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Volume XLIV September Number 4 Six Christian Sermons on the Way to Lutheran U Nity Robert Kolb

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Volume XLIV September Number 4 Six Christian Sermons on the Way to Lutheran U Nity Robert Kolb OCT 1 1973 ARCHIVES Volume XLIV September Number 4 Six Christian Sermons on the Way to Lutheran U nity Robert Kolb The author is acting executive director of the Foundation for Reformation Research, St. Louis, Mo. Four hundred years ago this year than two years after the collapse of Evangelical theologians throughout Andreae's first drive toward Lutheran Germany were picking up a new unity. That drive had centered on his ninety-nine page book published in invitation to subscribe to his unpub­ Tuebingen and saying something like, lished "Confession and Brief Explana­ "What has the smithy forged this tion of Certain Disputed Articles time?" James Andreae, or Schmiedlein, According to Which Christian Unity born the son of a smith - a fact his Might Be Attained in the Churches better-born antagonists never let him Subscribing to the Augsburg Confes­ forget - was in 1573 one of the most sion and the Offense-Giving, Weari­ prominent and one of the most reviled some Division Might Be Put Aside." theologians in Germany.1 It is perhaps In connection with this document a wonder that his new book actually Andreae had managed to bring a did mark the turning point in efforts number of Lutheran theologians to­ to bring a large part of Evangelical gether in what he had hoped would be Germany together in doctrinal agree­ a celebration of unity at Zerbst in ment.2 For his Six Ch"istian Sermons Saxony in May 1570. But the taste of on the Divisions Which Have Continued the honey of success quickly turned to Surface Among the Theologians of the to the ashes of rancor and recrimina­ Augsburg Confession from 1548 until tion in the months following that con­ This Year 1573 3 were written less vocation. That failure set the stage for the Six Sermons of 1573 and for the 1 A modern biography of Andreae (1528- series of meetings and documents 1590) has not yet been written. In English the which ran from their publication in best summary of his life is the article by Arthur February 1573 to the publication of Carl Piepkorn in The Encyclopedia of the Lu· the Formula of Concord four years theran Church, ed. Julius Bodensieck, I (Min­ later. neapolis: Augsburg, 1965), 73-74. See also the article by Wagenmann in the Realencycklopaedie At the age of eighteen, in 1546, fuer protestantische T heologie und Kirche, 3. ed., Andreae left the University of ed. Albert Hauck, I (Leipzig: Hinrichs, 1896), Tuebingen and became a deacon in 501-505; Christian Moritz Ficcbogen, Jacob Stuttgart. At the introduction of the Andreae, der Verfasser des Concordienbuchs. Sein Augsburg Interim, Andreae moved to Leben und seine theologische Bedeutung (Hagen/W: Risel, 1881); J. c. G. Johannsen, "Jakob An­ Tuebingen and went underground, dreae's concordistische Thaetigkeit," Zeitschri/t preaching the Lutheran Gospel be­ fuer die historische Theologie, XXIII (1853), hind closed doors. In 1553 he was 344-415; Rosemarie Mueller-Streisand, "Theo­ appointed superintendent in Goep­ Logie und Kirchenpolitik bei Jakob Andreae bis zum Jahre 1568," Blaetter fuer Wuerttemberg. pingen and became along with John Kirchengeschichte 60/61 (1960/1961), 224-395. Confession von Anno 1548. biss auff diss 1573. 2 Heinrich Heppe begins his Geschichte der J ar/nach vnnd nach erhaben/Wie sich ein ein­ lutherischen Concordienformel und Concordie faeltiger Pfarrer vnd gemeiner C hristlicher Leye/ (Marburg: Elwerc, 1857) with the work under so dardurch moecht verergert sein worden auss seinem discussion. Catechismo darein schicken soli. (Tuebingen: 3 Sechs ChristLicher Predig/Von den SPaltungen/ Georg Gruppenbach, 1573); published in at so sich zwischen den T heologen Augspurgischer least three other editions. 262 SIX CHRISTIAN SERMONS Brenz one of the most important After the religious peace of Augsburg ecclesiastical advisers of Duke it became imperative for the Evangeli­ Christoph of Wuerttemberg, one of cal estates of the empire to form a the most prominent and powerful united front, in the view of the princes, Lutheran princes since the imprison­ but continuing theological disputes ment of Elector John Frederick of made that impossible. With the acces­ Saxony and Landgrave Philip of Hesse sion of Maximilian II in 1564, the by Charles V in 1547. In 1561 the emperor was not an avid supporter of duke appointed Andreae professor of Rome, as his father Ferdinand I had theology, provost, and chancellor of been, but was a somewhat cryptic the University of Tuebingen. Chris­ sympathizer of the Lutheran party. toph used Andreae as his personal That was all the more reason to show a. emissary to a host of cities and united front, for no emperor desires principalities, where this staff theolo­ discord in his lands. Furthermore, in gian and ecclesiastical "whiz kid" made the late 1560s the worsening situation his mark by assisting in disputations of Protestants in France and the against non-Lutherans, in organizing Netherlands, and diplomatic ap­ Evangelical church life in areas newly proaches from Elizabeth of England, reformed, and in refereeing arguments made at least some German Evangeli­ among Lutheran theologians. Over a cal princes eager to build a united decade of such service on the road German Evangelical party which throughout Germany and beyond gave could act as a unit in religious politics Andreae a visibility and a familiarity outside the Holy Roman Empire.:; with his brothers in the faith that was probably unmatched by any contem­ Interim; it was attacked by other Lutherans, porary theologian. He was thus a including a group at Magdeburg led by Nikolaus logical choice of the princes as the von Amsdorf and Matthias Flacius Illyricus human instrument to use in their (1520-1575). From this dispute grew the search for theological concord in the Adiaphoristic, Majoristic, and Synergistic controversies (see notes 8, 9, 10). It divided Evangelical camp. north German Lutherans into two major parties Political considerations had con­ for a quarter century. The one, located primarily tinued to be a powerful motivating in electoral Saxony, was called the "Philippists" force for Lutheran theological unity because its members were largely loyal students ever since that unity had been shat­ of Philip Melanchthon. The other was called the "Gnesio-Lutherans," (genuine Lutherans) tered by the defeat of the Smalcaldic or the "Flacianists" (because of the prominence League armies at Muehlberg in 1547 of Matthias Flacius Illyricus in the group) by and by the ensuing battle over the the Philippists. However, few of the party fol­ Augsburg and Leipzig Interims.4 lowed Flacius in all details of his teaching. Members of this party were located primarily in ducal Saxony and a number of north German 4 Emperor Charles V, vicrorious over Elector cities. The third major party in German Lu­ John Frederick of Saxony and Landgrave Philip theranism at this time was that of the south of Hesse, at Muehlberg, introduced the "Augs­ German princedom ofWuerttemberg; its leaders burg Interim" (Spring 1548), a document basi­ were John Brenz (1499-1570) and James An­ cally Roman Catholic in theology but with minor dreae. Undoubtedly, most pasrors of the time concessions ro the Evangelicals, for his Evangel­ were active in none of the three parties. ical lands, on the basis of his superior military 5 Heinrich Heppe, Geschichte des deutschen position following the battle. Elector Moritz of Protestantismus in den Jahren 1555·1581, II Saxony, who was awarded John Frederick's title (Marburg: Elwert, 1853), 168-171, 176-200. and some of his lands for assisting Charles, Letters to William of Hesse concerning the polit­ bowed to pressure from his Lutheran subjects ical situation of the German Evangelical princes and composed another compromise document, from a number of these princes are to be found the "Leipzig Interim" (December 1548). His in Christian Gotthold Neudecker, Neue Beitraege theologians, including Melanchthon, Bugen­ zur Geschichte der Reformation mit historisch­ hagen, and George Major at Wittenberg and kritischen Anmerkungen, II (Leipzig: Fleischer, John Pfefiinger at Leipzig, defended the Leipzig 1841),128-155. The royal governments of both SIX CHRISTIAN SERMONS 263 Andreae's own inclinations made article stated that the believer is saved him a willing tool for those princes only through faith, not through the eager for Evangelical unity. By 1568 good works which demonstrate his he had resolved to devote his energies faith and thankfulness.s The third to reconciling the warring factions article taught that the sinner is spiri­ within the churches of the Augsburg tually dead until the Holy Spirit gives Confession. In that year he found him a new will to replace his perverse, support and an opportunity to begin blind wil1.9 Adiaphora are no longer his drive toward concord. The arch­ free when associated with the confes­ Romanist was succeeded by his son, sion or denial of the faith, Andreae Julius, a cousin of Christoph of Wuert­ stated in the fourth article of his temberg, and a Lutheran. Julius confession.lo Article five treated the asked Christoph for Andreae's help in Lord's Supper; Andreae taught that the first Evangelical visitation of the Christ's body and blood are present churches in his lands. Christoph in the Sacrament with the bread and urged Andreae to draw the Lower wine in a heavenly way, unfathomable Saxons into his plans for establishing by human reason, and that godless concord among the Lutherans. Thus, and unrepentant hypocrites also Julius became one of Andreae's receive Christ's body and blood to warmest supporters. So did Christoph's their judgment.ll In each article son-in-law, Landgrave William of Andreae rejected those who taught Hesse, after Christoph's death on Dec mb r 28, 1568." for teaching that the righteousness which God With his "Confession and Brief Ex· bestows upon the sinner is Christ's essential planation" Andreae toured Evangelical divine righteousness dwelling within the be· Germany during 1569, trying to col­ liever, not the righteousness of Christ in his obedience, suffering, and death, imputed to the to lect subscriptions its five articles, believer.
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