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Architectuur H Et​N Ieuw E​Instituut Design Architectuur A​preservation​policy​for​ the​AutoCAD​DWG/DXF​ Instituut ​ file​format author Henk​Vanstappen (DATABLE) Nieuwe ​ date 34 12​December​2019 Het Cultuur ​ Digitale ​​​​ Contents 1. Introduction 3 2.​ Autodesk​DWG/DXF​file​format​ 4 ​2.1.​ AutoCAD​model​ 4 ​2.1.1.​ Model​kernel​ 4 ​2.1.2.​ External​references​ 4 ​2.1.3.​ Metadata​ 5 ​2.1.4.​ Versions​and​compatibility​ 6 ​2.2.​ DWG​file​format​ 6 ​2.2.1.​ File​format​specification​ 6 ​2.2.2.​ File​Structure​ 6 ​2.2.3.​ Identification​ 7 ​2.2.4.​ Internal​validation​of​a​CAD​format​ 7 ​2.3.​ DXF​file​format​ 8 ​2.3.1.​ File​structure​ 8 ​2.3.2.​ Identification​ 9 ​2.4.​ CAD​Software​for​DWG/DXF​ 9 ​2.4.1.​ AutoCAD​ 9 ​2.4.2.​ AutoCAD​export​formats​ 10 ​2.4.3.​ Proprietary​applications​for​DWG/DXF​ 12 ​2.4.4.​ Open​source​applications​for​DWG/DXF​ 12 ​2.5.​ Software​libraries​for​DWG/DXF​ 12 ​2.5.1.​ RealDWG​ 12 ​2.5.2.​ DWG​Direct​ 13 ​2.5.3.​ Open​Source​libraries​ 13 2.6.​ DWG/DXF​Viewers​and​converters​ 13 ​2.7.​ Preservation​risks​ 14 ​3.​ Preservation​Strategies​for​Autocad​DWG/DXF 16 4.​ Conclusion:​Towards​a​DWG​file​format​policy​ 18 ​4.1.​ Pre-ingest​ 18 ​4.1.1.​ Technology​preservation​ 18 A preservation policy for the AutoCAD DWG/DXF AutoCAD the for policy format file A preservation ​4.1.2.​ Dealing​with​xrefs​ 18 ​4.1.3.​ Normalization​scenario’s​ 19 ​4.1.4.​ Normalization​tooling​ 20 ​4.1.5.​ Normalization​validation​ 21 ​4.2.​ Ingest​ 20 ​4.2.1.​ Format​identification​ 20 ​4.2.2.​ Format​validation​ 21 ​4.2.3.​ Metadata​extraction​ 21 ​4.3.​ Preservation​planning​ 22 ​4.4.​ Access​ 22 ​4.4.1.​ Create​DIP’s​ 22 ​4.4.2.​ Emulation​ 23 ​4.5.​ Technology​watch​ 23 5.​ Resources​ 24 1 6.​ Addenda​ 27 ​6.1.​ AutoCAD​software​history​ 27 ​6.2.​ File​format​history​ 29 ​6.3.​ DWG​magic​numbers​ 30 ​6.4.​ DWG​and​DXF​file​format​specifications​in​PRONOM​ 31 A preservation policy for the AutoCAD DWG/DXF AutoCAD the for policy format file A preservation This​document​is​licensed​under​the​Attribution-ShareAlike​4.0​Unported​(CC​BY- SA​4.0)​license.​Copyright​may​apply​on​third​party​images. 2 1.​ Introduction Het​Nieuwe​Instituut​in​Rotterdam​is​an​institute​for​architecture,​design​and​ digital​culture.​It​is​the​keeper​of​the​State​owned​Collection​of​Dutch​Architecture​ and​City​Planning. Het​Nieuwe​Instituut​aims​to​acquire,​select,​preserve​and​make​accessible​ archives​in​a​reasoned​manner​within​its​collection​policy,​acquisition​policy​and​ Preservation​policy.​In​2019,​Het​Nieuwe​Instituut​started​testing​and​developing​ a​digital​archive​facility.​The​first​tests​for​setting​up​a​file​format​policy​also​take​ place​within​this​framework.​Ultimately,​Het​Nieuwe​Instituut​must​have​a​strategy​ for​functional​preservation​(migration,​emulation).​In​this​context,​choices​will​ have​to​be​made​within​the​framework​of​the​Preservation​Policy​with​regard​to​ the​preservation​of​essential​characteristics​of​the​information​objects.​ Practical​experience​and​previous​analysis​showed​that​AutoCAD​Drawing​(DWG) is​used​very​frequently​within​the​architectural​design​process​and​as​an​ exchange​format​between​different​CAD​applications.​Due​to​the​frequent​use​ and​the​high​heritage​value,​Het​Nieuwe​Instituut​wants​to​develop​a​policy​with​ regard​to​this​format.​Based​on​the​acquired​knowledge​about​the​DWG​file​ format​and​the​AutoCAD​software,​Het​Nieuwe​Instituut​wants​to: – have​a​study​carried​out​into​the​sustainability​risks​associated​with​files​in​ ​ the​DWG​file​format; – have​an​analysis​carried​out​with​regard​to​consequences​for​the​ ​ preservation​strategy​that​Het​Nieuwe​Instituut​develops; – obtain​conclusions​and​advice​on​a​migration​strategy​to​be​established​ ​ towards​sustainable​file​formats​for​DWG​files. Sustainability​risks​of​CAD​files​in​general​have​already​been​described​in​ previous​studies.​Concrete​guidelines​(file​format​policies)​that​take​into​account​ the​requirements​of​the​archiving​organization​-​such​as​determining​the​ significant​properties​and​the​consequences​this​has​with​regard​to​the​migration​ strategy,​however,​were​lacking. A preservation policy for the AutoCAD DWG/DXF AutoCAD the for policy format file A preservation This​study​attempts​to​fulfil​this​need​and​–​based​on​research​of​the​DWG/ DXF​file​format​–​gives​a​number​of​components​of​a​file​format​policy​for​the​ AutoCAD​file​format,​taking​into​account​the​global​preservation​strategy​of​ Het​Nieuwe​Instituut​and​the​present​or​existing​infrastructure​to​be​developed. 3 2.​ Autodesk​DWG/DXF​file​format 2.1.​ AutoCAD​model The​AutoCAD​model,​as​it​is​defined​in​a​DWG​file​and​its​dependencies,​holds​ all​the​significant​properties​that​can​be​selected​for​retention​in​function​of​the​ designated​community.​ ​2.1.1.​ Model​kernel CAD​software​uses​highly​complex​mathematical​techniques​to​define​and​render​ three​dimensional​models​and​their​properties.​Examples​of​these​techniques​ are​B-spline​or​NURBS​equations,​non-parametric​equations,​or​combinations​ of​both.​As​Smith​(2009)​puts​it,​CAD​files​do​not​describe​a​shape​as​such,​but​ give​a​recipe​of​how​the​shape​should​be​built.​The​way​in​which​the​CAD​ software​can​describe​a​shape​is​largely​determined​by​the​software​kernel​that​ is​used.​Translating​3D​models​into​a​format​that​depends​on​another​kernel​ therefore​runs​a​greater​risk​of​errors.​AutoCAD​is​based​on​the​ShapeManager​ kernel,​which​was​forked​from​the​ACIS​kernel​version​7​in​2001​(Strong,​2019).1 Strong​(2019)​therefore​states​as​a​rule​of​thumb​that​conversions​to​another​ format​are​less​likely​to​cause​errors​when​the​target​format​is​based​on​the​ same​kernel.​Errors​(or​artifacts)​that​can​occur​when​transforming​to​another​ kernel​are​sliver​edges,​zero-area​faces,​duplicate​vertices​and​so​on​(illustration). Sliver​faces​after​conversion2 A preservation policy for the AutoCAD DWG/DXF AutoCAD the for policy format file A preservation The​AutoCAD​kernel​supports​Brep​or​border​representation.​Brep​concerns​the​ boundary​between​fixed​and​non-fixed​geometry,​where​the​fixed​geometry​is​a​ set​of​interconnected​surfaces.​This​is​a​mathematically​precise​representation​of​ geometry.​The​opposite​of​Brep​is​referred​to​as​Vrep​(visual​representation),​which​ offers​only​an​approximation​of​geometry.​AutocAD​DWG​also​supports​Vrep.3 ​2.1.2.​ External​references In​AutoCAD​a​user​can​insert​any​drawing​file​as​an​external​reference​or​xref​ in​the​current​drawing.​With​xrefs,​changes​made​in​the​referenced​drawing​are​ reflected​in​the​current​drawing.​Attached​xrefs​are​linked​to,​but​not​actually​ 1​Other​common​formats​are​Parasolid​(e.g.​MicroStation),​SMLib​of​CGM.​ 2​Image​from​https://www.engineersrule.com/advanced-breakdown-features-solidworks-fillet-tool/​ 4 3​Vrep​formats​include​Obj,​STL,​3D​XML,​3D​PDF,​Collada​(.dae)​and​PLY. inserted​in,​another​drawing.​Any​changes​to​a​referenced​drawing​are​displayed​ in​the​current​drawing​when​it​is​opened​or​reloaded.​A​drawing​file​can​be​ attached​as​an​xref​to​multiple​drawings​at​the​same​time.​Conversely,​multiple​ drawings​can​be​attached​as​referenced​drawings​to​a​single​drawing​(Autodesk​ Knowledge​Network,​2019).​In​many​cases,​a​drawing​in​the​.DWG​format​will​ be​added​as​a​reference.​However,​it​is​also​possible​to​use​other​file​formats: – Image:​Images​such​as:​.BMP,​.JPG,​.PNG,​.TIFF,​etc. – DWF:​the​Design​Web​Format:​.DWF,​.DWFX. – DGN:​the​Microstation​file​format. – PDF:​the​Adobe​Portable​Format​document​format. – Point​Cloud:​.RCP​and​.RCS​files. – Coordination​Model:​.NWD​and​.NWC​files​from​Navisworks. Xrefs​are​identified​with​absolute​or​relative​paths.​An​absolute​path​is​a​fully​ specified​hierarchy​of​folders​that​locates​the​external​reference.​An​absolute​ path​includes​the​local​hard​drive​letter​or​the​network​server​drive​letter.​Relative​ paths​are​partially​specified​folder​paths​that​assume​the​current​drive​letter​or​ the​folder​of​the​host​drawing.​This​is​the​most​flexible​option,​and​enables​you​ to​move​a​set​of​drawings​from​your​current​drive​to​a​different​drive​that​uses​the​ same​folder​structure.​Xrefs​can​be​embedded​in​a​DWG​file​as​separate​layers​ with​the​binding​function.​A​Block​is​a​separate​drawing​inserted​into​the​current​ drawing​as​a​complete​entity.​Changes​made​to​the​original​block​will​not translate​to​current​drawing. ​2.1.3.​ Metadata Metadata​(also​called​Product​Manufacturing​Information​or​PMI)​refers​to​data​ such​as​Geometric​dimensioning​and​tolerancing​(GD&T),​dimensions,​and​notes​ which​are​attached​to​the​solid​model​(Strong,​2019).​Data​extraction​is​the ability​to​extract​data​from​objects​in​your​drawing​or​multiple​drawings.​AutoCAD​ provides​a​Data​Extraction​Wizard​that​controls​the​extraction​of​that​data​ (illustration).​ A preservation policy for the AutoCAD DWG/DXF AutoCAD the for policy format file A preservation AutoCAD​data​extraction​wizard 5 ​2.1.4.​ Versions​and​compatibility Like​most​software,​new​versions​of​AutoCAD​are​regularly​released,​which​also​ support​functionalities.​To​support​these​changes,​updates​of​the​corresponding​ file​format​are​also​made​on​a​regular​basis.​Since​AutoCAD​version​2000,​ Autodesk​changes​its​DWG​file​format​after​three​versions.​However,​from​2013,​ Autodesk​decided​to​keep​the​same​DWG​format​(AC1027)​for​5​versions,​until​ AutoCAD​2018​(AC1032). AutoCAD​is​backwards​compatible,​meaning​files​created​in​any​release​can​be​ opened​and​edited​in​the​same​or​any​later​release.​The​software​is​not​forward​ compatible,​but​AutoCAD​supports​the​conversion​to​older​format​versions.​
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