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Arboreal Larder-Hoarding in the Tropical Indian Giant Squirrel Ratufa Indica1

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Arboreal Larder-Hoarding in the Tropical Indian Giant Squirrel Ratufa Indica1 14 (2): 165-169 (2007) Arboreal larder-hoarding in the tropical Indian giant squirrel Ratufa indica1 Hema SOMANATHAN2, Subhash MALI3 & Renee M. BORGES4, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Squirrels, especially those in temperate regions, hoard seeds in terrestrial scatterhoards or larders. Arboreal seed storage is rare. Here we show for the first time that the tropical Indian giant squirrel (Ratufa indica) larder hoards seeds in arboreal nests, a behaviour not previously described. Seeds of 6 tree and liana species in an Indian cloud forest were hoarded during the fruiting season. Seeds of 2 species were hoarded but never consumed when fresh probably because of secondary metabolites. Common species with hard seed coats were most frequently hoarded. Squirrels exhibited variation in hoarding behaviour in different areas of the study site. Squirrels that were at risk of nest robbing resulting from competition for nesting sites did not hoard seeds. Keywords: Gnetum ula, lianas, Mangifera indica, nest robbing, secondary metabolite manipulation, squirrel–plant interaction. Résumé : Les écureuils, particulièrement ceux des régions tempérées, font des provisions de graines dans des caches terrestres soit éparpillées ou dans un garde-manger. Les caches dans les arbres sont rares. Nous démontrons ici pour la première fois que l’écureuil géant de l’Inde (Ratufa indica) cache ses provisions de graines dans des nids dans les arbres, un comportement qui n’avait pas été décrit précédemment. Les graines de 6 espèces d’arbres et de lianes dans une forêt nepheliphile de l’Inde ont été cachées durant la saison de fructification. Les graines de 2 espèces ont été cachées mais jamais consommées fraîches probablement à cause de métabolites secondaires. Les espèces communes de graines possédant une envelope dure étaient les plus fréquemment cachées. Le comportement d’approvisionnement des écureuils variait entre les différents secteurs du site d’étude. Les écureuilss qui étaient à risque de se faire voler leur nid à cause de la compétition pour les sites de nidification n’y cachaient pas de graines. Mots-clés : Gnetum ula, interactions plante-écureuil, lianes, Mangifera indica, manipulations des métabolites secondaires, vol de nid. Nomenclature: Corbett & Hill, 1992; Mali & Borges, 2003. Introduction Food hoarding is a response to unpredictable and sea- for seed hoarding within arboreal nest larders in tropical sonal resources (Vander Wall, 1990). Hoarding strategies tree squirrels. We also found intraspecific variation in seed may relate to food spatial distribution, pilferage, perishabil- hoarding and relate this to nest robbing. ity, handling time, nutrients, infestation, and size (Vander The Indian or Malabar giant squirrel (Ratufa indica) is Wall, 1990; Steele, Wauters & Larsen, 2005). Seed hoard- a large (median mass 1.4 kg), strictly arboreal, solitary, obli- ing by squirrels is well known in temperate regions (Steele gate herbivore that builds 6 to 8 leaf nests within individual & Koprowski, 2001), less known in the tropics, and not at territories of which 2 or 3 nests are used simultaneously all recorded from the Indian tropics, despite high squirrel (Borges, 2007). The nests are globular, single-chambered, diversity (Corbett & Hill, 1992). This could be due to a pau- built of a twig framework, and lined by leafy sprays; they city of research in the tropics in general and Asia in particu- have a single lateral opening and are constructed in the lar (Corlett, 1998), where squirrel research is scarce (e.g., sub-canopy of tall trees. Squirrels prefer fruit whenever Borges, 1992; Paschoal & Galetti, 1995). Temperate squir- available, but will eat leaves, bark, stem pith, and flowers rels cache seeds in terrestrial larders or scatterhoards (Steele during lean fruiting periods (Borges, 1992; 1998). Home & Koprowski, 2001). Tropical squirrels also cache food on ranges in squirrels vary in size from 0.7 to 1.2 ha (Borges, or near the ground in scatterhoards (Emmons, 1980; Yasuda, 1989; 2007) and although home ranges overlap, nests as Miura & Hussein, 2000) or in tree wedges (Payne, 1979). well as nesting and neighbouring trees are usually exclu- We present evidence, for the first time to our knowledge, sive domains. Territoriality can restrict access by individual squirrels to specific rare tree species (such as Ficus) as well as to specific fruiting individuals within commoner tree spe- 1Rec. 2006-05-06; acc. 2006-10-30. cies (Borges, 1993; 1998). Associate Editor: Stephen Vander Wall. 2Present address: Department of Cell and Organism Biology, Lund University, Helgonavägen 3, S-22362 Lund, Sweden. Methods 3Present address: Science and Technology Park, University of Pune, Pune 411007, India. As part of a larger study on the foraging ecology of 4Author for correspondence. R. indica, we observed 11 focal squirrels from dawn to SOMMANATHAN, MALI & BORGES: SEED HOARDING IN A TROPICAL TREE SQUIRREL dusk (2883 observation hours) within a 22-ha intensive Results study area within which over 5000 trees were mapped. The study was conducted within the seasonal cloud for- Ratufa indica almost always consumed seeds within est of Bhimashankar Wildlife Sanctuary, Indian Western source tree crowns, and observations of carrying seeds to Ghats (900 m asl, monsoonal precipitation 3000 mm), another tree for immediate consumption or for hoarding a low diversity semi-evergreen forest dominated by were rare. Hoarded seeds were found scattered in the leafy Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae), Memecylon umbellatum nest material of the investigated nests within the single (Melastomataceae), and Olea dioica (Oleaceae), which nest chamber. Only 8 of the 31 investigated nests con- account for 64% of tree relative dominance (Mali & Borges, tained seeds (mean ± SD seeds: 30.9 ± 9.9, n = 8, Table I). 2003). Fruiting is highly seasonal (March–June), preceding A total of 247 seeds of 6 species (3 tree, 2 liana, and 1 the fruit-scarce monsoon season (Borges, 1993). unidentified species) were recovered, and at least one seed of all hoarded species was found in each of the 8 nests A part of the study area, which we refer to as the (Table I). The gymnosperm liana Gnetum ula (Gnetaceae) Bombay Road, was close to an abandoned road project for and wild mango M. indica were most abundant in larders. which a 20-m-wide strip of forest was clear-felled for 5 km, Mango seeds had the highest wet mass per seed among causing canopy discontinuity. The clearing was subsequent- hoarded species (Table II). ly colonized by weedy invasive species. The forests adjoin- ing the Bombay Road consist of naturally stunted, sparsely When all the nests belonging to 2 squirrels were inves- distributed trees on rocky slopes. The other part of the study tigated (4 in one territory and 6 in the other), only the nest area, which we refer to as the Bhima Valley, was relatively in current use contained hoarded seeds. There was consid- undisturbed, and consisted of riverine forest with tall trees, erable variation in hoarding between locations within the good canopy connectivity, and mature lianas. We estimated study site; no hoarded seeds were found in nests (n = 20) in squirrel densities in both these areas using a combination of the Bombay Road area, while 8 of the 11 nests investigated 2 nest counts and direct sightings of individually identifiable in the Bhima Valley contained seeds (χ = 19.61, df = 1, animals. The sizes of individual home ranges of focal squir- P < 0.0001). rels were estimated using mapped locations of trees. During Squirrel density in the Bombay Road area was higher focal animal sampling, we also collected data on interac- (3.3 squirrels·ha-1) compared to that in the Bhima Valley tions between squirrels, including aggressive encounters (0.8 squirrels·ha-1), apparently owing to the habitat distur- at food sources or nests. During this sampling, 2 squirrels bance in the Bombay Road area. Aggressive encounters per were observed caching M. indica seeds within their nests squirrel were significantly higher in the Bombay Road area and later retrieving them for consumption after the fruiting season was over. Since hoarding had never been recorded in this squirrel at this or other sites (Borges, 1989; 1992; TABLE I. Species composition of nest larders. 1998), we investigated 31 squirrel nests immediately after Mean ± SD (Range) Total % of total the fruiting season with the assistance of local tree climb- (n = 8 nests) seeds seeds ers. Access was dangerous since nests occur near termini Gnetum ula 11.9 ± 8.8 (2–26) 95 38.5 of canopy branches. Only active nests were investigated to Mangifera indica 8.5 ± 4.8 (1–16) 68 27.5 exclude seed storage by other animals that use abandoned Syzygium cumini 3.3 ± 1.7 (1–6) 26 10.5 squirrel nests. We provide wet seed masses of hoarded and Embelia ribes 3.1 ± 1.6 (1–5) 25 10.1 Olea dioica 2.6 ± 2.1 (2–6) 21 8.5 non-hoarded species (to include tree species up to nearly Unknown species 1.5 ± 1.5 (2–4) 12 4.9 90% relative dominance values at the site) for comparison. TABLE II. Characteristics of hoarded and non-hoarded species in Bhimashankar. Species Family Wet seed mass Fruit size Eaten when Hard seed coat Relative Mean (g) ± SDSD n classa fresh/Hoarded dominancec Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae 14.9 ± 9.0 22 L Y/Yb Yb 34.3 Memecylon umbellatum Melastomataceae – – S Y/N Y 15.5 Olea dioica Oleaceae 0.3 ± 0.03 12 S N/Y Y 14.3 Xantolis tomentosa Sapotaceae 0.6 ± 0.1 20 S Y/N N 6.9 Syzygium cumini Myrtaceae 0.5 ± 0.1 20 S N/Y Y 6.5 Syzygium gardneri Myrtaceae 0.5 ± 0.1 10 S N/N Y 2.5 Garcinia talbotii Clusiaceae 7.7 ± 0.6 10 M Y/N N 2.1 Amoora lawii Meliaceae 0.6 ± 0.2 20 S Y/N N 1.8 Diospyros sylvatica Ebenaceae 1.0 ± 0.3 20 S Y/N N 1.5 Ficus nervosa Moraceae – – S Y/N N 1.4 Cassine glauca Celastraceae – – S N/N N 1.3 Litsea stocksii Lauraceae 0.4 ± 0.04 20 S Y/N N 1 Gnetum ula (liana) Gnetaceae 3.0 ± 0.5 12 S Y/Y Y – Embelia ribes (liana) Myrsinaceae – – S Y/Y Y – a Fruit size class: L = large (> 50 g), M = medium (10–49 g), S = small (< 10 g); For entire table: – = not available; b Y = yes, N = no; c Data from Mali & Borges, 2003.
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