Peace Psy 2019 2020 11/03/20

Sarrica - Peace Psy 2019_2020 11/03/20

Peace can be defined as a positive societal state in which violence, whether direct or structural, is not a likely occurrence, and in which all humans, animals, and ecology are treated with fairness, dignity, and respect. Peace psychology is the study of mental processes and behavior that lead to violence, prevent violence, and facilitate nonviolence as well as promoting Violenza fairness, respect, and dignity for all, for the purpose of making violence a less likely occurrence and helping to heal its psychological effects. (Mac Nair, 2015 p.19)

Violenza diretta e violenza strutturale Condotte aggressive Spiegazioni individuali e situazionali

Psicologia sociale ‘classica’ studi su condotte aggressive, conflitto, condotte altruiste Anni ‘80 Guerra Fredda – Paura del Nucleare Anni ‘90 - Nuovi temi, nuova dimensione mondiale La violenza nella • Il concetto di pace si è differenziato: peace violenza episodica (diretta) vs. violenza strutturale e culturale psychology peacebuilding vs. peacemaking

• Approccio sistemico

• Approccio storico-culturale

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Violenza Diretta

Tipologie di Violenza

Violenza Strutturale Violenza Culturale

Violenza strutturale Structural violence is inflicted on people through the structures of society and involves chronic forms of harm such as poverty, environmental damage, misallocated resources, or dangerous working conditions.

Tipologie di kills people slowly by depriving them of satisfying their basic Violenza needs. Life spans are curtailed when people are socially dominated, politically oppressed, or economically exploited.

Galtung (1969) proposed that one way to define structural violence was to calculate the number of avoidable deaths

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Violenza culturale Per "violenza culturale" intendiamo quegli aspetti della cultura, la sfera simbolica della nostra esistenza, esemplificata dalla religione e dall'ideologia. Lingua e arte, scienza empirica e scienza formale, stelle, croci e mezzelune, bandiere, inni e militari sfilate, il Tipologie di ritratto onnipresente del Signore e infine discorsi Violenza infiammatori, sono "aspetti della cultura", non di intere culture.»

“Cultural Violence” Johan Galtung, College of Social Sciences University of Hawaii, Manoa

ViolenzaViolenza StrutturaleCulturale Diretta

Tipologie di Violenza

Violenza DirettaStrutturale ViolenzaViolenza Strutturale Culturale

Triangolo vizioso: la base giustifica il vertice superiore

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Tipologie di Violenza

Christie et al. Introduction to peace psy, p.19

Tipologie di Violenza

Ref. Noor & Christie, Themes in Peace Psychology Research

4 3 Themes in Peace Psychology Research 45

episode. In regard to peace, we have adopted the term “peacemaking” to imply the prevention or mitigation of violent episodes. The term “peacebuilding” will be used to refer to two complementary but potentially different processes: the mitigation of structural violence and movement toward greater equity in interactions, relation ships, and structures. Table 3.1 tabulates the use of our terms in relation to peace and violence. Table 3.2 shows some of the main features of the four cells. As noted, episodic violence inflicts harm and kills people directly and quickly, whereas structural vio lence is more indirect, normalized and harms or kills people slowly by depriving them of their basic needs. To prevent and mitigate episodic violence, peacemaking interventions are proposed. Similarly, to reduce structural violence and promote a more equitable social order, peacebuilding interventions are used. Table 3.3 presents some of the more commonly researched concepts, theories, and themes extracted from the literature.

Sarrica - Peace Psy 2019_2020 3.2.2 Another Distinction: Integration and Differentiation 11/03/20

Some concepts and theories in peace psychology are sufficiently precise, specific, and narrow in their applications, they fit quite neatly within the 2 × 2 matrix. For

Table 3.1 Terminology Episodic Structural Violence Episodic violence Structural violence Peace Peacemaking Peacebuilding

Table 3.2 Characteristics of the 2 × 2 matrix in peace psychology. (Adapted from Christie, 2006) Episodic Structural Violence Typically kills or harms Typically kills or harms people quickly people slowly Intermittently kills or harms Continuously deprives people people of basic needs Acute insult to wellbeing Chronic insult to wellbeing Dramatic Normalized Tipologie di Peace Peacemaking Peacebuilding Reduces violent episodes Reduces structural violence Violenza Emphasizes nonviolence Emphasizes social justice Seeks to prevent violent Seeks to ameliorate structural episodes violence Produces intergroup tension Produces intergroup tension reduction enhancement Uses intergroup contact and Uses intergroup contact and dialogue noncooperation Supports status quo Challenges status quo

Ref. Noor & Christie, Themes in Peace Psychology Research

Tipologie di Violenza

Ref. Noor & Christie, Themes in Peace Psychology Research

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46 N. M. Noor and D. J. Christie

Table 3.3 Examples of common themes within the 2 × 2 Matrix Episodic Structural Violence Aggression Belief in a just world Armed conflict Ideologies that normalize social exclusion Genocide Patriarchy Identitybased violence (based Protestant work ethic on ethnicity, religion, economic resources, etc.) Intergroup violence (political, Psychological factors in economic interstate, etc.) exploitation and/or political oppression Racism Intimate partner violence Sexism Media violence Sexual harassment Militaristic attitude Social dominance theory Temi e Terrorism Social injustices Tipologie di Traumatic stress Symbols that support structural violence War System justification theory Violenza Peace Peacemaking Peacebuilding Alternative dispute resolution Conflict transformation Antiwar activism Conscientization Conflict management Nonviolence democratic transitions Conflict resolution Nonviolent resistance Dialogue People power Diplomacy Reparation Intergroup contact Social justice movements Mediation Societal reconstruction after intergroup 3 Themes in Peace Psychology Research violence or postwar reconstruction 47 Negotiation (nonviolent social justice movements) conditions. FigureReconciliation 3.1 presents some con cepts and theories, organized according to the degree to which they offer integrative versus differentiated conceptions and explanations in peace psychology.Ref. Noor & Christie, Themes in Peace Psychology Research In addition to organizing concepts and theories by degrees of integration and instance, genocide is a particular kind of episodic violence; social dominance theory differentiation, Fig. 3.1 suggests that highly differentiated or specific kinds of vio 88 has explanatory power in relation to structural violence; antiwar activism is aimed lence and peace can be understood by drawing on other concepts and theories at the at promoting peacemaking; conscientization is part of an emancipatory agenda that same level of differentiation as well as higherlevel concepts and theories that have seeks to liberate the individual from oppressive structures, and therefore falls within more integrative power. For example, restorative justice is a highly differentiated the peacebuilding domain.peacebuilding concept that could draw on another highly differentiated theory, such Other concepts and theories in peace psychology are more integrative and can as equity theory for explanatory purposes. In addition, “empathy” and “altruism” (moderately integrative/differentiated concepts) could apply to the process of re be applied to both episodic and structural violence. For example members of one group could “dehumanize” members of another group and thereby legitimize either episodes or structures of violence. Similarly, some concepts and theories could be applied to both peacemaking and peacebuilding; an “apology” could take place in the wake of a violent episode or in the context of structurally violent relationships. At the highest level of integration, there are concepts and theories in peace psy chology that are useful in conceptualizing and explaining both violence and peace. “Collective efficacy,” for example, could occur under violent (e.g., war) or peaceful

Temi e Tipologie di Violenza

Fig. 3.1 Some concepts and theories in peace psychology from highly integrative to highly differentiated

Ref. Noor & Christie, Themes in Peace Psychology Research 89

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I ponti di Robert Moses sulla Southern State Parkway

https://youtu.be/WwnkSHC5TMU

Esempi di violenza strutturale

I ponti di Robert Moses sulla Southern State Parkway

https://youtu.be/8uOWDFIVqS0

Esempi di violenza strutturale

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I ponti di Robert Moses sulla Southern State Parkway

Esempi di violenza Strade che non portano in nessun posto strutturale https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/feb/21/roads-nowhere- infrastructure-american-inequality

Esempi di violenza strutturale

Via della Conciliazione – Il piccone risanatore https://youtu.be/ae6IBlIhvKg