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2017 Cilt/Volume Uluslararası Amisos Dergisi Journal of International Amisos Yıl/Year: 2017 ♦ Cilt/Volume: 2 ♦ Sayı/Issue: 2, s. 49-66 GÜNÜMÜZE KADAR İYİLEŞTİRME VE GELİŞTİRMELERLE BİÇİMLENMİŞ GELENEKSEL İÇ MEKÂN MOBİLYASI “KOTATSU” İlknur YÜKSEL* Özet Geleneksel Japon evinde pişirme ve ısınma amacıyla kullanılan Japon ocağı “irori”, zaman içinde ısınma işleviyle öne çıkıp masa kullanımıyla birleşerek günümüzün “kotatsu” olarak bilinen ısınma ihtiyacını da karşılayan masa kullanımına dönüşmüştür. Bu çalışmada, kotatsu’nun tarihsel süreç içindeki gelişimi incelenerek günümüzde kaybolmakta olan geleneksel kullanımların iyileştirilerek güncellenebilmesi konusunda “kotatsu”nun örnek olabileceği düşünülmüştür ve bu nedenle incelenmiştir. Anahtar kelimeler: Japonya, kotatsu, geleneksel, inovasyon, mobilya THE PRESENT OPTIMIZATION AND IMPROVEMENTS FORMED TRADITIONAL INTERIOR FURNITURE “KOTATSU” Abstract Traditional Japanese home cooking and heating is used for the purposes of Japanese quarry "irori", over time, the use of heating function with combined stepping desk known as today's "kotatsu" meets the need for a table has evolved into the use of warming. In this study, the development in the historical process of the kotatsu can be determined by examining the traditional use of fading today is improving "kotatsu" is presumed to be an instance of updating and therefore were studied. Key words: Japanese, kotatsu, traditional, innovation, furniture * İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim Üniversitesi, Mühendislik ve Doğa Bilimleri Fakültesi, Mimarlık Bölümü, İstanbul, Türkiye. E-mail: [email protected], 0532 596 86 53 49 GİRİŞ İnsanın yaşamını sürdürebilmek için kaçınılmaz biçimde ateşe bağımlı olduğu çağlardan gelen bir davranışla hemen hemen tüm toplumlarda ateşe ve yandığı yere özel bir anlam yüklenmiştir. Mekân içindeki bir eşya ya da yapı elemanı olarak ocak; insanın ateşi korumak ve sürekliliğini sağlamak için verdiği çabanın sonucunda ortaya çıkmıştır.1 (Eczacıbaşı Sanat Ansiklopedisi, “Ocak”, yem yayınları, cilt: 3: 1360) Tüm toplumların çekirdeğini oluşturan aile, ailenin sembolü ev, evin sembolü ocak olmuştur. 2 (Yünkül, 2005: 5) Geleneksel Japon evindeki ocak; “irori”dir. Geleneksel Japon evinde birincil pişirme ve ısınma yöntemi3 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotatsu) olan “irori”, yeri evin merkezi olan, sürekli yanan kömür ateşidir.4 (Locher, 2013) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotatsu) (Şekil 1) Şekil 1. Geleneksel Japon evindeki geleneksel ocak; “irori”5 (Matsushika, 2004: 25) Muromachi döneminde (1336-15736 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muromachi_period)), pişirme ve ısıtmada kullanılan “irori”de yapılan iyileştirme ve geliştirmelerle günümüzde 1 Eczacıbaşı Sanat Ansiklopedisi, “Ocak”, yem yayınları, cilt: 3, ISBN: 975-7438-51-0 (Takım), 975-7438-54-5 (3.cilt), s: 1360 2 Ayşe Yünkül, 2005 “Elazığ Evleri”, Y.Lisans Tezi, Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü İslam Tarihi ve Sanatları Anabilim Dalı Türk-İslam Sanatları Tarihi Bilim Dalı, Elazığ, s: 5 3 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotatsu 4 Mira Locher, 2013 “Traditional Japanese Architecture: An Exploration of Elements and Forms (Google e- Kitap)”, Tuttle Publishing. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotatsu 5 Satsuki Matsushika, 2004 “Comparative Study of the Structure of Traditional Timber Housing in Turkey and Japan”, A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences of the Middle East Technical University, In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Building Science in the Department of Architecture, s: 25 6 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muromachi_period 50 “kotatsu”7 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotatsu) olarak bilinen kullanıma varacak olan ilk gelişmeleri görmeye başlıyoruz. Geleneksel Japon evine özgü bir kullanım olan “kotatsu”, masa kullanımı ile birlikte ısınma işlevini de karşılayan masa ile birlikte ısıtıcının bir arada olduğu, bir iç mekân mobilyasıdır.8 (Gill, R. D., 2004: 567) Kotatsu, üzerine şilte ya da ağır bir battaniye serilerek ısıtmanın masanın üzerine örtülen yorgan altından sağlandığı, bunun için masanın altında yerleşik bir ısı kaynağı olan9 (J. McMillan, 1996: 3) ahşaptan yapılmış alçak bir masadır. Kotatsu’nun masa kullanımı dışında yüklendiği diğer işlev ısıtma olmuştur. Bu çalışmada, geleneksel bir kullanıma dönüşen kotatsunun geliştirme ve iyileştirmelerle günümüz iç mekân mobilyasına dönüşümü ve halen güncel olan kullanımı incelenecektir. Çalışmada izlenen yöntem; kotatsu; tarihi gelişim süreci üzerinden ele alınarak incelenmiştir. Geleneksel Japon evinde ısınma konusunda kotatsu’dan evvel, seyyar hibachi ve anka gibi taşınabilir sıcak kömür hazneleri biçiminde seyyar ısıtma elemanları vardı. Hibachi; ellerin, anka ise; ayakların ısınması için kullanılırdı. Ayrıca evin merkezinde yerini alan geleneksel ocak; irori de, pişirme işlevi yanında ısınma işlevini de karşılamaktaydı. Zaman içinde hibachi’nin ısınmada yetersiz yönü ile avantajlı yanı olan taşınabilir özelliğinin, irori’de biçimlenmeye başlayan yeni işlevi de destekler biçimde bir araya gelmeye başladığını görülür. Kotatsu, geleneksel Japon ocağı; irori ile yatağı veya ayakları ısıtmakta kullanılan sıcak kömür haznesi; anka’nın geliştirilmiş bir tipidir, ancak onlardan daha sıcak bir kullanımdır.10 (Hanley, 1997: 61, 62) Kotatsu’dan evvel, 8. yy Nara dönemindeki (MS 710-74511 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nara_period)) ısıtıcı formu; üstü açık kömür mangalı;12 (Doi, 7 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotatsu 8 Gill, R. D., 2004 “Topsy-turvy 1585”, Paraverse Press, s: 567 9 Charles J. McMillan, 1996 “The Japanese Industrial System”, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 3-11-015087-5, Berlin, s: 3 10 Susan B. Hanley, 1997 “Everyday Things in Premodern Japan: The Hidden Legacy of Material Culture”, University of California Press, s: 61, 62 11 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nara_period (14.03. 2017) 12 Schun Doi, 2014 “The Naturalisation Process of the Japanese Loanwords Found in the Oxford English Dictionary”, English Studies, Vol. 95, No. 6, s: 693 (674–699); Susan B. Hanley, 1997 “Everyday Things in Premodern Japan: The Hidden Legacy of Material Culture”, University of California Press, s: 61, 62. 51 2014: 693) (Hanley, 1997: 61, 62) taşınabilir bir ısıtıcı olan13 (Ohnuki-Tierney, 1994: 65) “hibachi” idi. Hibachi’nin ancak yakınında ısınılabilir, uzaklaştıkça soğur.14 (Nesbitt, 2007: 128) Bu nedenle yalnız eller ısınabilir. Isı kaynağı geniş çömlek kap içindeki kömür ile sağlanır.15 (Kaylor ve Kaylor, 2007: 71) Bu nedenle haznesi yangına karşı dayanıklı olması için metal olmalıydı, (Şekil 2) ancak Edo veya Tokugawa dönemi (1616-186816 (Büyük Larousse Sözlük ve Ansiklopedisi, “Japonya”, cilt: 12, s: 6060)) sonunda seramikten yapılabildi ve sıcak karşısında yanmayan özellik kazandı.17 (Hanley, 1997: 61, 62) (Şekil 3) Şekil 2. Edo veya Tokugawa döneminden daha önce ilkel bir “hibachi”, Fukagawa Edo Müzesi 18 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibachi) Şekil 3. Porselenden yapılmış bir hibachi 19 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibachi) 13 Emiko Ohnuki-Tierney, 1994 “Rice as Self: Japanese Identities through Time”, Princeton University Press, s: 65 14 Mariana Nesbitt, 2007 “Japanese Ancestral Practices: A Contextualized Teaching Tool on the Afterlife in the Local Church (Hibachi Theology)”, A Thesis Submitted for the degree of Master of Theology at the South African Theological Seminary, s: 128 15 Kaylor, L. Kaylor, P. (2007) Unto a Land That I Will Show You, Xulon Press, s: 71 16 Büyük Larousse Sözlük ve Ansiklopedisi, “Japonya”, cilt: 12, s: 6060 17 Susan B. Hanley, 1997 “Everyday Things in Premodern Japan: The Hidden Legacy of Material Culture”, University of California Press, s: 61, 62 18 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibachi 19 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibachi 52 Hibachi’nin ilk ne zaman kullanıldığı bilinmemektedir. Ancak yazılı kayıtlar onun Heian döneminde (MS 79-1185) kullanımda olduğunu göstermektedir. Hibachi; geleneksel Japon ısıtma cihazıdır, Japonca “yanık”tan gelir. Yuvarlak, silindirik ya da kutu şeklinde üstü açık toprak çömlekten bir kaptır, ısıya dayanıklı ve kömürden yanmayacak bir malzemeden yapılır ya da kömürden yanmayan bir malzeme ile kaplanırdı. Yanan kömürü muhafaza etmesi yanında yanmadan tutabilecek şekilde tasarlanmıştır. Japonya’da, metalin kullanılabilirliğinin düşük olduğu dönemlerde hibachi’nin erken dönemine ait formu; selvi ağacından oyularak kil ile kaplanırdı. Hatta bu dönemde zanaatkârlar lake, altın varak ve diğer tezyinatlarla dekoratif versiyonlarını da yaptılar. Ancak metal ve seramik gibi güçlü malzemelerden yapılmış olanları daha popüler oldu. Hibachi, tarihte en çok ısıtma için kullanıldı. Ancak II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında askerler tarafından çakmak ve taşınabilir soba olarak da kullanıldı. II. Dünya Savaşından önce tren istasyonlarının bekleme salonlarında yaygın olarak görülür ancak günümüzde yerini yağ ısıtıcıları almıştır. Hibachi’nin geçmişte kalan bazı geleneksel kullanımları; çay seremonileri, büyük mağazalarda, kışın “setsubun” gibi dışarıda yapılan festivallerde görülebilir. Samuray sınıfı ve aristokratlar arasında yaygın olarak kullanılan hibachi, yavaş yavaş nüfusun geneline yayılmıştır.20 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibachi) Kotatsu’dan önce diğer bir ısınma cihazı; anka’dır. Anka; diğer adıyla ayak sobası; yatağı veya ayakları ısıtmakta kullanılan sıcak kömür haznesi’dir.21 (Hanley, 1997: 61, 62) Üst kısmında yer alan delikler ile düşey kenarlarından biri açık olan geniş ahşap bir kutudan oluşur. Bunun içinde yanan seramik ya da metalden bir kabın içinde kömür yanar. (Şekil 4) Ayaklar sobanın üzerine
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