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Citizenship, Race, and Nationalism in Contemporary English-Canadian Newspaper Representations of Muslims, Arabs, and South Asians

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Citizenship, Race, and Nationalism in Contemporary English-Canadian Newspaper Representations of Muslims, Arabs, and South Asians CITIZENSHIP, RACE, AND NATIONALISM IN CONTEMPORARY ENGLISH-CANADIAN NEWSPAPER REPRESENTATIONS OF MUSLIMS, ARABS, AND SOUTH ASIANS by Wendy Naava Smolash Masters of Arts in English, University of Guelph, 2004 Bachelor of Arts (Honours) in English, Trent University, 2002 DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Department of English © Wendy Naava Smolash 2011 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Spring 2011 All rights reserved. However, in accordance with the Copyright Act of Canada, this work may be reproduced, without authorization, under the conditions for Fair Dealing. Therefore, limited reproduction of this work for the purposes of private study, research, criticism, review and news reporting is likely to be in accordance with the law, particularly if cited appropriately. APPROVAL Name: Wendy Naava Smolash Degree: Doctor of Philosophy Title of Thesis: Citizenship, Race, and Nationalism in Contemporary English-Canadian Newspaper Representations of Muslims, Arabs, and South Asians Examining Committee: ___________________________________________ Dr. Peter Dickinson Professor of English Graduate Program Chair ___________________________________________ Dr. Jeff Derksen Senior Supervisor Associate Professor of English ___________________________________________ Dr. David Chariandy 2nd Reader Associate Professor of English ___________________________________________ Dr. Proma Tagore 3rd Reader Independent Scholar ___________________________________________ Dr. Larissa Lai Internal Examiner Assistant Professor of English University of British Columbia ___________________________________________ Dr. Yasmin Jiwani External Examiner Associate Professor of Communication Studies Concordia University Date Defended/Approved: ___________________________________________ ii Declaration of Partial Copyright Licence The author, whose copyright is declared on the title page of this work, has granted to Simon Fraser University the right to lend this thesis, project or extended essay to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. The author has further granted permission to Simon Fraser University to keep or make a digital copy for use in its circulating collection (currently available to the public at the “Institutional Repository” link of the SFU Library website <www.lib.sfu.ca> at: <http://ir.lib.sfu.ca/handle/1892/112>) and, without changing the content, to translate the thesis/project or extended essays, if technically possible, to any medium or format for the purpose of preservation of the digital work. The author has further agreed that permission for multiple copying of this work for scholarly purposes may be granted by either the author or the Dean of Graduate Studies. It is understood that copying or publication of this work for financial gain shall not be allowed without the author’s written permission. Permission for public performance, or limited permission for private scholarly use, of any multimedia materials forming part of this work, may have been granted by the author. This information may be found on the separately catalogued multimedia material and in the signed Partial Copyright Licence. While licensing SFU to permit the above uses, the author retains copyright in the thesis, project or extended essays, including the right to change the work for subsequent purposes, including editing and publishing the work in whole or in part, and licensing other parties, as the author may desire. The original Partial Copyright Licence attesting to these terms, and signed by this author, may be found in the original bound copy of this work, retained in the Simon Fraser University Archive. Simon Fraser University Library Burnaby, BC, Canada Last revision: Spring 09 Abstract This dissertation critiques national English-Canadian newspaper representations of Muslims, Arabs and South Asians in the context of national narratives about Canada. I explore these tensions in the context of Canadian Literary Studies as a cultural field, exploring the gap produced in the encounter between Canadian literary narratives of nation and actual immigration regimes that produce expanding categories of precarious citizenship status within Canada. Because I approach newspaper texts as narrative, this dissertation weaves together Race Theory, Frames Theory, and the literary practice of reading against the grain to critique newspaper representations in The Globe and Mail, The National Post, and, where relevant, two Vancouver newspapers that contain significant discussion of the national: The Vancouver Sun and The Province. It examines discourses of race and nation in four case studies: Project Thread, the Toronto 18, Security Certificates, and the sanctuary story of Laibar Singh, and juxtaposes these national narratives with critiques of legal citizenship structures emerging within the contemporary migrant justice movement. Bringing Race Theory to bear on news framing within these national media texts, I explore the ways in which the racialization of human bodies within naturalized social hierarchies informs the dominant frame in each case study, and the ways in which contestations of hegemony emerge in the struggle to establish frames. This struggle over framing, which shapes and is shaped by the material realities of the country, reveals tensions over the very definition of nationally resonant concepts such as Multiculturalism, Citizenship, Immigration, or the meaning of Canada. Keywords: Race Theory; Canadian Literature; Nation and Nationalism; Citizenship; Frames; Multiculturalism; Immigration; Security; State; Neoliberalism; Canada; Migrant Justice; Newspapers; Media; National Post; Globe and Mail; Vancouver Sun; Vancouver Province; Project Thread; Toronto 18; Security Certificates; Laibar Singh; Sanctuary iii Dedication Dedicated with deep gratitude to Tom-Pierre Frappé-Sénéclauze and Myka Tucker-Abramson, to my family and to all of my teachers, present and past iv Acknowledgements All intellectual work is collaborative, and it would be impossible to thank by name all of the people who made this dissertation possible. However, I would like to thank the following people: first and foremost, my deepest thank you is due to my senior supervisor, Dr. Jeff Derksen, for six years of committed, rigorous, challenging, and profoundly respectful mentorship and guidance. Thank you for your sense of humour and for your faith in my non-modular learning style. Thank you for encouraging me to find my own path, even when it meant I stubbornly ignored your sound advice only to ‗realize‘ it ‗on my own‘ later. Thank you for sharing your generous bookshelves, your prodigious knowledge, and most of all for your remarkable capacity to pull up from memory, at just the right time, just the right text to help ground my explorations in existing debates. Our discussions over the years helped me hone my own thinking, slowly but surely, and have shaped this dissertation profoundly; they will continue to shape the ways I think and write for the rest of my career. My deepest gratitude is also due to my entire committee. Thank you to Dr. David Chariandy for helping me pin down elusive ideas, for your ethical sensitivity, and for frankly brilliant editing. I am consistently astonished at the sheer breadth and precision of your thought. Thank you to Dr. Proma Tagore for so generously sharing your knowledge, your memory of the living history of my subject both theoretically and on the ground, and for your rigorous and nuanced ethical and theoretical commitments. Often when I lost sight of what I really wanted to say, your gentle insistence and suggestions both challenged me and brought me back to speaking truth. Thank you to my externals, Dr. Larissa Lai and Dr. Yasmin Jiwani, for intellectual and ethical challenges that continue to influence me, and for your generosity of spirit that continues to inspire. I also wish to thank my MA supervisor at the University of Guelph, Ajay Heble, whose intellectual and personal gifts as a teacher were instrumental in establishing the shape of this project. Your supervision made graduate school a place of inspiration at a crucial time in my life. For helping me navigate this path, there is more to say in thanks to all of you than I can put into words. I owe a profound intellectual debt to the No One Is Illegal-Vancouver collective and to the larger migrant justice movement for generating the analysis that forms the central critique in this dissertation. As I became aware of the issues inherent to academic work about social justice movements, I have sought to do justice to the writing and critique emanating from this movement, and am always happy to hear whether that goal has been somewhat met in this form. I would also like to thank, in no particular order, the following people whose intellectual, practical, and moral support led in uncountable ways to the form of the final dissertation, who shared crucial discussions, suggested readings, read drafts, provided public speaking, brainstorming, and publication opportunities, and otherwise engaged with parts of the project in its various incarnations: Kirsten Emiko McAllister; Nandita Sharma; Margery Fee, John Ball, Kathryn Taglia, Smaro Kamboureli, Heike Härting, and anonymous reviewers at Canadian Literature and Studies in Canadian Literature;
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