Agricultural Economics and the Agrarian Lobby in Hungary Under State Socialism

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Agricultural Economics and the Agrarian Lobby in Hungary Under State Socialism east central europe 44 (2017) 284-308 brill.com/eceu Agricultural Economics and the Agrarian Lobby in Hungary under State Socialism Zsuzsanna Varga Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest [email protected] Abstract Following the revolution in 1956, Hungary’s agrarian policy went through changes and reforms unprecedented within the socialist block. The most important reform was the abolition of the system of compulsory delivery. This article aims to outline how the political change affected agrarian economics and also highlights the signifi- cant role played by some scholars, with their latent presence and their policy sugges- tions, which the Kádár Government had the courage to support in November 1956. With the emergence of the so-called Agrarian Lobby, of the intertwining networks of politicians, administr ators, and scientists of the agrarian sector, the personal and intellectual preconditions had already been in place before 1956. Institutionalization, however, could only come about after the partial rehabilitation of market economy. The post-1956 political leadership could only meet the challenge of re-defining the relationship of the state and the agricultural cooperatives with the contribution of professionals. At the same time, the shape and nature of Kádár era agrarian eco- nomic research were also affected by the alliance between the practitioners of the field and the emerging network of agro-politicians and administrators, the Agrarian Lobby. Two key figures, Ferenc Erdei and Lajos Fehér, shared the responsibility for the better performance of agriculture. This paper also pays attention to the way their cooperation on this reform policy-oriented research was realized and the key role it played in the Hungarian agricultural cooperatives’ emancipation from the bonds of the kolkhoz model in the 1960s. Keywords agrarian economics – agrarian lobby – Hungary – socialism – revolution of 1956 © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2017 | doi 10.1163/18763308-04402003Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 10:30:18PM via free access <UN> Agricultural Economics 285 By the turn of 1956–57, it was decided that the Kádár government,1 whose rise to power had been strongly supported by the Soviet Union, should extend the reprisals not only to the participants of armed struggle but also to intellectuals involved “in the preparation of the counter-revolution.” The functioning of the Hungarian Writers’ Association was suspended on 17 January 1957. The same was the case with the National Association of Hungarian Journalists three days later. Simultaneously, they launched a campaign to put well-known writers and journalists involved in the revolution under arrest (Standeisky, 1996: 191–212). The government applied a wide range of reprisals in several groups of in- tellectuals between 1956 and 1963. György Péteri provides a detailed analysis on the mechanism of the “purges” using the example of the Institute of Eco- nomics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Péteri 2004a). In the same period, representatives of a closely related academic area, agrarian economics, experienced an entirely different process. To them, an opportunity presented itself to revitalize their discipline. My attention was drawn to this discrepancy between the two scholarly fields while conducting my research on the socialist agrarian lobby (Varga 2013). In the present study I shall explore how the political changes of 1956 led to the revitalization of the agrarian economics. From the late 1940s the Stalinist academic regime expected agrarian economic research to provide help in the practical problems of the newly established socialist cooperatives.2 To evoke the historical context, I shall discuss the conditions in both the agrarian sec- tor and this special scholarly field in the period between 1953 and 1956. In the central part of the study I am giving an overview of the personal as well as the institutional conditions of this revitalization based on the Research Institute of Agricultural Economics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (in Hungar- ian: Agrárgazdasági Kutató Intézet=aki). I pay special attention to the political struggles that surrounded the emancipation of this discipline. Finally, a case study from the 1960s will be integrated to offer some insight into the coopera- tion between agrarian economists and the agrarian lobby (leading party and 1 The official name of the Kádár government was the Hungarian Revolutionary Worker-Peasant Government. 2 In the literature dealing with the socialist agriculture, “cooperatives” and “collective farms” are usually used as identical terms. However, we should be aware on the one hand of the fundamental difference from the Western-type cooperatives (for example Dutch or German ones), and on the other hand of their different meanings in various countries in different periods. In my paper I prefer to use “cooperative” or “cooperative farm,” since this term was generally used in the contemporary sources. east central europe 44 (2017) 284-308 Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 10:30:18PM via free access <UN> 286 Varga state functionaries actively promoting the divergence from the Stalinist model in agriculture). i The Historical Context The issue of the Stalinist modernization of agriculture in East Central Europe was put on the agenda in 1948. This meant more than mere collectivization; it actually involved subordinating the agricultural sector to the interests of forced industrialization (Swain 2014: 499–502). Before the launch of collectiv- ization, at the turn of 1948–1949, there was an important theoretical debate in Hungary within the leadership of the communist party.3 In the course of the debate, the policy of Mátyás Rákosi (the first secretary of the hwp) and Ernő Gerő (the secretary responsible for the economic policy), who were willing to satisfy Soviet demands even at the price of radical moves, clashed with the stance taken by Imre Nagy, who was the leading communist agrarian expert (Rainer 2009: 48–52). Nagy warned of the dangers and negative consequences of rapid and aggressive collectivization. He stressed that the vast majority of the Hungarian peasants were skeptical about the idea of Soviet-type collec- tive farming. In order to avoid economic and social disturbances, he recom- mended a long and gradual multi-sectoral transition. For his views Imre Nagy was labelled as right-wing and revisionist, and in 1949 he was expelled from the Politburo of the hwp (Rainer 2009: 48–52). I discuss this antecedent because after Stalin’s death, Soviet leaders con- fronted Rákosi and Gerő with the fact that the economic sector most severely affected by crisis was agriculture. They referred back to the aforementioned debate and recommended Imre Nagy for Prime Minister (Varga 1992: 234–269). It is true that he was the only one among the Muscovite leaders of the hwp who was considered an agricultural expert owing to his family background, his studies, and experiences as a researcher in agricultural economics. The background of the severe agricultural crisis was the following. Regard- less of the scope of violence applied by the communists, they did not manage to break the peasants’ resistance towards the kolkhoz. By the turn of 1952–1953, the first campaign of collectivization, launched in 1949, had failed (Ö. Kovács, 2014: 215–221). Meanwhile the agrarian sector had been completely disrupted: the standard of production did not reach that of the period before the war 3 The name of the communist party in Hungary between 1945 and 1948: Hungarian Commu- nist Party (hcp), between 1948 and 1956: Hungarian Workers’ Party (hwp), between 1956 and 1989: Hungarian Socialist Workers’ Party (hswp). east centralDownloaded europe from 44 Brill.com09/25/2021(2017) 284-308 10:30:18PM via free access <UN> Agricultural Economics 287 except for the year 1951 when weather conditions were extremely favorable (Pető and Szakács 1985: 204–212). Hungary was in need of imported food. In Hungary by 1953 the new socialist cooperatives had been cultivating a little short of 40 percent of all arable land (Pető and Szakács 1985: 212). In or- der to overcome the crisis, the government led by Imre Nagy had to rely on individual farms which at the time provided the bulk of agricultural products. The first steps of the New Course agrarian policy reflected the recognition of this reality. It was even further accentuated in the medium-term resolution concerning agricultural development adopted by the government in late 1953. It was preceded by the establishment of a scientific committee initiated by Imre Nagy in the autumn of 1953 (Romány 2006b). He was not only the master- mind behind this comprehensive project, but he continued his control over it. He drew up a detailed schedule and took part in the discussions whenever he could. He called together 150 agrarian experts to work out a long-term program for developing agricultural production. Many were invited who were not party members (Dénes Penyigei, János Mócsi, János Erdei, Imre Rázsó, etc.), so he invited scholars whose main “sin” was their “reactionary” past, which meant that they gained their knowledge and experience in the interwar period, in the “Old regime.” This was the first sign of the rehabilitation of expertise stigma- tized as “bourgeois” until then. Prime Minister Imre Nagy asked the participants “to work out those mea- sures the government should carry out using their knowledge, scientific prepa- rations and practical experience” (Nagy 1954: 402). The goal was to work out a three-year long agricultural development program which could encourage private peasant farms to increase their production, as they were still the most important factor of the agrarian sector. To achieve this, the categories of mar- ket economy should be used instead of those used in planned economy. The one month that the young communists who held the leading agricultural posts of the nomenklatura spent with this sundry company on Szabadság Hill was like an intensive training for them (author’s interview with Imre Dimény, 17 October 2011).
Recommended publications
  • HUNGARIAN STUDIES 19. No. 1. Nemzetközi Magyar Filológiai
    ET IN HUNGÁRIA EGO: TRIANON, REVISIONISM AND THE JOURNAL MAGYAR SZEMLE (1927-1944) MATTHEW CAPLES Indiana University, Bloomington, IN USA The journal Magyar Szemle (1927-1944), founded by Prime Minister István Bethlen and edited by the historian Gyula Szekfïï, was the primary forum for the dis­ cussion of the revision of the Treaty of Trianon and the situation of the Hungarian minorities in the neighboring states. Rejecting all proposals for border revision on an ethnic basis, the journal espoused integral revisionism, or the restoration of the his­ torical Kingdom of Hungary. The periodical's own position on revision is best illus­ trated by the "New Hungária" essays of the legal scholar László Ottlik, published between 1928 and 1940, which hoped to win back the former national minorities through promises of wide-ranging autonomy within a re-established Greater Hun­ gary. Keywords: Trianon, Revisionism, Irredentism, Magyar Szemle, Hungarian minori­ ties I. Introduction Magyar Szemle (Hungarian Review, 1927-1944) was the conservative journal par excellence and one of the outstanding periodicals of interwar Hungary. In­ spired by Prime Minister István Bethlen ( 1874-1946)l and for many years edited by the prominent historian Gyula Szekfïï (1883-1955), the journal represented the most significant gathering of conservative intellectuals to be found during the pe­ riod of Admiral Miklós Horthy's regency (1920-1944). In the wide variety of the topics it covered as well as the quality of its writing, Magyar Szemle far surpassed other conservative journals of the day. In addition to essays on history, literature, art, culture, education, politics, economics and social issues, the journal focused on the pressing questions of Hungarian foreign policy.
    [Show full text]
  • October 30, 1956 Working Notes from the Session of the CPSU CC Presidium on 30 October 1956
    Digital Archive digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org International History Declassified October 30, 1956 Working Notes from the Session of the CPSU CC Presidium on 30 October 1956 Citation: “Working Notes from the Session of the CPSU CC Presidium on 30 October 1956,” October 30, 1956, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, TsKhSD, F. 3, Op. 12, D. 1006, Ll. 6-14, compiled by V. N. Malin. Published in CWIHP Bulletin 8-9, pp. 392-393. http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/113647 Summary: The Presidium decides to promulgate a declaration on Hungary in which Soviet withdrawal and relations with the new government will be addressed. Members discuss the language of the new declaration and the advice of the CPC CC regarding the status of Soviet troops. The declaration is also intended to address the broader crisis in Soviet relations with people’s democracies. Original Language: Russian Contents: English Translation Working Notes from the Session of the CPSU CC Presidium on 30 October 1956(1) (Re: Point 1 of Protocol No. 49)(2) Those Taking Part: Bulganin, Voroshilov, Molotov, Kaganovich, Saburov, Brezhnev, Zhukov, Shepilov, Shvernik, Furtseva, Pospelov On the Situation in Hungary Information from Cdes. Mikoyan and Serov is read aloud.(3) Cde. Zhukov provides information about the concentration of mil.-transport aircraft in the Vienna region.(4) Nagy is playing a double game (in Malinin's opinion). Cde. Konev is to be sent to Budapest.(5) On Discussions with the Chinese comrades. (6) (Khrushchev) We should adopt a declaration today on the withdrawal of troops from the countries of people's democracy (and consider these matters at a session of the Warsaw Pact), taking account of the views of the countries in which our troops are based.
    [Show full text]
  • GEORG LUKACS RECORD of a LIFE V Georg Lukacs
    Y GEORG LUKACS RECORD OF A LIFE v Georg Lukacs Verso Record of a Life An Autobiographical Sketch Edited by Istvan Eorsi Translated by Rodney Livingstone Photos on front cover, clockwise from top, centre: Lukacs in 1917 (Lukacs Archives of the Institute of Philosophy of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences); decree on the working conditions of apprentices, Budapest 1919; Commissar Lukacs thanks the proletariat for its help in overcoming the counter-revolution (from a newsreel in the Hungarian Film Institute); Lukacs's membership card of the Soviet Writers' Union (Lukacs Archives); Commissar Lukacs ninth from the left, second row, among the troops of the Hungarian Commune, July 1919; drawing of Lukacs from Friss Ujsag, April 1919 (Lukacs Archives); Lukas with Bela Balasz and friends, April 1909; Lukacs at the age of 11 (Lukacs Archives). Photos on back cover, clockwise from top right: Hungarian Communist Party poster of 1946 'Intellectuals! You should join us!' (Institute of Party History); stills from the film Our People Want Peace (1951), showing Lukacs addressing the Third World Peace Congress in Budapest (Film Archives of the Hungarian Film Institute); Lukacs, on the left, welcoming Pablo Neruda at Ferihegy airport, Budapest, in 1951 (Photo Service of the Hungarian Telegraph Agency); Hungar­ ian CP poster, 1946, proclaiming 'We are building the country for the people, not the capitalists' (Institute of Party History); Georg Lukacs in 1971, very shortly before his death. Grateful acknowledgement is made to Corvina Kiad6, Budapest, whose Gyorgy Lukacs: his lifein pictures and documents, edited by Fekete and Karadi, is the source for all the photos listed above.
    [Show full text]
  • GUILTY NATION Or UNWILLING ALLY?
    GUILTY NATION or UNWILLING ALLY? A short history of Hungary and the Danubian basin 1918-1939 By Joseph Varga Originally published in German as: Schuldige Nation oder VasalI wider Willen? Beitrage zur Zeitgeschichte Ungarns und des Donauraumes Teil 1918-1939 Published in Hungarian: Budapest, 1991 ISBN: 963 400 482 2 Veszprémi Nyomda Kft., Veszprém Translated into English and edited by: PETER CSERMELY © JOSEPH VARGA Prologue History is, first and foremost, a retelling of the past. It recounts events of former times, relates information about those events so that we may recognize the relationships between them. According to Aristoteles (Poetica, ch. IX), the historian differs from the poet only in that the former writes about events that have happened, while the latter of events that may yet happen. Modern history is mostly concerned with events of a political nature or those between countries, and on occasion with economic, social and cultural development. History must present the events in such a manner as to permit the still-living subjects to recognize them through their own memories, and permit the man of today to form an adequate picture of the events being recounted and their connections. Those persons who were mere objects in the events, or infrequently active participants, are barely able to depict objectively the events in which they participated. But is not the depiction of recent history subjective? Everyone recounts the events from their own perspective. A personal point of view does not, theoretically, exclude objectivity – only makes it relative. The measure of validity is the reliability of the narrator. The situation is entirely different with historical narratives that are written with a conscious intent to prove a point, or espouse certain interests.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Verge of History Rupture and Continuity in Women's Life
    On the Verge of History Rupture and Continuity in Women’s Life Narratives from Hungary, Romania and Serbia Op de Rand van de Geschiedenis Breuken en Continuïteit in de Levensverhalen van Vrouwen uit Hongarije, Roemenië en Servië (met een samenvatting in het Nederlands) Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit Utrecht op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof. dr. G. J. van der Zwaan, ingevolge het besluit van het college voor promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op 11 januari 2013 des middags te 12.45 uur door Izabella Agárdi geboren op 15 augustus 1978 te Szeged, Hongarije Promotor: Prof. dr. M. L. Waaldijk Co-promotor: Dr. Habil. A. Pető Financial support for this project was partly provided by the European Union, Marie Curie Fellowship (EU Sixth Framework Programme). 2 On the Verge of History Rupture and Continuity in Women’s Life Narratives from Hungary, Romania and Serbia Contents Acknowledgements 6 Introduction 8 The Birth of the Topic 8 Structure 13 Chapter 1 - Writing History with Oral Life Narraives 16 1.1. Theoretical Premises of Oral History 17 1.2. Sampling, Data Collection and Position 23 1.3. Transcription: From Talk to Written Text to Narrative Segments 27 1.4. Analytical Practice 29 Chapter 2 - Life Stories and Historical Research 40 2.1. Hungarian History 42 2.2. Social and Agrarian History 50 2.3. Transition Studies 60 2.4. Gender History 67 2.5. Memory Studies 73 2.6. Oral History 82 Chapter 3 - Memories of Childhood and the Interwar Period 88 Introduction 88 3.1.
    [Show full text]
  • Agricultural Economics and the Agrarian Lobby in Hungary Under State Socialism
    east central europe 44 (2017) 284-308 brill.com/eceu Agricultural Economics and the Agrarian Lobby in Hungary under State Socialism Zsuzsanna Varga Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest [email protected] Abstract Following the revolution in 1956, Hungary’s agrarian policy went through changes and reforms unprecedented within the socialist block. The most important reform was the abolition of the system of compulsory delivery. This article aims to outline how the political change affected agrarian economics and also highlights the signifi- cant role played by some scholars, with their latent presence and their policy sugges- tions, which the Kádár Government had the courage to support in November 1956. With the emergence of the so-called Agrarian Lobby, of the intertwining networks of politicians, administr ators, and scientists of the agrarian sector, the personal and intellectual preconditions had already been in place before 1956. Institutionalization, however, could only come about after the partial rehabilitation of market economy. The post-1956 political leadership could only meet the challenge of re-defining the relationship of the state and the agricultural cooperatives with the contribution of professionals. At the same time, the shape and nature of Kádár era agrarian eco- nomic research were also affected by the alliance between the practitioners of the field and the emerging network of agro-politicians and administrators, the Agrarian Lobby. Two key figures, Ferenc Erdei and Lajos Fehér, shared the responsibility for the better performance of agriculture. This paper also pays attention to the way their cooperation on this reform policy-oriented research was realized and the key role it played in the Hungarian agricultural cooperatives’ emancipation from the bonds of the kolkhoz model in the 1960s.
    [Show full text]
  • November 01, 1956 Andropov Report, 1 November 1956
    Digital Archive digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org International History Declassified November 01, 1956 Andropov Report, 1 November 1956 Citation: “Andropov Report, 1 November 1956,” November 01, 1956, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, AVP RF, f. 059a, op. 4, p. 6, d. 5, ll. 17-19, translation from The Hungarian Quarterly 34 (Spring 1993), 108-110. Published in CWIHP Bulletin 5, p. 33. http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/111094 Summary: Andropov reports that Imre Nagy has threatened a scandal and the resignation of the government if the Soviet Union continues to send troops into Hungary. In his meeting with Nagy, Andropov is told that Hungary is withdrawing from the Warsaw Pact and will further request a UN guarantee of Hungarian neutrality if Soviet troop movements into Hungary do not stop. The report notes that after the meeting the Hungarian government informed the Embassy of its decision to leave the Warsaw Pact. Original Language: Russian Contents: English Translation Andropov Report, 1 November 1956 CODED TELEGRAM Top Secret Not to be copied From Budapest Priority Today, on November 1, at 7 p.m. I received an invitation to the inner cabinet meeting of the Council of Ministers of the H[ungarian] P[eople's] R[epublic]. Imre Nagy, who chaired the meeting, informed the participants in a rather nervous tone that in the morning he had addressed the Soviet Ambassador in connection with the Soviet troops crossing the Hungarian border and advancing towards the heart of the country. Nagy “demanded” an explanation in that matter. The way Nagy said all this suggested that he expected me to affirm that he had really expressed his protests to me.
    [Show full text]
  • Andragógia És Művelődéselmélet 1. Évf. 1. Sz. (2013.)
    I. ÉVFOLYAM 1. SZÁM I. ÉVFOLYAM 1. SZÁM ONIONS, HOMESTEADS AND INGRATITUDE: THE LIFE AND TIMES OF A POPULIST-SOCIALIST INTELLECTUAL Ferenc Erdei 1910 – 1971; politikai életrajz by Tibor Huszár, Budapest, Corvina Kiadó, 2012 Reviewed by Chris Hann Introduction When I went to Hungary in 1975 to begin dissertation research on socialist transformations of rural economy, my advisers at the Ethnological Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences soon drew the name of Ferenc Erdei to my attention. He was important, I was assured, not merely because his works in the genre of szociográfia displayed intimate knowledge of those regions of the Great Plain where I wanted to carry out field work, but also because of his theoretical insights into pre-socialist Hungarian society and his espousal of cooperatives as a solution to the problems of long-term economic backwardness. It took quite some time before I was able to read and appreciate the books in question, and to realise the significance of Erdei’s contributions not only as a scholar but also as a politician and public intellectual. Eventually, Erdei became a key figure in my early publications and his ghost came back to haunt me when I revisited the village of my original study to investigate postsocialist changes. The developments of the last two decades have unravelled a great deal of what Ferenc Erdei fought to accomplish in the Hungarian countryside. In particular, the political developments of recent years must cause him to turn in his grave. Against this background, Tibor Huszár’s biography could not be more timely.
    [Show full text]
  • Backwardness Revisited: Time, Space, and Civilization in Rural Eastern Europe
    Comparative Studies in Society and History 2015;57(4):881–911. 0010-4175/15 # Society for the Comparative Study of Society and History 2015 doi:10.1017/S0010417515000389 Backwardness Revisited: Time, Space, and Civilization in Rural Eastern Europe CHRIS HANN Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology INTRODUCTION: ANTHROPOLOGY, CIVILIZATION, AND SOCIALISM Much of the history of anthropology has been predicated on distinctions taking the form of “us versus them,” civilized versus savage, or Kulturvölker versus Naturvölker. The basic binary has often been illustrated with regard to time, notably in the structuralist opposition between diachrony and synchrony, and between progressive and “reversible” time (Lévi-Strauss 1966). Such great divide theories have coexisted uneasily with the relativist postulate of a world of equivalent but incommensurable units, usually termed “cultures.” However, some parts of the world pose intractable problems. The populations of the eastern shatter zones of Europe were closely related to those that gave birth to the Enlightenment. Some shared variants of Western Christianity, while others were affiliated to this religion’s Byzantine variant. Neither the bi- naries of Montesquieu or Lévi-Strauss nor the relativism of Herder or Benedict are adequate for grasping commonalities and differences in this interstitial region. These “people in between” are still relatively invisible in the literature of Western anthropology, though they have received loving attention from their own “native ethnographers” (Bošković and Hann 2013). Acknowledgments: Earlier versions of this article were presented at the Central European Univer- sity, Budapest (December 2012), the University of Oslo (February 2013), and the CUNY Graduate Center (October 2013). I am grateful to many participants, especially Don Kalb, Thomas Hylland Eriksen, Gerald Creed, and Katherine Verdery.
    [Show full text]
  • Hungary in Context Studies on Art and Architecture
    HUNGARY IN CONTEXT STUDIES ON ART AND ARCHITECTURE Centrart_studies_2013.indb 1 2013.09.04. 11:10 Centrart_studies_2013.indb 2 2013.09.04. 11:10 HUNGARY IN CONTEXT STUDIES ON ART AND ARCHITECTURE Edited by Anna Tüskés, Áron Tóth, Miklós Székely Essays Júlia Bara, Mirjam Dénes, Zsombor Jékely, Anikó Katona, Petra Dóra Kárai, Nikoletta Koruhely, Beatrix Mecsi, Ágnes Mészáros, Flóra Mészáros, Tibor Rostás, Andrea Rózsavölgyi, Katalin Simon, Iván Szántó, Zsuzsanna Szegedy-Maszák, Ágnes Torma, Anna Tüskés, Ferenc Veress CentrArt, Budapest, 2013 Centrart_studies_2013.indb 3 2013.09.04. 11:10 Hungary in Context Studies on Art and Architecture CentrArt Association – New Workshop for Art Historians Th e publication of this book was made possible by the support of National Cultural Fund English language essays proofread by Viktória Szabó German language essay proofread by Virág Katalin Balogh Italian language essays proofread by Paolo Tellina French language essay proofread by Yves-André Gomez Illustrations Front cover: Ferenc Martyn: Composition. Budapest, Private Property. Oil on canvas. 97×196 cm. 1935. (Körmendi Gallery’s photo) Th e authors of the essays are responsible for the contents of their texts as well as for obtaining permission to reprint the images included in their essays. © Copyright 2013 by the editor, the authors and the photographers All rights reserved. Th is book may not be reproduced, in whole or part, without written permission from the publishers. ISBN 978-963-88825-3-0 Responsible publisher Miklós Székely President of CentrArt Association Page setting and cover design Gyula Papp, Pipaszó Bt. Printed in Hungary by print.shop.hu Ltd. Centrart_studies_2013.indb 4 2013.09.04.
    [Show full text]
  • Made in Hungary
    Made in Hungary Andrew L. Simon MADE IN HUNGARY: HUNGARIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO UNIVERSAL CULTURE Copy right © 1998 by An drew L. Si mon . Appen dix: The Kings of Hun gary Copy right © 1999 by Ste phen Pálffy. All rights re served un der the Pan-American and In ter na tional Copy right Conven tions. ISBN 0-9665734-2-0 Li brary of Con gress Cat a log Card Num ber: 98-96916 Photograph by Ron Rocz: Cor o na tion Church, Bu da pest. Type faces were de signed in 1681/82 by Miklós Tótfalusi Kis for the first Hun gar ian Bi ble. 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in the United States of Amer ica. Pro duced on Corel Ventura Pub lisher software by Si mon Pub li ca tions, 1719 An glers Court, Safety Har bor, Florida 34695 Table of Contents Preface 1 Pronunciation Guide 4 Milestones of Progress 11 The Conquest 11 Christianization 13 Renaissance 15 Reformation 16 Enlightenment 20 The Age of Reform 23 Contacts with America 24 Industrialization 28 Interwar Years 30 Communism and Its Aftermath 31 The Arts 37 Folk Art 37 Architecture 43 Sculpture 46 Painting 51 Literature 63 Music 74 Theater and Cinema 98 History 123 Historiography 124 Literary History Writing 153 i The Social Sciences 161 Sociology 161 Economics 164 Anthropology and Ethnology 169 Linguistics 171 Oriental Studies 175 Philosophy 179 Psychology and Psychiatry 185 Musicology 191 Mathematical and Natural Sciences 195 Mathematics 195 Physics 204 Chemistry 220 Botany 233 Zoology 241 Engineering 246 The Early Years 246 Electrical Engineering 262 Mechanical Engineering 271 Civil Engineering 285 Water Resources Engineering
    [Show full text]
  • Szegedi Egyetemi Tudástár 2
    “To see what everybody sees and think what nobody has thought of yet” claimed Albert Szent-Györgyi on the essence of discovery. He was also a professor for the popularization of science. This volume of the Com- pendium of Knowledge by the University of Szeged exposes the little-known or the unknown dimensions of Szent-Györgyi’s activities, which are far beyond his SZEGEDI EGYETEMI narrow area of expertise: medical science and chemistry. This volume is based on those free university lectures TUDÁSTÁR 2. that were organized to celebrate the year of the 75th anniversary of the Nobel Prize awarded to Szent- The intellectual heritage of Györgyi. The contemporary professors and teachers at the University of Szeged illustrate the versatility of Albert Szent-Györgyi Szent-Györgyi, focus on the beauty of research as a pro- fession and put into the spotlight the exciting world of science. Before us stands a biophysicist, a humanist, a sportsman, a teacher, a diplomat, a science coordina- tor, a philosopher-poet and a scientist with influence on the economy and someone who also asks questions to which the researchers may find answers in the fu- ture and with the help of such equipment as the ELI- ALPS Laser Research Centre at Szeged. The books in the Compendium of Knowledge by the University of Szeged also answer the following question that may be raised by the reader: why is a University by the river Tisza the only research centre in Hungary where a Nobel Prize worthy performance was accomplished and hope to be accomplished in the future.
    [Show full text]