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Site Scale Slow Moving Landslides: Characterization by Monitoring and Modelling

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Site Scale Slow Moving Landslides: Characterization by Monitoring and Modelling C Site scale slow moving landslides: characterization by monitoring and modelling TESIS DOCTORAL Presentada por Guadalupe Marina Bru Cruz para optar al grado de Doctor en Ciencias Aplicadas al Medio Ambiente Dirigida por: Jose A. Fernández-Merodo Jose Fernández Pablo González Científico titular de OPIs Profesor de Investigación, CSIC Lecturer in Geophysics Instituto Geológico y Minero Instituto de Geociencias (UCM- University of Liverpool de España (IGME) CSIC) ALMERÍA, OCTUBRE DE 2018 A mi tío José Manuel y a mi tía Guada To my uncle José Manuel and my aunt Guada All slopes that look like they are about to fail will eventually fail. All slopes that look stable, will also eventually fail. (Rule of thumb in slope stability evaluation, Karstein Lied, NGI) CONTENTS Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................... 1 Resumen ......................................................................................................................................... 3 Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 5 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 7 Presentation ................................................................................................................................ 9 Motivation and objectives ......................................................................................................... 9 Studied landslides .................................................................................................................... 12 PhD Thesis structure and original contributions ................................................................ 13 1 State of the art ..................................................................................................................... 15 1.1 Landslide definition, classification and causes of failure ........................................ 17 Landslide nomenclature ...................................................................................... 17 Landslide classification ........................................................................................ 20 1.1.2.1 Activity ............................................................................................................... 20 1.1.2.2 Rate of movement ............................................................................................. 23 1.1.2.3 Water content ..................................................................................................... 24 1.1.2.4 Material............................................................................................................... 24 1.1.2.5 Type of movement ............................................................................................ 25 1.1.2.6 Magnitude .......................................................................................................... 26 Causes of slope failure ......................................................................................... 26 1.2 Landslide Monitoring ................................................................................................... 27 Monitoring techniques ......................................................................................... 28 Advanced differential SAR Interferometry technique .................................... 30 1.3 Landslide numerical modelling .................................................................................. 35 Modelling techniques ........................................................................................... 35 1.3.1.1 Limit equilibrium methods .............................................................................. 36 1.3.1.2 Advanced numerical methods ........................................................................ 37 FEM for 3D slow-moving site scale landslides models ................................... 37 2 A- DInSAR monitoring of landslide and subsidence activity: a case of ........................ urban damage in Arcos de la Frontera, Spain ............................................................... 39 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 41 2.2 Paper: A-DInSAR monitoring of landslide and subsidence activity: a ..................... case of urban damage in arcos de la frontera, spain ................................................. 45 Contents 3 Suitability assessment of X band satellite SAR data for geotechnical ........................... monitoring of site scale slow moving landslides .......................................................... 65 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 67 3.2 Paper: suitability assessment of X band satellite SAR data for .................................. geotechnical monitoring of site scale slow moving landslides ............................... 69 4 Site scale modelling of slow-moving landslides, a 3D viscoplastic ............................... finite element modelling approach ............................................................................... 107 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 109 4.2 Paper: Site scale modelling of slow-moving landslides, a 3D .................................... viscoplastic finite element modelling approach...................................................... 111 Discussion and Conclusions ..................................................................................................... 129 Summary of landslide site case studies characteristics..................................................... 131 Discussion ............................................................................................................................... 133 Main conclusions ................................................................................................................... 136 Future research lines.............................................................................................................. 137 Other scientific contributions ................................................................................................ 139 List of acronyms ........................................................................................................................ 141 Bibliography .............................................................................................................................. 143 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Quiero empezar agradeciendo a mi director, José Fernández, el haberme dado la oportunidad de realizar esta tesis, la confianza depositada en mí y el esfuerzo empleado para que todo saliera adelante. En segundo lugar a mis co-directores. Mencionar el rigor y honestidad científica de Jose Antonio Fernández-Merodo, y todo el apoyo que me ha brindado durante este tiempo. A Pablo González quiero agradecerle la generosidad, implicación y paciencia a la hora de enseñarme a procesar y programar durante mis estancias, sus consejos y su visión sobre la ciencia. Mis compañeros doctorandos Tamara y Joaquín han hecho que este camino sea mucho más ameno y han sido un gran apoyo. Gracias a Joaquín por su disposición y ayuda con el SAR. A Israel quiero agradecerle la compañía tan agradable de despacho y la ayuda con ArcGIS y óptico. A María el escucharme en los momentos de bajón y sus consejos científicos y profesionales. A Gema por su positividad y darme la oportunidad de dar clase, y al resto del grupo de investigación, Juan y Antonio. Quiero mencionar a los investigadores del IGME, con los que he colaborado durante la elaboración de este trabajo y que siempre me han demostrado una gran calidad científica y humana. Muy especialmente a Gerardo Herrera por todo el apoyo que me ha prestado desde mis primeros pasos en el mundo de la investigación, su visión para enfocar los trabajos y ejemplo de cómo crear un buen ambiente de equipo, siempre desde el buen humor. A Juan Carlos López- Davadillo, Rosa Mateos, Francisco J. Roldán y Marta Béjar por su inestimable ayuda y conocimientos. A Raúl Pérez-López por esos consejos que hacen a uno enfrentarse con la realidad incómoda y enfrentarla. Gracias a Alicia Arjona y Dani Monells por guiarme durante mis primeros pasos con el CPT. Al personal de EUROESTUDIOS, Antonio Morales, Belén Gascón y Miguel Ángel Avellaneda por sus contribuciones a los trabajos de Leintz-Gatzaga. Quiero agradecer al decano Antonio Brú la cesión del despacho mientras terminaba la tesis y a mi tutor en la Universidad de Almería Francisco Luzón por la ayuda prestada. Gracias a la gang de la escuela LARAM 2016, because you are awesome. Gracias a todos los amigos y familiares que han aguantado mis penas sobre la tesis estos años. A Alex y Fer por haber sido la mejor familia “de convivencia” que pueda imaginar. A todos los circenses que me alegráis la existencia cada día, en especial a Julia por entenderme tan bien. A mis almorranix valientes, los ingenieros geólogos y a las hijas del vaso de agua. A mis primas y pilares Ainhoa, Luisa, Karmele y Helena, y a mis sobrinos. A Adrián por caminar juntos de puntillas. Por encima de todo quiero agradecer a mis padres y a mi hermana la
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