Crowns, Wedding Rings, and Processions: Continuity and Change in the Representations of Scottish Royal Authority in State Ceremony, c. 1214 – c. 1603 Lucinda Hazel Stewart Dean This thesis is submitted to the University of Stirling for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Division of History and Politics School of Arts and Humanities 2013 i Abstract This inter-disciplinary thesis addresses the long term continuity and change found in representations of Scottish royal authority through state ceremonial bridging the gap between medieval and early modern across four centuries. Royal ceremony in Scotland has received very haphazard research to date, with few attempts to draw comparisons that explore how these crucial moments for the representation of royal authority developed over the course of a number of centuries. Three key royal ceremonies – inaugurations/coronations, funerals and weddings (with consort coronations) – form the core of this study of the Scottish monarchy from c.1214 to c.1603, and were chosen due to their integral position in the reign of each monarch. The issues of succession and security of hereditary monarchy dictate that the ceremonies of death and accession are inescapably intertwined, and funerals and coronations have been studied in unison together for other European comparators. However, the frequency of minor accessions, early and violent deaths, absentee kingship and political upheaval in Scotland across the time period determined from an early stage that weddings – often the first occasion for Scottish monarchs to project their personal adult authority and the point at which Scotland had the widest European audience for their display – were essential to forming a rounded view of developments. By offering a detailed analysis of these ceremonial developments across time, this study will provide the framework from which further research into royal ceremony and its place as essential platform for the dissemination of royal power can be undertaken. The thesis focuses upon key questions to illuminate the developments of these ceremonies as both reflectors of a distinct Scottish royal identity and representative of their integration within a broader European language of ceremony. How did these ceremonies reflect the ideals of Scottish kingship? How were they shaped to function within the parameters of Scottish governance and traditions? How was the Scottish crown influenced by other monarchies and the papacy? How did it hope to be perceived by the wider European community and how was royal ii power exercised over its subjects in this transitional period of Scottish history? The focus upon Scotland’s visual forays on the international stage and varied relations with European actors has required a continual comparison with other European countries across this time period, with particular attention being paid to England, France, Ireland and the Low Countries. Within the context of a highly public and interactive era of display and posturing by great leaders across Europe, crucial points this thesis engages with include: what made the Scottish ceremonies unique? And how can this further our understanding of that which lay beneath such representations of royal authority? iii Contents Abstract i Acknowledgements iv Abbreviations viii Note on Money xii Map List xiv Plate List xv INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1: ROYAL FUNERALS FROM 1214–1542 23 Section I: Thirteenth-Century Canmore Burials 25 Section II: Robert Bruce and Early Fourteenth-Century Scottish Funeral Ceremonial 39 Section III: Forging the New Out of the Ashes of the Old: David II & the Early Stewarts 48 Section IV: The Wilderness Years? James I to James IV 58 Section V: The Funerals of James V and Those He Buried, 1537–1542 80 Chapter 1 Conclusion 92 CHAPTER 2: MAKING KINGS FROM c. 1214 to 1567 97 Section I: Pre-Anointing: The Inaugurations of Scottish Kings c. 574 – 1306 99 Section II: The First Anointed: David Bruce, Edward Balliol and the Early Stewarts 121 Section III: Governors, Lieutenants, and Minorities: Fifteenth-Century Coronations 147 Section IV: The Long Road to Majority: Crowning Infants in the Sixteenth Century 183 Chapter 2 Conclusion 209 CHAPTER 3: ROYAL MARRIAGE AND THE CROWNING OF CONSORT 214 Section I: Royal Marriages to 1328 216 Section II: The First Anointed or the Inbetweeners 237 Section III: Returning to the European Stage: Fifteenth-Century Royal Marriages 245 Section IV: The Apogee of the French Connection: James V and his French Brides 278 Section V: Marrying the Queen of Scotland 291 Section VI: Scotland’s Last Consort Coronation and Royal Wedding, James V & Anne 305 Chapter 3 Conclusion 317 CONCLUSION 323 Appendix A: Scrymgeour Transcription 337 Appendix B: Maps 340 Appendix C: Plates 345 Bibliography 365 iv Acknowledgements My first acknowledgement goes to my primary supervisor, Dr Michael Penman, who has been a constant source of knowledge, advice and support throughout the last four years. For this, and his unerring enthusiasm (not to mention his patience with my many eccentricities), I owe him sincere and heartfelt thanks. In addition, my secondary supervisor Dr Alastair Mann has bravely stepped into the breach when called upon, and his comments and feedback (in the realms of teaching as well as my thesis work) have been much appreciated. There are numerous members of the Stirling History and Politics Division staff who have offered assistance and/or enthusiasm (both of which equally appreciated!), including Dr Alasdair Ross, Dr Colin Nicolson, Dr Emma Macleod, Dr Ben Marsh, Dr Mike Rapport, Prof. David Bebbington, and Prof. Richard Oram. Equally important, if not more so, are my thanks to the administrative team of the division and school, particularly Sally Armstrong-Payne, Sheila Greig, and Kalene Craig, who have all been brilliant and always on hand to answer an array of queries. I would also like to thank Prof. Roger Mason and Dr Emma Macleod for agreeing to sit on my examination committee. I must also thank the staff at the University of Stirling library, who have been helpful throughout the last four years, in particular the document delivery team for always locating my requests however obscure. Moreover, I owe thanks to the staff of the National Archives of Scotland (especially Alison Lindsay and Dr Stefanie Metz), the National Library of Scotland (especially the manuscripts room staff, Ulrike Hogg, and Kenneth Dunn), the National Archives, Kew (particularly the lovely team I worked with in the cataloguing basement before my PhD days, headed by Amanda Bevan and Liz Hore, for a true kick start with palaeography and archival skills), the British Library, the Aberdeen City Archives (thanks to Stella and Fiona for always offering a warm welcome), the Edinburgh City Archives, the College of Arms archive (London), Edinburgh University Library and Special Collections, Leeds University Library, and the Danish National Archives. In addition, for permission for images I would like to thank staff at the BNF, the Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Scran, Historic Scotland, National Gallery of Scotland, and the Corpus Christi Library, Cambridge. v I am eternally grateful to two inspirational women. Firstly, my secondary school history teacher, Mrs Anne Kilvington, who inspired me at a young age and, when I finally plucked up the courage to apply to university, provided my academic reference. The second is my former supervisor from Kingston University, Dr Marisa Linton, for guiding me through both a BA dissertation and an MA by Research with endless enthusiasm, and for encouraging me to pursue postgraduate study. To both I owe so much. I would also like to acknowledge thanks to the fellow postgrads and academics, who I have met at conferences and elsewhere, whose discussions on whole array of themes have been invaluable to my development as a researcher and academic-in-training. These people include Dr Katie Stevenson, Prof. Ronnie Mulryne, Dr Margaret Shewring, Dr Mario Damen, Dr Ellie Woodacre, Dr Linda Briggs, Emma Kennedy, Dr Felicia Else, William Hepburn (very soon to be Dr), Estelle Paranque, Prof. Dauvit Broun, Dr Kylie Murray, Michael Pearce, David Sellar (Lord Lyon King of Arms), Dr Laura Fernandez Gonzalez, Izzy Hampton, Laura Tompkins, Claire Hawes, Amy Eberlin, Dr Andy King, and many others. I also want to sincerely thank the Society of Renaissance Festival Studies and the Royal Studies Network for providing two fantastic outlets for my research and wonderful environments for discussion and friendship in the academic world, as well as pursuing a number of publishing possibilities. I would also like to thank the ISHR at St Andrews (at the time headed by Prof. Roger Mason) for inviting me to speak last year, as well as various other conference organisers including Leeds IMC, the Royal Bodies Conference (Royal Holloway), the Royal Death Conference (York), as well as the postgrad organisers of Historic Perspectives (Glasgow) and Histfest (Lancaster) for my two first opportunities to present. A particular thanks is owed to both Prof. Ronnie Mulryne and Dr Sarah Carpenter for their comments and feedback on written work for publication. This PhD would not have been possible (or would have at least taken many more years) without the financial support of AHRC, who granted me a three year scholarship. In addition, I would like to thank the Strathmartine Trust, the Royal History Society and the Division of History and Politics at Stirling for assistance with additional research grants and conference attendance. I must also thank the bank of Mum and Dad for coming to my rescue in times of vi need, particularly in my final unfunded writing up year (including helping me afford a new laptop when the technology failed in my final months of writing up). Above and beyond financial support, my parents have been a truly amazing source of moral and emotional support throughout not just this PhD, but my entire academic career thus far, and I truly don’t know where I would be without them.