A Field Primatology A Window for Human Evolution
Juichi Yamagiwa Field Work of Kyoto University Ascent of AACK (1931) Academic virgin peaks interests Tradition of mountaineering and exploration
Anthropology Ethnology Agriculture Ecology Field Medicine Cultural Anthropology
Human Evolution Diversity & Universality Biological Biodiversity Biouniversality of Culture Resource
Ecological Primatology Fo lk Origin and Evolution anthropology Knowledge of Tropical Forest Paleoanthropology Disease Origin & Evolution Aging of Tame Plant Adaptation to Hunter Natural Gatherer Symbiosis Environment Coevolution
Common ancestor
Common Features Conflict & Coexistence Diversity of Ecosystem of Humans and Society of ethnic groups Fieldwork training
Encourage students to: • Broaden &deepen their interests at the prompting of their curiosity in the field • Collect first-hand data concerning the phenomena that had been left unnoticed • Let the data speak Evolution of Human Society
• Concept of society • Concept of culture • Importance of language • Only humans have a society and culture All living things have their own society Species specific society Social consciousness Kinji Imanishi Social intelligence （1902-1992）
Guidelines for fieldworks by Imanishi
• Comparative sociology • Individual identification • Long-term observation Social structure of Japanese macaques By provisioning
• Linear dominance rank M M • Female philopatry M-M-M • Female-bonded F-F-F-F-F • Solitary male M M M Solitary Itani, 1954 Evolution of Social Structure (Itani, 1972, 1984)
EquipotentEquality
InequalityInequality
ConditionalConditional equalityequality The first gorilla Expedition 1958
Imanishi and Reuben at Mt. Muhavura
Imanishi and Baumgartel At Traveller’s Rest G. Schaller at Mt. Mikeno, 1959-60 Dian Fossey since 1967 Violent Gorillas Chest-beating means
• Self-assertion • Excitement • Curiosity • Play invitation • Courtship Gorillas Violent Ancestors Violent Humans Violent Which is true? Gorillas Peaceful Ancestors Peaceful Humans Violent Hunting Hypothesis
2001: A Space Odyssey （１９６５－１９６８） Human nature and the original of sin Humans evolved as a hunters.. ..from hunting tools to weapons.
2001: A Space Odyssey （１９６５－１９６８） However, hunting with tool emerged 0.5 Ma, and war with weapon quite recently. Bipedalism Smaller canine teeth Use of stone tool Enlargement of brain size Camping place Organizational hunting Use of fire Evidence of spear Religion Evidence of weapon Agriculture
7 million years ago 2 million years ago 1 million years ago modern age Predation
Inter-specific aggression
Different goal！ Separation Priority of access
Intra-specific aggression
Coexistence Bonding Intra-specific Old world aggression monkeys
Orangutan
Gorilla 30M
12M Human 9M Distinctive from Chimpanzee monkeys 7M Japanese macaques
Dominant/subordinate relationships Solutions to reduce conflicts
Despotic, winner support Aggression and intervention in conflicts within a gorilla group
(Yamagiwa, 1992) Intervention of conflict
By the third party Face-to-face communication
Reconciliation and consolation
Greeting
Face-to-face communication Observed in both chimpanzees and gorillas Face-to-face communication Also observed in humans
But humans always keep a distance, Why? Human eyes express internal states
Kobayashi & Koshima (2001) Why do non-human primates form groups ? Male(s) Habitat attached saturation Food
Female Competitive Social Predation gregariousness regime relationships
Not for hunting Infanticide But for avoiding being hunted
Female association Male with male Coercion Why non-human primates form groups ?
Male(s) Habitat attached saturation Food
Female Competitive Social Predation gregariousness regime relationships
Male reproductive Infanticide strategy Female association Male with male Coercion Gorilla
Increased reliance on fruits
Slow reproduction
Rapid reproduction
Montane forest Lowland forest Infanticide Yamagiwa et al (2009) infanticide
Gibbon Orangutan Solitary Monogamous Gorilla
infanticide Chimpanzee Bonobo Promiscuous Life history of great apes and humans
Old Infant Juvenile Adult age Orangutan
Gorilla
Chimpanzee
Human
Child period Adolescent period Emergence of human-specific features
Bipedalism Reduction in canine teeth size Move into savanna Use of stone tool Increase in brain size Formation of camp
High predation pressure Fat baby Group hunting Slow growth Use of fire Religion High fecundity Communal breeding Agriculture Family formation 7 million 2 million 1 million modern years ago years ago years ago age Social brain hypothesis Dunbar (1996) Behavioral innovation for food Bipedalism Smaller canine teeth Yamagiwa (2015) Use of stone tool Transport & Enlargement of brain size sharing food Camping place Increase in animal diet Organizational hunting Use of fire Cooking Religion Agriculture Family and community
7 M 2M 1M Today Meat sharing among Chimpanzees at Mahale National Park Fruit sharing among gorillas at Moukalaba National park Evolution of Food Sharing Jaeggi & Gurven (2013)
Total sample: 69 species No food sharing Easy diet
Few prosimians Sharing Most NWM, few OWM Difficult diet With offspring All apes: 39 species Extractive foraging
Sharing Some NWM, some apes Among adults Partner choice Few other species Mating/Coalitions 15/10 species Between Within sexes sexes
Homo sapiens Wide- spread Interdependence 1 species Risky foraging niche Human ancestral society
Homo-Pan LCA
Expansion of range High predation Family and community Food production
Strong empathy Recently!!!
Identity Violence
Language
Land tenure A community structure of humans
Communal Food sharing breeding Family Prosocial Empathy Sympathy
Identity Reciprocal
Family Family Prosocial Prosocial Marriage (prosocial) Evolutionary pathway to Violence
Language Food sharing
Family Possession Conflict Enhanced Family Empathy Community Coalition hostility
Family
Agriculture Communal breeding Land tenure Violence Violence is not human nature, but a byproduct of enhanced empathy merged with Human’s modern life style Lecture Staby MOOC Thanks for your attention