Selected Blasphemy Cases

SELECTED BLASPHEMY CASES

SEPTEMBER 2017

U.S. COMMISSION ON INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM Mohamed Basuki “Ahok” Abdullah al-Nasr Andry Cahya Ahmed Musadeq Sebastian Joe Tjahaja Purnama EGYPT INDONESIA INDONESIA INDONESIA INDONESIA

Ayatollah Mohammad Mahful Muis Kazemeini Mohammad Tumanurung Boroujerdi Ali Taheri Aasia Bibi INDONESIA IRAN IRAN PAKISTAN

Ruslan Sokolovsky Abdul Shakoor RUSSIAN Raif Badawi Ashraf Fayadh Shankar Ponnam PAKISTAN FEDERATION SAUDI ARABIA SAUDI ARABIA SAUDI ARABIA UNITED STATES COMMISSION ON INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM

SELECTED BLASPHEMY CASES

SEPTEMBER 2017

WWW.USCIRF.GOV

COMMISSIONERS

Daniel Mark, Chairman

Sandra Jolley, Vice Chair Kristina Arriaga de Bucholz, Vice Chair

Tenzin Dorjee Clifford D. May Thomas J. Reese, S.J. John Ruskay Jackie Wolcott

Erin D. Singshinsuk Executive Director PROFESSIONAL STAFF

Dwight Bashir, Director of Research and Policy Elizabeth K. Cassidy, Director of International Law and Policy Judith E. Golub, Director of Congressional Affairs & Policy and Planning John D. Lawrence, Director of Communications

Elise Goss-Alexander, Researcher Andrew Kornbluth, Policy Analyst Tiffany Lynch, Senior Policy Analyst Tina L. Mufford, Senior Policy Analyst Jomana Qaddour, Policy Analyst

Karen Banno, Office Manager Roy Haskins, Manager of Finance and Administration Travis Horne, Communications Specialist SELECTED BLASPHEMY CASES

Many countries today have blasphemy laws. Blasphemy is defined as “the act of insulting or showing contempt or lack of reverence for God.” Across the globe, billions of people view blasphemy as deeply offensive to their beliefs.

Respecting Rights? Measuring the World’s • Violate international human rights standards; Blasphemy Laws, a U.S. Commission on Inter- • Often are vaguely worded, and few specify national Religious Freedom (USCIRF) report, or limit the forum in which blasphemy can documents the 71 countries – ranging from occur for purposes of punishment; Canada to Pakistan – that have blasphemy • Are inconsistent with the approach laws (as of June 2016). agreed to in UN Human Rights Council Blasphemy laws are a global con- Resolution 16/18; cern, present in all of the world’s regions. • Inappropriately make governments the These laws, which punish expression or arbiters of ultimate truths or religious acts deemed blasphemous, defamatory of doctrines; religions, or contemptuous of religion or • Are used disproportionately against reli- religious symbols, figures, or feelings, have gious minorities or dissenting members punishments ranging from fines to impris- of the majority community and are ripe onment and death. They also embolden for abuse; vigilante groups who mete out their own • Often carry draconian penalties; and extrajudicial “justice,” including killings, • Embolden religious extremists to commit often with state impunity. acts of violence. According to their proponents, blasphemy USCIRF urges the repeal of blasphemy laws promote religious harmony and public laws worldwide. We must continue to confront order. Unfortunately, they do the opposite, blasphemy laws and the horrific acts they often leading to instability and violence in unleash as an assault on human rights and dig- countries around the world, with negative nity and press offending nations to repeal these consequences for individuals, communities laws, protect those who have been accused, and nations. USCIRF believes that all human and release people arrested, charged, impris- beings should be accorded dignity, respect, oned, and sentenced to death for blasphemy. and freedom no matter their convictions, and The Commission believes that when dis- the Commission affirms the right of private cussing blasphemy, it is important to focus on individuals and groups to peacefully oppose the real people impacted, and not just the laws expression they consider to be blasphemous. themselves. The individuals highlighted here However, while it is legitimate to speak out are only a sample of those who have been neg- against blasphemy, the Commission maintains atively impacted by blasphemy laws. For some that government has no role in policing blas- we have pictures, but for many we do not. Read phemy and that laws against blasphemy are their stories, the charges against them, and their detrimental to religious freedom and related sentences to better understand the devastating human rights and are deeply problematic impact of these laws and the need for repeal. because they:

1 U.S. COMMISSION ON INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM

EGYPT

MOHAMED ABDULLAH AL-NASR

RELIGION CHARGES SENTENCING DATE SENTENCE Sunni Contempt of religion (Article 98 (F) February 2017 5 years’ imprisonment Muslim Egyptian Penal Code) SUMMARY In February 2017, Sunni Muslim cleric Mohamed Abdullah al-Nasr was sentenced to five years in prison for “contempt of religion” for questioning various interpretations of Qur’anic texts on Face- book; he remains in prison while an appeal is pending. In November 2016, al-Nasr also had claimed to be the Mahdi, a promised eschatological figure within Islam, prompting calls for his prosecution and a psychiatric evaluation. Al-Nasr reportedly began a hunger strike February 26, 2017 to protest his imprisonment.1

No Photo Available MUSTAFA ABDEL-NABI

RELIGION CHARGES SENTENCING DATE SENTENCE Atheist Contempt of religion Initial: January 2016; 3 years’ imprisonment (Article 98 (F) Egyptian Penal (in absentia) Code) Appeal Upheld: February 23, 2016 SUMMARY In January 2016, online activist Mustafa Abdel-Nabi was convicted in absentia to three years in prison for blasphemy for postings about atheism on his Facebook page. His sentence was upheld on February 23, 2016, by the Edku Misdemeanor Court.

2 SELECTED BLASPHEMY CASES

EGYPT

No Photo Available GAD YOUSEF YOUNAN

RELIGION DETAINED SINCE CHARGES SENTENCING DATE SENTENCE Coptic April 7, 2015 Contempt of religion December 2015 3 years’ imprisonment Christian (Article 98 (F) (Released on bail Egyptian Penal Code) pending appeal) SUMMARY Gad Yousef Younan, an Egyptian teacher at a Coptic Christian school, was arrested and charged on April 7, 2015 with “contempt of religion”, along with four of his students, because he filmed a short private video in which four of his students mocked ISIS. Younan was sentenced to three years in prison in December 2015, and he and his family were expelled from his village after a “reconciliation session” with local authorities. Younan was released on bail pending the appeal of his case. In 2015, his four students were sentenced to five years in prison in a separate trial. In April 2016, the four students fled Egypt and reportedly are seeking asylum in Switzerland.

INDONESIA

ANDRY CAHYA

RELIGION DETAINED SINCE CHARGES SENTENCING DATE SENTENCE Gafatar follower May 25, 2016 Blasphemy March 7, 2017 3 years’ imprisonment (also known as (Article 156(a), Millah Abraham) Indonesian Criminal Code) SUMMARY Andry Cahya, along with his father Ahmad Musadeq and Mahful Muis Tumanurung (see below), are leaders of the banned spiritual movement Gafatar. He currently is serving a three-year sentence for blasphemy; the court acquitted him of “rebellion” charges under Articles 107 and 110 of the Crimi- nal Code. Mr. Tumanurung and Mr. Musadeq previously had been convicted of blasphemy in 2006 for establishing the Al-Qiyadah al-Islamiyah movement. After their release, they formed the Gafatar spiritual movement in 2012, which the government disbanded for deviating from Islam in 2015 after the country’s top Muslim clerical body issued a fatwa pronouncing Gafatar heretical.2

3 U.S. COMMISSION ON INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM

INDONESIA

No Photo Available SANDY HARTONO

CHARGES SENTENCING DATE SENTENCE Transmitting religiously defamatory September 20, 2011 6 years’ imprisonment and a material over the Internet 500 million rupiah fine (Article 28(2), Electronic Information and Transactions Law) SUMMARY Sandy Hartono was convicted of disseminating religiously defamatory material over the Internet under Article 28(2) of Indonesia’s Electronic Information and Transactions Law. These charges arose from Mr. Hartono’s Facebook posts that allegedly slandered Islam and the Prophet Muhammed. In 2011, an Indonesian court sentenced him to six years in prison.

AHMAD MUSADEQ

RELIGION DETAINED SINCE CHARGES SENTENCING DATE SENTENCE Gafatar follower May 25, 2016 Blasphemy March 7, 2017 5 years’ imprisonment (also known as (Article 156a, Millah Abraham) Indonesian Criminal Code) SUMMARY Ahmad Musadeq, along with his son, Andry Cahya (see above), and Mahful Muis Tumanurung (see below), are leaders of the banned spiritual movment Gafatar. He currently is serving a five-year prison sentence for blasphemy; the court acquitted him of “rebellion” charges under Articles 107 and 110 of the Criminal Code. Mr. Tumanurung and Mr. Musadeq previously had been convicted of blasphemy in 2006 for establishing the Al-Qiyadah al-Islamiyah movement. After their release, they formed the Gafatar spiritual movement in 2012, which the government disbanded for deviating from Islam in 2015 after the country’s top Muslim clerical body issued a fatwa pronouncing Gafatar heretical.3

4 SELECTED BLASPHEMY CASES

INDONESIA

SEBASTIAN JOE

RELIGION DETAINED SINCE CHARGES SENTENCING DATE SENTENCE Muslim July 3, 2012 Initial: Blasphemy Initial: Initial: 4 years’ (Article 156(a), Indonesian November 2012; Imprisonment; Criminal Code); Second: Second: 1-year Second: Disseminating January 2013 imprisonment information aimed at inciting religious hatred or hostility (Article 28(2), Electronic Information and Transactions Law) SUMMARY Sebastian Joe was convicted of blasphemy under Article 156(a) of the Indonesian Criminal Code for Facebook posts that some Muslim hardliners from the Islamic Defenders Front (FPI) considered to insult Islam. The Ciamis District Court sentenced Sebastian Joe to four years in prison in November 2012. In 2013, the Bandung High Court convicted him of violating Article 28(2) of Indonesia’s Elec- tronic Information and Transactions Law prohibiting the transmission of material deemed religiously defamatory over the Internet, sentencing Sebastian Joe to an additional year in prison.4

BASUKI “AHOK” TJAHAJA PURNAMA

RELIGION CHARGES SENTENCING DATE SENTENCE Christian Blasphemy (Article 156(a), Indonesian May 9, 2017 2 years’ imprisonment Criminal Code) SUMMARY The blasphemy charges brought against Ahok stemmed from a September 2016 speech in which he encouraged voters not to be dissuaded from voting for him in the February 2017 Jakarta guber- natorial election because the Qur’an tells Muslims not to align with Christians or Jews. Ahok, who is a Christian of Chinese descent, later apologized for his remarks. Muslim hardliners, such as the Indonesian Council of Ulema and the Islamic Defenders Front, called on the authorities to arrest or imprison Ahok, or even sentence him to death. Many upset by the speech viewed a video recording online containing a caption which edited Ahok’s remarks to suggest he insulted the Qur’an and Islam rather than his political opponents. After losing the second-round election, Ahok was found guilty of blasphemy on May 9, 2017, and sentenced to two years’ imprisonment, a harsher sentence than what the prosecutors had requested. On May 23, 2017, Ahok dropped his appeal, though at the time of writing, an appeal filed by prosecutors is still pending.5

5 U.S. COMMISSION ON INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM

INDONESIA

MAHFUL MUIS TUMANURUNG

RELIGION DETAINED SINCE CHARGES SENTENCING DATE SENTENCE Gafatar follower May 25, 2016 Blasphemy March 7, 2017 5 years’ imprisonment (also known as (Article 156a, Millah Abraham) Indonesian Criminal Code) SUMMARY Mahful Muis Tumanurung, along with Ahmad Musadeq and his son Andry Cahya (see above), are leaders of the banned spiritual Gafatar. He currently is serving a five-year prison sentence for blasphemy; the court acquitted him of “rebellion” charges under Articles 107 and 100 of the Criminal Code. Mr. Tumanurung and Mr. Musadeq previously had been convicted of blasphemy in 2006 for establishing the Al-Qiyadah al-Islamiyah movement. After their release, they formed the Gafatar spiritual movement in 2012, which the government disbanded for deviating from Islam in 2015 after the country’s top Muslim clerical body issued a fatwa pronouncing Gafatar heretical.6

6 SELECTED BLASPHEMY CASES

IRAN

AYATOLLAH MOHAMMAD KAZEMEINI BOROUJERDI

RELIGION DETAINED SINCE CHARGES SENTENCING DATE SENTENCE Shi’a October 7, 2006 30 charges, including June 10, 2007 Initial Sentence: Muslim enmity against God and Death national security; delivering (shortened to speeches and provoking 11 years’ impris- public opinions against the onment on government; calling Velayat- appeal) e-Faqih illegitimate; accusing the revolution’s founder and leader of innovating in religion and lying; having relationships with famous personalities opposed to the revolution; accusing high ranking government officials of neglecting people’s rights and requests; using the term “religious dictatorship” instead of “Islamic Republic” in interviews with foreign television and radio stations; fabricating a new religion; abusing his clergy frock SUMMARY Despite being an adherent of the dominant form of Islam in Iran, Ayatollah Mohammad Kazemeini Boroujerdi repeatedly drew the Iranian government’s ire for his advocacy of the separation of religion and state. He also had spoken out on behalf of the rights of Iran’s religious minorities and the Shi’a Muslim majority. A special court tried him (and 17 of his followers) and sentenced him to death on spurious charges, including “enmity against God” and spreading propaganda against the regime. After an appeal, the death sentence was revoked and he was sentenced to eleven years in prison. Given the poor prison conditions, torture, and a lack of adequate medical treatment, his health has deteriorated. He suffers from heart and respiratory problems, kidney stone complications, and a loss of 80 percent of his vision due to cataracts.7

Status: Under house arrest.

7 U.S. COMMISSION ON INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM

IRAN

MOHAMMAD ALI TAHERI

RELIGION DETAINED SINCE CHARGES SENTENCING DATE SENTENCE Erfan-e May 4, 2011 Initial: insulting religious Initial: Initial: 5 years’ Halgheh sanctities; immoral October 30, 2011; imprisonment; (Iranian contact with women; 74 lashes; 900 mysticism) interfering in medical Subsequent: million Toman fine science; earning illegiti- July 2015 ($300,000 USD mate funds; distributing equivalent); audio-visual products and use of academic Subsequent: titles; Death (which was overturned) Second: spreading corruption on earth; establishing a diversion- ary cult;

Third: spreading corruption on earth; engaging in medical practices; membership in the banned People’s Fadai Guerrilla Organization of Iran (PFGOI) SUMMARY Mohammad Ali Taheri is an Iranian researcher and the founder of a spiritual movement that promotes alternative medical theories. He was first arrested in 2010 on charges of “acting against national security” and was held in solitary confinement for over three months. He was arrested again in May 2011 and eventually sentenced to five years in prison for blasphemy, 74 lashes for touching the wrists of female patients, and 900 million Toman (approximately $300,000) for “interfering in medical science,” “earning illegitimate funds,” and “distribution of audio-visual products and use of academic titles.” After completing his five-year sentence and paying the fine, he unexpectedly was charged with “corruption on earth” for publishing several books on spirituality and sentenced to death in August 2015, a decision that the Iranian Supreme Court overturned. Despite the Supreme Court ruling and Taheri’s completion of his five-year prison term, he remains detained, and additional charges, including “spreading corruption on earth”, have been brought against him.8

Status update: In August 2017, Taheri was once more sentenced to death following a third trial on charges of “spreading corruption on earth.” Taheri’s attorney announced his intention to appeal the ruling to the Supreme Court.

8 SELECTED BLASPHEMY CASES

PAKISTAN

No Photo Available IDREES AHMAD

RELIGION DETAINED SINCE CHARGES SENTENCING DATE SENTENCE Ahmadi December 5, 2016 Four counts, under May 31, 2017 Three years’ rigorous Pakistan Penal Code imprisonment and 298-B and 298-C, and fine of 50,000 rupees Section 9 and 11-W of Anti-Terrorism Act SUMMARY Idrees Ahmad, an employee of the Ahmadiyya community’s central offices and the Zia ul Islam Print- ing Press in Rabwah, was arrested and charged under Pakistan’s Penal Code and Anti-Terrorism Act. On December 5, 2016, the Punjab province’s Counter Terrorism Department raided the offices on suspicions that the offices were producing Ahmaddiyya publications for distribution. During the raid police reportedly beat Ahmad and several others, including Saba-ul-Zafar (see below).

No Photo Available JAFFAR ALI

RELIGION DETAINED SINCE CHARGES SENTENCING DATE SENTENCE Muslim May 19, 2015 Blasphemy June 27, 2016 Death plus 35 years; (Section 295-C 8,000,000 rupee fine and 386, (About $76,000 USD) Pakistani Penal (reports vary on the Code); Extortion amount of the fine levied). SUMMARY Jaffar Ali and Javed Naz (see below) former employees of Locus Science School, located in Gujran- wala, Punjab province, who had been fired for allegedly leaking the contents of exams to students, allegedly attempted to blackmail the school’s principal, Anjum Naz Sindhu (see below), using a recording of supposedly blasphemous remarks made by Sindhu during a speech at the school. Sindhu notified authorities that he was being blackmailed, and the police arrested Ali and Naz for handling the blasphemous recordings on their phones. The cases are under appeal with the Punjab Province High Court.

9 U.S. COMMISSION ON INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM

PAKISTAN

No Photo Available MUHAMMAD ALI

RELIGION DETAINED SINCE CHARGES SENTENCING DATE Muslim October 14, 2016 Defiling of Holy Qur’an Not yet adjudicated. (295-B, Pakistani Penal Code) SUMMARY Muhammad Ali, a seminary student, and his teacher Qari Mumtaz (see below), were arrested in the Kasur district, Punjab Province on charges of defiling the Qur’an, after neighbors reported that Ali was burning pages of the Qur’an. When confronted by a neighbor, Ali claimed Mumtaz had taught him that burning the pages of the Qur’an and then burying them was an acceptable way to dispose of old Qur’ans. Applications to be released on bail until trial have been denied.

AASIA BIBI

RELIGION DETAINED SINCE CHARGES SENTENCING DATE SENTENCE Roman June 14, 2009 Blasphemy November 2010 Death and fine Catholic (Section 295-C, Pakistani Penal Code) SUMMARY After getting into a dispute with fellow farmhands in 2009, Aasia Bibi was accused of blasphemy. In November 2010, a judge sentenced her to death by hanging and to pay a fine of roughly $1,000. In October 2015, she was placed in isolation reportedly for her own safety, as other prisoners convicted of blasphemy had been killed while in prison. After a series of unsuccessful appeals and public outcry from the international community and high-profile figures in Pakistan, the Supreme Court suspended the death sentence pending appeal. In October 2016, the Pakistani Supreme Court delayed Ms. Bibi’s final appeal hearing after a judge recused himself; she remains imprisoned and the hearing has not yet been rescheduled.9

10 SELECTED BLASPHEMY CASES

PAKISTAN

No Photo Available NABEEL CHOHAN

RELIGION DETAINED SINCE CHARGES SENTENCING DATE Christian September 18, 2016 Blasphemy (Section 295/295-A, Not yet adjudicated. Pakistani Penal Code) SUMMARY In September 2016 in Punjab province, a Christian, Nabeel Chohan, was arrested for “liking” and sharing an allegedly derogatory photo of the Kaaba on Facebook. Authorities also allege he stored the picture on his phone. He was arrested after a Muslim friend of one of Chohan’s Facebook friends reported the image to the police. Chohan’s lawyer claims Chohan is illiterate, and that the social media account was created by his Muslim friends for ulterior motives. Chohan’s arrest caused other Christians to flee the area. He has been denied bail.

No Photo Available NADEEM JAMES

RELIGION DETAINED SINCE CHARGES SENTENCING DATE Christian July 10, 2016 Blasphemy Not yet adjudicated. (Section 295-C, Section 298-A, Pakistani Penal Code) SUMMARY On July 10, 2016, Nadeem James, a Christian man, was arrested in Gujrat, Punjab province—after intense community pressure—for sending so-called blasphemous messages on the social networking app WhatsApp. He initially fled his family home in an effort to avoid arrest. However, police took a number of James’ female relatives into “protective custody”, during which their family claims they were beaten in an effort to force James to appear. The case caused many Christians to flee the area for fear of attacks by the community. Eventually, James was arrested and he was charged with blasphemy. His case is pending in a Punjab province lower court.

11 U.S. COMMISSION ON INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM

PAKISTAN

No Photo Available QARI MUMTAZ

RELIGION DETAINED SINCE CHARGES SENTENCING DATE Muslim October 14, 2016 Defiling of Holy Qur’an (Section Not yet adjudicated. 295-B, Pakistani Penal Code) SUMMARY Teacher Qari Mumtaz, along with his 16-year old seminary student, Muhammad Ali (see above), was arrested in Kasur district, Punjab province on charges of defiling the Qur’an, after neighbors reported that Ali was burning pages of the Qur’an. When confronted by a neighbor, Ali claimed Mumtaz had taught him that burning the pages of the Qur’an and then burying them was an acceptable way to dispose of old Qur’ans. Applications to be released on bail until trial have been denied.

No Photo Available JAVED NAZ

RELIGION DETAINED SINCE CHARGES SENTENCING DATE SENTENCE Catholic May 19, 2015 Blasphemy June 27, 2016 Death plus 35 years; (Section 295-C 8,000,000 rupee fine and 386, Pakistani (about $76,000 USD) Penal Code); (reports vary on the Extortion amount of the fine levied) SUMMARY Javed Naz and Jaffar Ali (see above), former employees of Locus Science School, located in Gujran- wala, Punjab province, had been fired allegedly for leaking the contents of exams to students. They reportedly attempted to blackmail the school’s principal, Anjum Naz Sindhu (see below), using a recording of supposedly blasphemous remarks Sindhu made during a speech at the school. Sindhu notified authorities that he was being blackmailed, and the police arrested Ali and Naz for handling the blasphemous recordings on their phones. The cases are under appeal with the Punjab Province High Court.

12 SELECTED BLASPHEMY CASES

PAKISTAN

ABDUL SHAKOOR

RELIGION DETAINED SINCE CHARGES SENTENCING DATE SENTENCE Ahmadi December 2, 2015 Blasphemy and stirring January 2, 2016 5 years’ sectarian hatred (298- imprisonment for C, Pakistani Penal Code blasphemy charges; and clauses 8 through 11, Anti-Anti-Terrorism 3 years’ Act of 1997) imprisonment on terrorism charges SUMMARY Abdul Shakoor, an 80-year old optician and store owner in Rabwah, Punjab Province, was detained for propagating the Ahmadiyya faith by selling copies of the Qur’an and Ahmadiyya publications. His store manager, Mazhar Sipra, was also charged with violating 298-C and clauses 8 through 11 of the Anti-Terrorism Act. While Sipra was acquitted of the blasphemy charges, Shakoor was given a 5-year sentence under the Anti-Terrorism Act. Both men have filed appeals.10

No Photo Available ANJUM NAZ SINDHU

RELIGION DETAINED SINCE CHARGES SENTENCING DATE SENTENCE Catholic May 19, 2015 Blasphemy June 27, 2016 Death; 500,000 rupee (Section 295-C, fine (about $4,800 USD) 153-A, Pakistani Penal Code) SUMMARY Anjum Naz Sindhu, owner of a chain of schools in Gujranwala and a Christian, gave a speech at Locus Science School in which he allegedly committed blasphemy. A school employee, Javed Naz (see above), attended the speech and reportedly kept a record of what Sindhu said in order to blackmail him. After Naz was fired by Sindhu for allegedly leaking the content of exams to students, he and Jaffar Ali (see above), a Muslim and friend of Naz, allegedly attempted to blackmail Sindhu using the purported recording. Sindhu notified the police of the blackmail attempt. Subsequently, all three men were apprehended for alleged blasphemy. All eleven witnesses in the case were police officers, rather than students or other faculty members who were present at the speech, and there was no direct evidence presented against Sindhu.

13 U.S. COMMISSION ON INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM

PAKISTAN

No Photo Available SABA-UL-ZAFAR

RELIGION DETAINED SINCE CHARGES SENTENCING DATE SENTENCE Ahmadi December 5, 2016 Four counts, under May 31, 2017 Three years’ rigorous Pakistan Penal Code imprisonment and 298-B and 298-C, and fine of 50,000 rupees Section 9 and 11-W of Anti-Terrorism Act SUMMARY Saba-ul-Zafar, an employee of the Ahmadiyya community’s central offices and the Zia ul Islam Printing Press in Rabwah, was arrested and charged under Pakistan’s Penal Code and Anti-Terrorism Act. On December 5, 2016, the Punjab province’s Counter Terrorism Department raided the offices on suspicions that the offices were producing Ahmaddiyya publications for distribution. During the raid police reportedly beat ul-Zafar and several others, including Idrees Ahmad (see above).

14 SELECTED BLASPHEMY CASES

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

RUSLAN SOKOLOVSKY

RELIGION CHARGES SENTENCING DATE SENTENCE Atheist Incitement of Hatred or Enmity, as well May 11, 2017 3.5-year suspended as Abasement of Human Dignity (Arti- sentence cle 282); Public actions expressing clear disrespect to society with the aim to insult religious feelings of believers committed in places for religious worship (Article 148.1); Illegal possession of equipment for the secret acquisition of information (Article 138.1) SUMMARY Ruslan Sokolovsky is a young blogger and law student from central Russia. On August 11, 2016, Sokolovsky posted a video on YouTube in which he played the popular mobile game Pokémon Go in one of the biggest churches in Yekaterinburg. On September 2, police arrested him on charges of inciting hatred and offending religious sensibilities under Article 282 and Article 148.2 of the Russian Criminal Code. A judge ruled that Sokolovsky remain under house arrest while awaiting trial, but he was later jailed after receiving an unauthorized visit from his fiancée. While in jail he was placed on two “watch lists,” one for suicide and the other for “extremism.” In February, he was again released to house arrest. On May 11, 2017, Sokolovsky received a three-and-a-half year suspended sentence.11

15 U.S. COMMISSION ON INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM

SAUDI ARABIA

RAIF BADAWI

RELIGION DETAINED SINCE CHARGES SENTENCING DATE SENTENCE Muslim June 7, 2012 Initial: Insulting Islam Initial: Initial: 7 years’ through electronic chan- July 30, 2013; imprisonment and nels; Apostasy; Setting up 600 lashes; a website that undermines Increase: general security; Ridi- May 7, 2014; On Appeal: culing religious figures; 10 years impris- Going beyond the realm onment, 1,000 of obedience; Founding lashes, and of an Internet forum that 1 million riyal fine violates Islamic values and (about $266,000 propagates liberal thought USD) SUMMARY Raif Badawi is a blogger and activist who was arrested in June 2012 on the charge of insulting Islam through electronic channels. On July 30, 2013, the Jeddah Criminal Court sentenced Badawi to seven years in prison and 600 lashes for founding an Internet forum that “violates Islamic values and propagates liberal thought.” On May 7, 2014, an appeals court increased the punishment to 10 years in prison, 1000 lashes, and a fine of 1 million riyals (about $266,000 USD). He also was banned from any media work or foreign travel for 10 years after his release from prison. The sentence called for Badawi to be lashed 50 times a week for 20 consecutive weeks. Immediately after the first set of 50 lashes was carried out in January 2016, numerous human rights groups and several governmental entities, including USCIRF, condemned the lashing. Badawi has not received additional lashings, reportedly due to international outrage and a medical doctor’s finding that he could not physically endure more lashings. However, Badawi’s family believes that the lashings could resume at any time.12

16 SELECTED BLASPHEMY CASES

SAUDI ARABIA

ASHRAF FAYADH

RELIGION DETAINED SINCE CHARGES SENTENCING DATE SENTENCE Muslim January 1, 2014 Apostasy; Blaspheming Initial: Initial: Four years’ the divine self; Blas- May 26, 2014; imprisonment and pheming the Prophet 800 lashes; Muhammad; Promotion Retrial: of Atheism; Refutation November 17, 2015; Retrial: Death; of the Qu’ran; Denial of Appellate Decrease: the day of resurrection; Appellate 8 years’ imprison- Inappropriate relations Decrease: ment; 800 lashes with the other gender February 2016 SUMMARY Ashraf Fayadh is a Saudi poet and artist who in November 2015 was sentenced to death for apostasy for allegedly questioning religion and spreading atheist thought in his poetry. In February 2016, an appeals court quashed the death sentence and issued a new verdict of eight years in prison and 800 lashes to be administered on 16 occasions, which have not yet been administered. According to his lawyer, Fayadh also must renounce his poetry in Saudi state media.13

SHANKAR PONNAM

RELIGION DETAINED SINCE CHARGES SENTENCING DATE SENTENCE Hindu November 21, 2016 Blasphemy; January 25, 2017 Four months’ imprison- Offending reli- ment; 5,000 Saudi Riyal gious sentiments ($1,350 USD) fine SUMMARY Shankar Ponnam is an Indian agricultural engineer who posted on social media a Photoshopped image of the Hindu deity Shiva sitting atop the Kaaba, the holiest site in Islam. A group of Indian Muslims filmed themselves beating Ponnam and posted the video on social media. Ponnam was arrested at a farm near Riyadh on charges of blasphemy. On January 25, 2017, he reportedly was sentenced to four months in prison and a fine of 5,000 Saudi riyals (approximately $1,350).14

17 U.S. COMMISSION ON INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM

ENDNOTES 1. http://dailynewsegypt.com/2017/02/27/616495/ No Source 2. http://www.reuters.com/article/us-indonesia-religion-blasphemy-idUSKBN16F0Z3 Source: Antara Foto/M Agung Rajasa/ via REUTERS

3. http://www.reuters.com/article/us-indonesia-religion-blasphemy-idUSKBN16F0Z3 Source: Antara Foto/M Agung Rajasa/via REUTERS Ahmad Musadeq

4. https://twitter.com/andreasharsono/status/463460301229158401 No Source 5. https://www.aseantoday.com/2017/02/no-clear-winner-for-jakarta-election-as-divisive-second- round-looms/ No Source 6. http://www.reuters.com/article/us-indonesia-religion-blasphemy-idUSKBN16F0Z3 Source: Antara Foto/M Agung Rajasa/ via REUTERS 7. http://www.iranfocus.com/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=20952:let- ter-from-evin-prison-by-ayatollah-boroujerdi&catid=4&Itemid=109 No Source 8. https://www.iranhumanrights.org/2015/02/mohammad-ali-taheri-2/ No Source 9. http://www.newsgram.com/did-pakistan-supreme-court-come-to-the-rescue-of-blasphemy-law-vic- tim-asia-bibi/ Source: Wikimedia 10. https://www.change.org/p/basharat-noorullah-80-year-old-man-sentenced-to-8-years-imprisonment-under-pakistans-blasphemy-law No Source 11. http://www.inquisitr.com/4211558/russian-blogger-ruslan-sokolovsky-convicted-for-playing- pokemon-go-in-church/ Source: Alexei Bulatov/AP Images 12. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/raif-badawi-saudi-arabia-urged-to-halt- flogging-of-liberal-blogger-sentenced-to-1000-lashes-9967008.html No Source 13. http://www.mintpressnews.com/213472-2/213472/ Source: Ashraf Fayadh/Instagram 14. https://hinduexistence.org/2016/12/26/free-ponnam-shankar-from-saudi-jail-to-save-him-from- sharia-execution/ No Source

UNITED STATES COMMISSION ON INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM 732 North Capitol Street, NW, Suite A714 Washington, D.C. 20401 www.uscirf.gov | @USCIRF

Telephone: (202) 523–3240, Fax: (202) 523–5020 email: [email protected]