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Felippe De Rosa Miranda the Brick Wall: the National Rifle Association

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Felippe De Rosa Miranda the Brick Wall: the National Rifle Association Felippe De Rosa Miranda The Brick Wall: The National Rifle Association and the Arms Trade Treaty as a case of framing effects on norm diffusion DISSERTAÇÃO DE MESTRADO Thesis presented to the Programa de Pos- Graduação em Relações Internacionais of the Instituto de Relações Internacionais, PUC-Rio in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Mestre em Relações Internacionais Advisor: Prof. Kai Michael Kenkel Rio de Janeiro March 2015 Felippe De Rosa Miranda The Brick Wall: The National Rifle Association and the Arms Trade Treaty as a case of framing effects on norm diffusion Thesis presented to the Programa de Pós- graduação em Relações Internacionais of the Instituto de Relações Internacionais, PUC-Rio in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Mestre em Relações Internacionais Prof. Kai Michael Kenkel Advisor Instituto de Relações Internacionais – IRI/PUC-Rio Profª Monica Herz Instituto de Relações Internacionais – PUC-Rio Prof. Brian L. Job University of British Columbia Profª Monica Herz Coordinator of the Centro de Ciências Sociais – PUC-Rio Rio de Janeiro, March 27th, 2015 All rights reserved Felippe De Rosa Miranda The author graduated in International Relations from the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio) in 2012. Bibliographic data Miranda, Felippe De Rosa The Brick Wall: the National Rifle Association and the Arms Trade Treaty as a case of framing effects on norm diffusion / Felippe De Rosa Miranda ; advisor: Kai Michael Kenkel. – 2015. 200 f.: il. (color.) ; 30 cm Dissertação (mestrado)–Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Relações Internacionais, 2015. Inclui bibliografia 1. Relações internacionais – Teses. 2. Difusão normativa. 3. Framing. 4. Armas pequenas e armas leves. 5. Estados Unidos da América. 6. Análise de Discurso. 7. National Rifle Association. I. Kenkel, Kai Michael. II. Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Relações Internacionais. III. Título. CDD:327 Ao meus pais Duílio e Marise, por nunca me deixar desistir e pelo amor incondicional em todos os momentos da minha vida. Acknowledgements I would like to thank first, as always, my parents Duilio and Marise for all the support and comprehension through the years. Beyond my existence, they gave me the example and the love to believe that anything could be possible. Thank you. To both of you, all the love and gratitude that exists in life. To all my family, I express my deepest love and gratitude. I thank Karine, my girlfriend, who supported me through every single minute of doubt and impatience with love, attention and her singular peaceful way to calm me. I wish God grants me many other minutes, hours, days, months and years beside you. Without your support and smile, this dissertation would not have made it pass the introduction. My advisor, Professor Kai Michael Kenkel, I express my gratitude for supporting me through this dissertation. I thank you for all the attention and the friendship. The whole research and every single word here written would not have been possible without the uncountable meetings in your freezing office. To Professors Brian Job and Monica Herz, I express my gratitude for all the academic opinions, contributions and attention throughout the research. My friend and restless reviser, Dr. Guilherme France, I express my deep gratitude. Guilherme kindly read every single word here written, commenting, correcting, criticizing and cheering. I have a few friends, but only one Guilherme. Thank you for the infinite patience that I hope and will return when your turn comes. To Raduan, Catherina, João and Luisa, I thank all the support and the friendship. One day we will laugh of all the uncountable worries that came through our minds over the past 2 years. I also would like to thank the Coordenadoria de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior and the Fundação de Apoio a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro – FAPERJ to support this research. Abstract De Rosa Miranda, Felippe; Kenkel, Kai Michael (Advisor). The Brick Wall: The National Rifle Association and the Arms Trade Treaty as a case of framing effects on norm diffusion. Rio de Janeiro, 2015, 200 p. MA Dissertation – Instituto de Relações Internacionais, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro. This research intends to analyze how discursive practices may impact norm diffusion mechanisms, focusing on local political groups’ resistance processes regarding international norms. In this sense, regarding American participation in the development of an international treaty on small arms and light weapons (SALW) at the United Nations over the past two decades, the work intends to highlight the points from which internal social agents create resistance. Represented in this research as the National Rifle Association (NRA) and its members, these agents can mobilize domestic normative frameworks to create a narrative that frames the advancement of small arms regulation as a potential threat to freedom and personal safety. Through a descriptive and critical discourse analysis, 35 NRA pronouncements containing the key words "United Nations" and "Gun control" were analyzed in order to show the construction of this narrative through these speeches. Three pillars were identified: (1) the association of an allegedly domestic effort of gun control to an international coalition of foreign interests with the same objective; (2) the capability to appropriate values of defense, protection, expertise and efficiency against this joint effort, which is characterized as a menace, biased, inefficient and naïve; and (3) the categorization of these efforts as a potential threat to which they are everlastingly vulnerable unless they unite and resist. This research shows that these three pillars can enable a resistance environment that performs a dual function: while these narrative influences international norm diffusion, these actors use this process to strengthen their domestic agenda. Keywords Norm diffusion; framing; small arms and light weapons; United States Of America; discourse analysis; National Rifle Association. Resumo De Rosa Miranda, Felippe; Kenkel, Kai Michael. A Parede de Tijolos: A Associação Nacional de Rifles e o Tratado de Comércio de Armas Convencionais como estudo de caso sobre os efeitos de framing na difusão normativa. Rio de Janeiro, 2015, 200 p. Dissertação de Mestrado – Instituto de Relações Internacionais, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro. A dissertação almeja analisar como práticas discursivas podem impactar os mecanismos de difusão normativa, focando nos processos de resistência à norma internacional por parte de grupos políticos dentro de Estados. Observando a participação norte-americana nos debates sobre um tratado internacional de armas pequenas e armas leves (APAL) no âmbito das Nações Unidas nas últimas duas décadas, o trabalho pretende ressaltar os pontos pelos quais atores sociais internos criam resistência. Representados dentro da pesquisa pela a Associação Nacional de Rifles e seus membros, esses atores conseguem mobilizar arcabouços normativos domésticos para criar uma narrativa que enquadra o avanço da regulação de pequenas armas como uma ameaça à liberdade e a segurança individual. Por meio de uma análise de discurso descritiva e crítica, foram analisados 35 pronunciamentos da NRA e seus membros contendo as palavras- chaves “United Nations” e “Gun control” com o objetivo de mostrar a construção dessa narrativa. Três pilares foram identificados: (1) a associação de um suposto esforço interno de restrição de armas leves junto a uma coalizão de interesses internacionais com o mesmo objetivo; (2) a apropriação por parte desses agentes de valores como defesa, proteção, conhecimento e eficiência e contraposição a essa coalizão de forças internacionais que são uma ameaça, tendenciosas, ineficientes e ingênuas; e (3) a categorização desses esforços conjuntos como uma potencial ameaça cuja presença é perene e deve ser resistida de modo contínuo. Esses três pilares estabelecem um ambiente de resistência que executa uma dupla função: ao mesmo tempo em que influencia a difusão normativa internacional, esses atores se utilizam desse processo para fortalecer a sua agenda interna. Palavras-chave Difusão normativa; framing; armas pequenas e armas leves; Estados Unidos da América; análise de discurso; Associação Nacional de Rifles. Summary Introduction 12 1. Norms and International Relations 19 1.1. The rationalist approach ................................................................................. 21 1.2. Constructivism, identity and norms ................................................................ 24 1.3. “Waves” of norm diffusion............................................................................. 28 1.4. Localization and Subsidiarity ......................................................................... 33 1.5. Threat, vulnerability and framing ................................................................... 39 2. Discursive Actions, Reality Building and Norm Diffusion 43 2.1. Diffusion and Discourse ................................................................................. 46 2.2. Representation in political discourses ............................................................ 52 2.3. Research question and Hypothesis ................................................................. 58 2.4. Methodology ..................................................................................................
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