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© Osprey Publishing • © Osprey Publishing • HITLER’S EAGLES
www.ospreypublishing.com © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com HITLER’S EAGLES THE LUFTWAFFE 1933–45 Chris McNab © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com CONTENTS Introduction 6 The Rise and Fall of the Luftwaffe 10 Luftwaffe – Organization and Manpower 56 Bombers – Strategic Reach 120 Fighters – Sky Warriors 174 Ground Attack – Strike from Above 238 Sea Eagles – Maritime Operations 292 Ground Forces – Eagles on the Land 340 Conclusion 382 Further Reading 387 Index 390 © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com INTRODUCTION A force of Heinkel He 111s near their target over England during the summer of 1940. Once deprived of their Bf 109 escorts, the German bombers were acutely vulnerable to the predations of British Spitfires and Hurricanes. © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com he story of the German Luftwaffe (Air Force) has been an abiding focus of military Thistorians since the end of World War II in 1945. It is not difficult to see why. Like many aspects of the German war machine, the Luftwaffe was a crowning achievement of the German rearmament programme. During the 1920s and early 1930s, the air force was a shadowy organization, operating furtively under the tight restrictions on military development imposed by the Versailles Treaty. Yet through foreign-based aircraft design agencies, civilian air transport and nationalistic gliding clubs, the seeds of a future air force were nevertheless kept alive and growing in Hitler’s new Germany, and would eventually emerge in the formation of the Luftwaffe itself in 1935. The nascent Luftwaffe thereafter grew rapidly, its ranks of both men and aircraft swelling under the ambition of its commander-in-chief, Hermann Göring. -
The Luftwaffe in Wwii: Aircraft • Secret Weapons, Experimental Designs, Jet Aircraft, Rockets & Missiles
42 THE LUFTWAFFE IN WWII: AIRCRAFT • SECRET WEAPONS, EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS, JET AIRCRAFT, ROCKETS & MISSILES Messerschmitt Bf 110 over all Fronts Secret Wonder Weapons of the Third Reich: Dragonfly: The Luftwaffe’s Experimental 1939-45 Held & Nauroth. The WWII Luft- German Missiles 1934-45 Miranda & Mercado. Triebflügeljäger Project David Myhra. The waffe’s two-engined attack and night-fighter This book covers the great variety of secret and world’s first attempt at perfecting a true, tail-sitting aircraft shown in all its variants over a variety largely unknown German missile programs, under vertical take off and landing (VTOL) interceptor of war fronts. categories such as guided missiles, piloted missiles, flying machine – Focke-Wulf’s Triebflügeljäger, Size: 7.75”x10.5” • 200 bw photos • 248pp. and ballistic missiles. of 1944. ISBN: 0-88740-286-0 • hard • $29.95 Size: 8.5”x11” • 150 bw photos • 144pp. Size: 8.5”x11” • 240 color/bw photos • 120pp. ISBN: 0-7643-0086-5 • hard • $35.00 ISBN: 0-7643-1877-2 • soft • $29.95 Messerschmitt Bf 110/Me 210/Me 410: German Jet Aircraft 1939-45 Hans-Peter Gotha P.60 David Myhra. A detailed look at the An Illustrated History Mankau & Petrick. Diedrich. Germany was one of the leading devel- aircraft proposed by Gotha to replace the Horten For the first time, this richly illustrated book opers of jet propulsion during WWII – in August Ho 229, which had already been selected for series offers a comprehensive, detailed examination 1939 the world’s first jet aircraft, the Heinkel He production by the RLM. Includes a comparison of of the legendary Messerschmitt Bf 110, Me 210, 178, took to the air on its maiden flight. -
The BMW 003 Jet Engine
The BMW 003 jet engine In the late 1930s the aviation industry underwent a technical revolution as German and British engineers began the race to build the fi rst jet engines. The new technology represented a quantum leap forward for powered fl ight. And at the dawn of the jet age BMW was a world leader in engine development. Christian Pierer Continuous improvements to airframes and engines through- Daimler-Benz – a DB 601 ReV unit delivering 2,770 hp – enjoyed out the first half of the 20th century brought a steady increase in a lifespan of just a few minutes. The record nevertheless marked aircraft flying speed. In spring 1939 a Messerschmitt Me 209 set a watershed since it demonstrated that, given the technological a new speed record for a propeller-engined plane of 755 km/h, limitations of the day, speeds above 800 km/h were not possible even if the purpose-built high-performance engine supplied by using propeller or piston engines. 46 BMW Mobile Tradition I Aero engines Engineers therefore increasingly turned their attention to the two companies that successfully took jet engines to series alternative concepts of propulsion, one of which in particular was production. considered highly promising – the jet engine. In Germany, ear- A key factor in the development of the first BMW jet engine ly development of this new technology was not carried out by was the takeover in 1939 of the company’s rival, Bramo. Both one of the renowned aero engine manufacturers, but by Heinkel BMW and Bramo had been working on their own separate engine Flugzeugwerke AG. -
A/C Serial No
A/C SERIAL NO. W/NR.120227 SECTION 2B INDIVIDUAL HISTORY HEINKEL He162A-2 W/NR.120227/AIR MIN 65/VN679/8472M MUSEUM ACCESSION NUMBER 1990/0697/A Apr 45 Built by Heinkel-Nord at Marienehe, near Rostock-one of probably 55 He 162s built there, from a total of 171 He162s built; delivered? late April to II/JG1 at Leck airfield, near Husum, Schleswig-Holstein, on the Danish border - a collecting point for many surviving Luftwaffe units in northern Germany at this time, the unit being declared combat ready at Leck on 20 April. No code recorded but believed to be ‘Red 2’. One of at least 116 He162A `Volksjager’ (People’s Fighter) aircraft officially delivered to the Luftwaffe, a minimum of 55 being completed at Marienehe. On 3 May 45 JG1 was organised into two Gruppes, 1 Einsatz (combat) and II Sammel (replacement). Fuel shortages seemingly restricted operational use of the type which was underway by 25th April 1945, and the last He162 operational flight from Leck was on 6 May 1945, by a single aircraft which crashed on landing; a ceasefire had come into effect later the previous day. 6 May 45 One of some 50 He162s surrendered to British forces at Leck, the first to arrive being the RAF Regiment; following the German capitulation on 7 May, the airfield was officially take over by the Allies on 8 May, and JG1 was disbanded, with most of its officers discharged early in July 1945. 31 Jul 45 Arrived at RAE Farnborough by surface transport, as one of at least 11 He162s delivered to the UK. -
Military Jet Engine Acquisition
Military Jet Engine Acquisition Technology Basics and Cost-Estimating Methodology Obaid Younossi, Mark V. Arena, Richard M. Moore Mark Lorell, Joanna Mason, John C. Graser Prepared for the United States Air Force Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited R Project AIR FORCE The research reported here was sponsored by the United States Air Force under Contract F49642-01-C-0003. Further information may be obtained from the Strategic Planning Division, Directorate of Plans, Hq USAF. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Military jet engine acquisition : technology basics and cost-estimating methodology / Obaid Younossi ... [et al.]. p. cm. “MR-1596.” Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-8330-3282-8 (pbk.) 1. United States—Armed Forces—Procurement—Costs. 2. Airplanes— Motors—Costs. 3. Jet planes, Military—United States—Costs. 4. Jet engines— Costs. I. Younossi, Obaid. UG1123 .M54 2002 355.6'212'0973—dc21 2002014646 RAND is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and decisionmaking through research and analysis. RAND® is a registered trademark. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions or policies of its research sponsors. © Copyright 2002 RAND All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from RAND. Published 2002 by RAND 1700 Main Street, P.O. Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138 1200 South Hayes Street, Arlington, VA 22202-5050 201 North Craig Street, Suite 202, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1516 RAND URL: http://www.rand.org/ To order RAND documents or to obtain additional information, contact Distribution Services: Telephone: (310) 451-7002; Fax: (310) 451-6915; Email: [email protected] PREFACE In recent years, the affordability of weapon systems has become increasingly important to policymakers in the Department of Defense and U.S. -
Philosophy and Ethics of Aerospace Engineering
UNIVERSIDADE DA BEIRA INTERIOR Engenharia Philosophy and Ethics of Aerospace Engineering António Luis Martins Mendes Tese para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Aeronautical Engineering (3º ciclo de estudos) Orientador: Prof. Doutor Jorge Manuel Martins Barata Covilhã, Dezembro de 2016 ii Dedicatória Gostaria de dedicar esta tese a minha Avó Rosa e aos meus Pais por acreditarem em mim e pelo apoio estes anos todos desde a primeira classe até agora. Obrigado por tudo! ii Acknowledgments My deepest gratitude to Professor Jorge Barata for the continuous support throughout college since I was invited to become a member of his Research and Development team until the present days. His patience, motivation, knowledge, individual and family values have been a mark on my own professional and personal life. His teaching and guidance allowed me to succeed in life to extents I never thought it could have happened. I could have not imagined having a better advisor and mentor for my PhD study. Beside my mentor, I would like to say thank you to Professor André Silva and my colleague and friend Fernando Neves for all the good and bad moments throughout college and life events. I would like to recognize some other professors that made a difference in my studies and career paths – Professor Koumana Bousson, Professor Jorge Silva, Professor Pedro Gamboa, Professor Miguel Silvestre, Professor Aomar Abdesselam, Professor Sarychev and my colleague Maria Baltazar. Last but not least, I would like to thank my family: my wife Kristie, my kids (AJ and Bela) and my neighbor Fred LaCount for the spiritual support throughout this study and phase of my life. -
Military a Viation | Naval | Ground Forces Spring/Summer 2018 American Civil War | Militaria Modeling & Collectible Figures Transportation Find a Niche & Scratch It!
MILITARY A viation | Naval | Ground Forces Spring/Summer 2018 American Civil War | Militaria Modeling & Collectible Figures Transportation Find a Niche & Scratch It! Thank you for your interest in our Spring/Summer 2018 Military catalog. Here you will find the hard work of our passionate authors, editors, and designers, who have created books that educate, entertain, instruct, and inspire. This season, we’re excited to announce our new Classic Guns of the World series (pg. 16), which features concise histories of guns used in war throughout history. In Hunting the Wind (pg. 10), read the firsthand accounts of the men and women behind Pan American World Airway’s Epic Flying Boats. Learn the history of America’s foreign-born soldiers of WWI in Forgotten Soldiers of World War I (pg. 11). Aviation fans will be thrilled with this season’s lineup: Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird (pg. 5), The MiG-29 (pg. 7), and The Bell AH-1 Cobra: From Vietnam to the Present (pg. 6), to name a few. And looking beyond the skies, our line of titles on spaceflight expands withSaturn V: America’s Rocket to the Moon (pg. 8) from our America in Space series and The Soviet Space Program: First Steps, 1941–1953 (pg. 9). Finally, fans of our Legends of Warfare series, concise histories of aviation, naval, and ground forces, will be glad see the following new additions: Corsair (pg. 2); Grumman J2F Duck (pg. 3); Sturmgeschütz, Vols. 1 & 2 (pg. 15); and M1 Abrams (pg. 12). As always, our newest season stretches across topics and we pride ourselves on curating and designing a list that piques your curiosity and encourages you to dig deeper into your passions. -
Secret Weapons, Experimental Designs, Jet Aircra Ft, Rockets & Missiles 55
SECRET WEAPONS, EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS, JET AIRCRA FT, ROCKETS & MISSILES 55 German Jet Aircraft 1939-45 Hans-Peter Gotha P.60 David Myhra. A detailed look at the The Horten Ho 9/Ho 229 David Myhra. Horten Diedrich. Germany was one of the leading devel- aircraft proposed by Gotha to replace the Horten brothers biographer David Myhra continues opers of jet propulsion during WWII – in August Ho 229, which had already been selected for series his efforts for a full accounting of the events 1939 the world’s fi rst jet aircraft, the Heinkel He production by the RLM. Includes a comparison of surrounding the design, construction, and fl ight 178, took to the air on its maiden fl ight. This the two aircraft, as well as fi rsthand interviews testing of the twin turbojet powered all-wing new book examines all of the developments, with those involved. prototype Horten Ho 9 fi ghter/interceptor and its production and aircraft types: He 280, Me 262, Size: 8.5"x11" • 330 color/bw photos • 120pp. serial production prototype the Horten Ho 229V3. Ar 234, He 162, Ju 287, Ho IX, Me 328, P1101, ISBN: 0-7643-1399-1 • soft • $19.95 Hs 132, DM 1, Ta 183. Vol 1: Retrospective Word for word interviews Size: 8.5"x11" • 80 bw photos • 112pp. make up this volume and often the details given ISBN: 0-7643-1230-8 • hard • $29.95 by one former worker differs from another leading to more questions than answers. Size: 8.5"x11" • 250 bw photos/plans • 224pp. German Rocket Fighters of WWII Hans-Peter Heinkel He 162 Heinz J. -
Heinkel He 162, with Butterfly Tail Heinkel He
301 Heinkel He 162 equipped with a single Argus-Schmidt As 044pulse jet Heinkel He 162, with butterfly tail The variant A-2 with a butterfly tail is designated in reference literature as the A-9. It was only intended as a test aircraft for the new tail concept.153 There were also plans to undertake flights using the He 280 as a launch aircraft,154 but the course of the war did not allow any trials to be conducted. Heinkel He 162, with swept wings Studies were undertaken to achieve greater critical speeds with the more power- ful Heinkel-Hirth He-S11 engine than were being reached with the wing geometry of the He 162 already in production. Variants with a 25° forward sweep and an alternative with a 35° rear sweep in conjunction with a butterfly tail were planned. Production was not expected before the beginning of 1946. By the end of the war, wind tunnel mock-ups with a wingspan of 4.8 m were under con- struction.155 153 F-TS-672-RE : 6.7.1945 : History and Experiences of the He-162, p. 4 154 Koos, p. 107 155 F-TS-672-RE : 6.7.1945 : History and Experiences of the He-162, p. 3 302 After the war, former Heinkel technicians completed the drawings of both vari- ants in Great Britain. Relevant literature refers to the swept-back option as the He 162 D; the forward-swept version as the He 162 C. Closer examination of the wing roots of both drawings leads to the conclusion that it was hardly likely that both wing configurations could have been fitted to one and the same fuselage. -
Secret Weapons, Experimental Designs, Jet Aircra Ft, Rockets & Missiles • X-Planes
56 SECRET WEAPONS, EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS, JET AIRCRA FT, ROCKETS & MISSILES • X-PLANES Me 262 A-1a David Myhra. Featured Messerschmitt Me 262 Manfred Griehl. De- Germany’s V-2 Rocket Gregory P. Kennedy. is the Me 262A-1a, the standard fi ghter tailed one-volume short history of the legendary Although dwarfed by today’s giant rockets, the variant of this famed WWII aircraft. WWII-era Lufwaffe jet fi ghter. V-2 represented a quantum leap beyond anything Size: 11"x8.5" • 400 bw photos • 216pp. Size: 8.5"x11" • 80 color/bw photos • 52pp. previously built. During the last six months of the ISBN: 0-7643-1939-6 • hard • $39.95 ISBN: 0-88740-820-6 • soft • $14.95 war in Europe, Germany launched thousands of these missiles against the Allies. This book traces the origins and development of the V-2, from groups of individual experimenters in the 1930s to its use as a weapon system. Size: 8.5"x11" • 130 bw photos • 136pp. ISBN: 0-7643-2452-7 • hard • $39.95 Me 262: Versions A-1a Jabo Natter & other German Rocket Jet German Guided Missiles Heinz through A-5a David Myhra. Featured Projects. Short history of the unusual J. Nowarra. Rare look at WWII-era are the Me 262 “A" series types from WWII-era Luftwaffe manned rocket German air-to-air, surface-to-air, and the A-1a jabo through the A-5 and in- powered interceptor aircraft. air-to-ground guided missiles. cluding bomber, recon, night-fi ghter Size: 11"x8.5" • 80 bw photos • 48pp. -
Wing Span Details S O Price Ama Pond Rc Ff Cl O T Gas
RC SCALE ELECTRIC ENGINE NAME OF PLAN WING DETAILS SPRICE AMA POND FF CL O GAS RUBBER GLIDER 3 reduced SPAN O T V plan Pylon Racer/sport M X Supercat: 28 $9 00362 X flier. Aileron, elevator a C.control, E. BOWDEN, foam wing, r 1B4 X X BLUE DRAGON 96 $19 20030 X 1934 BUCCANEER B BERKELEY KIT 1C6 X X 48 $20 20053 X SPECIAL PLAN, 1940 (INSTRUCTIONS DENNY 1G7 X X DENNYPLANE JR. 72 $24 20103 X INDUSTRIES 1936 MODEL AIRPLANE 6B4 X COMMANDO 48 $13 20386 X NEWS 12/44, FLUGEHLING & MODELL 46C7 X WESPE 36 $7 25241 X TECHNIK 2/61, HAROLDFRIEDRICH DeBOLT 64G4 X X X BLITZKRIEG 60 $22 28724 X 1938 MODEL AIRCRAFT 66A3 X SKYVIKING 17 $4 28848 X 8/58, MALMSTROM AEROMODELLER 66A4 X DWARF 22 $3 28849 X PLANS 11/82, MODELHILLIARD AIRPLANE 67A5 X X TURNER SPECIAL* 42 $8 28965 X NEWS 5/36, AEROMODELLERTURNER 75F7 X TAMER LANE 28 $4 29959 X PLAN 8/79, FLUGCLARKSON & MODELL 77D7 X W I K 12 48 $7 30190 X TECHNIK 9/55, PERFORMANCEKLINGER 83A3 X SUN BIRD C 4 51 $18 30609 X KITS P T 16 1/2 38 $13 33800 X 91F7 X FLUG & MODELE X WE-GE 53 $15 50434 X TECHNIK, 4/92 COMET CLIPPER COMET KIT PLAN, 1D3 X X 72 $25 20063 X MK II, 3 SHEETS 1940 CLOUD CRUISER, MODEL AIRPLANE 1F5 X X 72 $29 20093 X 2 SHEETS NEWS, MOYER 7/37 AERONCA SPORT MODEL 13A2 X X 37 $13 21104 X PLANE CRAFTSMAN 1/40, YAKOVLEV Y A K 4 MODELOGRINZ AIRCRAFT 31E4 C C 50 $21 23357 C RECONNAISANCE 5/61, TAYLOR NORTH AMERICAN MODEL AIRPLANE 38F4 C C X 38 $20 24308 C F J 3 FURY NEWS 4/62, COLES BRISTOL 170 AMERICAN 49C6 C C 40 $13 25597 C FREIGHTER MODELER 1961 CANNUAL, & S MODEL LAUMER CO. -
Fighter Aircraft
Fighter aircraft An A-10 Thunderbolt II, F-86 Sabre, P-38 Lightning and P-51 Mustang fly in formation during an air show at Langley Air Force Base, Virginia. The formation displays two generations of Air Force fighter aircraft, and an attack aircraft (the A-10). A fighter aircraft is a military aircraft designed primarily for attacking other aircraft, as opposed to a bomber, which is designed to attack ground targets, primarily by dropping bombs. Fighters are comparatively small, fast, and maneuverable. Fighter aircraft are the primary means by which armed forces gain air superiority. At least since World War II, air superiority has been a crucial component of victory in most modern warfare, particularly "conventional" warfare between regular armies, and their acquisition and maintenance represent a very substantial proportion of military budgets in militaries that maintain modern fighter forces. Introduction The word “fighter” did not become the official British term for a single seat fighter until after the First World War. In the RFC/RAF such aircraft continued to be called “scouts”. The French and Germans both used (and still use) terms that literally mean “hunter”. The Americans, perhaps originally due to a mistranslation of the French word “chasseur” called their fighters “pursuit” aircraft until after the Second World War. By whatever name they are known, fighters were developed in response to the fledgling use of aircraft and dirigibles in World War I for reconnaissance and ground attack roles. As aerial warfare became increasingly important, so did control of the airspace. By World War II, fighters were predominantly all-metal monoplanes with wing-mounted or propeller-mounted cannons.