A merican Journal of International aw

April 1990 Vol. 84 No. 2

Published by American Society of International Law PATRONS OF THE SOCIETY ARTHUR H. DEAN (deceased) SEYMOUR J. RUBIN HERMAN PHLEGER (deceased) JOHN LAWRENCE HARGROVE GENEVIEVE E. TILLAR (deceased) FRANK A. BAUMAN W. ROBERT MORGAN RICHARD W. EDWARDS, JR. BRUNSON MACCHESNEY (deceased) HUSSAM ALMESHAL ALONA E. EVANS (deceased) MRS. RICHARD BAXTER JOHN N. HAZARD ENRIQUE P. SYQUIA JOHN R. STEVENSON RITA E. HAUSER ARTHUR R. ALBRECHT HOWARD M. HOLTZMANN ALWYN V. FREEMAN (deceased) ARTHUR W. ROVINE EDWARD DUMBAULD OSCAR SCHACHTER KEITH HIGHET STEPHEN M. SCHWEBEL BASIL S. YANAKAKIS WILLIAM D. ROGERS GERALD AKSEN

In Memoriam DR. JAMES BROWN SCOTT ARTHUR K. KUHN HENRY C. MORRIS ALEXANDER FREEMAN STANLEY P. SMITH PATRONAGE, GIFTS AND BEQUESTS Upon donation to the Society of $5,000 or more by gift or bequest, any member of the Society or individual eligible for membership may be elected a Patron of the Society. Upon donation of at least $5,000 in the name of a deceased person, such person may be elected a Patron posthumously. Gifts and bequests may be made in the name of the American Society of International Law, Washington, D.C. Such contributions are deductible from federal returns for income, estate and gift tax purposes. The Society is incorporated by Act of Congress approved September 20, 1950 (64 Stat. 869). MANLEY O. HUDSON MEDAL The American Society of International Law bestows from time to time without regard to nationality a gold medal to commemorate the life work of Manley O. Hudson. Such awards are made for preeminent scholarship and achievement in international law and in the promotion of the establishment and maintenance of international relations on the basis of law and justice. Medals have been awarded to Manley O. Hudson (1956), Lord McNair (1959), Philip C. Jessup (1964), Charles De Visscher (1966), Paul Guggen­ heim (1970), Myres S. McDougal (1976), Eduardo Jimenez de Arechaga (1978), Richard Reeve Baxter (1981), Oscar Schachter (1981), Hardy Cross Dillard (1982), Suzanne Bastid (1984), Marjorie M. Whiteman (1985) and Leo Gross (1986). THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW (ISSN 0002-9300) is published quarterly, in January, April, July and October, and is supplied to all members of the American Society of International Law. Annual subscription rate to nonmembers is $75.00, plus $5.00 postage outside U.S.A. Available back numbers of AJIL will be supplied at $25.00 each.

EDITORIAL OFFICE: BUSINESS OFFICE: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW 2223 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, N.W. 40 WASHINGTON SQUARE SOUTH WASHINGTON, D.C. 20008-2864 NEW YORK, N.Y. 10012 Second-class postage paid at Washington, D.C. and at additional mailing office. POSTMASTER: If undeliverable, send notice on Form 3579 to the American Journal of International Law, 2223 Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008-2864. Copyright © 1990 by The American Society of International Law Printed by Lancaster Press, Lancaster, Pa. 17603 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

VOL. 84 April 1990 NO. 2

CONTENTS PAGE U.S. Ratification of the Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: The Need for an Entirely New Strategy Philip Alston 365 The Investment Provisions of the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement: A Canadian Perspective Jean Raby 394 U.S. Law Enforcement Abroad: The Constitution and International Law, Continued Andreas F. Lowenfeld 444

Agora: U.S. Forces in Panama: Defenders, Aggressors or Human Rights Activists? The Validity of United States Intervention in Panama under International Law Ved P. Nanda 494 Panama: Beyond the Charter Paradigm Tom J. Farer 503 The Invasion of Panama Was a Lawful Response to Tyranny Anthony D'Amato 516

Editorial Comment Standing to Challenge Human Endeavors That Could Change the Climate Frederic L. Kirgis, Jr. 525 Notes and Comments Herbert W. Briggs (1900-1990) Stephen M. Schwebel 531 Herbert Briggs: A Memoir Keith Highet 532 Correspondence 534 Contemporary Practice of the United States Relating to International Law Marian Nash Leich 536 International Decisions Peter D. Trooboff 550 Current Developments The UN Body of Principles for the Protection of Detained or Imprisoned Persons Tullio Treves 578 All's Well That Ends Well. Or Is It? More on the Publications of the International Court of Justice Shabtai Rosenne 586 Book Reviews and Notes Edited by Detlev Vagts Chen, Lung-chu. An Introduction to Contemporary International Law: A Policy-Oriented Perspective (Harry H. Almond, Jr.) 593 Blatova, N. T. (ed.). Mezhdunarodnoe pravo (Richard Szawlowski) 595 Koshevnikov, F. J. (ed.). Mezhdunarodnoe pravo (Richard Szawlowski) 595 Binder, Guyora. Treaty Conflict and Political Contradiction: The Dialectic of Duplicity (Anthony Carty) 599 Sen, B. A Diplomat's Handbook of International Law and Practice (John R. Lacey) 602 Buergenthal, Thomas. International Human Rights (in a Nutshell) (Henry J. Steiner) 603 Naskou-Perraki, Paroula. Article 15 of the European Convention on Human Rights: Theoretical and Jurisprudential Approach (George A. Zaphiriou) 607 Zarjevski, Yefime. A Future Preserved: International Assistance to Refugees (Paul Weis) 609 Bassiouni, M. Cherif (ed.). Legal Responses to International Terrorism: U.S. Procedural Aspects (Mark W. Janis) 613 Degan, Vladimir-Duro. Medunarodno pravo mora i izvori medunarodnog prava (Peter B. Maggs) 614 Sebenius, James K. Negotiating the Law of the Sea (Bernard H. Oxman) 615 Johnston, Douglas M. The Theory and History of Ocean Boundary-Making (Jonathan I. Charney) 616 Hasselmann, Cord-Georg. Die Freiheit der Handelsschiffahrt: Eine Analyse der UN-Seerechtskonvention (Ernest S. Easterly III) 619 Rubin, Alfred P. The Law of Piracy (Georg Schwarzenberger) 620 Ballarino, Tito, and Silvio Busti. Diritto aeronautico e spaziale (Jerzy Sztucki) 622 Szafarz, Renata. Badanie Ziemi z kosmosu w swietle prawa miedzy- narodowego (Richard Szawlowski) 626 Reijnen, G. C. M., and W. de Graaff. The Pollution of Outer Space, in Particular of the Geostationary Orbit: Scientific, Policy and Legal Aspects (Carl Q. Christol) 627 Brunnee, Jutta. Acid Rain and Ozone Layer Depletion: International Law and Regulation (Tracy Dobson) 629 Meyer, Michael A. (ed.). Armed Conflict and the New Law: Aspects of the 1977 Geneva Protocols and the 1981 Weapons Convention (Burrus M. Carnahan) 631 Singh, Nagendra, and Edward McWhinney. Nuclear Weapons and Contemporary International Law (Bernard G. Bechhoefer) 634 Koenig, Christian. Der nationale Befreiungskrieg im modernen humanitaren Volkerrecht (Hans-Peter Gasser) 636 Transnational Corporations in World Development: Trends and Prospects (Richard D. Robinson) 639 Shihata, Ibrahim F. I. MIGA and Foreign Investment: Origins, Operations, Policies and Basic Documents of the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (Aron Broches) 643 de Waart, Paul, Paul Peters, and Erik Denters (eds.). International Law and Development (Dietrich Kappeler) 648 Briefer Notices: Schuit, van der Beek, Zevenboom and Shifman (eds.), 650; Amerasinghe (ed.), 651; Miiller-Rappard and Bassiouni (eds.), 651; Coussirat-Coustere and Eisemann (eds.), 651. Collected Essays: Studies on International Law. Vol. 4, 651; Chinese Yearbook of International Law and Affairs 1987-88. Vol. 7, 652; Polish Yearbook of International Law 1987. Vol. 16, 652; The Canadian Yearbook of International Law 1988. Vol. 26, 652; Canadian Human Rights Yearbook 1988, 653; Italian Yearbook of International Law 1986-87. Vol. 7, 653; Annuaire Europeen /European Yearbook 1987. Vol. 35, 653; International Geneva Yearbook 1989, 653; Cursos de derecho internacional de Vitoria-Gasteiz, 1987, 654. Books Received 654 International Legal Materials. Contents, Vol. XXIX, No. 1 (January 1990) 659 BOARD OF EDITORS Editor in Chief THOMAS M. FRANCK New York University School of Law GEORGE H. ALDRICH FREDERIC L. KIRGIS, JR. The Hague, Netherlands Washington and Lee University RICHARD B. BILDER School of Law University of Wisconsin Law School CYNTHIA C. LICHTENSTEIN JONATHAN I. CHARNEV Boston College Law School Vanderbilt University School of Law RICHARD B. LILLICH ANTHONY D'AMATO University of Virginia Law School Northwestern University ANDREAS F. LOWENFELD School of Law New York University School of Law RICHARD A. FALK THEODORE MERON Princeton University New York University School of Law TOM J. FARER BERNARD H. OXMAN School of International Service The American University University of Miami School of Law MICHAELJ. GLENNON W. MICHAEL REISMAN University of California, Davis Yale Law School School of Law WILLIAM D. ROGERS EDWARD GORDON Washington, D.C. Albany Law School PETER D. TROOBOFF Union University Washington, D.C. KEITH HIGHET DETLEV F. VAGTS The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University Harvard Law School JOHN H. JACKSON EDITH BROWN WEISS University of Michigan Law School Georgetown University Law Center HAROLD K. JACOBSON BURNS H. WESTON University of Michigan University of Iowa JOHN LAWRENCE HARGROVEColleg, EXe oOfficiof Law Washington, D.C. Honorary Editors LEO GROSS STEFAN A. RIESENFELD The Fletcher School of Law and University of California, Berkeley Diplomacy, Tufts University School of Law JOHN N. HAZARD SEYMOUR J. RUBIN Columbia University School of Law Washington College of Law LOUIS HENKIN The American University Columbia University School of Law MONROE LEIGH OSCAR SCHACHTER Washington, D.C. Columbia University School of Law OLIVER!. LISSITZYN Louis B. SOHN Columbia University School of Law University of Georgia Law School MYRES S. MCDOUGAL Yale Law School ERIC STEIN COVEY T. OLIVER University of Michigan Law School University of Pennsylvania Law RICHARD YOUNG School Van Hornesville, N.Y. Associate Editor ANNA ASCHER Editorial Assistant VIRGINIA CORNETT Assistant Editor Emerita ELEANOR H. FINCH The American Journal of International Law The views expressed in the articles, editorial comments, book reviews and notes, and other contributions which appear in AJ1L are those of the individual authors and are not to be taken as representing the views of the Board of Editors or the American Society of International Law. Manuscripts in triplicate may be sent to the Editor in Chief of AJIL, Professor Thomas M. Franck, New York University School of Law, 40 Washington Square South, New York, N.Y. 10012. All footnotes should be typed double space at the end of the manuscript. Please do not make multiple submissions to other journals. Persons making submissions are invited to indicate whether their manuscript is available on an IBM-PC diskette. AJIL uses WordPerfect 4.2. Subscriptions, orders for back numbers, correspondence with reference to AJIL, and books for review should be sent to the AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW (ISSN 0002-9300), 2223 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008-2864. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by the American Society of Interna­ tional Law for users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) Trans­ actional Reporting Service, provided that the base fee of $5.00 per copy, plus 25* per page is paid directly to CCC, 27 Congress St., Salem, MA 01970. For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is: 0002-9300/90 $5.00 + .25.

The American Society of International Law

The American Society of International Law was organized in 1906 "to foster the study of international law and to promote the establishment and maintenance of international relations on the basis of law and justice." Society membership is open to all persons of whatever nationality and profes­ sion who are interested in its objectives. Dues are: regular, $80; special category, $40 for persons not resident in a member country of the Organisation for Eco­ nomic Co-operation and Development; intermediate, $35; student, $20. Mem­ bership application form is printed at the back of each issue of AJIL.

OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY, 1989-1990

Honorary President ' EDWARD DUMBAULD President Louis B. SOHN Vice-Presidents GOLER BUTCHER, LOUIS HENKIN, PETER D. TROOBOFF Executive Vice-President and Executive Director JOHN LAWRENCE HARGROVE Honorary Vice-Presidents: MAXWELL COHEN, DAVID G. GlLL, LEO GROSS, RITA HAUSER, JOHN N. HAZARD, KEITH HIGHET, MONROE LEIGH, CYNTHIA LICHTENSTEIN, MYRES S. MCDOUGAL, LEONARD MEEKER, COVEY T. OLIVER, FRANZ M. OPPENHEIMER, ELLIOT L. RICHARDSON, STEFAN A. RIESENFELD, WILLIAM D. ROGERS, SEYMOUR J. RUBIN, DEAN RUSK, OSCAR SCHACHTER, STEPHEN M. SCHWEBEL, ERIC STEIN, JOHN R. STEVENSON Secretary MICHAEL H. CARDOZO Treasurer JAMES C. CONNER Assistant Treasurer JOSEPH GUTTENTAG