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Research Article [Suresh et al., 6(10-11): Oct.-Nov, 2015:4780-4788] CODEN (USA): IJPLCP ISSN: 0976-7126 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY & LIFE SCIENCES (Int. J. of Pharm. Life Sci.) Analysis of Ground Water in Selected Areas of Siruguppa Taluk in Karnataka Kottureshwara N. M.1, Suresh T.2*, Kotresh D.3 and Jayashree M.1 1, Department of Engineering Chemistry, Rao Bahadhur Y Mahabaleshwarappa Engineering College, Ballari, (Karnataka) - India 2, Department of Chemistry, Vijayanagar Sri Krishnadevaraya University Ballari, (Karnataka) - India 3, Department of Chemistry, Vijayanagara College, Hosapete, (Karnataka) - India Abstract The quality of forty four groundwater samples have been analyzed from Siruguppa taluk located in the Bellary district, Karnataka, India. The taluk consists mainly of migmatites, granodiorite and later granite. The analysis of water quality for its suitability for agricultural and domestic purposes was carried out. The quality analysis was performed through the estimation of calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron, zinc, manganese, carbonate, bicarbonate, sulphate, chloride, fluoride, nitrate, total alkalinity, total dissolved solids, turbidity, pH, electrical conductance and total hardness. Based on the analysis, certain parameters like sodium adsorption ratio, percent sodium and magnesium ratio were calculated. The hydrochemical pattern diagram helps in hydrochemical facies classification. The investigation reveals that, out of 44 samples analyzed, 34 samples were found to be of C2S1, C2S2, C3S1 and C3S2 type which are suitable for irrigation purpose. Remaining samples were not suitable for irrigation as per USSL classification. The trilinear diagram shows that the majority of samples in the study area having enrichment of magnesium and calcium among cations and of bicarbonate among anions. This enrichment is due to the dissolution of mineral dolomite [(Mg, Ca) CO3]. In the present study, all the samples were found to be free from Coliforms. Fluoride was most dominant ion responsible for contamination of the ground water. Fluoride concentration in 02 samples was above the permissible limit and in 10 samples having above the excessive limit. The investigation indicates the need for periodic monitoring of ground water in the study area Key-Words: Ground Water, Karnataka Introduction Water is a fundamental and basic need for sustaining Therefore, the present study has been undertaken to biotic and abiotic components. Among the various assess the water quality of Siruguppa taluk of Bellary sources of water, ground water is the safest water for district in Karnataka. drinking and domestic purposes. Nevertheless, several Siruguppa taluk is situated between 150 291 to 150 501 factors, like discharge of agricultural, domestic and north latitude and 760 421 to 770 081 east longitude. It industrial wastes, land use practices, geological covers an area about 1042 sq.km.The climate of the formation, rainfall patterns and infiltration rate are taluk is characterized by dryness in the major part of reported to affect the quality of ground water in an area the year and a hot summer. (APHA, 1975). As groundwater moves along flow Material and Methods lines from recharge to discharge areas, its chemistry is The present study provides a detailed description of the altered by the effect of a variety of geochemical chemical criteria of ground water. Forty-four processes ( Freeze and Cherry, 1979). In Karnataka, water samples were collected and analyzed for there is no significant work on water quality except by calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron, zinc, Jayanthi (1993), Ayed (2002), Jayalakshmi Devi et al. manganese, chloride, carbonate, bicarbonate, fluoride, (2005) and Kottureshwara et al. (2015). In view of the sulphate, nitrate, total hardness (TH), total alkalinity above, it is clear that water quality assessment studies (TA), total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, electrical in Karnataka especially in Siruguppa taluk, Bellary conductance (EC), turbidity and coliform bacteria. district are not sufficient. Further the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), corrosivity * Corresponding Author ratio (CR), percent sodium and magnesium ratio were E.mail: [email protected] calculated. The techniques and methods followed for © Sakun Publishing House (SPH): IJPLS 4780 Research Article [Suresh et al., 6(10-11): Oct.-Nov, 2015:4780-4788] CODEN (USA): IJPLCP ISSN: 0976-7126 collection, preservation, analysis and interpretation are samples fall into the ‘Brakish Water’ category (Suresh those given by Rainwater and Thatcher (1960), Brown et al.2009) et al. (1970), ICMR (1975), Hem (1985) and APHA Waters can be classified based on the concentration of (1995). TDS (Wilcox, 1955; ICMR, 1975) as given below: Results and Discussion Up to 500 mg/l Desirable for drinking The results obtained from the analysis of water samples Up to 1000 mg/l Permissible for drinking from different villages of siruguppa taluk are shown in Up to 2000 mg/l Useful for irrigation Table 1. Standard methods (APHA, 1975) have been Above 3000 mg/l Not useful for drinking employed in the analysis of the water samples. A and irrigation comparison of the physico-chemical ground water Based on the above classification only 85% samples in samples has been made with WHO (1988), and ISI the study area will come under desirable and (1991) drinking water standards. From Table 1 the permissible for drinking. following observations were made for different Total Hardness parameters. Total hardness is due to the presence of divalent pH cations of which Ca and Mg are the most abundant in The pH values of ground water varied from 7.4 to 8.5 ground water. The waters of the study area are indicating slightly alkaline nature. The range of classified according to hardness as suggested by Hem desirable pH of water prescribed for drinking purpose (1985). In the present study, the total hardness of water by ISI (1991) and WHO (1988) is 6.5 to 8.5. The samples ranged from 100 to 860 mg/l. This indicates analyzed ground water samples are within the that, out of 44 samples, only 17 samples have total permissible limits. There is no much distinct variation hardness content within ISI permissible limit (300 of pH in the different wells selected for the present mg/l) while 20 samples in the range of (300-600 mg/l) study, indicating that the ground water is tapping from and 7 samples fall into the very hard cat aquifers of a single formation. The slight alkaline egory. The total hardness values obtained very well nature of ground water may be due to the presence of correlate with TDS. fine aquifer sediments mixed with clay and mud, which Total Alkalinity (TA) are unable to flush off the salts during the monsoon Most of the ground waters contain substantial amounts rain and hence retained longer on other seasons. of dissolved carbon dioxide, bicarbonates and Electrical Conductance (EC) hydroxides. These constituents are the results of The mineral components of the water are directly dissolution of minerals in the soil and atmosphere related to agricultural utility and its parametric value (Nagaraju et al., 2006). In the present study, alkalinity decides the suitability for drinking and irrigation ranges between 50 to 468 mg/l. The high amount of purposes. Wilcox (1955) made an attempt and alkalinity in the study area samples may be due to the succeeded in clarifying the quality of water with presence of country rocks. respect to irrigational use by taking into consideration Chloride (Cl) of sodium and electrical conductance as a vital The origin of chloride in surface and ground water may parameter. It is well known that electrical conductance be from diverse sources such as weathering and is a good measure of dissolved solids and excessive leaching of sedimentary rocks and soils, domestic and presence of sodium in water is not only unsafe for industrial waste discharge, etc. Chloride in excess irrigation but also makes the soil uncultivatable (Neeraj (>250 mg/l) imparts a salty taste to water and people Verma, 1994). In the present investigation the electrical who are not accustomed to high chlorides may be conductivity of the samples varies from 470 to 3000 μ subjected to laxative effects. The chloride content in mhos/cm. This is within the permissible limit for 30 the study area ranged between 22 and 268 mg/l. The samples as per WHO standards. However, the higher WHO and ISI permissible limit of chloride for drinking values of EC (>2000 μ mhos/cm) for 14 samples may water is 200 and 250 mg/l respectively. The chloride be due to the long residence time and factors of value of the water samples studied is well within the lithology of water bodies (Harish Babu et al., 2004). permissible limit of WHO and ISI for 42 samples and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) only 02 samples have high value. TDS indicate the nature of water quality for salinity. Fluoride (F) The water samples in the study area fall in the range of High concentration of fluoride, often significantly 128 to 1410 mg/l. Out of 44 samples collected, 39 above 1.5 mg/l constitute a severe problem in large samples fall into the ‘Fresh Water’ category while 05 parts of Karnataka (Handa, 1975 and 1988). Teotia et al., (1984) found variations in fluoride concentrations © Sakun Publishing House (SPH): IJPLS 4781 Research Article [Suresh et al., 6(10-11): Oct.-Nov, 2015:4780-4788] CODEN (USA): IJPLCP ISSN: 0976-7126 with depth in ground water from two Indian villages can be represented by the sodium adsorption ratio (US affected by fluorosis. The trend is contrary to Salinity Laboratory, 1954). SAR is an important observations from high fluoride ground waters parameter for the determination of the suitability of elsewhere. This clearly shows increasing fluoride irrigation water because it is responsible for the sodium concentrations with depth are due to increased hazard (Todd, 1980). The waters were classified in chemical reaction with increasing ground water relation to irrigation based on the ranges of SAR values residence time.

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