South Oxfordshire District Council

2020 Air Quality Annual Status Report (ASR)

In fulfilment of Part IV of the Environment Act 1995 Local Air Quality Management

June 2020

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 South Oxfordshire District Council

Local Authority Carmen Cubillas Martinez Officer Department Environmental Health

South Oxfordshire District Council, 135 Eastern Address Avenue, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4SB, Oxfordshire

Telephone 01235 422403

E-mail [email protected] Report Reference ASR 2020 number Date June 2020

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020

Executive Summary: Air Quality in Our Area Air Quality in South Oxfordshire District Council

Air pollution is associated with a number of adverse health impacts. It is recognised as a contributing factor in the onset of heart disease and cancer. Additionally, air pollution particularly affects the most vulnerable in society: children and older people, and those with heart and lung conditions. There is also often a strong correlation with equalities issues, because areas with poor air quality are also often the less affluent areas1,2.

The annual health cost to society of the impacts of particulate matter alone in the UK is estimated to be around £16 billion3.

South Oxfordshire District Council (SODC, the council) declared AQMA’s in three towns within the District: Henley, Wallingford and Watlington, all because of high levels of NO2 from traffic fumes. These can be viewed at the following link: https://oxfordshire.air-quality.info/.

The monitoring results recorded in 2019 show a slight decrease in pollution levels from 2018 in most areas of the District, following the downward trend identified last year.

In order to improve air pollution across the district, the council works in collaboration with partners like Oxfordshire County Council (OCC), Oxford Bus Company (OBC) and other local authorities within Oxfordshire, putting in place some measures to reduce

NO2 and PM levels further, both in the AQMAs and also across the entire district.

Meetings of the Oxfordshire Air Quality Group are held quarterly and include representatives from Public Health and Public Health England (PHE), enabling joint working and a more comprehensive approach to our future projects.

Actions to Improve Air Quality

In order to improve air quality within the district, the council have undertaken a number of initiatives over the past year which include:

1 Environmental equity, air quality, socioeconomic status and respiratory health, 2010 2 Air quality and social deprivation in the UK: an environmental inequalities analysis, 2006 3 Defra. Abatement cost guidance for valuing changes in air quality, May 2013

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- Launching our anti-idling campaign “Turn it off” on Clean Air Day (see Figure 1 below) and shared information on the impacts of engine idling during a series of promotional events.

Figure 1 Launch of the anti-idling campaign "Turn it Off" in Henley, Clean Air Day 2019

During the second stage of the campaign, SODC targeted drivers specifically by advertising the campaign in the nozzles of petrol stations in Wallingford and Watlington (see Figure 2 below). Since many members of the public showed interest in helping spread the message, SODC has been sharing promotional materials with individuals and organisations for the last year.

Figure 2 Advertisement for the anti-idling campaign in petrol stations

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A third stage of the campaign had been planned to take place in March-June 2020, this time targeting sensitive receptors, by launching an artwork competition. This project has however now been postponed due to the current lockdown and school closures.

- Using the Planning Regime as a tool to improve air quality, by encouraging developers to support the construction of an edge road in Watlington.

- Launched a competition asking people not to use their car on Car Free Day (22 Sept 2019) and asking them to share how they spent the day instead to win a prize.

- Produced a leaflet with eco-driving tips that was sent out to all the residents of the district with the council tax invoices in February/March 2020 (see figure 3 below).

Figure 3 Eco-driving tips leaflet shared with the residents of South Oxfordshire

In 2019, South Oxfordshire District Council was the lead authority in drafting a joint bid, together with other Local Authorities in Oxfordshire, to apply for Defra’s AQ funding in 2019. The proposal, although unsuccessful, aimed to obtain funding to update the existing Oxfordshire Air Quality website (https://oxfordshire.air- quality.info/).

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Conclusions and Priorities

In 2019, two exceedances of the annual objective of NO2 were identified in South Oxfordshire, within Watlington and Henley AQMAs, at monitoring sites that had registered exceedances in previous years.

The five-year trend of NO2 levels in the district continues to be a decreasing one, although some monitoring sites have registered higher concentrations than in 2018.

Despite the overall improvement in air quality, the revocation of the existing AQMAs is not yet being considered due to the recent exceedances and the fact that more data is needed to support the decreasing trend before trusting that NO2 levels will remain below the national objectives.

The council’s priorities for the following reporting year include producing an updated Action Plan, publish the updated AQ Developers Guidance document and re-schedule those actions that were planned for the spring-summer 2020 but have been delayed due to the current pandemic.

Local Engagement and How to get Involved

There are many ways in which the public can get involved in helping to improve air quality in their area, from using your car less, driving more efficiently when you do have to drive or considering a cleaner vehicle when you choose to upgrade your car.

Many smart travel choices and other tips to reduce air pollution can be found in the links below:

• https://www.oxfordshire.gov.uk/cms/public-site/travel-choices

• http://www.traveline.info/

• https://oxfordshire.air-quality.info/what-can-you-do-to-improve-air-quality

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Table of Contents

Executive Summary: Air Quality in Our Area ...... i Air Quality in South Oxfordshire District Council ...... i Actions to Improve Air Quality ...... i Conclusions and Priorities ...... iv Local Engagement and How to get Involved ...... iv 1 Local Air Quality Management ...... 1 2 Actions to Improve Air Quality ...... 2 2.1 Air Quality Management Areas ...... 2 2.2 Progress and Impact of Measures to address Air Quality in South Oxfordshire ...... 4

2.3 PM2.5 – Local Authority Approach to Reducing Emissions and/or Concentrations...... 14 3 Air Quality Monitoring Data and Comparison with Air Quality Objectives and National Compliance ...... 18 3.1 Summary of Monitoring Undertaken ...... 18 3.1.1 Automatic Monitoring Sites ...... 18 3.1.2 Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites...... 18 3.2 Individual Pollutants ...... 18

3.2.1 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)...... 18 Appendix A: Monitoring Results ...... 20 ...... 40 Appendix B: Full Monthly Diffusion Tube Results for 2019 ...... 42 Appendix C: Supporting Technical Information / Air Quality Monitoring Data QA/QC ...... 51 Appendix D: Map(s) of Monitoring Locations and AQMAs ...... 57 Appendix E: Summary of Air Quality Objectives in England ...... 63 Appendix F: Screening Assessment of Road Traffic PM Sources in South Oxfordshire’s AQMAs...... 64 Glossary of Terms ...... 65 References ...... 66 Other references ...... 66

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List of Tables Table 2.1 – Declared Air Quality Management Areas ...... 3 Table 2.2 – Progress on Measures to Improve Air Quality ...... 9

Table A.1 - Details of Automatic Monitoring Sites ...... 20 Table A.2 – Details of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites ...... 21 Table A.3 – Annual Mean NO2 Monitoring Results ...... 27 Table A.4 – 1-Hour Mean NO2 Monitoring Results ...... 35

Table B.1 - NO2 Monthly Diffusion Tube Results - 2019 ...... 42

Table E.1 – Air Quality Objectives in England ...... 63

List of Figures Figure 1 Launch of the anti-idling campaign "Turn it Off" in Henley, Clean Air Day 2019 ...... ii Figure 2 Advertisement for the anti-idling campaign in petrol stations ...... ii Figure 3 Eco-driving tips leaflet shared with the residents of South Oxfordshire ...... iii Figure 4 Car sticker designed to share the message of the anti-idling campaign ...... 6 Figure 5 Modelled background PM 2.5 levels in South Oxfordshire in 2019 ...... 15

Figure A 1 Trends in NO2 Annual mean concentrations in Watlington ...... 36 Figure A 2 Trends in NO2 Annual mean concentrations in Wallingford ...... 37 Figure A 3 Trends in NO2 Annual mean concentrations in Henley ...... 38 Figure A 6 Trends in NO2 Annual mean concentrations in Thame and Chinnor ...... 40 Figure A 7 Trends in NO2 Annual mean concentrations in other areas of South Oxfordshire ...... 41

Figure C 1 Henley co-location: Precision and accuracy of triplicate tubes and calculation of local bias adjustment factor ...... 52 Figure C 2 Wallingford co-location: Precision and accuracy of triplicate tubes and calculation of local bias adjustment factor ...... 52 Figure C 3 Henley continuous analyser: annual graph ...... 54 Figure C 4 Watlington continuous analyser: annual graph ...... 54 Figure C 5 Wallingford continuous analyser: annual graph ...... 55

Figure D 1 Watlington AQMA and monitoring sites ...... 57 Figure D 2 Wallingford AQMA and monitoring sites ...... 58 Figure D 3 Henley AQMA and monitoring sites ...... 59 Figure D 4 Monitoring sites in Thame ...... 60 Figure D 5 Monitoring sites in Chinnor ...... 61 Figure D 6 Monitoring sites in Didcot ...... 62

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1 Local Air Quality Management This report provides an overview of air quality in South Oxfordshire during 2019. It fulfils the requirements of Local Air Quality Management (LAQM) as set out in Part IV of the Environment Act (1995) and the relevant Policy and Technical Guidance documents.

The LAQM process places an obligation on all local authorities to regularly review and assess air quality in their areas, and to determine whether or not the air quality objectives are likely to be achieved. Where an exceedance is considered likely the local authority must declare an Air Quality Management Area (AQMA) and prepare an Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) setting out the measures it intends to put in place in pursuit of the objectives. This Annual Status Report (ASR) is an annual requirement showing the strategies employed by the council to improve air quality and any progress that has been made.

The statutory air quality objectives applicable to LAQM in England can be found in Table E.1 in Appendix E.

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2 Actions to Improve Air Quality 2.1 Air Quality Management Areas

Air Quality Management Areas (AQMAs) are declared when there is an exceedance or likely exceedance of an air quality objective. After declaration, the authority must prepare an Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) within 12-18 months setting out measures it intends to put in place in pursuit of compliance with the objectives.

A summary of AQMAs declared by South Oxfordshire District Council can be found in Table 2.1. Further information related to declared or revoked AQMAs, including maps of AQMA boundaries are available online at:

https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/images/aqma_maps/Henley.jpg, https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/images/aqma_maps/Wallingford.jpg https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/images/aqma_maps/Watlington.jpg.

Alternatively, see Appendix D: Map(s) of Monitoring Locations and AQMAs, which provides for a map of air quality monitoring locations in relation to the AQMAs.

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Table 2.1 – Declared Air Quality Management Areas Is air Level of Exceedance (maximum quality in monitored/modelled Action Plan the AQMA concentration at a location of Pollutants influenced relevant exposure) AQMA Date of and Air City / One Line by roads Name Declaration Quality Town Description controlled Objectives Date of by At Declaration Now Name Link Highways Publication England? An area encompassing Duke Street and Bell Street in 2002 and was Air Quality NO2 Annual Henley 01/01/2013 Henley further extended NO 45.1 µg/m3 49 µg/m3 Action Plan 2014 Link Mean in 2004 to 2014: Henley include the Market Place, Hart street and Reading Road. An area encompassing the High Street Air Quality NO2 Annual and part of Action Plan

Wallingford 28/03/2008 Wallingford NO 48.3 µg/m3 37 µg/m3 2014 Link Mean Castle Street, St 2014: Marys Street Wallingford and St Martins Street

An area Air Quality encompassing NO2 Annual Action Plan

Watlington 31/03/2009 Watlington Shirburn Street, NO 51.3 µg/m3 40 µg/m3 2014 Link Mean 2014: Couching Street Watlington and Brook street

☒ South Oxfordshire District Council confirm the information on UK-Air regarding their AQMAs is up to date

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2.2 Progress and Impact of Measures to address Air Quality in South Oxfordshire

Defra’s appraisal of last year’s ASR concluded:

• Exceedances have been seen at S72 in 2017 and 2018. S72 is not a site of relevant exposure to a receptor. The closest receptor to S72 is 2 Mendip Heights. NO2 concentrations at this receptor are well below the AQOs. Therefore, no AQMA is required.

Figure D6 shows the current location and previous location (until December 2018) of S72. The new location is adjacent to a dwelling and the results recorded in 2019 are well below the national objective (16.7 µg/m3).

• From 2017 to 2018 the number of exceedances has decreased and the concentration of NO2 has generally decreased in the district.

The number of exceedances has increased to two in 2019 (please see section

3.2 below). However, the graphs provided in Appendix C show that NO2 levels continue to follow a decreasing trend in most locations.

• It is good to see progress being made towards the AQAP measures in the last year. However, as the current AQAP is now regarded as being out of date, the Council should complete and publish their next AQAP, ideally, before the next ASR.

Officers from Environmental Health (SODC) and Growth and Infrastructure leads from Planning and Place at Oxfordshire County Council have met during 2019 to discuss the actions included in the current AQAP and their feasibility. It has been concluded that a number of these, mostly regarding traffic management, have now been dismissed due to not being realistic, feasible options and should not be included in the updated AQAP. Officers at OCC have been asked to put together a report on the reasons to discard these actions, which will be included in the updated AQAP.

In terms of new measures that should be added to the updated AQAP to reduce air pollution effectively going forward, their identification has been planned for autumn 2020, when details of the council’s new corporate plan

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should have been finalised. In addition to this, the council’s Climate Emergency Advisory Committee (CEAC) has set ambitious targets to:

o becoming carbon neutral within its own operations by 2025, and

o to becoming a carbon neutral district by 2030.

These new targets and associated policies will take into account the desire to

reduce NO2 in the district, as well as carbon emissions, and will shape the updated AQAP by being translated into specific measures and actions.

In 2019 SODC have liaised with Oxfordshire County Council’s Transport Monitoring officers to obtain the latest traffic data that is being used in the source apportionment that will inform the CEAC’s policy review and therefore the updated AQAP.

It should be noted the Covid-19 pandemic has impacted the timescales of updating the AQAP, but we will begin the process as soon as is possible.

• It is good to see that the Council have responded to comments from the previous appraisal and included new monitoring locations.

In January 2019, 23 new monitoring sites were added to the diffusion tube network; four in Didcot, two in Clifton Hampden, one at Adwell Cottages, six in Thame, two in Wheatley, one in Sonning Eye, two in Wallingford and five in Chinnor.

• The maps provided in Appendix D are good, however they only display monitoring locations within the AQMA. No maps are included for Didcot or South Oxfordshire (where there have been graphs provided). It would be useful if these maps were included in future reports.

Maps showing the location of monitoring sites in Didcot, Thame and Chinnor have been included in Appendix D of this report.

The council has taken forward a number of direct measures during the current reporting year of 2019 in pursuit of improving local air quality. Details of all measures completed, in progress or planned are set out in Table 2.2.

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More detail on these measures can be found in their Action Plan: SODC Air Quality Action Plan 2014. Key completed measures are:

• Installation of 4 EV charging points in council owned car parks.

• Adoption of a taxi licensing scheme that offers a reduced fee for low emission vehicles.

• Producing an updated Air Quality Planning Guidance document that will be published in the autumn of 2020.

• Completed modelling work to assess the impacts on the proposed ‘edge road’ on local air quality in Watlington.

• Using the Planning process as a tool to improve air quality, by encouraging developers to support the construction of an edge road in Watlington.

• Oxford Bus Company continue to improve the emissions standard of their fleet by retrofitting vehicles progressively.

• On 22 June 2019, Clean Air day, the council launched its anti-idling Campaign: "Turn it Off" by carrying out a series of promotional events to raise awareness and provide information on AQ and what can be done to improve it. Produced and share the promotional materials (see campaign poster on Figure 4 below) with members of the public and Parish Councils.

Figure 4 Car sticker designed to share the message of the anti-idling campaign

• Although unsuccessfully, SODC applied to 2019 Defra’s AQ Grant to obtain funding to update Oxfordshire Air Quality Website, together with the other LAs members of Oxfordshire Air Quality Group.

• Scoped the feasibility of a Dockless Bikes Scheme for the AQMA towns, project has been dropped due to our market towns not being large enough to make such schemes economically viable.

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• Provided funding towards the 2019 Wallingford Festival of Cycling, an event that promotes cycling and the adoption of sustainable means of transport in the district.

• Raised awareness of Car Free Day (22 Sept 2019) by launching a competition asking people not to use their car on the day and share how the spent the day instead to win a prize (bus ticket vouchers).

• Began the process of producing an update AQAP, as explained at the beginning of section 2.2.

• Continuing to use our Planning and Procurement Systems to reduce emissions from transport in the longer term.

• Procured a contractor that will provide eco-driving training for council employees.

The council expects the following measures to be completed over the course of the next reporting year:

• The eco-driving training for employees to be made available and delivered virtually online.

• Continue with our ‘Turn it Off’ anti-idling campaign, by launching our artwork competition in schools (dependent on pandemic and schools re-opening).

• Explore and consider the installation of additional electric vehicle charging points in council owned car parks and properties.

• Review and improve our proposal for updating Oxfordshire Air Quality Website and apply for the 2020 Defra AQ funding.

• Publish the council’s updated Air Quality Developers Guidance and share with our planners and local councillors.

• Work towards producing and publishing an updated AQAP.

The principal challenges and barriers to implementation that the council anticipates facing is that some action’s progress depends on third parties, changing policies or lack of resources.

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Whilst the measures stated above and in Table 2.2 will help to contribute towards compliance, the council anticipates that further additional measures not yet prescribed will be required in subsequent years to achieve compliance and enable the revocation of the three AQMAs in the district.

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Table 2.2 – Progress on Measures to Improve Air Quality

Reduction in Estimated / Date Key Measure EU Organisations Funding Pollutant / Actual Comments / Barriers Measure EU Category Measure Performance Progress to Date No. Classification involved Source Emission from Completion to implementation Introduced Indicator Measure Date If fully implemented a Regional reduction of 16% Groups Co- NO2 would be ordinating LES adopted in Oct seen in Policy Guidance programmes to 2017. Further New policies in Wallingford, 35% and develop Area Completed implementation will 1 LES 2017 SODC SODC place. NO2 levels in Watlington LES Adopted Development wide Strategies 2017 progressively take reduced (enabling us to Control to reduce place during the revoke these 2 emissions and following years AQMAs) and an improve air overall 5% quality reduction districtwide.

Encouragement through the planning process and council car New policies in Transport parking initiatives. Installation of EV place. EV 2 Planning and Other 2017 SODC SODC Not Quantified Technical Services Team scoping 2021/22 Resource dependant charging points infrastructure in Infrastructure possibility of installing additional EV place charging points in council owned car parks and properties.

Parking permit Promoting Low Discounted Half price permits offered to Priority parking The current policy is 3 incentives for Emission - SODC SODC permits for Not Quantified residents with vehicles that have Completed for LEV's being reviewed green vehicles Transport greener vehicles less than 120g/km CO2 emissions.

Feasibility study for freight Freight and Freight Not Quantified: consolidation 4 Delivery Consolidation - OCC OCC Study completion likely to be high if Funding not yet secured Unknown centre / freight Management Centre implemented quality partnerships

Completed-LEV taxi licensing Promoting Low Taxi incentives Taxi Licensing Full sliding scale scheme in place. Completed 5 Emission 2015 SODC SODC Not Quantified for LEVs conditions for fees Policy currently being reviewed and 2015 Transport updated during 2020/2021

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A joint working group comprising of Dependant on OCC officers from OCC, Cherwell, Vale decision to be Improved use Further checks & and South have commissioned a considered following and enforcement Traffic 6 Other - OCC OCC monitoring Not Quantified cost/benefit analysis for potential Unknown cabinet consideration of traffic Management underway implementation and maintenance of of the joint working regulation orders a Civil Parking Enforcement group report expected scheme in each individual district in October 2020

Earlier document already published. Policy Guidance Air Quality An updated version of the All developments AQ Planning and Planning and document was commissioned and 7 2014 SODC SODC adhering to Not Quantified 2020 Guidance Development Policy will be made available to members guidance Control Guidance of the public once it's agreed by the Planning Policy and Development Control teams- mid 2020 Strategic highway improvements, Re-prioritising This is dependent on road space housing planning away from Developments proposed along the applications being cars, including Project Smoothing traffic Traffic edge road have agreed to support approved to fund the 8 Access - OCC OCC (bypass/edge Not Quantified Unknown flow in Watlington Management the construction of the road by Edge Road and management, road) completed providing the land and resources remove some of the Selective on-street parking to vehicle priority, improve traffic flows bus priority, high vehicle occupancy lane

Dependant on OCC. Further monitoring to be done by OCC to Increased use of Traffic SODC/ SODC/ Projects assess the benefits 9 the Ring Road: Other - Not Quantified Under consideration by OCC Unknown Management OCC OCC completed and impacts to AQ of Wallingford closing the Wallingford Bridge during rush hour

Currently discussing the design of a Increased series of posters that would enforcement and encourage members of the public Traffic New enforcement Progress dependant 10 review of the Other - OCC OCC Not Quantified to report breaches of the WRZ and Unknown Management policy adopted on OCC weight restriction how to do it via OCCs website, zone: Watlington therefore aiding the enforcement of the WRZ

Oxford Bus are updating the emissions standard of their fleet Transport Vehicle SODC Low Emission Oxford Bus % of Euro VI progressively. 50% of Thames Part 11 Planning and Retrofitting - Oxford Bus Not Quantified Resource dependant Bus Strategy Company buses travel fleet and 80% of OBCs fleet completed Infrastructure programmes Company are now Euro VI (the rest being Euro V buses).

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Thames Travel: 28 Euro VI buses at Thames out of a total of 59 buses. Of these, 9 were supplied new as Euro VI buses, the other 19 have been retrofitted. One further bus to be retrofitted in 2020. The remainder are Euro V.

OBC fleet used on the Abingdon services: 28 Euro VI out of 35 buses (all retrofitted). The remaining 7 are Euro V.

Promoting low Explored a potential dockless bikes emission Transport scheme in the AQMA towns with Public cycle 12 transport: Planning and - SODC SODC Scheme in place Not Quantified Cycle.Land. Due to its costs this 2019 hire scheme Dockless Bikes Infrastructure scheme has been considered not Scheme viable at this time.

Campaign launched on Clean Air Day 2019. A series of promotional events took place across the district, raising awareness and providing information for member of the public on what they can do to improve local air quality. Several promotional materials were produced and shared, including car stickers, poster, banners and Anti-idling 2-3% fuel savings, Public Via other Campaign keyrings. 13 Campaign: "Turn 2019 SODC SODC emission savings 2019 Information mechanisms launched it Off" less clear The campaign and its message were advertised on nozzles at petrol stations in the district. A second stage of the campaign involving an artwork competition that would bring the campaign to schools was ready for launched in March 2020 but had to be cancelled due to the current Covid- 19 pandemic. Our waste contractor (Biffa) updated its fleet to Euro 6 vehicles Company in October 2017 they are Vehicle investigating the feasibility of Review of Promoting Low Procurement - New Policies in changing supervisors’ vehicles to 14 Council and Emission Prioritising - SODC SODC Place; Greener Not Quantified EV. 2019 contractors’ fleet Transport uptake of low Vehicles Procured emission Council vehicles being purchased vehicles include an emission levels appraisal as part of the selection process.

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Procured contractor to provide the training. Training is in the form of four-hour workshop, was due in April 2020 but had to be cancelled Driver training The council is looking Eco-driver Vehicle Fleet Training due to the current pandemic. 15 and ECO 2020 SODC SODC Not Quantified 2019/20 to re-schedule this training Efficiency Complete driving aids training virtually online. Produced a leaflet that was posted to residents of the district with their council tax bills (see figure 2 above)

Launched a competition asking people that if they pledge not to use Behavioural Promoting their car on car free day, and share change projects: Projects 16 Travel Other 2020 SODC SODC Not Quantified how the spent the day, they would 2019 Car Free Day completed Alternatives be in with a chance to win a prize. competition There was a total of 20 participants from which a winner was chosen.

Community projects: Promoting Some projects already completed. Projects 17 Wallingford Travel Other 2017 SODC SODC Not Quantified 2019 Wallingford Festival of 2019 completed Festival of Alternatives Cycling part funded Cycling

Website available since 2015. In 2019 Oxon AQ Group submitted a bid for Defra's AQ funding to update the website that was Awareness Number of unsuccessful. The proposal OAQG will review their campaigns: Public campaigns and 18 Other 2009 SODC SODC Not Quantified included updates such as 2015 proposal and apply for Oxfordshire Air Information sources of alert/messaging system that users funding in 2020. Quality Website information can subscribe to for real time information and ensuring the site it's more accessible and user friendly.

Alternatives to Looking at ways to "Park and Stride" Projects 19 private vehicle Other - SODC/OCC SODC Not Quantified Not Yet Started Unknown promote this in Campaign completed use conjunction with OCC

Further works proposed around our anti-idling campaign for late 2020. "Cut Your Vehicle Fleet Projects Anti-idling campaign launched June Campaign will aim to 20 Engine" Other - SODC SODC Not Quantified 2019 Efficiency completed 2019 raise public Campaign awareness, especially at locations with sensitive receptors (schools).

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Produced stickers to identify Stickers placed Awareness monitoring and include link to our with diffusion campaigns: Public Via other website for members public to 21 2018 SODC SODC tubes and Not Quantified 2018 Identification of Information mechanisms easily access monitoring results. continuous monitoring sites New monitoring sited added to the analysers network in January 2020.

A low emission Delivery plans Freight and freight strategy: Delivery and required with 22 Delivery - OCC OCC Not Quantified Not Yet Started Unknown Delivery service Service plans commercial Management plans applications

Scheme launched via press release in 2019. Henley Town Council and Thame

Town Council have shown interest Scheme to part Resource dependant. and are currently working on their fund Parish SODC SODC, The organisations applications. Councils' projects Henley Town other applying for the 23 Other Other 2019 Projects funded Not quantified Projects include, amongst others, Unknown aimed at Council, Thame organisatio funding shall prove adding a PM monitor to monitoring improving air Town Council ns how the project will network, produce and place signs quality benefit air quality and to identify available cycling/walking its cost effectiveness routes, signage to encourage walking into urban centres, banners to encourage anti-idling behaviour.

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2.3 PM2.5 – Local Authority Approach to Reducing Emissions and/or Concentrations

As detailed in Policy Guidance LAQM.PG16 (Chapter 7), local authorities are expected to work towards reducing emissions and/or concentrations of PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 µm or less). There is clear evidence that PM2.5 has a significant impact on human health, including premature mortality, allergic reactions, and cardiovascular diseases.

Regarding particulate matter levels in the district, examples from councils across the country who have traffic related AQMA’s highlight that where NO2 levels are typically around 60-70 µg/m3, measured particulate matter (PM10) levels at the same location remain below 25 µg/m3, which is well below the national objective level of 40 µg/m3.

Although there are both primary and secondary traffic related PM10 sources, the majority of the PM10 and PM2.5 fraction in our District is made up from background sources. No other significant PM sources have been identified in South Oxfordshire (see below Appendix F) and therefore the DEFRA background mappings of PM are believed to be accurate putting PM2.5 levels below 11 µg/m3 in 2019 (please see Figure

2.1 for an illustration of Defra’s PM2.5 modelled levels in the district), which is just half that of the national objective level.

It’s also worth considering that there is a direct relationship between PM and NO2 when the major source is road traffic, based on this the council does not currently monitor PM but we are confident it falls well below objective levels at all locations throughout the district.

However, although the current particulate matter levels meet the national objective, PM has an impact on the health of South Oxfordshire’s residents. The Public Health Outcomes Framework sets out a vision for public health, that is to improve and protect the nation's health, and improve the health of the poorest fastest. With this in mind, they have developed a set of supporting indicators that help focus our understanding of how well we are doing, one of them being the fraction of mortality attributable to particulate air pollution.

Indicator 3.0 represents the fraction of annual all-cause adult mortality attributable to human-made particulate air pollution (PM2.5).

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Figure 5 Modelled background PM 2.5 levels in South Oxfordshire in 2019

The Public Health Outcomes Framework research, shown below in Figures 2.2 and 2.3, has determined that 5.3 per cent of deaths from all causes in those aged 30+ are attributable to PM2.5 in South Oxfordshire.

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Figure 2.2 Public Health Outcomes Framework: Fraction of male mortality attributable to PM2.5 in South Oxfordshire

Figure 2.3 Public Health Outcomes Framework: Fraction of female mortality attributable to PM2.5 in South Oxfordshire

In order to reduce PM levels further, some of the measures taken by the council to

mitigate NOx emissions also reduce PM2.5 emissions. Table 2.3 below shows which of

the council’s actions also target the reduction of the existing PM2.5 levels in the district.

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Table 2.3 List of measures in SODC's 2014 Action Plan that target PM2.5 reduction according to LAQM.TG16 Action Toolbox

Reduces Measure PM2.5 emissions LES ✔ Installation of EV charging points ✔ Parking permit incentives for green vehicles ✔ Feasibility study for freight consolidation centre / freight quality ✔ partnerships Installation of countdown clocks at traffic lights ✔ Taxi incentives for LEVs ✔ Improved use and enforcement of traffic regulation orders Review of Council and contractors’ fleet ✔ Eco-driver training ✔ AQ planning guidance Increased use of the Wallingford ring road ✔ Community projects Awareness campaigns Behavioural change projects A low emission freight strategy: Delivery service plans ✔ "Park and Stride" Campaign ✔ Anti-idling Campaigns ✔ Smoothing traffic flow in Watlington ✔ Increased enforcement and review of the weight restriction ✔ zone in Watlington A low emission bus strategy Mini Park and Ride ✔ PickMeUp ✔

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3 Air Quality Monitoring Data and Comparison with Air Quality Objectives and National Compliance 3.1 Summary of Monitoring Undertaken

3.1.1 Automatic Monitoring Sites

This section sets out what monitoring has taken place and how it compares with objectives.

The council undertook automatic (continuous) monitoring at three sites during 2019. Table A.1 in Appendix A shows the details of the sites. National monitoring results are available at https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/networks/find-sites.

Maps showing the location of the monitoring sites are provided in Appendix D. Further details on how the monitors are calibrated and how the data has been adjusted are included in Appendix C.

3.1.2 Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites

The council undertook non- automatic (passive) monitoring of NO2 at 83 sites during 2019. Table A.2 in Appendix A shows the details of the sites.

Maps showing the location of the monitoring sites are provided in Appendix D. Further details on Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) for the diffusion tubes, including bias adjustments and any other adjustments applied (e.g. “annualisation” and/or distance correction), are included in Appendix C.

3.2 Individual Pollutants

The air quality monitoring results presented in this section are, where relevant, adjusted for bias4, “annualisation” (where the data capture falls below 75%), and distance correction5. Further details on adjustments are provided in Appendix C.

3.2.1 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

Table A.3 in Appendix A compares the ratified and adjusted monitored NO2 annual mean concentrations for the past 5 years with the air quality objective of 40µg/m3. Note that the concentration data presented in Table A.3 represents the concentration at the location of the monitoring site, following the application of bias adjustment and

4 https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/bias-adjustment-factors/bias-adjustment.html 5 Fall-off with distance correction criteria is provided in paragraph 7.77, LAQM.TG(16)

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 18

annualisation, as required (i.e. the values are exclusive of any consideration to fall-off with distance adjustment).

For diffusion tubes, the full 2019 dataset of monthly mean values is provided in Appendix B. Note that the concentration data presented in Table B.1 includes distance corrected values, only where relevant.

Table A.4 in Appendix A compares the ratified continuous monitored NO2 hourly mean concentrations for the past five years with the air quality objective of 200µg/m3, not to be exceeded more than 18 times per year.

Regarding the trend followed in South Oxfordshire, in 2019 some monitoring sites have registered nitrogen dioxide levels slightly higher than those of 2018.

However, NO2 levels have decreased in the last five years within all three declared

AQMAs, as shown in Figures A.1 to A.3. Also, outside the borders of the AQMAs NO2 levels have also decreased in most locations (see Figures A.4 and A.5), with some exceptions.

In regard to the the annual mean objective, two exceedances were recorded in South Oxfordshire, located within Henley and Watlington AQMAs:

- S51, located at 4 Duke Street (Henley), recorded an annual average of 49 µg 3 NO2/m

- S33, located at 41 Couching Street (Watlington), recorded an annual average 3 of 40 µg NO2/m , which taking into account the diffusion tubes error will be considered an exceedance.

3 In terms of the NO2 1-hour mean objective, concentrations higher than 200 µg NO2/m have not been registered in South Oxfordshire in 2019.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 19

Appendix A: Monitoring Results

Table A.1 - Details of Automatic Monitoring Sites Distance Distance to kerb X OS Y OS Grid to Pollutants In Monitoring of Inlet Height Site ID Site Name Site Type Grid Ref Ref Relevant Monitored AQMA? Technique nearest (m) (Easting) (Northing) Exposure road (m) (m) (1) (2) Wallingford Wallingford Roadside 189500 189500 NO2 YES Chemiluminescent 0 1.2 1.5 83 High St Henley Henley Roadside 476116 182531 NO2 YES Chemiluminescent 0 3.5 1.5 45 Duke St Watlington Watlington Kerbside 468973 194487 NO2 YES Chemiluminescent 0 0.2 1.5 Town hall

Notes: (1) 0m if the monitoring site is at a location of exposure (e.g. installed on the façade of a residential property).

(2) N/A if not applicable

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 20

Table A.2 – Details of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites

Tube Distance to Distance X OS Grid Y OS Grid collocated Pollutants In Relevant to kerb of Height Site ID Site Name Site Type Ref Ref with a Monitored AQMA? Exposure nearest (m) (Easting) (Northing) Continuous (m) (1) road (m) (2) Analyser?

Didcot, 20 1 Kerbside 451780 189920 NO2 No 9 1 NO 2.5 Wantage Road Didcot, 100 Park 2 Kerbside 451652 199384 NO2 No 15 1 NO 2.5 Road Didcot, 55 4 Roadside 453099 190031 NO2 No 4 3 NO 2.5 Broadway Didcot, 8 Lune Urban 5 453499 190384 NO2 No 2 1 NO 2.5 Close background Clifton Hampden, 6 Roadside 454710 195562 NO2 No 0 3 NO 2.5 Marsh Cottages, Near Post Office Didcot, 77 The 7 Broadway (co- Roadside 453023 189999 NO2 No 0 5 NO 2.5 location) Didcot, 110 The 11 Roadside 452865 189979 NO2 No 2 2 NO 2.5 Broadway Wallingford, 2 12 Roadside 460389 189498 NO2 Yes 0 3 NO 2.5 Station Road Wallingford, 68 13 Kerbside 460640 189483 NO2 Yes 0 1 NO 2.5 High Street Wallingford, 33 15 Kerbside 460736 189567 NO2 Yes 1 1 NO 2.5 Castle Street Wallingford, 52 16 Roadside 460713 189279 NO2 No 0 2 NO 2.5 St Mary's Street

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 21

Wallingford, 57 Urban 17 Brookmead 460282 188807 NO2 No 16 1 NO 2.5 background Drive Wallingford, 10 18 Roadside 460684 189204 NO2 No 1 1.5 NO 2.5 St Martins Street Wallingford, George Hotel, 19 Roadside 460799 189500 NO2 Yes 0 2 YES 1.5 High St (co- location) Wallingford, George Hotel, 20 Roadside 460799 189500 NO2 Yes 0 2 YES 1.5 High St (co- location) Wallingford, George Hotel, 21 Roadside 460799 189500 NO2 Yes 0 2 YES 1.5 High St (co- location) Wallingford, 102 23 High St (The Roadside 460938 189496 NO2 Yes 0 2 NO 2.5 Gate House) Chinnor, 3 Lower 26 Roadside 475250 201230 NO2 No 3 2 NO 2.5 Road Wheatley, 50 27 Kerbside 459532 205740 NO2 No 0 1 NO 2.5 High Street Thame, 1 28 Roadside 471283 205977 NO2 No 6 2 NO 2.5 Ludlow Drive Thame, 16 Park 29 Kerbside 471010 205598 NO2 No 1 1 NO 2.5 Street Watlington, 8 30 Kerbside 469017.458 194513.661 NO2 Yes 0 1 NO 2.5 Shirburn St Watlington, 23 31 Kerbside 469061 194590 NO2 Yes 1 1 NO 2.5 Shirburn Street Watlington, 48 32 Couching St Kerbside 468962 194458 NO2 Yes 0 1 NO 2.5 (Co-Op)

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 22

Watlington, 41 33 Roadside 468951 194457 NO2 Yes 0 2 NO 2.5 Couching St Watlington, 9 36 Roadside 468852 194343 NO2 Yes 3 2 NO 2.5 Couching St Watlington, 27 37 Kerbside 468756 194360 NO2 Yes 2 1 NO 2.5 Brook Street Watlington, 57 38 Roadside 468856 194293 NO2 Yes 5 2 NO 2.5 Brook Street Watlington, St Urban 39 Leonards 468478.851 194720.915 NO2 No 21 1 NO 2.5 background Church Henley, 82 Bell 40 Street (Atlantic Kerbside 476080 182951 NO2 No 1 1 NO 2.5 House) Henley, 33 New 41 Kerbside 476209 182831 NO2 No 1 1 NO 2.5 Street Henley, 82 42 Roadside 475869 183217 NO2 No 2 2 NO 2.5 Northfield End Henley, Imperial 43 Court, Station Roadside 476286 182290 NO2 No 6 2 NO 2.5 Road Henley, 178 44 Roadside 476547 181735 NO2 No 1 3 NO 2.5 Reading Road Henley, Upton 45 Close, Reading Roadside 476288 182078 NO2 No 18 2 NO 2.5 Road Henley, 35 46 Roadside 476174 182396 NO2 Yes 3 1 NO 2.5 Reading Road Henley, 2 Greys 47 Kerbside 476103 182506 NO2 Yes 1 1 NO 2.5 Road Henley, 45 Duke 48 Roadside 476115 182532 NO2 Yes 1 4 YES 1.5 St (co-location) Henley, 45 Duke 49 Roadside 476115 182532 NO2 Yes 1 4 YES 1.5 St (co-location) Henley, 45 Duke 50 Roadside 476115 182532 NO2 Yes 1 4 YES 1.5 St (co-location)

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 23

Henley, 4 Duke 51 Kerbside 476071 182612 NO2 Yes 0 1 NO 2.5 Street Henley, 40 Hart 52 Roadside 476223 182652 NO2 Yes 0 2 NO 2.5 St Henley, 27 53 Roadside 475997 182614 NO2 Yes 0 3 NO 2.5 Market Place Henley, 15 Urban 54 475104 181557 NO2 No 6 1 NO 2.5 Lovell Close background M40, 10 Adwell 61 Roadside 470207 200190 NO2 No 0 17 NO 2.5 Cottages Wallingford, 19 63 St Johns Road, Kerbside 460152 189130 NO2 No 1 1 NO 2.5 Hithercroft Henley, 23 65 Roadside 476308 182760 NO2 No 0 3 NO 2.5 Thameside Henley, 39 Kings 66 Roadside 475878 182760 NO2 No 1 2 NO 2.5 Road Benson, 11A 67 Kerbside 461724 191785 NO2 No 4 0 NO 2.5 Watlington Road Wallingford, 3A 68 The Street (New Kerbside 461298 189367 NO2 No 3 1 NO 2.5 house) Wallingford, Outside Bartlett Urban 69 460470 188224 NO2 No 9 1 NO 2.5 Close, Reading background Road Wallingford, 70 Newham Manor Roadside 461916 188424 NO2 No 25 2 NO 1.5 Farm, A4074 Didcot, 8 Great 71 Western Drive, Roadside 452084 190694 NO2 No 9 2 NO 2.5 Station road Didcot, Mendip 72 Heights, Station Roadside 451412 190894 NO2 No 0 7 NO 2.5 Road

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 24

Thame, 41 73 Roadside 470605 206554 NO2 No 2 2 NO 2.5 Aylesbury Road Thame, Churchill 74 Crescent, Roadside 471695 205806 NO2 No 0 2 NO 2.5 Kingsey Rd Little Milton, 63 High Street 75 Kerbside 461901 200989 NO2 No 0 1 NO 2.5 (Plumtree Cottage) Stadhampton, 2 76 Kerbside 460279 198618 NO2 No 10 1 NO 2.5 Cratlands Close Stadhampton, 77 Holme Cottage, Kerbside 460163 198398 NO2 No 2 1 NO 2.5 Newington Rd 2 Old London 78 Kerbside 460228 20722 NO2 No 4 1 NO 2.5 Road, Wheatley 16 Old London 79 Kerbside 460504 205642 NO2 No 8 1 NO 2.5 Road, Wheatley 1 Youens drive, 80 Roadside 471103 205107 NO2 No 3 4 NO 2.5 Thame 3 Massey Road, 81 Kerbside 471155 205016 NO2 No 2 1 NO 2.5 Thame 2 Robin Gibb 82 Kerbside 471078 204851 NO2 No 13 1 NO 2.5 Road, Thame 12 Markus 83 Kerbside 470964 204914 NO2 No 7 1 NO 2.5 Avenue, Thame 1 Thame Park 84 Road (The Kerbside 471212 205340 NO2 No 9 1 NO 2.5 Falcon), Thame Opp 1 Howland 85 Kerbside 471918 204934 NO2 No 17 1 NO 2.5 Road, Thame 43 Mill Lane, 86 Kerbside 47408 201026 NO2 No 9 1 NO 2.5 Chinnor 35 High Street, 87 Roadside 475703 201120 NO2 No 3 3 NO 2.5 Chinnor

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 25

20 Church Road, 88 Kerbside 475720 200930 NO2 No 9 1 NO 2.5 Chinnor 31 Station Road, 89 Roadside 475415 200942 NO2 No 6 2 NO 2.5 Chinnor Plum Cottage, 90 Crowell Road, Kerbside 475001 200196 NO2 No 1 1 NO 2.5 Chinnor 10 Adwell 91 Roadside 470199 200196 NO2 No 0 15 NO 2.5 Cottages, M40 10 Adwell 92 Roadside 470199 200196 NO2 No 0 15 NO 2.5 Cottages, M40 The Lodge, 93 Wallingford Rd, Roadside 460110 187862 NO2 No 14 3 NO 2.5 Wallingford Willow Cottage, 94 68 Wallingford Roadside 459805 187574 NO2 No 38 2 NO 1.5 Rd, Wallingford 21 Mereland 95 Kerbside 452753 189729 NO2 No 9 1 NO 2.5 Road, Didcot Marsh Play 96 Kerbside 453357 190030 NO2 No 0 1 NO 2.5 Area, Didcot 4 Cronshaw 97 Kerbside 452358 190521 NO2 No 5 1 NO 2.5 Close, Didcot 1 Blackthorn 98 Kerbside 450870 190497 NO2 No 6 2 NO 2.5 Road, Didcot Opp The Bull 99 Barn, RG4 6TN, Kerbside 475218 175996 NO2 No 0 1 NO 2 Sonning Eye Bus stop, 100 Abingdon Road, Roadside 454637 195614 NO3 No 0 2 NO 2.5 Clifton Hampden 52 Oxford Road, 101 Roadside 454760 195794 NO4 No 7 2 NO 2.5 Clifton Hampden Notes: (1) 0m if the monitoring site is at a location of exposure (e.g. installed on the façade of a residential property). (2) N/A if not applicable.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 26

Table A.3 – Annual Mean NO2 Monitoring Results Valid Data Valid 3 (3) (4) Capture NO2 Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m ) X OS Grid Y OS Grid Data Monitoring for Site ID Ref Ref Site Type Capture Type Monitoring (Easting) (Northing) 2019 Period (%) 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 (%) (2) (1) 1: 20 Diffusion Wantage 451780 189920 Kerbside 91.7% 91.7% 25.8 30.8 27.2 25.1 23.9 Tube Road, Didcot 2: 100 Park Diffusion 451652 199384 Kerbside 91.7% 91.7% 29.5 27.9 25.0 18.9 19.4 Road, Didcot Tube 4: 55 Diffusion Broadway, 453099 190031 Roadside 100.0% 100.0% 30.7 36.3 33.6 29.5 30.7 Tube Didcot 5: 8 Lune Urban Diffusion 453499 190384 91.7% 91.7% 18.6 20.4 21.3 17.8 16.2 Close, Didcot background Tube 6: Magnolia Cottage, Near Diffusion Post Office, 454710 195562 Roadside 100.0% 100.0% 26.5 28.1 32.5 24.3 22.2 Tube Clifton Hampden 7: 77 The Broadway Diffusion 453023 189999 Roadside 100.0% 100.0% 29.8 33.9 30.7 26.3 26.7 (co-location), Tube Didcot 11: 110 The Diffusion Broadway, 452865 189979 Roadside 100.0% 100.0% 29.5 35.2 30.0 25.6 24.1 Tube Didcot 12: 2 Station Diffusion Road, 460389 189498 Roadside 100.0% 100.0% 27.8 32.0 28.2 26.3 27.4 Tube Wallingford 13: 68 High Diffusion Street, 460640 189483 Kerbside 66.7% 66.7% 28.2 21.5 28.9 21.5 29.7 Tube Wallingford

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 27

15: 33 Castle Diffusion Street, 460736 189567 Kerbside 100.0% 100.0% 29.9 33.5 30.4 27.0 26.2 Tube Wallingford 16: 52 St Diffusion Mary's Street, 460713 189279 Roadside 100.0% 100.0% 24.5 24.7 29.3 29.1 24.9 Tube Wallingford 17: 57 Brookmead Urban Diffusion 460282 188807 100.0% 100.0% 11.5 15.8 16.4 13.3 14.0 Drive, background Tube Wallingford 18: 10 St Martins Diffusion 460684 189204 Roadside 83.3% 83.3% 26.7 29.6 30.3 28.4 22.9 Street, Tube Wallingford 19-21: George Hotel, Diffusion High St (co- 460799 189500 Roadside 100.0% 100.0% 34.4 40.7 40.0 37.4 35.9 Tube location), Wallingford 23: 102 High St (The Gate Diffusion 460938 189496 Roadside 100.0% 100.0% 31.6 36.9 34.7 32.1 31.0 House), Tube Wallingford 26: 3 Lower Diffusion Road, 475250 201230 Roadside 100.0% 100.0% 30.1 32.0 33.15 28.3 24.6 Tube Chinnor 27: 50 High Diffusion Street, 459532 205740 Kerbside 100.0% 100.0% 23.8 26.8 25.8 22.1 21.3 Tube Wheatley 28: 1 Ludlow Diffusion 471283 205977 Roadside 91.7% 91.7% 14.4 17.7 15.75 13.5 12.7 Drive, Thame Tube 29: 16 Park Diffusion 471010 205598 Kerbside 100.0% 100.0% 24.4 27.9 25.05 21.9 22.6 Street, Thame Tube 30: 8 Shirburn Diffusion 469017 194514 Kerbside 91.7% 91.7% 40.8 46.2 41.95 39.2 36.0 St, Watlington Tube 31: 23 Diffusion 469061 194590 Kerbside 100.0% 100.0% 34.7 37.5 34.65 29.6 29.1 Shirburn Tube

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 28

Street, Watlington 32: 48 Couching St Diffusion 468962 194458 Kerbside 100.0% 100.0% 38.7 44.2 40.45 35.3 35.8 (Co-Op), Tube Watlington 33: 41 Diffusion Couching St, 468951 194457 Roadside 100.0% 100.0% 43.9 50.2 45.75 38.5 40.0 Tube Watlington 36: 9 Diffusion Couching St, 468852 194343 Roadside 83.3% 83.3% 29.3 31.6 27.85 23.5 22.6 Tube Watlington 37: 27 Brook Diffusion Street, 468756 194360 Kerbside 91.7% 91.7% 25.3 36.5 31.55 23.5 25.5 Tube Watlington 38: 57 Brook Diffusion Street, 468856 194293 Roadside 100.0% 100.0% 26.2 27.9 26.55 24.2 23.0 Tube Watlington 39: St Leonards Urban Diffusion 468479 194721. 100.0% 100.0% 13.05 10.5 10.7 Church/Close, background Tube Watlington 40: 82 Bell Street Diffusion (Atlantic 476080 182951 Kerbside 100.0% 100.0% 32.5 33.2 29.4 29.9 30.3 Tube House), Henley 41: 33 New Diffusion 476209 182831 Kerbside 100.0% 100.0% 28.1 31.5 27.9 25.4 25.1 Street, Henley Tube 42: 82 Diffusion Northfield 475869 183217 Roadside 100.0% 100.0% 28.1 31.9 28.0 25.1 24.4 Tube End, Henley 43: Imperial Diffusion Court, Station 476286 182290 Roadside 91.7% 91.7% 29.2 33.1 29.0 26.5 27.8 Tube Road, Henley

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 29

44: 178 Diffusion Reading 476547 181735 Roadside 91.7% 91.7% 31.0 38.0 27.7 26.4 25.9 Tube Road, Henley 45: Upton Close, Diffusion 476288 182078 Roadside 100.0% 100.0% 26.3 30.6 27.3 22.4 23.5 Reading Tube Road, Henley 46: 35 Diffusion Reading 476174 182396 Roadside 83.3% 83.3% 31.2 37.0 30.4 27.8 29.8 Tube Road, Henley 47: 2 Greys Diffusion 476103 182506 Kerbside 91.7% 91.7% 34.0 40.5 34.6 32.5 32.1 Road, Henley Tube 48-50: 45 Duke St (co- Diffusion 476115 182532 Roadside 100.0% 100.0% 30.2 36.5 32.3 28.8 28.2 location), Tube Henley 51: 4 Duke Diffusion 476071 182612 Kerbside 75.0% 75.0% 47.1 47.4 47.5 39.6 49.0 Street, Henley Tube 52: 40 Hart Diffusion 476223 182652 Roadside 100.0% 100.0% 36.5 38.0 35.1 31.4 32.9 St, Henley Tube 53: 27 Market Diffusion 475997 182614 Roadside 83.3% 83.3% 27.5 33.5 27.5 24.9 22.1 Place, Henley Tube 54: 15 Lovell Urban Diffusion 475104 181557 91.7% 91.7% 12.4 14.7 12.4 12.1 12.1 Close, Henley background Tube 61,91,92: 10 Adwell Diffusion 470207 200190 Roadside 100.0% 100.0% 36.5 39.0 37.95 32.2 30.3 Cottages, Tube M40 63: 19 St Johns Road, Diffusion 460152 189130 Kerbside 91.7% 91.7% 20.3 25.1 21.4 18.5 16.6 Hithercroft, Tube Wallingford 65: 23 Diffusion Thameside , 476308 182760 Roadside 75.0% 75.0% 39.3 39.3 23.6 30.6 36.6 Tube Henley

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 30

66: 39 Kings Diffusion 475878 182760 Roadside 100.0% 100.0% 22.7 26.4 23.9 21.1 23.7 Road, Henley Tube 67: 11A Diffusion Watlington 461724 191785 Kerbside 100.0% 100.0% 18.1 30.2 27.9 24.9 Tube Road, Benson 68: 3A The Street (New Diffusion 461298 189367 Kerbside 91.7% 91.7% 19.2 22.2 22.5 18.4 17.4 house), Tube Wallingford 69: Outside Bartlett Close, Urban Diffusion Reading 460470 188224 100.0% 100.0% 19.5 22.2 18.4 19.4 17.1 background Tube Road, Wallingford 70: Newham Manor Farm, Diffusion 461916 188424 Roadside 100.0% 100.0% 33.6 39.8 32.7 31.0 29.5 A4074 , Tube Wallingford 71: 8 Great Western Diffusion 452084 190694 Roadside 100.0% 100.0% 32.5 39.8 35.1 27.7 27.2 Drive, Station Tube road, Didcot 72: Mendip Heights, Diffusion 541412 190894 Roadside 91.7% 91.7% 53.2 56.9 66.4 47.3 16.7 Station Road, Tube Didcot 73: 41 Diffusion Aylesbury 470605 206554 Roadside 100.0% 100.0% 34.1 36.9 35.05 31.3 28.3 Tube Road, Thame 74: Churchill Crescent, Diffusion 471695 205806 Roadside 83.3% 83.3% 19.5 23.6 22.15 18.8 19.4 Kingsey Rd, Tube Thame 75: 63 High Diffusion Street 461901 200989 Kerbside 83.3% 83.3% 32.3 36.0 32.6 25.9 22.4 Tube (Plumtree

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 31

Cottage), Little Milton 76: 2 Cratlands Diffusion 460279 198618 Kerbside 100.0% 100.0% 21.4 24.0 21.6 18.9 19.6 Close, Tube Stadhampton 77: Holme Cottage, Diffusion Newington 460163 198398 Kerbside 91.7% 91.7% 23.3 30.1 26.3 23.9 19.4 Tube Rd, Stadhampton 78: 2 Old Diffusion London Road, 460228 20722 Roadside 91.7% 91.7% 23.2 Tube Wheatley 79: 16 Old Diffusion London Road, 460504 205642 Roadside 100.0% 100.0% 18.8 Tube Wheatley 80: 1 Youens Diffusion 471103 205107 Roadside 100.0% 100.0% 14.3 drive, Thame Tube 81: 3 Massey Diffusion 471155 205016 Roadside 100.0% 100.0% 14.1 Road, Thame Tube 82: 2 Robin Diffusion Gibb Road, 471078 204851 Roadside 100.0% 100.0% 13.5 Tube Thame 83: 12 Markus Diffusion Avenue, 470964 204914 Roadside 91.7% 91.7% 12.9 Tube Thame 84: 1 Thame Park Road Diffusion 471212 205340 Roadside 100.0% 100.0% 17.0 (The Falcon), Tube Thame 85: Opp 1 Diffusion Howland 471918 204934 Roadside 75.0% 75.0% 18.4 Tube Road, Thame 86: 43 Mill Diffusion 47408 201026 Roadside 100.0% 100.0% 16.0 Lane, Chinnor Tube

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 32

87: 35 High Diffusion Street, 475703 201120 Roadside 100.0% 100.0% 19.7 Tube Chinnor 88: 20 Church Diffusion Road, 475720 200930 Roadside 100.0% 100.0% 20.2 Tube Chinnor 89: 31 Station Diffusion Road, 475415 200942 Roadside 91.7% 91.7% 24.4 Tube Chinnor 90: Plum Cottage, Diffusion 475001 200196 Roadside 91.7% 91.7% 22.3 Crowell Road, Tube Chinnor 93: The Lodge, Diffusion Wallingford 460110 187862 Roadside 83.3% 83.3% 14.8 Tube Rd, Wallingford 94: Willow Cottage, 68 Diffusion Wallingford 459805 187574 Roadside 91.7% 91.7% 20.6 Tube Rd, Wallingford 95: 18 Diffusion Mereland 452753 189729 Roadside 91.7% 91.7% 15.1 Tube Road, Didcot 96: Marsh Diffusion Play Area, 453357 190030 Roadside 91.7% 91.7% 24.6 Tube Didcot 97: 4 Diffusion Cronshaw 452358 190521 Roadside 91.7% 91.7% 23.1 Tube Close, Didcot 98: 1 Diffusion Blackthorn 450870 190497 Roadside 91.7% 91.7% 19.6 Tube Road, Didcot 99: Opp The Diffusion 475218 175996 Kerbside 100.0% 100.0% 25.3 Bull Barn, Tube

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 33

RG4 6TN, Sonning Eye 100: Bus stop, Diffusion Abingdon 454637 195614 Roadside 100.0% 100.0% 21.1 Tube Road, Clifton Hampden 101: 52 Oxford Road, Diffusion 454760 195794 Roadside 100.0% 100.0% 19.9 Clifton Tube Hampden Henley 476116 182531 Roadside Automatic 93.56 93.56 28.1 31.9 28.2 30 28 Wallingford 189500 189500 Roadside Automatic 94.5 94.5 33 37 35.4 37 35 Watlington 468973 194487 Roadside Automatic 97.8 97.8 35 37 32 31 32

☒ Diffusion tube data has been bias corrected ☒ Annualisation has been conducted where data capture is <75% ☒ Reported concentrations are those at the location of the monitoring site (bias adjusted and annualised, as required), i.e. prior to any fall-off with distance adjustment

Notes: 3 Exceedances of the NO2 annual mean objective of 40µg/m are shown in bold. 3 NO2 annual means exceeding 60µg/m , indicating a potential exceedance of the NO2 1-hour mean objective are shown in bold and underlined. (1) Data capture for the monitoring period, in cases where monitoring was only carried out for part of the year. (2) Data capture for the full calendar year (e.g. if monitoring was carried out for 6 months, the maximum data capture for the full calendar year is 50%). (3) Means for diffusion tubes have been corrected for bias. All means have been “annualised” as per Boxes 7.9 and 7.10 in LAQM.TG16 if valid data capture for the full calendar year is less than 75%. See Appendix C for details. (4) Concentrations are those at the location of monitoring and not those following any fall-off with distance adjustment.

(5) In 2020 South Oxfordshire District Council identified an error in NO2 levels recorded at some of our passive monitoring stations in March and April 2017. Following Defra’s guidance, SODC’s 2018 and 2019 ASRs have been updated and the amended 2017 and 2018 annual averages have been included in this table.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 34

Table A.4 – 1-Hour Mean NO2 Monitoring Results Valid Valid Data 3 (3) X OS Grid Y OS Grid Data NO2 1-Hour Means > 200µg/m Monitoring Capture for Site ID Ref Ref Site Type Capture Type Monitoring (Easting) (Northing) 2019 (%) Period (%) (1) 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 (2) Henley 476116 182531 Roadside Automatic 93.56 93.56 0 0 0 0 0 Wallingford 189500 189500 Roadside Automatic 94.5 94.5 0 0 0 1 0 Watlington 468973 194487 Kerbside Automatic 97.8 97.8 0 1 0 0 0

Notes: 3 Exceedances of the NO2 1-hour mean objective (200µg/m not to be exceeded more than 18 times/year) are shown in bold. (1) Data capture for the monitoring period, in cases where monitoring was only carried out for part of the year. (2) Data capture for the full calendar year (e.g. if monitoring was carried out for 6 months, the maximum data capture for the full calendar year is 50%). (3) If the period of valid data is less than 85%, the 99.8th percentile of 1-hour means is provided in brackets.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 35

Figure A 1 Trends in NO2 Annual mean concentrations in Watlington

Trends in NO2 Annual mean concentrations in Watlington

70 National objective: 40 µg/m3

39: St Leonards Church/Close, 60 Watlington

37: 27 Brook Street, Watlington 50 38: 57 Brook Street, Watlington

40 36: 9 Couching St, Watlington

30 33: 41 Couching St , Watlington

NO2 Annual average (µg/m3) average Annual NO2 32: 48 Couching St (Co-Op), 20 Watlington

31: 23 Shirburn Street, Watlington 10 30: 8 Shirburn St, Watlington

0 Watlington Continuous Analyser 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Year

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 36

Figure A 2 Trends in NO2 Annual mean concentrations in Wallingford

Trends in NO2 Annual mean concentrations in Wallingford

National objective: 40 µg/m3 70

12: 2 Station Road, Wallingford 60 13: 68 High Street, Wallingford 50 15: 33 Castle Street, Wallingford 40 19-21: George Hotel, High St (co- location), Wallingford 30 23: 102 High St (The Gate House), Wallingford

20 16: 52 St Mary's Street, Wallingford NO2 Annual average (µg/m3) average Annual NO2 10 18: 10 St Martins Street, Wallingford

0 70: Newham Manor Farm, A4074 , 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Wallingford Year Wallingford Continuous Analyser

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 37

Figure A 3 Trends in NO2 Annual mean concentrations in Henley

Trends in NO2 Annual mean concentrations in Henley 70 National objective: 40 µg/m3

42: 82 Northfield End, Henley 60 Henley Continuous Analyser

50 66: 39 Kings Road, Henley 47: 2 Greys Road, Henley

40 46: 35 Reading Road, Henley

43: Imperial Court, Station Road, Henley 30 48-50: 45 Duke St (co-location), Henley

51: 4 Duke Street, Henley

NO2 Annual average (µg/m3) average Annual NO2 20 53: 27 Market Place, Henley

40: 82 Bell Street (Atlanitc House), Henley 10 41: 33 New Street, Henley

0 65: 23 Thameside , Henley 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Year 52: 40 Hart St, Henley

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 38

Figure A 4 Trends in NO2 Annual mean concentrations in Didcot

Trends in NO2 Annual mean concentrations in Didcot

70 National objective: 40 µg/m3

60 5: 8 Lune Close, Didcot

50 4: 55 Broadway, Didcot

40 7: 77 The Broadway (co-location), Didcot

11: 110 The Broadway, Didcot 30

NO2 Annual NO2Annual average (µg/m3) 71: 8 Great Western Drive, Station road, 20 Didcot 1: 20 Wantage Road, Didcot 10 2: 100 Park Road, Didcot

0 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 72: 2 Mendip Heights, Didcot (post2019) Year

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 39

Figure A 4 Trends in NO2 Annual mean concentrations in Thame and Chinnor

Trends in NO2 Annual mean concentrations in Thame and Chinnor

70

60 National objective: 40 µg/m3

50 73: 41 Aylesbury Road, Thame

40 29: 16 Park Street, Thame

30 74: Churchill Crescent, Kingsey Rd, Thame

NO2 Annual average (µg/m3) average Annual NO2 20 28: 1 Ludlow Drive, Thame

10 26: 3 Lower Road, Chinnor

0 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Year

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 40

Figure A 5 Trends in NO2 Annual mean concentrations in other areas of South Oxfordshire

Trends in NO2 Annual mean concentrations in other areas

70

National objective: 40 µg/m3 60

27: 50 High Street, Wheatley 50

61,91,92: 10 Adwell Cottages, M40 40 75: 63 High Street (Plumtree Cottage) , Little Milton 30 76: 2 Cratlands Close, Stadhampton

20 NO2 Annual average (µg/m3) average Annual NO2 77: Holme Cottage, Newington Rd, Stadhampton 10 6: Magnolia Cottage, Near PostOffice, Clifton Hampden 0 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Year

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 41

Appendix B: Full Monthly Diffusion Tube Results for 2019

Table B.1 - NO2 Monthly Diffusion Tube Results - 2019

3 NO2 Mean Concentrations (µg/m ) Annual Mean

X OS Grid Y OS Grid Distance Bias Site ID Ref Ref Corrected Adjusted (Easting) (Northing) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Raw to (0.86) and Data Nearest Annualised Exposure (1) (2) 1: 20 Wantage 451780 189920 37.5 37.2 29.9 31.1 23.7 25.5 16.4 20.4 25.5 38.0 20.6 27.8 23.9 N/A Road, Didcot 2: 100 Park 451652 199384 24.5 22.8 22.7 17.4 18.5 24.5 13.9 18.5 23.6 28.1 33.8 22.6 19.4 N/A Road, Didcot 4: 55 Broadway, 453099 190031 39.9 46 31.6 41.1 31 31.8 30.7 26.5 31.8 37.7 40.8 39.9 35.7 30.7 N/A Didcot 5: 8 Lune 453499 190384 24.8 29 17.7 12.4 14 14.4 11.1 14 22.4 25.7 21.9 18.9 16.2 N/A Close, Didcot 6: Magnolia Cottage, Near Post Office, 454710 195562 31 31 19.9 30.9 25.1 26.9 24.8 10.2 26.9 27.5 32.3 22.8 25.8 22.2 N/A Clifton Hampden 7: 77 The Broadway 453023 189999 33.8 43.1 27.3 31.4 27.1 28.9 27.1 23.5 28.9 32 34.4 35.1 31.1 26.7 N/A (co-location), Didcot

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 42

11: 110 The Broadway, 452865 189979 30.3 30.6 30.9 38.7 26.9 24.9 23.5 17.8 24.9 28.5 36 23.6 28.1 24.1 N/A Didcot 12: 2 Station Road, 460389 189498 37.4 40.2 35.4 31.3 28 29.3 29.4 27.3 29.3 34.5 33.5 26.1 31.8 27.4 N/A Wallingford 13: 68 High Street, 460640 189483 41.4 38 44.2 30.4 26.1 29.4 47 29.8 35.8 29.7 N/A Wallingford 15: 33 Castle Street, 460736 189567 33.8 40.3 44.8 33.3 23 25.7 24.1 20.4 25.7 29.4 33.9 31.6 30.5 26.2 N/A Wallingford 16: 52 St Mary's Street, 460713 189279 36.6 39.9 29.9 29.3 25.4 24.4 24.3 18.1 24.4 24.9 41.6 28.7 29.0 24.9 N/A Wallingford 17: 57 Brookmead 460282 188807 19.8 20.4 13.1 23.4 8.6 10.5 8.6 9.2 10.5 22.7 34.2 14.4 16.3 14.0 N/A Drive, Wallingford 18: 10 St Martins 460684 189204 37 36.8 32.1 24 26.4 11.1 26.4 18.9 29.8 23.3 26.6 22.9 N/A Street, Wallingford 19: George Hotel, High St 460799 189500 49.5 44.9 28 51.7 44.2 42 38.1 31.4 42 40 47 34 41.1 35.3 N/A (co-location), Wallingford 20: George Hotel, High St 460799 189500 48.2 43.6 25 50.8 41.7 41 43.1 35.1 41 39.6 47.4 37.9 41.2 35.4 N/A (co-location), Wallingford 21: George Hotel, High St 460799 189500 50.3 45.3 45 55.8 42 40.2 44 33 40.2 38.8 46.5 35 43.0 37.0 N/A (co-location), Wallingford 23: 102 High 460938 189496 42.8 41.6 29.7 43.9 31.3 33.6 35.3 28.9 33.6 31 52.1 28.2 36.0 31.0 N/A St (The Gate

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 43

House), Wallingford 26: 3 Lower Road, 475250 201230 41.5 36.6 28.5 34.9 26 27.5 12.9 22.8 27.5 30.6 38.9 15.8 28.6 24.6 N/A Chinnor 27: 50 High Street, 459532 205740 31.3 33.7 22 27.7 19 20.6 20.1 17.4 20.6 24.4 33.7 27 24.8 21.3 N/A Wheatley 28: 1 Ludlow 471283 205977 22.4 20 14.5 9.5 10.2 10.1 10.2 10.2 14.1 23.1 18.1 14.8 12.7 N/A Drive, Thame 29: 16 Park 471010 205598 33.2 28.3 25.1 32 22.2 22 23.8 16.6 22 27.2 40.4 22.6 26.3 22.6 N/A Street, Thame

30: 8 Shirburn 469017 194514 39.5 40.8 43.1 38 45.4 42.8 39.4 45.4 36.4 46.9 42.8 41.9 36.0 N/A St, Watlington

31: 23 Shirburn 469061 194590 39.4 41 33 35.9 31.4 32.4 36.5 22.8 32.4 31.3 38.3 31.3 33.8 29.1 N/A Street, Watlington 32: 48 Couching St 468962 194458 45 52.9 36 47.4 36.6 39.9 40.5 33.4 39.9 40.6 50.7 36.1 41.6 35.8 N/A (Co-Op), Watlington 33: 41 Couching St , 468951 194457 49.5 55.3 47.2 46.3 46.3 44.1 47.4 39.9 44.1 42 56.2 39.5 46.5 40.0 N/A Watlington 36: 9 Couching St, 468852 194343 33.1 35.3 26.3 20.3 26.4 18.6 20.3 25 30.5 27.2 26.3 22.6 N/A Watlington 37: 27 Brook Street, 468756 194360 35.5 40 29.7 26.2 28.2 28.7 18.2 28.2 23.5 38.5 30 29.7 25.5 N/A Watlington 38: 57 Brook Street, 468856 194293 29.9 32.4 24.5 31.7 21.7 24.9 28.4 19.7 24.9 25.7 36.5 21 26.8 23.0 N/A Watlington

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39: St Leonards 468479 194721 15.9 17.1 9.5 11.2 7.8 9 8.4 5.9 9 25.9 17.1 12.3 12.4 10.7 N/A Church/Close, Watlington 40: 82 Bell Street (Atlantic 476080 182951 37.6 47.3 28.2 44.6 28.9 32.6 31.5 26.4 32.6 35 41.2 36.8 35.2 30.3 N/A House), Henley 41: 33 New 476209 182831 35.7 37.2 27.7 31.2 24.3 28.1 25.3 21 28.1 28.7 36.9 26.4 29.2 25.1 N/A Street, Henley 42: 82 Northfield 475869 183217 36 37.2 26.1 31.8 18.9 24.3 26.6 19.4 24.3 30.5 37.4 27.4 28.3 24.4 N/A End, Henley 43: Imperial Court, Station 476286 182290 37.9 44.5 31.9 26.9 28.5 30.5 20.7 28.5 33.9 41.2 31.6 32.4 27.8 N/A Road, Henley 44: 178 Reading 476547 181735 41.8 40.8 25.6 26.7 25 27 23.6 25 26.2 39.6 30.2 30.1 25.9 N/A Road, Henley 45: Upton Close, 476288 182078 34.8 38.1 27.1 26.9 21 22.8 25.5 19.4 22.8 29.3 34 26.8 27.4 23.5 N/A Reading Road, Henley 46: 35 Reading 476174 182396 37.5 41.3 39.2 28.2 31.5 30.2 22.1 31.5 52.8 32.5 34.7 29.8 N/A Road, Henley 47: 2 Greys 476103 182506 45.4 48.1 32 36.4 36.2 35.2 34.6 16.7 35.2 51 39.5 37.3 32.1 N/A Road, Henley 48: 45 Duke St (co- 476115 182532 35.7 37.9 26.5 40.4 33.2 31.7 30.4 23.6 31.7 32.5 41.3 30.1 32.9 28.3 N/A location), Henley 49: 45 Duke St (co- 476115 182532 34.5 37.6 27.8 38.1 29.6 31.5 31.3 23.2 31.5 41.8 31.3 32.6 28.0 N/A location), Henley

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 45

50: 45 Duke St (co- 476115 182532 36.1 38.3 29.5 40.6 28.4 32.9 28.9 23.5 32.9 32.3 41.3 31.2 33.0 28.4 N/A location), Henley 51: 4 Duke 476071 182612 69.6 49 48 47.2 51.1 45.1 47.2 95.3 59.8 56.9 49.0 N/A Street, Henley 52: 40 Hart 476223 182652 33.1 47.1 37.1 39.1 34.6 37.2 39.9 34.6 37.2 38.3 42.8 38 38.3 32.9 N/A St, Henley 53: 27 Market 475997 182614 42.1 41.1 23.4 21 20.4 20.2 15.5 20.4 21.1 32 25.7 22.1 N/A Place, Henley 54: 15 Lovell 475104 181557 15.4 24 11.3 15.8 10.9 10.6 7.7 10.9 16 17.4 14.3 14.0 12.1 N/A Close, Henley 61: 10 Adwell Cottages, 470207 200190 44.4 47.9 33.2 32 30.5 32.8 39.1 38.8 32.8 30.5 31.8 30.4 35.4 30.4 N/A M40 63: 19 St Johns Road, 460152 189130 27.2 28.3 19.8 24.6 15.3 18.1 12.9 11.7 18.1 15.1 21.4 19.3 16.6 N/A Hithercroft, Wallingford 65: 23 Thameside, 476308 182760 45.7 54.6 41.5 36.2 21 51.2 43.2 42.8 46.8 42.6 36.6 N/A Henley 66: 39 Kings 475878 182760 30.8 38.2 22.1 26 18.9 20.8 20.9 18.2 20.8 39.9 42.3 31.6 27.5 23.7 N/A Road, Henley 67: 11A Watlington 461724 191785 32.4 37.3 26.4 33.2 23.8 28.4 24.8 20.3 28.4 28 37.5 26.5 28.9 24.9 N/A Road, Benson 68: 3A The Street (New 461298 189367 24.7 24 19 27.6 20.4 18.2 18.3 18.2 21.7 25.5 5.4 20.3 17.4 N/A house), Wallingford 69: Outside Bartlett Close, Reading 460470 188224 25.5 28.7 19.6 13.8 16.6 16.4 15.6 13.7 16.4 16.3 33.3 23.1 19.9 17.1 N/A Road, Wallingford

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70: Newham Manor Farm, 461916 188424 40.7 48.2 36.4 33.9 31.4 33.3 10.3 33 33.3 30.3 45.9 35.3 34.3 29.5 N/A A4074, Wallingford 71: 8 Great Western 452084 190694 35.7 37 23.4 38.3 31.4 31.3 30.8 23.5 31.3 32 38.9 25.9 31.6 27.2 N/A Drive, Station road, Didcot 72: Mendip Heights, 451412 190894 21 19.6 28.8 14 19.7 16.2 10.5 19.7 20.4 28.8 15.5 19.5 16.7 N/A Station Road, Didcot 73: 41 Aylesbury 470605 206554 43.7 17 34.6 32.3 29.1 30.3 31 29.4 30.3 32.3 42.7 41.7 32.9 28.3 N/A Road, Thame 74: Churchill Crescent, 471695 205806 30.3 32.1 20.8 14.5 23.6 14.4 14.3 23.6 19.8 32 22.5 19.4 N/A Kingsey Rd, Thame 75: 63 High Street (Plumtree 461901 200989 32.9 23.3 20.6 25.4 27 25.6 22.7 27 28.6 26.8 26.0 22.4 N/A Cottage) , Little Milton 76: 2 Cratlands 460279 198618 28.1 32.8 22 22.7 17 17.6 16.9 17.2 17.6 22.3 37.4 21.9 22.8 19.6 N/A Close, Stadhampton 77: Holme Cottage, Newington 460163 198398 26.4 26.4 20.9 30.7 22.7 22.4 16.3 22.4 12 26.3 21.4 22.5 19.4 N/A Rd, Stadhampton 78: 2 Old London Road, 460228 20722 27 90.2 20.4 16.7 19.6 18.9 15.2 17.9 21.6 25.6 23.1 26.9 23.2 N/A Wheatley

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79: 16 Old London Road, 460504 205642 30.4 33.4 20.2 23.6 19.6 18.8 19.6 8.8 18.8 21.1 26.1 22.5 21.9 18.8 N/A Wheatley 80: 1 Youens 471103 205107 21.4 23.2 13.6 15.9 14.9 11.6 12.4 9.5 11.6 16.6 31.9 17.1 16.6 14.3 N/A drive, Thame 81: 3 Massey 471155 205016 23.2 23.6 12.5 16.2 11.3 12.5 12.7 11.9 12.5 18 25.2 16.7 16.4 14.1 N/A Road, Thame 82: 2 Robin Gibb Road, 471078 204851 19.5 21.3 12 14.9 15.4 11.9 10.1 16.3 11.9 17.3 21 17.4 15.8 13.5 N/A Thame 83: 12 Markus Avenue, 470964 204914 23.2 12.7 15 10.3 12.5 9.3 9.4 12.5 21.1 22.4 16.2 15.0 12.9 N/A Thame 84: 1 Thame Park Road 471212 205340 27.5 28.6 16.9 20 15.5 14.5 14.5 11.6 14.5 25.8 28.4 20 19.8 17.0 N/A (The Falcon), Thame 85: Opp 1 Howland 471918 204934 32.4 32.9 22.9 20.2 21.7 18.6 16.6 21.7 5.6 21.4 18.4 N/A Road, Thame 86: 43 Mill 47408 201026 20.5 23.9 15.1 15 13.7 13.1 25.6 10.7 13.1 15 30.2 26.7 18.6 16.0 N/A Lane, Chinnor 87: 35 High Street, 475703 201120 28.2 27.9 17.5 21.8 13.5 25.6 17.7 12.5 25.6 21.7 37.7 25.4 22.9 19.7 N/A Chinnor 88: 20 Church Road, 475720 200930 27.4 29.6 21.8 24.3 19.2 20.1 21.9 16.4 20.1 22.4 33.9 24.3 23.5 20.2 N/A Chinnor 89: 31 Station Road, 475415 200942 29.5 37.6 26.1 29.6 25.4 24.6 25.6 24.6 15.5 48.9 25.2 28.4 24.4 N/A Chinnor 90: Plum Cottage, 475001 200196 28.2 33.9 22.2 30.1 24.1 24.2 18.8 24.1 26.9 31.3 21.1 25.9 22.3 N/A Crowell Road, Chinnor

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91: 10 Adwell Cottages, 470199 200196 53.5 44.7 34.1 22.2 31.8 32.3 40.8 39.1 32.3 30.5 37.6 32.9 36.0 30.9 N/A M40 92: 10 Adwell Cottages, 470199 200196 45.4 33.5 33.4 29.6 39 37.8 29.6 32.5 31.4 29.9 34.2 29.4 N/A M40 93: The Lodge, Wallingford 460110 187862 20.2 21 15.1 18.3 14 20.7 5.9 20.7 22.7 13.8 17.2 14.8 N/A Rd, Wallingford 94: Willow Cottage, 68 Wallingford 459805 187574 26.5 25.4 18.6 23 18.2 23 14.8 23 35.5 35.5 20 24.0 20.6 N/A Rd, Wallingford 95: 18 Mereland 452753 189729 28.1 16.9 19.5 13.8 16 13.3 10.2 16 19.6 22.2 18.1 17.6 15.1 N/A Road, Didcot 96: Marsh Play Area, 453357 190030 32.3 29.6 23.9 39.1 30.7 28.5 19.3 28.5 29.9 30.3 22.2 28.6 24.6 N/A Didcot 97: 4 Cronshaw 452358 190521 31.2 16.2 37.7 24.3 29.1 21.2 14.2 29.1 27.1 34.3 31.4 26.9 23.1 N/A Close, Didcot 98: 1 Blackthorn 450870 190497 30.5 30.9 27.2 18.9 18.9 17.3 11.9 18.9 23.2 32.1 21 22.8 19.6 N/A Road, Didcot 99: Opp The Bull Barn, 475218 175996 38.1 37.1 30.9 28.2 25.1 26.1 31.8 13.6 26.1 31.4 35.1 29 29.4 25.3 N/A RG4 6TN, Sonning Eye 100: Bus stop, Abingdon 454637 195614 27 34.5 21.6 24.7 19.6 22.5 18.9 18.4 22.5 26 33.8 25.5 24.6 21.1 N/A Road, Clifton Hampden

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101: 52 Oxford Road, 454760 195794 30.4 33.2 27.7 19.1 18.4 17.6 19 10.1 17.6 27.3 30.6 27.3 23.2 19.9 N/A Clifton Hampden

☒ Local bias adjustment factor used ☐ National bias adjustment factor used ☒ Annualisation has been conducted where data capture is <75% ☒ Where applicable, data has been distance corrected for relevant exposure in the final column

Notes: 3 Exceedances of the NO2 annual mean objective of 40µg/m are shown in bold. 3 NO2 annual means exceeding 60µg/m , indicating a potential exceedance of the NO2 1-hour mean objective are shown in bold and underlined. (1) See Appendix C for details on bias adjustment and annualisation. (2) Distance corrected to nearest relevant public exposure.

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Appendix C: Supporting Technical Information / Air Quality Monitoring Data QA/QC

Regrading adjustment of the data, the raw figures from 2019 were adjusted using a local bias adjustment factor.

The National BAF for Didcot Socotec’s 20% TEA tubes is 0.76, a significantly smaller figure, and therefore choosing the local BAF seems the more conservative way of adjusting the raw figures.

The Wallingford and Henley co-location studies’ information was forwarded to the NPL in April 2020 to be included in the National bias adjustment spreadsheet

Due to good data capture in 2019 and also to the good precision of the diffusion tubes and data obtained from the continuous analyser (see Figure C 1) below) and the fact that the diffusion tubes are exposed in a similar way to that of the co-location, the local BAF was chosen to adjust the data.

Out of the two co-locations, the preferred factor was the one from the Henley study, due to higher data capture and precision of the triplicate tubes than the study in Wallingford (see figures C1 and C2 in the next page).

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Figure C 1 Henley co-location: Precision and accuracy of triplicate tubes and calculation of local bias adjustment factor

Checking Precision and Accuracy of Triplicate Tubes

Diffusion Tubes Measurements Automatic Method Data Quality Check Coefficient Data Tubes Automatic Start Date End Date Tube 1 Tube 2 Tube 3 Triplicate Standard 95% CI Period of Variation Capture Precision Monitor dd/mm/yyyy dd/mm/yyyy µgm -3 µgm -3 µgm - 3 Mean Deviation of mean Mean Period (CV) (% DC) Check Data 1 10/01/2019 12/02/2019 35.7 34.5 36.1 35 0.8 2 2.1 31.55 95.84 Good Good 2 12/02/2019 07/03/2019 37.9 37.6 38.3 38 0.4 1 0.9 31 95.48 Good Good 3 07/03/2019 02/04/2019 26.5 27.8 29.5 28 1.5 5 3.7 24.31 88 Good Good 4 02/04/2019 01/05/2019 40.4 38.1 40.6 40 1.4 3 3.5 39.4 94.98 Good Good 5 01/05/2019 06/06/2019 33.2 29.6 28.4 30 2.5 8 6.2 27.26 92.72 Good Good 6 06/06/2019 04/07/2019 31.7 31.5 32.9 32 0.8 2 1.9 25.82 91.23 Good Good 7 04/07/2019 01/08/2019 30.4 31.3 28.9 30 1.2 4 3.0 23.55 91.23 Good Good 8 01/08/2019 02/09/2019 23.6 23.2 23.5 23 0.2 1 0.5 19.72 94.41 Good Good 9 02/09/2019 03/10/2019 31.7 31.5 32.9 32 0.8 2 1.9 25.1 91.01 Good Good 10 03/10/2019 06/11/2019 32.5 32.3 32 0.1 0 1.3 26.72 95.35 Good Good 11 06/11/2019 03/12/2019 41.3 41.8 41.3 41 0.3 1 0.7 35.56 95.69 Good Good 12 03/12/2019 03/01/2020 30.1 31.3 31.2 31 0.7 2 1.7 28.98 94.23 Good Good 13 It is necessary to have results for at least two tubes in order to calculate the precision of the Good Good measurements Overall survey --> Overall precision DC Site Name/ ID: Henley Precision 12 out of 12 periods have a CV smaller than (Check average CV & DC from Accuracy Accuracy (with 95% confidence interval) Accuracy (with 95% confidence interval) without periods with CV larger than 20% WITH ALL DATA 50%Without CV>20%With all data Bias calculated using 12 periods of data Bias calculated using 12 periods of data 17% 17% 25% Bias factor A 0.86 (0.82 - 0.9) Bias factor A 0.86 (0.82 - 0.9) 5.3% 5.3% Bias B 16% (11% - 22%) Bias B 16% (11% - 22%) 0% Without CV>20% With all data Diffusion Tubes Mean: 33 µgm-3 Diffusion Tubes Mean: 33 µgm-3 -25% Mean CV (Precision): 3 Mean CV (Precision): 3

Automatic Mean: 28 µgm-3 Automatic Mean: 28 µgm-3 DiffusionTube Bias B -50% Data Capture for periods used: 93% Data Capture for periods used: 93% Adjusted Tubes Mean: 28 (27 - 30) µgm-3 Adjusted Tubes Mean: 28 (27 - 30) µgm-3 Jaume Targa, for AEA Version 04 - February 2011

Figure C 2 Wallingford co-location: Precision and accuracy of triplicate tubes and calculation of local bias adjustment factor

Checking Precision and Accuracy of Triplicate Tubes

Diffusion Tubes Measurements Automatic Method Data Quality Check Coefficient Data Tubes Automatic Start Date End Date Tube 1 Tube 2 Tube 3 Triplicate Standard 95% CI Period of Variation Capture Precision Monitor dd/mm/yyyy dd/mm/yyyy µgm -3 µgm -3 µgm - 3 Mean Deviation of mean Mean Period (CV) (% DC) Check Data 1 10/01/2019 12/02/2019 49.5 48.2 50.3 49 1.1 2 2.6 41.45 99.87 Good Good 2 12/02/2019 07/03/2019 44.9 43.6 45.3 45 0.9 2 2.2 35.49 99.46 Good Good 3 07/03/2019 02/04/2019 28.0 25.0 45.0 33 10.8 33 26.8 36.41 99.68 Poor Precision Good 4 02/04/2019 01/05/2019 51.7 50.8 55.8 53 2.7 5 6.6 40.41 99 Good Good 5 01/05/2019 06/06/2019 44.2 41.7 42.0 43 1.4 3 3.4 32 68.9 Good Poor Data Capture 6 06/06/2019 04/07/2019 42.0 41.0 40.2 41 0.9 2 2.2 32 100 Good Good 7 04/07/2019 01/08/2019 38.1 43.1 44.0 42 3.2 8 7.9 29 99.95 Good Good 8 01/08/2019 02/09/2019 31.4 35.1 33.0 33 1.9 6 4.6 27 99.45 Good Good 9 02/09/2019 03/10/2019 42.0 41.0 40.2 41 0.9 2 2.2 35 79.87 Good Good 10 03/10/2019 06/11/2019 40.0 39.6 38.8 39 0.6 2 1.5 33 93.88 Good Good 11 06/11/2019 03/12/2019 47.0 47.4 46.5 47 0.5 1 1.1 43.49 99.85 Good Good 12 03/12/2019 03/01/2020 34.0 37.9 35.0 36 2.0 6 5.0 30.42 99.87 Good Good 13 It is necessary to have results for at least two tubes in order to calculate the precision of the measurements Good Good Overall survey --> precision Overall DC Site Name/ ID: Wallingford Precision 11 out of 12 periods have a CV smaller than 20% (Check average CV & DC from Accuracy calculations) Accuracy (with 95% confidence interval) Accuracy (with 95% confidence interval) without periods with CV larger than 20% WITH ALL DATA 50%Without CV>20%With all data Bias calculated using 10 periods of data Bias calculated using 11 periods of data 23% 20% 25% Bias factor A 0.82 (0.77 - 0.86) Bias factor A 0.84 (0.78 - 0.91) 6.5% 9.0% Bias B 23% (16% - 29%) Bias B 19% (10% - 28%) 0% Without CV>20% With all data Diffusion Tubes Mean: 43 µgm-3 Diffusion Tubes Mean: 42 µgm-3 -25% Mean CV (Precision): 3 Mean CV (Precision): 6

Automatic Mean: 35 µgm-3 Automatic Mean: 35 µgm-3 DiffusionTube Bias B -50% Data Capture for periods used: 97% Data Capture for periods used: 97% Adjusted Tubes Mean: 35 (33 - 37) µgm-3 Adjusted Tubes Mean: 35 (33 - 38) µgm-3 Jaume Targa, for AEA Version 04 - February 2011

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 52

In regard to the annualisation of the diffusion tube whose data capture was < 75 per cent(S13: 68 High Street, Wallingford), the background monitoring site chosen for the calculation was S17, the only other background site in the district for which we obtained 12 months of data in 2019. Table C1 below shows this calculation.

Table C 1 Annualisation of results obtained at S13

B1 (17: 57 Brookmead D1 (13: 68 High Street, B1 when D1 Month Drive, Wallingford) Wallingford) available

1 19.8 41.4 19.8 2 20.4 38.0 20.4 3 13.1 44.2 13.1 4 23.4 30.4 23.4 5 8.6 6 10.5 7 8.6 8 9.2 26.1 9.2 9 10.5 10 22.7 29.4 22.7 11 34.2 47.0 34.2 12 14.4 29.8 14.4 Mean 16.28 35.79 19.65 Ratio (Ra) 0.83 Annualised 29.7 average (M)

None of the results obtained at passive monitoring sites have been adjusted for distance correction calculation carried out, following the guidance provided in LAQM.TG16 (para 7.78), since all the sites that recorded levels higher than 36 µg 3 NO2/m were located adjacent to relevant exposure ( the facade of a dwelling in most cases).

For information on the performance of Socotec’s diffusion tubes and the analyser annual graphs, see Figures C3-5 and C 6 below.

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Figure C 1 Henley continuous analyser: annual graph

Figure C 2 Watlington continuous analyser: annual graph

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Figure C 3 Wallingford continuous analyser: annual graph

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Figure C 4 QA/QC information for 2019 diffusion tubes

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Appendix D: Map(s) of Monitoring Locations and AQMAs

Figure D 1 Watlington AQMA and monitoring sites

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Figure D 2 Wallingford AQMA and monitoring sites

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Figure D 3 Henley AQMA and monitoring sites

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Figure D 4 Monitoring sites in Thame

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Figure D 5 Monitoring sites in Chinnor

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Figure D 6 Monitoring sites in Didcot

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Appendix E: Summary of Air Quality Objectives in England

Table E.1 – Air Quality Objectives in England Air Quality Objective6 Pollutant Concentration Measured as 200 µg/m3 not to be exceeded more Nitrogen Dioxide 1-hour mean than 18 times a year (NO2) 40 µg/m3 Annual mean 50 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more Particulate Matter 24-hour mean than 35 times a year (PM10) 40 µg/m3 Annual mean 350 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more 1-hour mean than 24 times a year Sulphur Dioxide 125 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more 24-hour mean (SO2) than 3 times a year 266 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more 15-minute mean than 35 times a year

6 The units are in microgrammes of pollutant per cubic metre of air (µg/m3).

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Appendix F: Screening Assessment of Road Traffic PM Sources in South Oxfordshire’s AQMAs.

Henley AQMA Wallingford AQMA Watlington AQMA

Meets Meets Meets Criteria concern the Why? the Why? the Why?

Objectivesof criteria? criteria? criteria?

Roadsource category

2,500 Roads with Long HDVs/day - <2,500 <2,500 <2,500 a and exposure No HDV's per No HDV's per No HDV's per high flow of Short- within 10m day day day HDVs Term from kerb

No No No 10,000 Long junctions junctions junctions vehicles/day and (10,000 (10,000 (10,000 Junctions - exposure No No No Short- vehicles/da vehicles/da vehicles/d within 10m Term y) within y) within ay) within from kerb AQMA AQMA AQMA

New roads if no air constructed quality or assessment proposed Long available Now new Now new Now new since and from No roads in No roads in No roads in the last Short- planning AQMA AQMA AQMA round of Term application - Review and 10,000 Assessmen vehicles/day t

25% traffic increase on Roads with roads No Long No No significantly > 10,000 significant and significant significant changed vehicles/day No No No changes Short- changes in changes in traffic - in traffic Term traffic flows traffic flows flows exposure flows within 10m from kerb

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Glossary of Terms

Abbreviation Description

AQAP Air Quality Action Plan - A detailed description of measures, outcomes, achievement dates and implementation methods, showing how the local authority intends to achieve air quality limit values’

AQMA Air Quality Management Area – An area where air pollutant concentrations exceed / are likely to exceed the relevant air quality objectives. AQMAs are declared for specific pollutants and objectives

ASR Air quality Annual Status Report

Defra Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

DMRB Design Manual for Roads and Bridges – Air quality screening tool produced by Highways England

EU European Union

FDMS Filter Dynamics Measurement System

LAQM Local Air Quality Management

µg/m3 Micrograms per cubic meter of air

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

NOx Nitrogen Oxides

PM10 Airborne particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10µm (micrometres or microns) or less

PM2.5 Airborne particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5µm or less

QA/QC Quality Assurance and Quality Control

SO2 Sulphur Dioxide

PHE Public Health England

LES Low Emission Strategy

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References 1 Environmental equity, air quality, socioeconomic status, and respiratory health, 2010

2 Air quality and social deprivation in the UK: an environmental inequalities analysis, 2006

3 Defra. Abatement cost guidance for valuing changes in air quality, May 2013

4 SODC, 2015. Low Emission Strategy. Oxfordshire Air Quality [online] Available at: http://democratic.southoxon.gov.uk/documents/s7214/SODC%20LES_2015_V3_Fin al%20edited%202.pdf

5 SODC, 2014. Air Quality Action Plan. Oxfordshire Air Quality [online] Available at: https://oxfordshire.air-quality.info/documents/air_quality_action_plan.pdf

6 Oxfordshire District Councils, 2009. Oxfordshire Air Quality Website [online]. Available at: https://oxfordshire.air-quality.info/

Other references https://oxfordshire.air-quality.info/local-air-quality-management/south-oxfordshire https://www.oxfordshire.gov.uk/cms/public-site/travel-choices http://www.traveline.info/ https://oxfordshire.air-quality.info/what-can-you-do-to-improve-air-quality https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/aqma/local-authorities?la_id=246 https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/interactive-map.

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