5.5 X 10 Long Title .P65

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00568-6 - A Concise History of Bolivia, Second Edition Herbert S. Klein Index More information

INDEX

Academia Carolina 82; life at 86–7 Agriculture 240; dynamism in 146; Acha´ regime 131–2 and poverty 254–5; in Tucuman´ Acha,´ General JoseMar´ ıa´ 130 region 52–3; minifundia 61 Acho, Isidro 75 Aguinaldo 289 Acre dispute 161 Aguirre, Nathaniel 150 Acre territories 161–2 Alcabala 107 Act of Conciliation with Paraguay Almargo, Diego de 31; beheading 168 of 31 Administrative reorganization Alonso, Sergio Fernandez´ 155, 79–80 156 ADN (Accion´ Democratica´ Alpaca 7 Nacionalista) 239, 242–4, Altiplano 3; and human settlement 254–6, 257, 258, 260 262, 263, 6; and mineral deposits 8 264 Alvarez de Arenales, Juan Antonio Age pyramid 273;intheyear1950 96 276; in the year 2010 278 Amaru, Andres 76 Agrarian Reforms (1953) 244, 267, Amazonian River basin system 6; 290 blockage of 21 Agrarian Reform Commission Amazonian rubber boom 161 215 American empires, possession of 25 Agrarian Reform decree 215, 217, American society 28. See also 218, 223, 229, 244 Creole society Agregados 48, 122 American Wars of Independence Agriculture 285 92–8; ﬁrst attempt crushed 93 Agricultural system 211 Anaya, Rocardo 179, 197

341

342 Index

Andean civilization, and the Article 63 II (patrimony and altiplano 7 personal relations) 292 Andean culture versus Articles 277–9 293 Mediterranean culture 22 Articles 289–96, 293 Andean development, stages of Articles 30, 190–2, 292 10–12 Articles 98–101 (traditional Andean international relations cultures as national patrimony) 161 292 Anti-Christian revolts 45 Artistic activity 83–5 Antidemocratic ideas 230 Artistic ﬂourishing 63 Antisemitism 188 Arts, accomplishments in 150 Antofagasta: growth of 129; Arze, Aniceto 125, 137, 143, 153; invasion by Chile 141 regime of 154–5 Apaza, Julian´ 74, 75. See also Arze, battle of 180 Tupac´ Katari Arze, Jose´ Antonio 196, 197 Aramayo family 125, 129, 159, Arze,Walter Guevara 236; regime 181, 213 of 237 Aramayo, Carlos 189 Arzurduy program 294 Araucanians 21 Asbun, General Pereda 234 Arawak language 66 ASP (Asamblea por la Soberanıa´ de Argentina: and invasions of Upper los Pueblos) 261 Peru 93, 95–6, 97; treaty with Asuncion,´ settlement of 32 in 1868 135 Atahualpa 29 Arguedas, Alcides 150, 178, 184, Atlantic Revolutions 90 193 Audiencia 41; in Chuquisaca 41; Arguedas, Colonel 225 structure of 41 Army, and Indian uprisings 148 Audiencia of Charcas 70 Art in Upper Peru 56 Augustinians 44 Article 10 293 Authoritarian regimes, military Article 21 (civil rights of citizens) 239 292 Ayacucho, battle of 98 Article 26 293 Ayllus 14, 16, 34, 257; and land Article 30 (communal land rights) rights 22 292 Aymara 242, 244; monolingual Article 30 IX 292 speakers 280 Article 316 293 Aymara culture; caciques 14–15; Article 320 293 class structure of 14; warlike Article 56 293 nature of 14

Index 343

Aymara kingdoms 12, 14;and Barrientos, Rene´ 222, 223, 225, arrival of Incas 17;and 226 cameloid domestication 7; Bedregal, Guillermo 258 development of 13–14;land Belgrano, Manuel 95 rights in 15;lossof Belzu regime 126–8; revolts during independence of 17 127 Aymara language xi, 121, 243, Belzu uprising 130 252; decline of 236 Belzu, General Manuel Isidoro Aymara; and gold production 16; 125–6; emergence of 126 and other cultures 16; Beni: cattle-raising in 6; domination of Bolivia 16; department of 119 independence of Kollasuyo Beni 264; region 247 17 Bertonio, Ludovico 44 Azogueros 38, 70 Bilingual speakers 281 Azurduy, Juana 96 Bilingualism 256 Birthrates 251 Ballivian´ era 118; economy during Births, illegitimate 64 120; mining during 120 Bishopric, 119; establishment of Ballivian,´ Adolfo 130, 138 ﬁrst 44 Ballivian,´ General Hugo 207 Bitti, Bernardo 56, 84 Ballivian,´ Jose´ 118; emergence of Blanco, General 111 116–17;fallof123 Bolıvar,´ Sımon´ 96, 98, 99, 101, Banco de Rescate (Minerals 104; abolishment of mita 106; Purchasing Bank) 137 and naming of independent Banco de San Carlos (Minerals Upper Peru 100 Purchasing Bank) 70, 106, Bolivia; African slaves in 47; 193 determination of linguistic Banco Minero 213 composition 17; economic Banco Nacional de Bolivia, depression in 102–3; creation of 138 independent republic of 101; Banzer, Colonel Hugo 228, minerals not found in 8;paceof 239–40, 243, 244, 254, 258, social change in 50; population 259; and coup of 1971 228–9; 6; written history of 13 regime 228–34, 255–6; Bolivian Communist Party 206 resignation of Bolivian diet, staples of 7 Baptista, Mariano 153; regime of Bolivian Leftist Front, see Frente de 155 Izquierda Boliviana Barbie, Klaus 237, 240 Bolivian society, evolution of 1

344 Index

Boliviano 136 Caracoles silver mines 138, 140 Bono Juana Azurduy 294 Cardenas, Vıctor´ Hugo 257, 261 Bono Juancito Pinto 294 Cargos 42 BONOSOL 259 Carlota (queen of Portugal) 90, 91 BONOSOL pension program 293 Casa de Moneda (Royal Mint) 106 Boom of 1970s 232; end of 233 Cascarilla 119 Boqueron:´ battle of 179;fallof180 Caste wars 149 Bourbon monarchy, abdication of Caste, belief in 159–60 89 Castelli, General, defeat of armies Bourbon reforms 79 of 94 Brazil: treaty with in 1868 135 Catavi: mine massacre 200–1; British-Chilean Notrates and strikes at 205 Railroad Company 140 Catavi-Siglo XX mines massacre Bronze, discovery of 11 224 Buenos Aires 68–9, 91; full-scale Catholic Church 44–6 rebellion in 94; and conﬂict Caudillo barbaro 132. See also with Lima 69; power of 69; Melgarejo, General Mariano viceroyalty 69 Caudillo rule 123 Building boom 233 Causeways, building of 21 Busch, Major German´ 182, 187, CBF 217 188, 189, 190, 191; suicide of Censos 78 194 Census: Colonial of 1646 62; national 119–20;of1846 148; Cabildo 59 of 1900 159–60;of1950 209; Caciques xvi, 14–15, 34, 43, 48, of 1976 235;of2001 270 73; and rebellions 95; extinction Central Bank 175, 193, 194; of 77–8 establishment of 168 Cajas de comunidad 63 Centralist Party, creation of 189 Camacho, Eliodoro 142, 153 CEPAL 255 Camada 128 Cerro Rico 32 Cameloids. See Alpacas, Llamas, Cespedes,´ Augusto 197, 201 Vicunas˜ “Chaco Generation” 176, 183, Campero, General Narcisco 142, 185, 187, 192 145; regime of 153 ChacoWar 170, 174–7; popular Canals 65 reasons for 175; as turning Canelas, Demetrio 173; ouster of point 177;andrealismin 174 literature 184; losses in 182–3; Canete,˜ Pedro 80, 86 peace treaty 182;startof178

Index 345

Chane´ language 66 Church, Colonel George E. 134 Chanka federation 12 Cinti Valley 265 Chapare: leaf 247; region 247 Civil rights of citizens (Article 21) Charcas: limits of 33; settlement of 292 interior spaces 53 Civil wars, of the seventeenth Chavın´ civilization 11 century 58 Chica 5 Civilian regimes, versus military Child mortality 251. See Infant and 139 child mortality COB 246, 256; labor leaders 239 Chile: overthrow of Allende COB (BolivianWorkers Central) administration 231; Pinochet 213, 214, 216, 219, 221, 222, regime 231, 233; treaty with in 226, 230, 233, 239, 242, 257 1866 134, 135 Cobija: creation of port at 103; Chilean Llallagua Company 158 growth of 113 Chimu 12 Coca: exports 249; leaf production Chiquitos, Jesuit mission in 67 248 Chiriguanos 20 Coca chewing 52 Chirveches, Armando 184 Coca production 5, 63, 64, 246; Cholera 62 increase in 122;taxon119 Cholita Remedios 257 Cocabamba 104; establishment of Choloization 256 40; growth of agriculture in 61; Cholos xii, 47, 183, 256–7. See rise of 82 also Mestizos Cocaine 241, 246–9; Chapare leaf Christian Democrats 223 for 247;demand241; exports Christian Europe, worldview 24 248–9 Chuiquimia, Manuel Antonio 77 Cocaine trade, emergence of 237 Chulpas 14 Cocalero movement 261 Chuquisaca: decline of 104; Cocales 64 establishment of 31; Cochabamba 265, 283–4; establishment of bishopric in blockade 242;province247 46 Cochabamba Valley: mineral Church: decline of 151;weak deposits in 8;system5 position of 79 Codigo Busch 193 Church construction 85 Cold War 214, 218, 221 Church question, in Latin America Colegio Militar 228 157 Colla 14 Church wealth, conﬁscation of Colonato 267 108–9 Colonial Census of 1646 62

346 Index

COMIBOL 241;reform245 Copacabana, massacre at 130 COMIBOL (Corporacion´ Minera Copper, artifacts 11 de Bolivia) 213, 214, 217, 221, Cordillera Occidental 4 224, 238, 241, 245 Cordillera Real: climate, 4–5; Commercial crops 285; mineral deposits in 8 agricultural crops exports Cordova,´ General 127, 130 249 Corrales 179 Communal land rights 292 Corregidor 41 Communism 173 Corregidores de indios 44, 82. See Communist Party 166, 225, also Subintendants 227–8 Corregimientos 41 Community abandonment 48 Cortes,´ Hernando 35 Compadre 257 Coups d’etat. See Golpe de estado Composicion´ de tierra 62 Creole society: establishment of 27; Comunidad indıgena´ 36 structure of 28–9 Comunidades 22, 121 Criollo 57 Comunidades indıgenas´ 257 CSUTCB (Confederacion´ Concho y Torres 134 Sindicalunica´ de Trabajadores Concordancia 193, 197, 204 Campesinos de Bolivia) 242, CONDEPA (Consciousness of the 246, 252, 257, 260, 261 Fatherland) 259, 260 Cuencas 7 CONDEPA (Consciousness of the Cultural life 149 Fatherland) party 255, 257 Cuzco, siege of 30 Confederacion´ Peruboliviano Cuzco-Quechua culture 17 114–15; end of 117 Congress of 1880 143 Dalence, JoseMar´ ıa´ 112, 119, 120, Conquistadors 27 150 “Conservative Oligarchy” 153 Darıo,´ Ruben´ 150 Conservative Party 146, 151, 154, Daza regime, overthrow of 145 155, 157, 160, 162, 169 Daza, General Hilarion´ 139, 153; Constitution: of 2009 291; social rebellion against 142 constitution 293 Debray, Regis 225 Constitutional Convention of 1938 Debt servicing 166 192 Decentralization: program 258; Contribucion´ directa 107 results 259 Convents, closing of 108 Decentralized state 264 Copacabana Virgin. See Virgin of Decree 21060 (1985) 245 Copacabana Deﬁcits, government 122–3

Index 347

Democracy. See Multiethnic El Diario 228 democracy creation Electricity, introduction of 145 (1982–2002) Elite: native-born 64; Spanish Democratic Alliance 197 63–4; Spanish-American 28 Depression of 1980sand1990s Elites, mestizo 286–7. See also 238 Mestizos Depression, in Upper Peru 89 Encomendero 34 Desaguadero River 7 Encomiendas 34; decline of 48–9 Diez de Medina, Don Tadeo ENDE 259 64, 78 ENFE 259 Direct land purchase 147 Enfranchisement: adult voters 265; Direct taxes 106–7 indigenous population 266 Disease 35, 47, 62, 250 ENTEL 259, 289 Dominicans 44 Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia Drug War 248 292 Dulles, John Foster 218 Estigarribia, General 181 Ethnic democracy. See Multiethnic Early man, arrival of 10 democracy creation Eastern Cordillera. See Cordillera (1982–2002) Real Export sector, decline of 104 Economic ranking 250 Exports: commercial agriculture Economic shock: heterodox shock 249;growthof152; natural gas 244–5; orthodox shock 244–5 249; value of 229 Economy: deterioration of 168;on eve of World War I 162; Faja estanifera 8 restructuring of 177 Falange 221, 222, 223, 224, 226 Economy inherited by Siles Zuazo 231, 239 240–41 Falangista Party. See FSB Education 81, 109, 120, 148, 209, FAO 249 219, 229, 250, 252, 255; Fascism 188, 207, 216, 218, 237 university 86–7 FCT (Federacion´ de Cocaleros del Education: developments impact Tropico)´ 261 on literacy rates, 279–80; Federated Union of Mine Workers indigenous population 279–80; of Bolivia. See FSTMB non-indigenous 279 Ferdinand VII: abdication of 89, Education Reform Law (1994) 262 90; independent government in Eisenhower, Dwight 218 thenameof92 El Alto 286–7 Fernandez, Max 259

348 Index

Fertility: changes aspects 271; Gas War 262–3;in2003 287 declining 273; literacy and Gibbs & Co. 134 education aspects 277;rates275 Gold standard 173 Flores, Genaro 242, 243, 245, 246 Golpe de estado, 154;of1936 187 Forasteros 48, 122 Golpe, military 244 Franciscans 44, 66 “Government in Peru” (Matienzo) French Revolution 90 57–8 Frente de Izquierda Boliviana 196 Government workers 242 Freye, Ricardo Jaimes 150 Goyeneche, President 92, 94, 95 Frias,´ Tomas´ 130, 132, 138 Gran Chaco lowlands plain region Frontier towns, establishment of 47 33 FSB (Falange Socialista Boliviano) Great Depression 164, 165, 168, 207, 216–17, 220 170, 175, 176–7 FSTMB (Federacion´ Sindical de Great Rebellion of 1780– 273;end Trabajadores Mineros de of 77–8. See also Tupac´ Amaru Bolivia) 202, 204, 205, 213, rebellion 214, 230, 246, 256, 257; Guano, boom in exports of 133 dismantling of 224; legalization Guaranı´ language 66 of 226; liquidation of 233; Guerra, Gutierrez´ 163 power 245; recreation of 234 Guerrilla movement, rise of 93 FUB (National Federation of Guevara, Che 225 University Students of Bolivia) Guggenheim 167 167–8 Guild structure 27 Gulf Oil Company 219, 224, 226 Gainsborg, Jose´ Aguirre 179, 185 Gamarra, Agustin 110, 114, 116 Hacendado 265 Garcıa´ Meza, General Luis 256, Hacendados 49 260 Hacienda construction, second GDP (Gross Domestic Product) great epoch of 147 241, 248, 252, 253, 255; Hacienda expansion boom, end of decline of 238 176 General Strike of 1936 187 Hacienda system: destruction of “Generations of the 1880s” 150–1 215; development of 49; Gente decente xii recovery of 146 “Genuine Republican” Party 164, Haciendas: and comunidades 121; 165, 172 decline of 61–2; rebuilding of Gas: and oil deposits 78 nationalization 288–9, 294 Haenke, Tadeo 86

Index 349

Hanansaya 14 Indian Congress, first national 202 Hapsburgs 89 Indian goods, traditional markets Health 219, 250, 255 for 37 Heterodox shock 244–5 Indian labor 33–4 Higher education 81 Indian population, decline of 49 Highlands 9 Indian rebellion in 1780 73–4 Highlands versus lowlands 1; Indian rebellions after Toledo 42 sharing resources 9 Indian uprisings 165, 169–70 Hochschild, Mauricio 159, 194, Indians: exploitation of 184–5;new 213 urban 50; resentments of 73 Huacas 45 Indigenous: language 280–81; Huancavelica 53; collapse of movement 243. See also mercury production 70 Mestizos Huanchaca Mining Company 125, Indigenous population 280; 129, 137, 139 children 279; education 279–80; Huascar 29 elite 265; enfranchisement 266; Hydrocarbons 241 native languages 280 Hyperinflation 241, 244 Infant and child mortality 267–71 Inflation 216, 241, 244 Iberian Mudejar influences 56 Ingavi, battle of 117 IMF (International Monetary Ingenios 103 Fund) 220 Inquisivi 5 Immunization 271 Intellectual activity, decline of 149 Inca empire: engineering feats of Intendancy districts, creation of 80 19; natural limits of 21–2; Intendant, creation of 80 population under 22 Interculturality 291 Inca expansion, limits of 20 International Tin Control Scheme Inca state: description of 18; 171, 175 military power of 19–20; International Tin Council 246 property in 18–19;road Interregional trade 9 network in 18 Investment code 230 Inca-led rebellions 30–31 Irupana, major battle at 93 Incas: arrival of 17; capture of at Cajamarca 32; early demise of Jesuits 44, 66; establishment of 18; revolt against 17 missions 66–7; expulsion of 66; Independence movements 89–90 reappearance of 109 Indian communal property rights, Jilakata 15, 42, 43, 77 attach on 136 Jornal 53

350 Index

Juez paciﬁcador 77 Landowners, creation of large class Junta Central 89, 91 of 49. See also Hacendados Junta government 90, 91 Lands, inequality of division of 210 Junta Tuitiva 92 Language: urbanization effect on 281–2 Kalasasayas 12 Lanza, Miguel 96, 97, 98 Katari, Tomas´ 74–5, 76 Larecaja 5 Kataristas 242, 252, 255, 257, “La Salvadora” mine 158 261 Law of Decentralization (1995) Kemmerer mission 168 257, 261 Kollasuyo 17; conquest of people Law of Popular Participation in 20 (1994) 257, 261 Kundt, General Hans 180, 181 Lead 159 Kuraka xvi. See also Cacique Lechın,´ Juan 202, 203, 213, 219, 220, 221, 242, 258; exile of La Calle 188, 197; closure of 199 205; retirement of 245;return La Paz 5, 6, 7, 78, 104, 265, to power of 226 283–4, 286–7; Aymara peasant Left Revolutionary Movement, see leaders in 242; creation of 32; MIR establishment of bishopric in Legal centers, establishment of 46; evacuation of by Santa 81–2 Cruz’s army 97;growthof156; Lend-lease formulas 199 Indian communities in 79; Liberal Party 153, 154, 156, 157, late-seventeenth-century growth 160, 162, 165, 169, 172, 186, of 63; late-seventeenth-century 189; splintering of 163 growth of 63; popular revolt of Life expectancy 251–2 1809 92 Life expectancy changes 271 La Paz labor federation strike 172 Lima 91; and conﬂict with Buenos LAB 259 Aires 69 Labor market, reduction in 61 Linares, JoseMar´ ıa´ 128, 129; Labor movement 186 exclusion from government 130 Labor reforms, and Toledo 38–9 Literacy 120, 121, 148, 209; Labor relations 164–6 requirements, elimination of Labor, radicalization of 200 212; improvements in 250, 252, LAFTA (Latin American Free 255;ratesof87 Trade Area) 232 Literary output 184; limitations of Land reform 265. See also 87 National Revolution (1952) Literary production 86–7, 150

Index 351

Literacy rates, education Media luna: departments 296; developments and 279–80 group 264 Literature 150 Meiggs, Henry 134, 138 Llallagua 158 Mejillones 133, 134;discoveryof Llamas 7, 52 nitrates near 140 Llanos de Mojos 5 Melgarejo period 146, 147 Llanos del Chaco 6 Melgarejo regime 132; and attack Lloyd Aereo Boliviano 199 on Indian communal property London market, collapse of 106 rights 136; overthrow of 137, Lopez´ de Quiroga, Antonio 65–6 138 Lower Peru, weakening of defense Melgarejo, General Mariano 132 of 98 Mendoza, Jaime 184 Lowlands versus highlands, sharing Mercader de plata 65 resources 9 Mercedarians 44 Lowlands, human frontier in 20 Mercury 54; collapse of production Lupaca 14 of 70 Mestizaje: rural peasant and urban Machicao, Porﬁrio Dıaz´ 179 political power 285;white Macizo Chuquitano 6 culture 286 Maipu, battle of 96 Mestizo-baroque style 85 Maize, center of production 5 Mestizos xii, 47, 64;and Mamani, Dionosio 77 indigenous groups emergence Manco Inca, great rebellion of 30 264–70; elite 286–7. See also Manrique, Juan del Pino 80, 86 Cholos Mariategui, Jose´ 184 Mexican Constitution of 1917 Marof, Tristan 184, 185 191–2 Marxism 166, 169, 185, 186, 188, Meza, Carlos 263 196, 202, 263 Military authoritarian regimes 239 MAS (Movimiento al Socialismo) Military costs 112–13 party 261, 265, 290; problems Military regime, creation of 189 in controlling cities (in 2010) Military regimes, versus civilian 295–6 139 Matienzo, Juan de 57 Military socialism, era of 195 Matilda Zinc mine 227 Military: collapse of 212;secret Maupuches. See Araucanians lodges 201. See also RADEPA May Day celebration, ﬁrst 164 “Minas al Estado” 185 MBL (Movimiento Bolivia Libre) Mine output, growth of 71 260 Mine owners, importance of 128–9

352 Index

Mine production 198 Missionary activity 46 Mine workers 243 Mita system 39–40; maintenance of Minerals belt, division of 8 71 Minerals exports 250–51 Mitas 19 Minerals Purchasing Bank 122, Mitayos 39 137 Mitimaq 15 Miners Association 189 Mitre, Bartoleme 150 Miners, conditions in Oruro versus MNR (Movimiento Nacionalista Potosı´ 54 Revolucionario) 197, 198, 199, Mines: abandoned 103–4; 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, mechanization of 145 206, 207, 208, 212, 213, 214, Mineworkers union, organization 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 222, of 200 226, 230, 239, 242–3, 246, Minganos 50 254–5, 257, 258, 259–60, 262, Mingas 65 263; 1952 regime 266; wing Minifundia agriculture 61 239 Mining associations, creation of Moche culture 11 106 Mojos, cattle-raising in 6 Mining booms 50 Monasteries, closing of 108 Mining code, establishment of 38 Moneda feble 113 Mining rush, beginning of 32 Money, increase of 241 Mining sector: lack of investment Monopoly, creation of state 213 in 211; nationalization of 216 Montana˜ region 4, 5; human Mining: importance of to Peruvian frontier in 20 economy 68; long-term Monolingual speakers, 281 stagnation of 112–13;rapid Monteagudo 265 growth of 123 Monteagudo, Bernardo de 86 Ministry of Labor, creation of 188 Montenegro, Carlos 178, 197, 201 Ministry of Mines and Petroleum Montes, Ismael 162, 163; second 213 administration 162–3 MIP (Movimiento Indio Pachakuti) Mora, Jose´ Joaquin de 150 261 Morales, Evo 261, 287–90, 294, MIR (Movimiento de la Izquierda 296 Revolucionaria) 228, 230, Morales, General Agustın´ 137, 138 241–3, 254–6, 257, 258, 260, Moreno, Gabriel Rene´ 150 262, 263; group 239 Moreno, Mariano 87 Miscegenation 50 Mortality: changes 271–2, 274; Missionaries 66 declining 273; literacy and

Index 353

education aspects 277. See also National Revolution of 1952 xiii, Infant and child mortality 222, 223, 265 Movimiento Revolucionario Tupac Nationalist Party 167 Katari the 242 Nationalist Revolutionary Moxos, conquest of 66 Movement. See MNR Mujer de pollera 257 Nationalization; gas and oil Mulattos 47 deposits 288–9; gas fields 294; Multiethnic democracy creation natural resources 295 (1982–2002) 239–40; Banzer Native-born elite 64 regime 255–6; Banzer victory Native languages, indigenous 244; economy inherited by Siles population 280–81 Zuazo 240–41; Gas War 262–3; Natural gas exports 249 indigenous leaders rise 242–3, Natural resources nationalization 261; leaves cultivation aspects 295 247–9; municipal governments Nazca culture 11 creation 258; Pa Estenssoro New Economic Plan 244, 246, regime 254; Paz Estenssoro’s 260 economic principles and Nieto, Marshal 93; execution of 94 program 244–6; privatization Nitrate deposits, discovery of 129 and decentralization aspects Nitrates and Railroad Company of 259–60;Sanchez´ de Lozada Antofagasta 138, 141 regime (1993–1997) 257–9; Nitrates: boom in exports of 133; Sanchez´ de Lozada regime tax on 141 second term 260; state of Non-indigenous: children 279; exports 249–2;WaterWar262; education 279; movements 264; Zuazo election 239 party (PODEMOS) 264 Munecas˜ 5 Novel, first by Bolivian 150 Municipalities 258 Murillo, Pedro Domingo 92; Obrajes, cloth-producing 121 execution of 93 Oidor extraordinaria 80 Musgrave Commission (1970s) Oil exports 232 245 Olaneta,˜ Dr. Casimiro 98, 99, 100 Nanawa, battle of 180–1 Olaneta,˜ Pedro 98 Napoleon, Joseph 90 OPEC price inflation (late 1970s) Napoleonic wars 88, 89–91 240 National Electoral Court 295 Ores: declining quality of 65; National Miners Federation 202 inefficiency of producing 246

354 Index

Originarios 41, 122, 292; Patino˜ Mines and Enterprises 167 destruction of class of 72; Patino,˜ Simon I. 158–9, 167, 170, shrinking of class of 48 172, 200, 213, 217 Orsua y Vela, BartolomeArzansde´ Paula Sanz, Francisco 91; 86 execution of 94 Orthodox economic shock 244–5 Pax Incaica 20 Ortiz, Nuflo Chavez 220; Paz Estenssoro, Vıctor´ 197, 198, resignation of 221 200, 201, 203, 205, 206, 207, Oruro 7; decline of 104, 246; 213, 216, 218, 219, 220, 221, population decline 61; renewed 228, 236, 237, 239, 243–4, prosperity 79; settlement of 53, 245, 258, 259, 260; economic 54 principles and program 244–6; Ovando, General 226 exile of 231; regime 254; second term of 222 Paceno˜ 125 Paz Zamora, Jaime 239, 241–2, Pacheco, Gregorio 125, 143, 259 153 PCB 213, 216 Pacific War of 1879 140, 143. See Peace Corps, expelling of 227 also War of the Pacific Peasant: leaders 242; massacre Padilla, General David 234 242 Padilla, Manuel, execution of 96 Penaranda˜ era 196–7 Pagliari, Pier Luigi 240 Penaranda,˜ General Enrique 181, Painting: activity 83–5; Chiquisaca 196, 198, 200; successful coup school 84; Colla school 84; against 201 mestizo style 84; popular school Pension program (BONOSOL) 84; signing of 84 293 Palenque, Carlos 255, 257, 261 Pentland, J. B. 104 Pando 264 Pereda regime 234–5 Pando, Jose´ Manuel 162 Peru: invasion by Bolivia 114; Paraguay, break of diplomatic treaty with in 1865 135 relations with 173 Peruvian Church Councils Participacion Popular 261 44–5 Partido Conservador 146. See also Peruvian-Bolivian federation, Conservative Party creation of 113 Partido Socialista-i 242 Petrobras 219, 249 Patrimony 292 Petroleum 240; investments in Party of the Revolutionary Left, 219 see PIR Petroleum code 219

Index 355

Pezuela, Joaquin de la 95 crisis in 37; creation of Royal Pilcomayo River basin 6; blockage Mint at 38 of 21 Poverty 253, 286; GDP and 283; Pinto program 294 poverty levels 282–4 PIR (Partido de la Izquierda PRIN 230 Revolucionario) 197, 198, 200, Printing press, establishment of 201, 203, 204, 206, 213, 215, first in region 57 216, 227, 239 Privatization 259;law259; Pizarro, Francsico 30–31 program 288, 294;results,259 Pizarro, Gonzalo 31 Propiedades comunarias 257 Pizarro, Hernando 31 Pucara 14 Plastic arts 151–2 Pullapa Inca 31 Pluricultural 257 Pulperıas´ 214 PODEMOS 264 Puquina language 16 Poetry 150, 184 Poli-metal province 8 Quechua language xi, 44, 51, 121, Pongo 210 215, 224, 243, 252; decline of Pongueaje 165, 202, 210, 267 235–6 Poopo,´ Lake 7, 53 Quechua: monolinguals 280; Popular Assembly (1970) 228 speaking political leaders 244 Popular Participation Law 258;of Quechuanization 18, 19, 20 the year 1994 270 Quechuans 17;influence over Population growth 235 Aymara kingdoms 17 Population, and disease 35 Quinine production, decline of 129 Population, expansion post-1700 Quinoa 7 62 Quintarilla, Carlos 180, 191, 194, POR (Partido Obrero 195, 196 Revolucionario) 185, 186, 197, Quiroga, Jorge 260, 263 198, 201, 202, 204, 213, 215, Quispe, Felipe 261 257 Quito rebellion 29–30 Porco, establishment of 31 Quota production system 171 Potato, domestication of 7 Potosı:´ continued decline of 71; RADEPA 201, 203 decline of 104, 246; impact of Radical politics 184–5 growth of 51; impact on Europe Railroad, first successful of 50–1; Royal Mint at 96; concession 138 population decline 61; renewed Real Socavon´ Mining Company prosperity 79; success of 37; 125, 129

356 Index

Rebellions 73–4 Saavedra Republicans 187 Reducciones´ 36, 62 Saavedra, Bautista 164, 165, 166, Religion 12; chulpas 14; 188; end of term 167; exile of establishment of Catholic 44 189;deathof193 Remedios Loza 257, 260 Saavedristas 174, 186 Re-nationalization 294 Salamanca Republicans 189 Repartimientos 73 Salamanca, Daniel 163, 164, 169, Repression, political 203 171, 172, 173, 178, 179, 180, Republican Party 167, 186 183, 186; arrest of 181;andthe Republican rule, advent of Great Depression 170 163 Salaverry regime 114 Republican Socialist Party 174, San Martın,´ Josede´ 95, 96, 97 187 San Miguel, establishment of mine Republicans, emergence of 163 53 Republiquetas 93 Sanchez´ de Lozada, Gonzalo 254, Rescatadores 70 258, 259, 261, 263; regime Revenue, declining 107 (1993–1997) 257–9; second Revolt of 1899 156 term 260 Revolts, effects of constant Santa Cruz 6, 264–5, 283–4; cities 131 247; establishment of bishopric Revolutionary Workers’ Party, see in 46; establishment of Jesuit POR mission in 66;farmers239 Rio Mamore 6 Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Rioja, General Bilbao 201; exile of establishment of 33 196 Santa Cruz, Andres´ 97, 110;and Ritual impoverization system 42, political ambitions in Peru 114; 43 defeat of by Chile 115–16;end Rivadavia 105 of era 117; exile of 116; regime Roads, modern 227 of 111–16 Rodrıguez,´ Jacinto 76 Santa Cruz, Marcelo Quiroga 242 Rojos 138 Santander 105 Rosca 157–8 School attendance, conditional Royal Cordillera 4 cash payments given for 294 Royal Dutch Shell 175 Sciences, developments in 151 Rubber, commercial production 6 Sculpture 56 Rule, indirect 41 Segurola, Sebastıan´ de 77, 118 Rural population 121–2 Sexenio 203 Rural society, collapse of 214 Shaft mining 39

Index 357

Sheep, domestication of 7 Sorzano, Tejada 181, 186, Siles Nationalist Party 187 187 Siles Zuazo, Hernan´ 203, 206, South America, creation of new 213, 219, 220, 234, 236, 237, republics in 102 239–41, 259; economy inherited Soybean 249 by 240–41; election 239 Soybeans exports 249, 251 Siles, Hernando 167, 168, 169 Spain: and conflict with the English Silesians 109 90–1; and the Napoleonic wars Silver 8, 249; 1570–1650 boom 89–91;conflicts 88;first 50–1; collapse of 155; crisis in American colonial declaration 58; new rush in 1695 53; revival of independence from 92;as in 82 dominant power in Europe 25; Silver currency 113 background of colonists 26; Silver industry, growth of 152 creation of society in Americas Silver mining dynasties 125 27; empire 25–6; social Silver output, peak of 140 structure of empire 26 Silver production, decline in 103 Spaniards: and overthrow of Inca Silver: and population decline 60; empire 29; arrival of 31; genius decline in output 60 of 25 Sinani,˜ Agustın´ 77 Spanish Conquest of Peru 29 Sindicatos 242–3, 247, 257–8, 261, Spanish Conquest, first phase of 265 29 Sisa, Bartola 75 Spanish elite 63–4 Slavery 47 Spanish language, domination of SNAF 238 252 Social change 256–8 Spanish settlement, close of basic Social cohesion, loss of 147 period of 55 Social constitution 293 Spanish speakers, increase in 235 Social constitutionalism 191–2 Spanish, as a minority language 87, “Social Defense” Act 173–4 121 Social protest movements 185 Spanish-American elite, and Social revolution of 1952 176 domination of indigenous Social stratification 122 people 28 Social structure 48 Spanish-American empire, stability Socialism, establishment of 165 of 90 Socialist Party: establishment of “Stablization Plan” 220 165; reorganization of Standard Oil Company of Bolivia 190 167, 190

358 Index

Standard Oil Company of New Tierras baldias 62 Jersey 167, 175, 182, 184, 187, Tin 8, 159, 241, 249;major 190, 198; final settlement 199 districts of 8; blockage of sales Steam engines 124; introduction of of 207; costs of producing 123 211–12; post–World War II Strikes 165, 172, 198, 200, 234 price decline of 205; record Subintendants 82 output reached 168–9; rising Subsidio 68 prices 224 Sucre elite, decline of 162 Tin industry, decline of 170 Sucre, Antonio Josede´ 97, 98, 99, Tin market collapse 246 100, 101, 116, 117, 126, 136, Tin Producers Association 151; assassination attempt 110; 170 and conflict with the church Tin production, rise of 155–6 107–8; regime of 105–10; Tithes, elimination of 151 success of church reforms 109 Titicaca, Lake 3, 4, 8, 53;and Syndicalization rights 199 painting style 85; effect on climate 6; floating gardens in Tamayo, Franz 178, 181 12;Waruculturenear11 Tarija 264 Tocuyo cloth 61, 82, 111; Tarija, establishment of 40 production of 112 Tax 245; value-added 245 Toledo, Francisco 35, 179; reforms Tax on nitrates, 141 of 41; and labor reforms 38–9; Tax structure 36; rationalization of mining economy reforms 37–8; 37 reduction policy 36; reforms Taxes, reductions in 112 35–6; Spanish settlements Teachers’ strike 203 sponsored by 40 Tejada, Lydia Guelier 237 Tomina, establishment of 40 Telegraph Workers Union strike Toro, David 180, 181, 187, 188, 172 189, 190, 191 Thesis of Pulacayo 204 Toro-Busch era 187–95; Tiahuanaco civilization, hydrologic dictatorship founded 193 engineering of 12 Torres Rubio, Diego de 44 Tiahuanaco: collapse of 12; Torres, General Juan Jose´ 226–7; departure in Aymara kingdoms overthrow of 227–8 13; development of 11; Torres, Mario 205 importance in Andean history Trade unionists 242 12 Triangular Plan 221 “Tierras al Indio” 185 Tribute 36

Index 359

Tribute tax 48, 62, 71, 83, 112, Upper Peru: and international 118, 129, 136; extension of 72; conflicts 91; end of wars of outlaw of 104–5; reliance on independence 98;historyof 71–2;Sucreand106–7 independence 93–4; liberation Trotskyism 186 of 98; naming of independent Trotskyite leaders 246 government 100; reorganization Truman administration: Point-Four of economic space of 69 aid 218 Upper Peruvian Church 78 Tupac´ Amaru rebellion 1780– 2 Urbanization effect on language 74, 78, 82, 118;lackoflasting 281–2 effect from 78; recovery from 79 Urcusuyu government 14 Tupac´ Amaru, Jose´ Gabriel 43, Urcusuyu versus Umasuyu 14 75–6, 77 Urinsaya 14 Tupac Katari movement 242, 259, Urriolagotia 206 261 Uru 16; and the Aymara 16 Uru language 16 U.S. Public Law 480 217, 218 Uyuni 7 UCD 255 UDN (Union´ Cıvica´ Solidarid) 259 Valdez, Ramon´ Sotomayor 150 UDP 237 Vascongados 65 Umasuyu government 14 Vascongados: conflict with Vicunas˜ Umasuyu versus Urcusuyu 14 58–9 Uncıa´ 158; revolt of miners at 165 Vecinos 41 Uncıa´ Mining Company 158 Velasco, General Jose´ Miguel de Uncıa´ strike 167 116 Unified Syndical Confederation of Veltze,´ Eduardo Rodrıguez´ 287 Peasant Workers of Bolivia. See Vertical ecological integration 9, 15 CSUTCB Veterans’ movement 186–7 United Provinces of the Rio de la Vicunas˜ 7, 65 Plata 96 “Vicunas”:˜ conflict with United States: minerals purchasing Vascongados 58–9 contract with 217; warmth Viedma, Francisco 80, 82, 86 toward 197 Villa Montes, battle for 182 Universidad de San Francisco Villara, Victorian de 86 Xavier 149 Villarroel, Major Gualberto 201, University Reform movement 167 202, 204, 214; revolts against University student reform 169 202 Upper MamoreRiver´ 66 Villazon,´ Elidoro 162

360 Index

Violence, return to in politics Workshops, development of 57 153–4 World War II, beginning of 199 Virgin of Copacabana, establishment of shrine to 45 Yanaconas 15, 18, 49 Visitas 46 Yanez,˜ Colonel 130 Voters enfranchisement, adult YPFB (Yacimientos Petroliferos 265 Fiscales de Bolivia) 190, 217, 219, 227, 238, 245, 249, 259, Wages 53–4 288 Wankarani culture 11 Yungas 5; colonization and coca War of Spanish Succession 90 production 52; expansion of War of the Paciﬁc 134, 141, Aymara culture into 52 153 Yungas valleys 246–7 Warnes, Ignacio, execution of 96 Yungas-produced leaf 247 Waru culture 11; collapse of 12 Yupanqui, Tito 57 Water War 262 Western Cordillera. See Cordillera Zamudo, Adela 184 Occidental Zarate´ “Willke,” Pablo of Sicasica White culture 286. See also 156 Mestizaje Zepita, battle of 97 William, Harvey, and Co. 159, Zinc 159, 249 217 Zinc exports 251 Wolfram 8, 159 Zudanez,´ Jaime 87