted water comes from the Jayanti stream to the Panchganga River so an innovative concept is suggested to deal with the problem of Jayanti stream which will not solve the problem of water pollution but will also rejuvenate the Jayanti Stream more effectively. A typical portion of the Jayanti Stream is been considered and a working model of that entire portion of the Jayanti Stream is been specifically elaborated with its 3D model including the water treatment facilities of the surrounding houses, waste material trapping devices, new approach towards ground water treatment, pipeline systems for the evacuation of the treated water from the houses to the Jayanti Stream. This whole development of the project will improve the water quality standards and will also continue the development of the ecological cycle for the rest of the remaining years.

Keywords: Industrialization, Rejuvenate, Ecological

INTRODUCTION believed to flow underground and together Kolhapur is the adjacent urban body with the other four streams make river located along the bank of the river with a Panchganga. population of 549283 and this city is located at 16° 42' N and 74° 14' E, having The confluence of the Prayag Sangam mean sea level of 570 m. Area of Kolhapur gives an imprint of the beginning of the city is around 6682 Ha. Panchganga flows Panchganga River which after receiving from the borders of Kolhapur. It originates the waters from the four tributaries in Western Ghats and is a major tributary continues in a larger flow pattern of waters to Krishna. It starts from Prayag Sangam. received from the rivers in the vicinity of The Kasari, the Kumbhi, the Tulsi and the the Panchganga River. The Northern Bhogawati are the major four streams due region of Kolhapur district consists of an to which the Panchganga River is formed. alluvial plain spreading over a wider part One more river stream Saraswati is in the surrounding regions.

Journal of Water Resources and Pollution Studies e- ISSN: 2581-5326 Volume 4 Issue 1

Figure 1: Rivers of Kolhapur City.

On development of the alluvial plain the diseases were recorded since 2011. Panchganga River again continues its path Though the attempts have been made to towards the eastwards. From Kolhapur the minimize the pollution, significant Panchganga River, flows east about forty improvement is expected only when new five kms. and then it meets the Krishna at STPs and sewer lines for collection of Kurundvad. During its course to the east of sewage are functional. However, there was Kolhapur, the Panchaganga River receives delay in construction and implementation considerable streams of nallas within of new STP at KasbaBawada, Kolhapur Kolhapur and Ichalkaranji. and river water quality was not meeting the stipulated standards due to discharge of The nallas like Jayanti, Dudhali, Line untreated wastewater. In the year 2012, Bazar, Raman Mala, Rajhans in Kolhapur more than 500 new cases of Jaundice were and Kabnur, Chandur, Tilavani, Talange reported from the textile town of and Kala odha in Ichalkaranji carries Ichalkaranji in Kolhapur district and many significant volume of treated and untreated deaths were recorded. The Health domestic wastewater and waste from Department of the Kolhapur City surveyed Textile industries (CETP) and joins the that maximum number of people in Panchganga River. The inadequate Ichalkaranji are been suffering from domestic wastewater treatment facilities Jaundice due to the consumption of have resulted in increase in pollution contaminated water of Panchganga River. resulting in serious the health impacts. In May-June 2012, schools were declared High incidents of Jaundice and other closed for some time.

Journal of Water Resources and Pollution Studies e- ISSN: 2581-5326 Volume 4 Issue 1

Figure 2: Kolhapur City.

SCOPE OF WORK and work plan for regular monitoring. • Collection of secondary data for • Evaluation of existing Sewage existing situation of water quality, Treatment Plants. wastewater systems as a whole. • Methods for recycle and reuse of • Reconnaissance survey of the river for treated effluents from wastewater the affected stretches as also upstream treatment plants. • Assessment of water quality of the river as also all natural streams which RECORDS OF NALLA FLOWS IN are converted into nalla carrying KOLHAPUR wastewater. The information on nallas which directly • Suggest remedial measures to restore joins the river, their flow details is given in and maintain the river ecology for its Table 1. Following figures shows the designated use. photographs of different nallas received • Finalize the appropriate monitoring the waste water at Kolhapur City. stations in the identified river stretch

Journal of Water Resources and Pollution Studies e- ISSN: 2581-5326 Volume 4 Issue 1

Table 1: Nallas at Kolhapur with Flow Details Directly Discharging Sewage in the River (MLD) Sr. Name of the Nalla Flow (MLD) Length (km) Status of

1 Jayanti stream 0* 9 Sewered

2 Dudhali 5 2 30 % Sewered

3 Jamdar 0.4 4

4 Sidhharth Nagar 0.1 1

5 CPR 0.5 1.5 Sewered

6 Rajhans 1 1.2 Sewered

7 Ramanmala 1 1.8 Sewered

8 Dream world 0.4 1.4 Unsewered

9 Line Bazaar 3 1.3 Unsewered

10 KasbaBawda Treated Effluent 0.2 Unsewered

11 Vithbhatti Nalla 0.5 * Arrangements are made to stop the flow by constructing bunds and lifting nalla water to STP [Source: Kolhapur Municipal Corporation]

Description of nallas: CPR hospital and other areas like Town Jayanti Stream: A Kalamba Lake Hall, Sonya Maruti Chouk, Shaniwar overflow is the original starting point of Peth, Burudgalli etc. Jayanti nalla. At Hutatmapark, Gomati nalla mixes Jayanti nalla to form a big Dudhali Nalla: Dudahali nalla nalla basin. It receives sewage from comprises of many small drains and nearby areas. It is the largest catchment gutters. This nalla receives sewage from and accounts for more than 60% of the areas near Rankala tank, Lakshateerth, total sewage generated in the city. A small tannery belt is also located in the parts of areas in Ravawar and Shankar. basins which discharge the waste in From Shivaji Peth onwards this Nalla nalla. At present a bund has been becomes larger Dudhali nalla receives constructed on Jayanti nalla near Shahu the overflow of Rankala lake water Maratha pumping station. Hence the throughout the year which is approx. 5 sewage flowing through Jayanti nalla is MLD. The effectiveness of chlorination pumped to this pumping station and is has not been tested for reduction of eventually sent to STP at Kasba Bawda. microbial population. The time taken by An attempt has been made to treat the these chlorinated nalla flows to reach wastewater flowing through nalla using river stretch is inadequate to confirm the chlorine dosing. Though all the sewage flowing upstream to bund is being contact time of 30 minutes for pumped from Jayanti nalla, two more evaluation of chlorination treatment. nallas meet Jayanti nalla basin Laboratory experiments should be downstream the bund. These nallas conducted to decide the chlorine dose include CPR nalla and Budhwar Peth and reduction in coliforms. nalla. CPR nalla receives sewage from

Journal of Water Resources and Pollution Studies e- ISSN: 2581-5326 Volume 4 Issue 1

Chlorination at Jayanti Nalla after meeting CPR Nalla

Line Bazaar Nalla Rajaram Nalla

Bapat Camp Nalla Dudhali Nalla Chlorination at Raman Mala

Figure 3: Different Nallas at Kolhapur City.

At present a temporary bund is constructed flowing through this nalla. A small portion across Dudhali nalla just before the nalla of sewage from nalla is used for irrigation meets river. At the bund, some part of the near the pumping station. sewage is pumped to Dudhali nalla pumping station and is pumped to Shahu Line Bazar Nalla Basin: At present sewage Maharaj pumping station and is finally from KasbaBawda flows through this sent to STP at KasbaBawada. Bleaching nalla. The nalla joins the river upstream of powder dose is applied to the wastewater the intake well in the river Panchganga

Journal of Water Resources and Pollution Studies e- ISSN: 2581-5326 Volume 4 Issue 1 which supplies water to Bawda Water meter cube per second (m3/s) treatment plant. A large portion of land Objectives of nalla flow estimation: between KasbaBawda locality and the • To quantify the flow entering the river river is used for agriculture. Significant through nallas portion of sewage generated in this area is • To suggest appropriate treatment used for irrigation. technology and evaluate the adequacy of the proposed Sewerage system. 3.1.4 Bapat Camp Nalla (Kawala Naka Nalla): Sewage generated in the region Methodology: The Nalla flow estimation present in the catchment of Bapat camp was done using Ping Pong ball method as nalla flows through this nalla. The nalla is prescribed by USEPA. Following steps quite narrow at a distance of about 250m were carried out while flow measurement. upstream of confluence with the river. Another nalla called Kawla Naka Nalla Flow measurement of nallas was carried carrying major part of domestic sewage of out at for three times in a day i.e.in the the city meets Bapat camp nalla. Main morning between 8 to 10 am, in the Bapat camp nalla carries discharge for afternoon between 1 to 3pm and in the sewage treatment plant at KasbaBawda. A evening between 5 to 7 pm to get the large portion of sewage flowing through approximate flow during the day. Bapat camp nalla is being used for irrigation by installation of pumps in the As the cross section of streams is irregular nalla. and flow also varies accordingly, a straight stretch of the nalla was selected to carry Quantification and Flow Estimation of out the flow measurement studies. As per Nallas the USEPA protocol, the selected stretch Surface water flow is the continuous should be having minimum length of 20 movement of water in runoff or open feet. channels. This surface water flow is thus taken to be the discharge and is then Depth and width were noted at three places defined as the rate of flow of water or the in the specified stretch to get the average volume of water passing through a depth and width. specified channel cross section in a stipulated period of time. Discharge can The time required for a Ping Pong ball to expressed as the total volume in acre-feet travel the specified distance was noted or millions of gallons or also as the rate of using stopwatch. flow in cubic feet per second (ft3/s) or

Flow measurement at Bapat Camp nalla Flow Measurement at Jayanti nalla

Journal of Water Resources and Pollution Studies e- ISSN: 2581-5326 Volume 4 Issue 1

Flow measurement at Rajaram Nalla

Figure 4: Flow measurements at different nallas.

The flow rate of the stream was bottom streams and 0.93 for muddy calculated using the following formula, bottom streams) and estimated flows are presented in Table 2. Time taken to travel the particular Flow rate= ALC/T distance A: Average cross sectional area of This is used to state that surface water stream travelsmore faster than near the stream L: Length of the selected stretch bottom due to external resistance of C: Correction factor (0.87 for rocky - gravels, cobble, etc.

Table 2: Estimated Flow at Different Nallas of Kolhapur City Kolhapur Flow Rate (million liters per hr.) Flow Flow City Nallas 8am- 1pm-3pm 5pm-7pm Rate(MLD) Rate(MLD) 10am as reported by KMC for 2003-04* Dudhalinalla 3 2.8 5.1 72 15.7 Jayantinalla 0.8 1.5 1.4 24 70.1 Line bazaar 1 0.74 0.53 15 2.0 Rajaram 1.2 1.3 0.72 21 5.0 Bapat camp 5.5 7.8 5.9 128 3.8 Total 260 97 *Flows and Characteristics of sewage in Nalla Basins in Kolhapur Report

Significant variation in nalla flows is The Excess wastewater generation can be observed during the study. The increase in attributed to excess water consumption flow can be attributed to increased water other than water supplied by KMC. supply and use of ground water by population and also industries. According PANCHAGANGA RIVER to the Environmental status report of POLLUTION AND PUBLIC HEALTH Kolhapur 2012-13, the total water supply ISSUES IN KOLHAPUR CITY for the city is around 137 MLD. The water Panchaganga is the main river along the sources for Kolhapur city are: Panchganga Kolhapur City which is now facing water river (80 mld), Bhogwati (41 mld), pollution problems and considered to be Kalamba (8 mld), and Borewells (8 mld). one of the most polluted rivers in The estimated sewage generation would be Maharashtra. An average of about 70- 80 110 MLD considering the generation of million liters/day of waste water is being sewage to be 80% of total water supply. produced in Kolhapur City on daily basis

Journal of Water Resources and Pollution Studies e- ISSN: 2581-5326 Volume 4 Issue 1 as it exceeds its daily capacity of 20 present in the city. Besides Panchaganga million liters/day. The present drainage river , there are about Twelve MIDCs with system constructed by KMC is 35years old inefficient CETP’s, seven sugar factories and any defects in the drainage system whose waste directly discharges into the should be rectified and repairs should be river and the waste from 174 gram done.Industrial waste water which is being panchayat villages together adds up to the left out without any treatment from Panchganga River. So, the improper CETP’s (Common Effluent Treatment management of waste from the Kolhapur Plants), Jayanti and Dudhali nallas, City and lack of public awareness is the domestic waste water released directly cause of Panchganga River Pollution. from the houses along the river, waste from the houses on the encroached area of Discharge of large amount of untreated the nallas are the main sources of the domestic sewage from the city Panchaganga River pollution. Due to huge The discharge of large amount of sewage amount of waste water in river which from the houses are carried out by four becomes unhygienic for the people living major sewers in the city which are Jayanti in the surrounding places, Kolhapur nalla, Dudhalinalla, Line Bazaar nalla and Municipal Corporation (KMC) got number Bapat Camp nalla and then it is finally of complaints and 130 written notices from discharged into the river due to which it gets the public. 170 metric ton/day solid waste polluted. Since most of the sewage is was being produced on daily bases in Kolhapur City. untreated, it increases the organic load of the river water. The river water becomes highly These solid wastes directly go to the river polluted due to toxicants, bacterial because there is no solid waste contamination, plastic litters, solid waste, management facility properly working at etc.

Table 3: Panchganga Basin Pollution study MPCB report, 2009 Total Population of Waste water without Kolhapur City ( 2001 Water Usage ( per day ) treatment ( per day ) Panchganga River Census ) 4.93 Lakhs 120 Million Litres 100 Million Litres (Panchganga Basin Pollution study MPCB report, 2009)

Disposal of Industrial effluents Table 4: Industrial Effluents Panchganga River Total No. of Industries Total waste water without Treatment 2953 18.59302 Million Liter per day

The small scale industrial units without (governmental, semi-governmental and CETP’s, foundries, chemical industries in private) and 38 pathological laboratories Udyamnagar and Jawahar Nagar disturbs for proper public health. Among which the quality of river water. The ground Chhtrapati Pramilaraje Hospital (CPR) is water quality also changes due to the taking an initiative to develop Sewage industrial effluent. Treatment Plant (STP) rest all the hospitals discharge their waste water into the river Sewage from different hospitals, mains without any treatment. The pathological laboratories untreated sewage about 1, 25,000 liters per In Kolhapur City there are about total of day gets mixed into the river through nalla. 493 hospitals and 57 dispensaries

Journal of Water Resources and Pollution Studies e- ISSN: 2581-5326 Volume 4 Issue 1

Effluent from other sources from the slaughter houses and fish There are about 43 servicing stations in the markets with high organic load directly entire Kolhapur city which generates on an discharges into the nearby sewers and average of 49,000 liters of waste water on then finally meets the river through daily basis. The quality of water gets nallah. The other sources like hotels, changed due to oil and grease content, restaurants, hawkers, food corners, various petrochemicals, etc. released from roadside food stalls etc. also contribute the automotive industries. The waste water for water pollution of the river.

Other sources of River Pollution Table 5: Sources of River Pollution and waste generated Sources Total No. Total amount of waste generated Servicing Stations 41 2,00,000 liters/ day Hotels, restaurants and hawkers 1044 1,49,400 liters/ day Slaughter houses waste 02 800 Kg/ day Meat shops and Fish 76 1000 Kg/ day

Agro – chemicals used in the fields rainfall, excess irrigation, etc. Many Large quantities of agrochemicals are used pesticides and chemicals when dissolved in the agricultural sector in the upstream as in the river water enter in the food chain. well as in surrounding areas of the river. Studies have shown that many vegetables The residues of these chemicals mix in to and fruits contain harmful residue of the river due to excess use, flooding, heavy agrochemicals.

Table 6: Types of Agro Chemical used and Solid waste Sr. No Type of Agro - Chemical Solid State ( per year ) Liquid State ( per year) 1 Chemical fertilizers 78,244 Tones 2 Pesticides 1,41,764 Tones 22,068 Liters 3 Weedicides 34,995 Tones 21,664 Liters 4 Fungicides 6771 Tones 1828 Liters

Crematorium ash water bodies. The amount of total solids, Crematorium sites in Kolhapur City are also total dissolved solids, toxic heavy metals, one of the rising issue of water pollution as phosphate and nitrate level increases. At the the crematorium ash is been directly thrown same time, amount of dissolved oxygen into the water bodies. There are almost four decreases. The river ecosystem gets crematorium sites present in the city. Every completely affected as well as the water year around 140 tons of crematorium ash is becomes unsuitable for our day-to-day use being let out from the crematoriums which and drinking purpose. The downstream areas pollutes the river water. The crematorium and the river basin also gets affected as well affecting the quality of river water are as the aesthetic beauty of the site decreases Vaishvadham Crematorium which is located and thus reduces the importance of the entire near Prince Shivaji Bridge and Bapat Camp Panchganga River as a State’s Heritage crematorium. By the Indian rituals the ash is disposed directly into the water after burning Religious activities of dead bodies due to which a layer is The people of Kolhapur City are very formed on the water surface. This ash traps sentimental and attached to their religious the sun’s rays and prevents circulation of beliefs. And very religious festivals in oxygen into the water i.e. it prevents the Kolhapur City are celebrated with joy and water from aeration process. So, when there happiness but during the span of these is no mixing of air into the water it thus festivals the environment is hampered a lot. changes the physiochemical properties of the These religious activities slightly increases

Journal of Water Resources and Pollution Studies e- ISSN: 2581-5326 Volume 4 Issue 1 the amount of solid waste than the normal the water it changes the properties of water. seasons. These religious festivals produce For disposing of the idols there are about 12 solid waste in the form of Nirmalaya and sites in the city of which many of them is idols. The idols are made up of Plaster of highly polluted developing water hyacinth Paris, so when these idols are disposed into on the surface of water.

Table 7: Solid waste Sr. No Components Amount per year Amount per 90 tonnes 1 Nirmalaya 90 Tonnes 2 Idols (domestic) 27000 3 Idols (Sarvajanik) 600

The idols are made up of Plaster of Paris eutrophication. or Shadoo and coloured with chemicals. Discharge of nallah in the river basin: When these idols immersed in water the There are four nallahs in the city viz. chemicals dissolve in water body altering Jayanti Nallah, Dudhali Nallah, Line water quality. Thepaints are having heavy Bazaar nallah and Bapat Camp Nallah. metals such as copper, zinc, lead, Jayanti nallah commences from the eastern chromium and iron. The other constituents part of the city and covers a total area of of the idols like bamboo, flowers, cotton, 2357 hectares of the city. During its course clothes and other pollutants arising from through the heart of the city, it receives the food stalls such as eatables like Prasad, waste water from tanneries from Jawahar coir, plastic, etc. increases the nutrients in Nagar, domestic waste from the city, the lake which thus enhances the process effluent from fabrication units; spray of growing bacteria. The water column is painting units and foundries from disturbed completely during the idol Udyamnagar. immersion due to which it leads to

Patients suffering from water – borne diseases Table 8: Patients suffering from water – borne diseases Year Jaundice Diarrhea Dysentery Gastro Other 2005 - 06 146 221 48 223 15 2006 - 07 85 298 84 132 23 2007 - 08 103 320 94 51 10 2008 - 09 139 241 79 79 7 Total 473 1090 305 485 55

CURRENT SCENARIO OF WATER Kalamba water treatment plant: It is the TREATMENT PLANTS IN oldest water treatment plant and started in KOLHAPUR pre independence days. An earthen dam At present water is supplied to Kolhapur about 4300 ft. long and 27 ft. high was city through water treatment plants: For constructed during 1881- 83 on the the treatment of waste water Kolhapur southern side of the city. The treatment Municipal Corporation (KMC) has plant is of 8 MLD capacities. The water of provided four water treatment plants to the Kalamba tank is pure and wholesome provide potable and safe drinking water to and is filtered and chlorinated. The water the citizens of Kolhapur City. The from Kalamba water treatment plant is treatment plants are - Kalamba water available only to a certain limited portion treatment plant, Puikhadi water treatment of the city i.e. to B ward. plant, Bawda water treatment plant and Balinga water treatment plant.

Journal of Water Resources and Pollution Studies e- ISSN: 2581-5326 Volume 4 Issue 1

Puikhadi water treatment plant: - This outskirts of city. The capacity of this plant treatment plant is located at Puikhadi, is 38 MLD and presently this treatment which is about 14 km. from the plant only supplies water to E ward of the Shingnapur pumping station. This is the Kolhapur City. newly plant which is a recent development by the KMC to cover the section of area Balinga water treatment plant: The water which started functioning in the year 2001. works of Balinga was commissioned in the The capacity of this plant is 50 MLD. year 1949 with the total capacity of 10.90 MLD and was later increased by providing Bawada water treatment plant: - This augmentation schemes due to water works is commissioned in the year consideration of future rise in population. 1978. It is located 5 km away from Now the current total capacity of this plant Bawada pumping station. Initially the is designed to be 42MLD and basically the treated water from this plant was served to source of the water is from the Bhogawati E ward and to 6 villages of eastern River.

Table 9: All the parameters except pH, MPN and turbidity are expressed in mg/l

Balinga Kalamba WTP WHO Parameter Puikhadi WTP Bawda WTP WTP standards Inlet Outlet Inlet Outlet Inlet Outlet Inlet Outlet pH 7.78 7.74 7.31 7.36 7.2 7.08 7.02 7.10 6.5-8.5 Turbidity 20.3 4.4 21.6 4.6 26.6 4.3 24.31 4.9 5-25 (NTU) Hardness 154 124 76 60 68 52 84 60 100-500 Chloride 25.7 17.04 25.56 20.1 51.12 30.1 48.2 19.22 20-500 TDS 200 110 245 135 505 100 400 100 500-1000 MPN 1600> nil 1600> nil 1600> nil 1600> nil 0/100 ml (Dept. of Environmental Science, SUK)

The results of the treated drinking water in The main problems with the Jayanti the WTP are within the standard limits but streams are the huge amount of plastic further analysis of piped water shows waste and other waste materials flowing presence of coli form bacteria due to with water or stagnated at one side. leakages in the system. Another problem is land encroachment which is been taking place due to RECOMMENDATIONS increased population due to which the Rejuvenating a stream width of the stream is even getting reduced This solution is not just regarding treating day-by-day. Due to direct discharge of the of the waste water but it is moreover a sewage water into the stream the Jayanti concept of rejuvenating a stream i.e. stream is getting polluted and due to which making the ecosystem alive. The process the entire ecosystem is getting hampered. of making the ecosystem alive is not a time bound concept, but it’s a process So, in this concept certain arrangements which goes on years to years to form that are done to primarily treat the waste water certain ecological cycle. The main which is being released from the ideology of this proposed concept is not residential spaces and also to collect the only to make the stream pollution free but plastic waste and other waste materials also to make the surrounding environment flowing with the water so as to make the clean and hygienic and to re-invent the flow of water circulated within the entire stream with all the aquatic life. city without of the clogging of waste.

Journal of Water Resources and Pollution Studies e- ISSN: 2581-5326 Volume 4 Issue 1

Soil washing – The flow of waste water to bind to fine grained soils (silts and through the stream have made the bed clays), which thus results in binding with level contaminated due to which the 0.20 the coarse grained soils. So the end result meters of top layer of soil have become of this technique should be separation of infertile. Now, this infertile layer of soil the contaminated fines and wash water obstructs the growth of aquatic plants. So, from the cleaned coarse grained soils a top layer of about 0.20 to 0.30m is taken (sands and gravels). After the process of off and soil washing is done. The process soil washing it is then reused to form the of soil washing is an ex-situ remediation bed level of the Jayanti stream. Now, soil technique which removes hazardous washing will be done in six different steps contaminants and other foreign – materialsfrom the soil by washing the soil  Pretreatment with a liquid (most probably with a  Separation chemical additive), then scrubbing the  Coarse – grained treatment washed soil, and lastly separating the clean  Fine – grained treatment soils from the contaminated soil and wash  Process water treatment water. Soil washing is based on the theory  Residuals management that contaminants from the soil are prone

Figure 5: Schematic view of soil washing process.

Construction of certain stream diameter of 4.5m. The consecutive amenities distance between the two loops is 12m. After the soil washing process is completed, Certain arrangement is done by creating an the washed soil is then laid on the bed level of offset just at the entrance of the loop so the stream. A total of 6 loops are been that the incoming waste materials in the constructed along the sides of the stream i.e. 3 loops are intact and only the water is on one side and remaining 3 on the other side evacuated from the gap provided at the so as to collect the flowing plastic waste and entrance. Due to which the loops gets other waste material. stacked only with the waste materials. Loops: These loops are constructed Now as these waste materials collected entirely with a combination of partly soil in the loops contain plastic waste, other and stone walls to a depth of 6m and a waste from household and commercial

Journal of Water Resources and Pollution Studies e- ISSN: 2581-5326 Volume 4 Issue 1 spaces it thus forms a minimal quantity break the contact of the leachate and the of leachate when it comes in contact surrounding soil. And also steel cage of with the water. And this leachate certain diameter is been provided over contaminates the surrounding soil, so as the GCL so that the plastic waste a result of this geosynthetic clay liner especially are intact into the block-like (GCL) is been used under the loops to structure of steel cage.

Figure 6: Loops filled with plastic waste and other waste materials

(a)

(b) Figure 7: Loops with Geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) and Steel cage.

Journal of Water Resources and Pollution Studies e- ISSN: 2581-5326 Volume 4 Issue 1

Curtain walls: Are basically constructed walls from the bed level of stream is 5m. with a combination of partly soil and stone Excluders: Excluders are provided to with proper grade and profile. These walls are divert the plastic and other waste materials provided so as to prevent side slopes from into the loops. These excluders are erosion problem. The entire section with the constructed with concrete in a curved curtain walls is made straight rather than shape which is connected to the outer edge zigzag so as to have a uniform flow of the loops. The heights of the excluders throughout the section and to provide the are 2m from the bed level of the stream. construction amenities. The height of these

Figure 8: Excluders connected to the outer edge of the loop.

Check dams: Check dams are provided well injects the air into the water table due with 30m intervals so as to ensure to which it converts the pollutants sufficient space for the aquatic life in the associated with petroleum hydrocarbons, stream. These check dams are made crude oil, and many other contaminants hollow in which a bio filter sheet is placed from dissolved to vaporized state. And just at a sufficient height from the base. later this vapour is extracted; it is treated The straight and inclined portion of the and then released off into the atmosphere check dams are made with the normal as a fresh air. Now, this entire process of concrete and the upper portion which purifying the water table and thus comes in contact with crest are done in releasing a fresh air into the atmosphere is pervious concrete. The jet of water flowing known as air sparging technique. For a over the dams passes directly through the better plumbing connection and to get the pervious concrete and then filtrates by the required range of water these check dams filtration media and finally gets settled at are provided in a single alignment with the the bottom of the dam. Then, this settled air sparging stations. Periodic maintenance water is then converted into air by a is to be done for removal of the Bio filter complex mechanism in the check dam and sheet which may result in a tedious process a pipe known as sparge well is then but has to be done frequently so as to provided to circulate the air and thus inject inject contaminant free air into the water it into the water table. Now this sparge table.

Journal of Water Resources and Pollution Studies e- ISSN: 2581-5326 Volume 4 Issue 1

Figure 9: Hollow check dams with Bio filter sheet and plumbing connections.

Figure 10: The connection of air sparging stations and the check dam.

Fish ladder: Will be provided through walls spaced at 1.5m and provided in the check dams for the movement of such a manner so as to prevent it from aquatic animals. These fish ladders are clogging of any type of waste. provided with baffle walls. These baffle

Journal of Water Resources and Pollution Studies e- ISSN: 2581-5326 Volume 4 Issue 1

Figure 11: Fish ladder.

Provision of recreational parks - This beautification project is been Recreational parks are provided on both provided with huge number of trees, the sides of Jayanti stream so as to make walking pathways for the people, aerated the ecosystem alive and also to utilize the lagoons are provided which are made just spaces for the purpose of beautification. like the ponds.

(a)

(b) Figure 12: Recreational Parks.

Journal of Water Resources and Pollution Studies e- ISSN: 2581-5326 Volume 4 Issue 1

Aerated Lagoons - Are constructed in a - No chances of power failure. circular shape as a simple wastewater - No spray water - no aerosols and Treatment system consisting of a pond odours with artificial aeration to promote the - Low noise biological oxidation of wastewaters - Trouble – free operation during frost coming from the nearby houses. The depth of the lagoons is kept at 4m and a diameter The plumbing arrangement is made in of 4m is provided. The inlet zone of the such a way that two chambers are aerated lagoons consists of a depressed provided under the ground for each floor level and it is reinforced, so that house at a depth of 1.53m. (0.30m settled sludge and grit can easily be above the ground and 1.23m below the pumped off without risk of damage at ground). In one chamber partition is normal water level. Now to prevent made due to which the black water is damages caused by plants or erosion the collected in one side and the grey water sides are properly paved with bricks. The is collected at another side. The grey lagoons in which the processed water is to water is sent forward through pipe into be collected which are the final the treatment chamber in which it is clarification chambers or the polishing treated for household use and then it is lagoons may vary in shapes and sizes. The circulated upwards for gardening and depth of the polishing lagoon is kept at other purposes, and the black water 2.50m.Aerators are placed in the centre for excluding the human solid waste which thorough mixing and oxygen supply in the is normally the waste water it is then entire water body at minimal power input. sent directly to the lagoons i.e. waste These aerators are preferably mounted on stabilization ponds for primary float assemblies. And they are very sturdy treatment. After the treatment the water and maintenance free. These lagoons are from the lagoons is sent to the stream very well integrated into the surrounding and discharged under normal flow landscapes. They have the following conditions. And the Human Solid waste advantages – is then collected in another chamber - High circulation and mixing capacity. adjacent to the grey water chamber in - Maintenance free which methane is extracted from the - No risk of clogging of any particulate waste to generate electricity through or even at any intermittent operation. Human Solid Waste.

Figure 13: Lagoons.

Journal of Water Resources and Pollution Studies e- ISSN: 2581-5326 Volume 4 Issue 1

Air sparging stations: The check dam system from below the water table for and the air sparging stations are connected creating that amount of pressure. The in the same alignment, as the pipe in the pressurized air from the blower then check dam converts the filtered water results in formation of small air bubbles collected at the bottom into air and then it that travel through the contaminated zone is circulated through the pipe and injected in and above water column. The bubbles into the contaminated zone of the water of air volatilize the contaminants which table. The pipe injecting the air is called are in the water table and then carry them the air sparging well which is mainly taken in the upward direction to the unsaturated below the hollow check dam. The process soils. Vacuum points are installed above of air sparging mainly includes a sparge the saturated zones. The vacuum points well pipe for injecting the compressed air extract the vapors through to a Soil Vapor into the targeted contaminated zone of the Extraction system. In order for the vacuum water table, with an expectation of to avoid pulling the air from the surface, conversion of the volatile and semi- the ground has to be covered with a tarp or volatile contaminants (volatilization) from other method of sealing out surface air. the groundwater to the air bubbles. Surface air intrusion into the system may Because of the effect of buoyancy, the air reduce the efficiency to some extent. A bubbles from the water table generally tarp is used to stop vapors from starts to move in upward direction breakthrough to the surface above. towards the vadose zone, where a soil- venting system known as the soil vapour The air sparging system thus treats the off- extraction pipe is usually equipped to gases (referred as contaminated vapors and capture the contaminated air stream. This extracted air). The vapor is treated with pipe uses multiple air injection points and granulated activated carbon prior to release multiplesoil vapor extraction points that to the atmosphere. For example, arsenic- are being installed in contaminated zones contaminated groundwater were treated by of soils to extract the vapor phase air sparging and what the treatment does is contaminants above the water table. The remove arsenic at certain percentage using Contaminations in the water table must be solution of iron and arsenic only at a molar at least 3 - 4 feet deep beneath the ground ratio of 2. Treatment using air sparging is surface in order to make the system more beneficial for groundwater contamination efficient. A blower is attached to wells, which contains high amounts of dissolved usually taken through the manifold of the iron.

Figure 14: Schematic view of air sparging systems.

Journal of Water Resources and Pollution Studies e- ISSN: 2581-5326 Volume 4 Issue 1

Figure 15: The internal structure of the Air Sparging Stations at the Jayanti Stream.

Figure 16: Air sparging stations installed at both sides of the Jayanti stream with a pipe vertically taken out to release the treated pure air.

Figure 17: Developed plan of the Jayanti stream.

Journal of Water Resources and Pollution Studies e- ISSN: 2581-5326 Volume 4 Issue 1

(a)

(b)

Journal of Water Resources and Pollution Studies e- ISSN: 2581-5326 Volume 4 Issue 1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT water is done so as to implement a certain I would like to thank Dr. Vandana productive concept. Pusalkar for all her assistance in my research work. And also the organizations REFERENCES of Kolhapur City like Association of For Catchment area of Panchganga river Architects and Engineers (AE), Kolhapur 1. A copy of district map for giving me such an opportunity to 2. Pollution abatment of Panchganga present my idea on such a local level for River the betterment of the Kolhapur City. The Architects and Engineers from the For Kolhapur Association and all also experts from 1. Environmental Status Report of certain colleges in Kolhapur City have also Kolhapur 2012-13 helped me in understanding the nature of 2. Environmental status report 2008-09 the Panchganga River and its problems. 3. Measures to reduce pollution of river Panchganga June 2012 FUNDING ORGANIZATIONS 4. Panchganga river pollution report 2009 This entire concept is been suggested to 5. Temporary arrangements made to the Kolhapur Municipal Corporation manage wastewater flowing through (KMC) as a remedy for the current nallas 2012-2013 problems of Jayanti Stream. So, funding 6. Nalla map will be provided in the upcoming years for 7. NagrikanchaParyavarniyaJahirnama this work by Kolhapur Municipal 8. MPCB river monitoring stations and Corporation (KMC) for the Water quality data of River water, implementation of the work at the ground CETP, STP level. 9. Patil S. et al Study of Physicochemical and biological characteristics of lakes CONCLUSION from Shivaji In today’s scenario, there are lot many a. University Campus, Maharashtra, river rejuvenation projects are been taking Advances in Applied Science place in every corner of the world. But in Research, 2011, 2 (6):505-519 the process of making a certain river 10. Report on Flows and Characteristics of rejuvenate, we are only focusing to the sewage in Nalla basins in Kolhapur treating of that wastewater which is being 2003-04 prepared By K.I.T’ college of directly discharged into those rivers and Engineering, Kolhapur the main purpose of river rejuvenation is 11. Kolhapur Municipal Corporation left aside. The main purpose of river “Jayanti Nalla Shuddhi karan Yojana”. rejuvenation is to make the ecosystem alive. So, we have to come up with certain Recommended Readings innovative concepts which will not only 1. Griffiths, Richard A. (1995). “Soil – increase the importance of the river washing technology and practice.” creating it as a state’s heritage but will also Journal of restore the ecological cycle. This concept 2. Hazardous Materials. 40. 175 – 189 is basically suggested for Jayanti Stream 3. USEPA. (1993, November). of Panchganga River because more than “Innovative Site Remediation 50% of the polluted water in the Technology: Soil washing/ Soil Panchganga River comes from the Jayanti Flushing.” EPA 542-B-012. stream. In this research paper, all the environmental parameters are studied and Other references according to it the sampling of the waste 1. Middlebrooks, E.J. (1982). Waste Water Stabilization Lagoon Design,

Journal of Water Resources and Pollution Studies e- ISSN: 2581-5326 Volume 4 Issue 1

Performance and Upgrading. Mcmillan 7. Environment in Indian Society- Publishing. ISBN 0-02-949500-8 Problems and Prospects: R.B. Patil, A. 2. Ashworth, J; Skinner, M (19 December Mittal Publication, New Delhi (India), 2011). “Waste Stabilization Pond 2009, pp. (45-52). Design Manual “(PDF). Power and 8. State of Environment Report: Water Corporation. Retrieved 11 Maharashtra, Indira Gandhi Institute of February 2017. Development Research Mumbai- 3. Hosetti B.B.; Kulkarni A.R.; Patil H.S. 400065 (India), Sponsored by (1994), Water quality in Jayanti Nalla Maharashtra Pollution Control Board and Panchganga at Kolhapur. Indian Ministry of Environment and Forests, Environ. Hlth. 36(2): 124-127. Govt. of India Prepared by Indira 4. Johnson, R.L.; et al. (Nov 1993). "An Gandhi Institute of Development Overview of In Situ Air Sparging". Research, Mumbai. Groundwater Monitoring & 9. Water Pollution: Impact of Pollutants Remediation. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and New Promising Techniques in 13 (4): 127–135.DOI:10.1111/j.1745 – Purification Process, Ramandeep 6592.1993. Tb00456.x Singh Gambhir1*, Vinod Kapoor2, 5. Bass, David H; et al. (2000). Ashutosh Nirola3, Raman Sohi4 and "Performance of air sparging systems: Vikram Bansal4, J Hum Ecol, 37(2): a review of case- studies". Journal of 103-109 (2012). Hazardous Materials. Elsevier. 72 (2– 10. www.cpcb.nic.in Annual Report of 3): 101–119 doi:10.1016/S0304- Central Pollution Control Board 2008- 3894(99)00136-3. 09 6. Marley, Michael C.; Hazebrouck, 11. www.mpcb.gov.in Annual Report of David J.; Walsh, Matthew T. (1992-05- ministry of environment and forest 01). "The Application of In Situ Air 2009-10 Sparging as an Innovative Soils and 12. www.mohfw.nic.in Annual Report of Ground Water Remediation ministry of health and family welfare Technology". Ground Water 2009-10 Monitoring & Remediation. 12 (2): 13. www.kolhapurcorporation.gov.in 137– 145. DOI: 10.1111/j.1745- 6592.1992.tb00044.x. ISSN 1745-6592