LUTETIUM Element Symbol: Lu Atomic Number: 71

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LUTETIUM Element Symbol: Lu Atomic Number: 71 An initiative of IYC 2011 brought to you by the RACI MARDI HARGREAVES www.raci.org.au LUTETIUM Element symbol: Lu Atomic number: 71 Lutetium (from the Latin word Lutetia; meaning Paris) was independently discovered in 1907 by French scientist Georges Urbain, Austrian mineralogist Baron Carl Auer von Welsbach, and American chemist Charles James. In each case, Lutetium was discovered as an impurity in the mineral ytterbia. The dispute surrounding the priority of the independent discoveries is documented in two articles in which Urbain and von Welsbach accuse each other of publishing results influenced by the published research of the other. The Commission on Atomic Mass, responsible for the attribution of the names for the new elements, settled the dispute in 1909 by granting priority to Urbain and adopting his names as official ones. However, one obvious problem with this decision was that Urbain was one of the four members of the commission. Found with almost all other rare-earth metals but never by itself, lutetium is very difficult to separate from other elements. It is one of the rarest and mostexpensive of the rare earth metals, priced around US$10,000 per kg. Due to its high cost it has seen limited commercial applications. The relative abundance of the radioactive isotope Lutetium-176 has been used to date the age of meteorites. Provided by the element sponsor Phillips Ormonde Fitzpatrick ARTISTS DESCRIPTION Named after Paris and being one of the most expensive of the rare earth metals. The print consists of a flag of Paris filled with multiple dollar signs. MARDI HARGREAVES.

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The Rare Earths II
Redis co very of the Elements The Ra re Earth s–The Con fusing Years I A gallery of rare earth scientists and a timeline of their research I I James L. Marshall, Beta Eta 1971 , and Virginia R. Marshall, Beta Eta 2003 , Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203-5070, [email protected] The rare earths after Mosander. In the pre - vi ou s HEXAGON “Rediscovery” article, 1p we were introduced to the 17 rare earths, found in the f-block and the Group III chemical family of Figure 1. Important scientists dealing with rare earths through the nineteenth century. Johan Gadolin the Periodic Table. Because of a common (1760 –1852) 1g —discovered yttrium (1794). Jöns Jacob Berzelius (1779 –1848) and Martin Heinrich valence electron configuration, the rare earths Klaproth (1743 –1817) 1d —discovered cerium (1803). Carl Gustaf Mosander (1787 –1858) 1p —discovered have similar chemical properties, and their lanthanum (1839), didymium (1840), terbium, and erbium (1843). Jean-Charles deGalissard Marignac chemical separation from one another can be (1817 –1894) 1o —discovered ytterbium (1878) and gadolinium (1880). Per Teodor Cleve (1840 –1905) 1n — difficult. From preparations of the first two rare discovered holmium and thulium (1879). Lars Fredrik Nilson (1840 –1899) 1n —discovered scandium earth element s—yttrium and ceriu m—the (1879). Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran (1838 –1912) —discovered samarium (1879) and dysprosium Swedish chemist Carl Gustaf Mosander (Figure (1886). 1b Carl Auer von Welsbach (1858 –1929) 1c —discovered praseodymium and neodymium (1885); 1, 2) was able to separate four additional ele - co-discovered lutetium (1907).
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in your element Rounding up lutetium Lars Öhrström suspects that as time goes by, we may see more of lutetium — the last of the lanthanoids. e’ll always have Paris” Rick says motexafin (based on the ‘texaphyrins’), a “ to Ilsa in their final goodbye on sub-class of porphyrin-like macrocycles Wthe foggy airstrip of Casablanca with five instead of four nitrogen atoms in in the eponymous film. However, the an approximately planar ring. Motexafin question among chemists about the element lutetium, which features Lu3+ and two lutetium, named after Lutetia, as the French acetate counter-ions coordinated on either capital was known in Roman times, is not so side of the macrocycle, is potentially a good much about having it (it is more abundant photosensitizer in dynamic phototherapy than silver in the Earth’s crust), but rather and has been going through phase I trials where to place it on the map. against prostate cancer2. With its valence electron configuration Uses of the naturally occurring element [Xe]4f 146s25d1, element 71 seems to belong are otherwise scarce, but its isotope Lu-177 is to group 3, but we often see it placed at successfully used in experimental and clinical BRITTA LANGEN, BRITTA SWEDEN UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG, the very end of the lanthanoid series. Its treatments against some severe cancers by downstairs neighbour lawrencium, for which Illustration of a radiolabelled somatostatin hooking it up to a tetraazacyclododecane- experimental data are much more difficult to analogue built using PyMOL (https://pymol.org) tetraacetate (DOTA) ligand grafted to obtain, is in the same ambiguous situation.
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Alpha-Decay Half-Life of Hafnium Isotopes Reinvestigated by a Semi-Empirical Approach∗
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Hexagon Fall
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100 Years Ago, Moseley Discovered That the X-Ray Spectrum of an Element Is Determined by the Element’S Atomic Number
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Element 72- Hafnium
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THE MAJOR RARE-EARTH-ELEMENT DEPOSITS of AUSTRALIA: GEOLOGICAL SETTING, EXPLORATION, and RESOURCES Figure 1.1
CHAPTER ONE WHAT ARE RARE- EARTH ELEMENTS? 1.1. INTRODUCTION latter two elements are classified as REE because of their similar physical and chemical properties to the The rare-earth elements (REE) are a group of seventeen lanthanides, and they are commonly associated with speciality metals that form the largest chemically these elements in many ore deposits. Chemically, coherent group in the Periodic Table of the Elements1 yttrium resembles the lanthanide metals more closely (Haxel et al., 2005). The lanthanide series of inner- than its neighbor in the periodic table, scandium, and transition metals with atomic numbers ranging from if its physical properties were plotted against atomic 57 to 71 is located on the second bottom row of the number then it would have an apparent number periodic table (Fig. 1.1). The lanthanide series of of 64.5 to 67.5, placing it between the lanthanides elements are often displayed in an expanded field at gadolinium and erbium. Some investigators who want the base of the table directly above the actinide series to emphasise the lanthanide connection of the REE of elements. In order of increasing atomic number the group, use the prefix ‘lanthanide’ (e.g., lanthanide REE: REE are: lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium see Chapter 2). In some classifications, the second element of the actinide series, thorium (Th: Mernagh (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium 1 (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), and Miezitis, 2008), is also included in the REE dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium group, while promethium (Pm), which is a radioactive (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), and lutetium (Lu).
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MARCO FONTANI a – MARIAGRAZIA COSTA B – ARNALDO CINQUANTINI C
— 413 — MARCO FONTANI a – MARIAGRAZIA COSTA b – ARNALDO CINQUANTINI c La congiura di Copenaghen: dall’eclissi dell’aldebaranio e del cassiopeio al conflitto di priorità tra celtio e afnio * The Copenhagen conspirancy: from the passing of Aldebaranium and Cassiopeium to the conflict between Celtium and Hafnium Summary – Georges Urbain was already famous all over the world 1 when he started to process many minerals searching for the 72nd element. Born in Paris on April 12th 1872 he took up chemistry and later worked under Charles Friedel (1832-1899) till 1899. He spent more than a quarter of a century studying mineral chemistry 2 and discovered three elements: neoytterbium, Ny (later ytterbium), lutecium, Lu (later lutetium)3 and finally celtium, Ct.4 He was the first to purify many oxides of the rare-earths elements and obtained samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium and holmium in metallic state.5 In 1906 he split a Università di Firenze, Dipartimento di Chimica Organica «U. Schiff». b Università di Firenze, L.R.E. Dipartimento di Chimica. c Università di Siena, Dipartimento di Chimica. * Relazione presentata al X Convegno Nazionale di «Storia e Fondamenti della Chimica» (Pavia, 22-25 ottobre 2003). 1 PAUL JOB, Notice sur la vie et le travaux de Georges Urbain (1872-1938), «Bulletin de la Société Chimique de France», (1939) 5e Sér. T. 6, 49 – Mémoires; GEORGERS CHAPETIER, CHAR- LOTTE H. BOATNER, Georges Urbain, «Journal of Chemical Education», 17, 1940, p. 103; Mémoi- res et Communication, Séance du Lundi 7 Novembre 1938, «Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences», 207, 1938, p.
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