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Biosolids Biennial Report No 8 (Reporting Period 2018-2019) (PDF) United States Office of Water EPA-822R21001 Environmental Protection Agency Office of Science and Technology February 2021 4304T Biennial Review of 40 CFR Part 503 as Required under the Clean Water Act Section 405(d)(2)(C) Biosolids Biennial Report No 8 (Reporting Period 2018–2019) Biosolids Biennial Review Reporting Period 2018–2019 EPA-822R21001 Biennial Review of 40 CFR Part 503 as Required under the Clean Water Act Section 405(d)(2)(C) Biosolids Biennial Report No 8 (Reporting Period 2018–2019) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water Office of Science and Technology Washington, DC February 2021 ii Biosolids Biennial Review Reporting Period 2018–2019 NOTICE This document has been reviewed in accordance with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) policy and approved for publication. This document is not a regulation, nor does it change or substitute for any statutory provisions or EPA regulations. Thus, it imposes no legally binding requirements on EPA, states, tribes, or the regulated community. While EPA has made every effort to ensure the accuracy of the content of this document, obligations of the regulated community continue to be determined by statutes, regulations, or other legally binding requirements. In the event of a conflict between the discussion in this document and any statute or regulation, this document would not be controlling. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for their use. This document can be downloaded from EPA’s website at http://www.epa.gov/biosolids. Definition of Biosolids For the purposes of this biennial review, “biosolids” is used to mean sewage sludge, as defined in Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 503: Sewage sludge is solid, semi-solid, or liquid residue generated during the treatment of domestic sewage in a treatment works. Sewage sludge includes, but is not limited to, domestic septage; scum or solids removed in primary, secondary, or advanced wastewater treatment processes; and a material derived from sewage sludge. Sewage sludge does not include ash generated during the firing of sewage sludge in a sewage sludge incinerator or grit and screenings generated during preliminary treatment of domestic sewage in a treatment works (40 CFR § 503.9(w)). Terms in italics are defined as follows: Domestic sewage is waste and wastewater from humans or household operations that is discharged to or otherwise enters a treatment works (40 CFR § 503.9(g)). Industrial wastewater is wastewater generated in a commercial or industrial process (40 CFR § 503.9(n)). Treatment works is either a federally owned, publicly owned, or privately owned device or system used to treat (including recycle and reclaim) either domestic sewage or a combination of domestic sewage and industrial waste of a liquid nature (40 CFR § 503.9(aa)). Taken together, these definitions mean that biosolids, or sewage sludge, for the purposes of 40 CFR Part 503, are the residues from treatment of domestic sewage, whether that domestic sewage is combined with industrial wastewater or not. It does not include sludge originating from treatment of industrial wastes in the absence of domestic sewage. iii Biosolids Biennial Review Reporting Period 2018–2019 Executive Summary During the biennial review process, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) collected and reviewed publicly available information for (1) pollutants in biosolids that were newly identified during the literature search timeframe (2018-2019) for Biennial Report No 8; and (2) pollutants in biosolids that were previously identified in EPA national sewage sludge surveys conducted in 1988, 2001, and 2009 and/or in previous biennial reviews. Information was collected on the occurrence, fate and transport of these pollutants in the environment and their effects on human health and ecological receptors. The types of information collected are needed to conduct risk assessments. As a result of a literature search, EPA found 18 new articles that provide relevant data on chemical pollutants that may occur in biosolids in the United States. The articles identified 116 new chemicals in biosolids: 50 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (39 congeners, 10 homologs and total PCBs); four pesticides; 19 flame retardants; eight perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS); three antibiotics; one metal; two inorganics; and 29 other organics. The articles also identified new data for 48 chemicals that were previously identified in biosolids. Concentration data for biosolids were found for 61 of the 116 new chemicals and for 34 chemicals identified in previous biennial reviews. EPA searched additional data sources for data needed for risk assessment. Human health toxicity values were found in multiple sources for four of the new chemicals and 112 previously identified chemicals. Ecological toxicity data were found for 63 newly identified chemicals and 71 previously identified chemicals in the ECOTOX database. Additional ecological toxicity data were found for 99 of the newly identified chemicals in the Estimation Programs Interface (EPI) Suite™ (U.S. EPA 2017). Physical-chemical properties were identified for 102 new chemicals and five previously identified chemicals. Bioconcentration or bioaccumulation factors were identified for one new chemical in the literature; for 99 new chemicals in EPI Suite; and for 40 new chemicals in peer- reviewed databases maintained by Arnot and Gobas (2006), Environment and Climate Change Canada (2006), and Oak Ridge National Laboratory (2020). Two of the new articles provided relevant data for microbial pollutants that may occur in U.S. biosolids. Review of these articles identified five new microbial pollutants in biosolids and data for five previously identified microbial pollutants. iv Biosolids Biennial Review Reporting Period 2018–2019 Contents NOTICE ................................................................................................................................................iii Definition of Biosolids ..........................................................................................................................iii Executive Summary .............................................................................................................................. iv 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 1 2 Approach for the 2018–2019 Biennial Review ............................................................................... 1 2.1 Two-Phase Literature Search and Review ................................................................................ 2 2.2 Literature Identification and Review ......................................................................................... 4 2.2.1 Literature Search for Pollutant Occurrence ......................................................................... 4 2.2.2 Occurrence Literature Selection and Review ...................................................................... 5 2.3 Chemical Data Collection .......................................................................................................... 6 2.3.1 Human Health Toxicity Value Sources and Selection ........................................................ 6 2.3.2 Ecological Toxicity Value Sources and Selection .............................................................. 7 2.3.3 Environmental Fate and Transport Data ............................................................................. 8 3 Results from the 2018–2019 Biosolids Biennial Review ................................................................ 9 3.1 Chemicals Newly Identified in the 2018–2019 Biennial Review ........................................... 10 3.2 Chemicals Identified in Previous Biennial Reviews ............................................................... 15 3.3 Microbial Pollutants Identified in the 2018–2019 Biennial Review ....................................... 22 4 Conclusions.................................................................................................................................... 23 5 References ...................................................................................................................................... 23 Appendix A Abstracts for Papers Reviewed for the 2018–2019 Biennial Review .......................... A-1 Appendix B Pollutants Identified in Biosolids ................................................................................. B-1 Appendix C Concentrations of Chemicals Found in Biosolids ........................................................ C-1 Appendix D Human Health Toxicity Values for Chemicals Found in Biosolids ............................. D-1 Appendix E Ecological Toxicity Data ............................................................................................. E-1 Appendix F Environmental Fate and Transport Data: Bioaccumulation and Bioconcentration Data .............................................................................................................................. F-1 Appendix G Environmental Fate and Transport Data: Physical-Chemical Properties ..................... G-1 Figures Figure 1. Overview of the 2018–2019 Biennial Review Process. ......................................................... 3 Tables Table 1. Chemicals Newly Identified in Biosolids in the 2018–2019 Reporting Period and Types of Data Available .......................................................................................................
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