DOCSLIB.ORG

Section 1: Introduction

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Section 1: Introduction Table of Contents Section 1: Introduction .......................................................................... 1 Section 2: Existing Conditions .................................................................. 4 Population and Employment ............................................................................ 4 Land Use .................................................................................................... 4 Rail Operations in Galt ................................................................................... 6 Freight Operations ................................................................................................ 6 Passenger Operations - Amtrak ................................................................................. 7 At-Grade Crossings Considered for a Quiet Zone..................................................... 7 Twin Cities Road .................................................................................................. 8 Spring Street ....................................................................................................... 9 Elm Avenue ......................................................................................................... 9 A Street ............................................................................................................ 10 C Street ............................................................................................................ 12 F Street ............................................................................................................ 12 Kost Road .......................................................................................................... 13 Gate Drops ................................................................................................ 13 Pedestrian / Bicycle Traffic ............................................................................ 13 Section 3: Future Conditions ................................................................. 15 Future Population and Employment ................................................................... 15 Future Land Use .......................................................................................... 15 Rail Operations in Galt .................................................................................. 17 Freight Operations ............................................................................................... 17 Passenger Operations – Amtrak ................................................................................ 17 Future Traffic Conditions at Crossings ................................................................ 17 Twin Cities Road ................................................................................................. 18 Spring Street ...................................................................................................... 18 Elm Avenue ........................................................................................................ 18 A Street ............................................................................................................ 18 C Street ............................................................................................................ 19 F Street ............................................................................................................ 19 Kost Road .......................................................................................................... 19 Section 4: Performance of the Quiet Zone ................................................ 20 Measurements of Risk ................................................................................... 20 Application of the Quiet Zone Calculator ............................................................ 21 GALT RAILROAD QUIET ZONE STUDY 105367 Page i Quiet Zone Safety Measures ............................................................................ 22 Supplementary Safety Measures ............................................................................... 22 Alternative Safety Measures .................................................................................... 24 Wayside Horns .................................................................................................... 26 Use of Approved Safety Measures ..................................................................... 29 Quiet Zone Diagnostic ................................................................................... 29 Quiet Zone Concepts .................................................................................... 31 Concept 1 .......................................................................................................... 31 Concept 2 .......................................................................................................... 32 Concept 3 .......................................................................................................... 33 Other Concepts ................................................................................................... 34 Capital Costs .............................................................................................. 34 Ongoing Maintenance Costs and Other Costs ........................................................ 36 Horn Blowing in Galt with a Quiet Zone .............................................................. 37 Section 5: Evaluation ........................................................................... 38 Evaluation of Alternatives .............................................................................. 38 Overall Safety ..................................................................................................... 38 Capital and Ongoing Maintenance Cost ....................................................................... 38 Ease of Implementation ......................................................................................... 39 FRA Review Requirements ...................................................................................... 39 Summary Evaluation and Recommendation .......................................................... 39 Section 6: Implementation Plan .............................................................. 40 Next Steps ................................................................................................. 40 General Order 88-B (GO 88-B) ......................................................................... 41 Ongoing Affirmations and crossing form updates ................................................... 42 Section 7: Funding Mechanisms .............................................................. 43 Federal Sources ........................................................................................... 43 Surface Transportation Program ............................................................................... 43 Community Development Block Grant Funds ................................................................ 44 State Sources ............................................................................................. 44 Regional Surface Transportation Program.................................................................... 44 Workforce Housing Reward Program .......................................................................... 44 State Transportation Improvement Program ................................................................ 45 Proposition 1B .................................................................................................... 45 County Sources ........................................................................................... 46 County Sales Taxes ............................................................................................... 46 GALT RAILROAD QUIET ZONE STUDY 105367 Page ii Local Sources ............................................................................................. 46 General Fund and Other City Funds ........................................................................... 46 Redevelopment Agencies ....................................................................................... 46 Benefit Assessment Districts ................................................................................... 47 City Departments ................................................................................................ 47 City Fees ........................................................................................................... 47 Special Districts .................................................................................................. 47 Private Sources ........................................................................................... 48 Railroad Contributions .......................................................................................... 48 Other Contributions .............................................................................................. 48 Appendix A – New Quiet Zone Flow Charts Appendix B – At-Grade Crossing Inventory Reports Appendix C – FRA Accident Reports Appendix D – Quiet Zone Concept Cost Estimates Appendix E – Quiet Zone Concept Illustrations GALT RAILROAD QUIET ZONE STUDY 105367 Page iii Tabulations and Illustrations Table 1: Existing Freight Train Operations Summary ..................................................... 6 Table 2: Existing Passenger Train Operations Summary ................................................. 7 Table 3: ADT and FRA
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Module 6. Hov Treatments
    Manual TABLE OF CONTENTS Module 6. TABLE OF CONTENTS MODULE 6. HOV TREATMENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS 6.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................ 6-5 TREATMENTS ..................................................... 6-6 MODULE OBJECTIVES ............................................. 6-6 MODULE SCOPE ................................................... 6-7 6.2 DESIGN PROCESS .......................................... 6-7 IDENTIFY PROBLEMS/NEEDS ....................................... 6-7 IDENTIFICATION OF PARTNERS .................................... 6-8 CONSENSUS BUILDING ........................................... 6-10 ESTABLISH GOALS AND OBJECTIVES ............................... 6-10 ESTABLISH PERFORMANCE CRITERIA / MOES ....................... 6-10 DEFINE FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS ............................. 6-11 IDENTIFY AND SCREEN TECHNOLOGY ............................. 6-11 System Planning ................................................. 6-13 IMPLEMENTATION ............................................... 6-15 EVALUATION .................................................... 6-16 6.3 TECHNIQUES AND TECHNOLOGIES .................. 6-18 HOV FACILITIES ................................................. 6-18 Operational Considerations ......................................... 6-18 HOV Roadway Operations ...................................... 6-20 Operating Efficiency .......................................... 6-20 Considerations for 2+ Versus 3+ Occupancy Requirement ............. 6-20 Hours of Operations ..........................................
    [Show full text]
  • Design Guidelines for the Use of Curbs and Curb/Guardrail
    DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR THE USE OF CURBS AND CURB/GUARDRAIL COMBINATIONS ALONG HIGH-SPEED ROADWAYS by Chuck Aldon Plaxico A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Civil Engineering by September 2002 APPROVED: Dr. Malcolm Ray, Major Advisor Civil and Environmental Engineering Dr. Leonard D. Albano, Committee Member Civil and Environmental Engineering Dr. Tahar El-Korchi, Committee Member Civil and Environmental Engineering Dr. John F. Carney, Committee Member Provost and Vice President, Academic Affairs Dr. Joseph R. Rencis, Committee Member Mechanical Engineering ABSTRACT The potential hazard of using curbs on high-speed roadways has been a concern for highway designers for almost half a century. Curbs extend 75-200 mm above the road surface for appreciable distances and are located very near the edge of the traveled way, thus, they constitute a continuous hazard for motorist. Curbs are sometimes used in combination with guardrails or other roadside safety barriers. Full-scale crash testing has demonstrated that inadequate design and placement of these systems can result in vehicles vaulting, underriding or rupturing a strong-post guardrail system though the mechanisms for these failures are not well understood. For these reasons, the use of curbs has generally been discouraged on high-speed roadways. Curbs are often essential, however, because of restricted right-of-way, drainage considerations, access control, delineation and other curb functions. Thus, there is a need for nationally recognized guidelines for the design and use of curbs. The primary purpose of this study was to develop design guidelines for the use of curbs and curb-barrier combinations on roadways with operating speeds greater than 60 km/hr.
    [Show full text]
  • Costing of Bicycle Infrastructure and Programs in Canada Project Team
    Costing of Bicycle Infrastructure and Programs in Canada Project Team Project Leads: Nancy Smith Lea, The Centre for Active Transportation, Clean Air Partnership Dr. Ray Tomalty, School of Urban Planning, McGill University Researchers: Jiya Benni, The Centre for Active Transportation, Clean Air Partnership Dr. Marvin Macaraig, The Centre for Active Transportation, Clean Air Partnership Julia Malmo-Laycock, School of Urban Planning, McGill University Report Design: Jiya Benni, The Centre for Active Transportation, Clean Air Partnership Cover Photo: Tour de l’ile, Go Bike Montreal Festival, Montreal by Maxime Juneau/APMJ Project Partner: Please cite as: Benni, J., Macaraig, M., Malmo-Laycock, J., Smith Lea, N. & Tomalty, R. (2019). Costing of Bicycle Infrastructure and Programs in Canada. Toronto: Clean Air Partnership. CONTENTS List of Figures 4 List of Tables 7 Executive Summary 8 1. Introduction 12 2. Costs of Bicycle Infrastructure Measures 13 Introduction 14 On-street facilities 16 Intersection & crossing treatments 26 Traffic calming treatments 32 Off-street facilities 39 Accessory & support features 43 3. Costs of Cycling Programs 51 Introduction 52 Training programs 54 Repair & maintenance 58 Events 60 Supports & programs 63 Conclusion 71 References 72 Costing of Bicycle Infrastructure and Programs in Canada 3 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Bollard protected cycle track on Bloor Street, Toronto, ON ..................................................... 16 Figure 2: Adjustable concrete barrier protected cycle track on Sherbrook St, Winnipeg, ON ............ 17 Figure 3: Concrete median protected cycle track on Pandora Ave in Victoria, BC ............................ 18 Figure 4: Pandora Avenue Protected Bicycle Lane Facility Map ............................................................ 19 Figure 5: Floating Bus Stop on Pandora Avenue ........................................................................................ 19 Figure 6: Raised pedestrian crossings on Pandora Avenue .....................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Practical Design of Advanced Marine Vehicles
    The Practical Design of Advanced Marine Vehicles By: Chris B. McKesson, PE School of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering College of Engineering University of New Orleans 2009 Version: Fall 2009 rev 0 This work sponsored by: US Office of Naval Research Grant No: N00014‐09‐1‐0145 1 2 CONTENTS 1 Summary & Purpose of this Textbook ................................................................................................ 27 1.1 Relationship of the Course to Program Outcomes ..................................................................... 28 1.2 Prerequisites ............................................................................................................................... 28 1.3 Resources .................................................................................................................................... 28 1.3.1 Numbered references cited in the text ................................................................................. 29 1.3.2 Important references not explicitly cited in the text ............................................................ 31 1.3.3 AMV Web Resources ............................................................................................................. 32 1.3.4 AMV Design Agents ............................................................................................................... 32 1.3.5 AMV Builders ......................................................................................................................... 33 2 A Note on Conventions ......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Getting to the Curb: a Guide to Building Protected Bike Lanes.”)
    Getting to the Curb A Guide to Building Protected Bike Lanes That Work for Pedestrians This report is dedicated to Joanna Fraguli, a passionate pedestrian safety advocate whose work made San Francisco a better place for everyone. This report was created by the Senior & Disability Pedestrian Safety Workgroup of the San Francisco Vision Zero Coalition. Member organizations include: • Independent Living Resource Center of San Francisco • Senior & Disability Action • Walk San Francisco • Age & Disability Friendly SF • San Francisco Mayor’s Office on Disability Primary author: Natasha Opfell, Walk San Francisco Advisor/editor: Cathy DeLuca, Walk San Francisco Illustrations: EricTuvel For more information about the Workgroup, contact Walk SF at [email protected]. Thank you to the San Francisco Department of Public Health for contributing to the success of this project through three years of funding through the Safe Streets for Seniors program. A sincere thanks to everyone who attended our March 6, 2018 charette “Designing Protected Bike Lanes That Are Safe and Accessible for Pedestrians.” This guide would not exist without your invaluable participation. Finally, a special thanks to the following individuals and agencies who gave their time and resources to make our March 2018 charette such a great success: • Annette Williams, San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency • Jamie Parks, San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency • Kevin Jensen, San Francisco Public Works • Arfaraz Khambatta, San Francisco Mayor’s Office on Disability Table of
    [Show full text]
  • Optimized Design of Concrete Curb Under Off Tracking Loads December 2008 6
    Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government 3. Recipient’s Catalog No. FHWA/TX-09/0-5830-1 Accession No. 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Optimized Design of Concrete Curb under Off Tracking Loads December 2008 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Chul Suh, Soojun Ha, Moon Won 0-5830-1 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) Center for Transportation Research 11. Contract or Grant No. The University of Texas at Austin 0-5830 3208 Red River, Suite 200 Austin, TX 78705-2650 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered Texas Department of Transportation Technical Report, 09/2005-08/2007 Research and Technology Implementation Office 14. Sponsoring Agency Code P.O. Box 5080 Austin, TX 78763-5080 15. Supplementary Notes Project performed in cooperation with the Texas Department of Transportation and the Federal Highway Administration. 16. Abstract Most research studies in the portland cement concrete (PCC) pavement area focused on addressing distresses related to pavement structure itself. As a result, the design and construction of other structural elements of the concrete curb and curb and gutter (CCCG) system have been overlooked and not much research has been done in this area. Visual inspection of damaged CCCG systems was conducted in the field. All damaged CCCG systems were the TxDOT Type II system and almost all damaged CCCG systems were found at U-turn curbs due to excessive off tracking of traffic. Although geometric changes of the curb design are the fundamental solutions for the off tracking failure, such changes are not feasible in most cases due to economic and space limitations.
    [Show full text]
  • Section 11 Concrete Curbs, Curb and Gutters, Concrete Surfacing
    SECTION 11 CONCRETE CURBS, CURB AND GUTTERS, CONCRETE SURFACING, SIDEWALKS, DRIVEWAYS AND BIKEWAYS 12/08/15 STANDARD CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS Chapter 11 - CONCRETE CURBS, CURB AND GUTTERS, CONCRETE SURFACING, SIDEWALKS, DRIVEWAYS AND BIKEWAYS 11.00 SCOPE 11.10 GENERAL 11.20 MATERIALS A. CONCRETE B. PORTLAND CEMENT C. GRADATION LIMITS- FINE AGGREGATE D. GRADATION LIMITS- COURSE AGGREGATE E. WATER F. SLUMP G. WORKABILITY H. MIXING I. ADMIXTURES J. FLY ASH K. WATER REDUCING, SET CONTROLLING ADMIXTURE L. REINFORCING STEEL M. REINFORCING BARS N. DOWEL BARS O. EXPANSION JOINTS P. JOINT SEALING MATERIAL: 11.30 CONSTRUCTION METHODS A. PREPARATION OF SUBGRADE 11.32 FORMS A. RIGID FORMS B. SLIP FORMS 11.33 CONCRETE PLACEMENT A. VIBRATING B. FINISHING C. CURING D. PROTECTION 11.34 CURBS, CURB AND GUTTERS AND VALLEY GUTTERS 11.35 MEDIAN SURFACING 11.36 STAMPED AND COLORED BRICK PATTERN CONCRETE SURFACING 11.37 SIDEWALKS. 11.38 DRIVEWAYS 11.39 HANDICAPPED RAMPS 11.40 CONSTRUCTION APPURTENANCES 11.41 PLACING REINFORCING STEEL 11.42 JOINTS A. CONTRACTION JOINTS B. EXPANSION JOINTS C. JOINT SEALING 11.43 COLD WEATHER CONCRETING A. COLD WEATHER CONCRETING 11.44 HOT WEATHER CONCRETING A. HOT WEATHER CONCRETING 12.70 QUALITY ASSURANCE A. CONCRETE TESTING SERVICE B. MIX DESIGN C. QUALITY CONTROL City of Kearney, NE Standard Specifications Section 11 1098 11.90 MEASURMETN AND PAYMENT A. MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT B. CURBS AND GUTTERS C. VALLEY GUTTERS D. MEDIAN SURFACING E. STAMPED AND COLORED BRICK PATTERN CONCRETE SURFACING F. SIDEWALKS G. DRIVEWAYS H. DETECTABLE TRUNCATED SURFACEING City of Kearney, NE Standard Specifications Section 11 1099 11.00 SCOPE Concrete curbs, curb and gutters, sidewalks, driveways, and bikeways shall be constructed of the material herein specified, on an approved subgrade, in accordance with these Specifications and in conformance with the lines, grades, typical cross section and details shown on the Plan.
    [Show full text]
  • HOV Brochure
    P F 3 e O 3 d 5 e B 3 r o 0 a x l F 9 W i r Contact Us! 7 s t a 1 W y 8 , a W y A S o PUBLIC WORKS 9 u 8 t h 0 “What Your 6 253-661-4131 3 - 9 Washington 7 1 PUBLIC SAFETY 8 Driver Guide Does Not 253-661-4707 Teach E-MAIL This guide will You.” [email protected] ex p la in t o dr iv er s WEB SITE t he b est wa y t o cityoffederalway.com n a v iga t e o ur C it y usin g H O V la n es a n d U-t ur n s sa f ely , lega lly , a n d ef f ic ien t ly . BROUGHT TO YOU BY YOUR PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT As you may have USING HOV MYTH: When exiting business driveways and LEGAL noticed, Federal entering the roadway, I must drive through the HOV lane and enter traffic directly in the general Way is now home LANES U-TURNS purpose or ”through” lane to HOV lanes The City is along many of our The most common FACT: NO! The HOV lanes are intended as encouraging use of major roadways. question drivers of a single- acceleration lanes for vehicles entering the LEGAL U-turns HOV lanes have been installed on S 348th occupancy vehicle ask is: roadway. Enter the HOV lane to accelerate, and where appropriate. Street, on SR 99 (S 312th to S 324th), and on “When and where am I change lanes at your first safe opportunity.
    [Show full text]
  • Access Management in the Vicinity of Intersections
    Technical Summary Access Management in the Vicinity of Intersections FHWA-SA-10-002 Foreword This technical summary is designed as a reference for State and local transportation officials, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Division Safety Engineers, and other professionals involved in the design, selection, and implementation of access management near traditional intersections (e.g., signalized, unsignalized and stop controlled intersections). Its purpose is to provide an overview of safety considerations in the design, implementation, and management of driveways near traditional intersections in urban, suburban, and rural environments where design considerations can vary as a function of land uses, travel speeds, volumes of traffic by mode (e.g., car, pedestrian, or bicycle), and many other variables. The technical summary does not include any discussion on roundabout intersections. More information about roundabouts is available in Roundabouts: An Informational Guide, published by the FHWA [1]. Section 1 of this technical summary presents an overview of access management factors that should be considered for improving safety near intersections in any setting. Section 2 presents access management considerations and treatments to improve safety near traditional intersections in suburban, urban, and rural settings. This section features a case study of an access management retrofit project in a suburban area. Section 3 points the reader to additional resources. This publication does not supersede any publication; and is a Final version. Disclaimer and Quality Assurance Statement Notice This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The U.S. Government assumes no liability for the use of the information contained in this document.
    [Show full text]
  • SDD 8D1 Concrete Curb, Concrete Curb & Gutter and Ties
    SDD 08D01-a Concrete Curb and Gutter TBT & TBTT X GENERAL NOTES 6" 2' - 0" 6" 1' - 0" 30" 22" DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION AND WORKMANSHIP NOT SHOWN ON THIS DRAWING SHALL CONFORM 2" R. TO THE PERTINENT REQUIREMENTS OF THE CONTRACT. 36" 28" 2" R. 1 "/FT. BATTER CURB FACE 2 PAVEMENT TIES AND TIE BARS SHALL BE EPOXY COATED IN CONFORMANCE WITH SUBSECTION 3 3 505.2.6.2 OF THE STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS. 6" 4" MAX. R. 4" MAX. R. 7 6" 8" X 7 INTEGRAL CURB AND GUTTER SHALL CONFORM TO THE DETAILS SHOWN FOR CONCRETE CURB AND 2 GUTTER INCLUDING THE TRANSVERSE GUTTER SLOPE. 6" MIN. 2 6" MIN. 4" 7 UNLESS OTHERWISE SHOWN ON THE TYPICAL CROSS SECTIONS, THE BASE AGGREGATE AND COMMON EXCAVATION LIMITS ARE 2' - 0" BEHIND THE BACK OF CURBS. 6" MIN. 1 TYPES A & D 1 TYPES A & D 1 1 TIE BARS ARE REQUIRED FOR CURB AND GUTTERS TYPES A, G, K, R, AND TBTT. TYPES TBT & TBTT 2 THE BOTTOM OF CURB AND GUTTER MAY BE CONSTRUCTED EITHER LEVEL OR PARALLEL TO THE SLOPE 6" 22" CONCRETE CURB AND GUTTER 18" OF THE SUBGRADE OR BASE AGGREGATE PROVIDED A 6" MINIMUM GUTTER THICKNESS IS MAINTAINED. 2" 1" R. CONCRETE CURB AND GUTTER 3 USE 8" MINIMUM GUTTER THICKNESS WHEN USED WITH AN ADJACENT CONCRETE TRUCK APRON PLACED 1" R. BEHIND BACK OF CURB. 1 6" 4" 4" MAX. R. 4 THE BOTTOM OF CURB AND GUTTER MAY BE CONSTRUCTED EITHER LEVEL OR PARALLEL TO THE SLOPE 7 OF THE SUBGRADE OR BASE AGGREGATE PROVIDED A 8" MINIMUM GUTTER THICKNESS IS MAINTAINED.
    [Show full text]
  • Carriages & Coaches
    Carriages & Coaches By Ralph Straus Carriages & Coaches Chapter the First THE PRIMITIVE VEHICLE “This is a traveller, sir, knows men and Manners, and has plough’d up sea so far, Till both the poles have knock’d; has seen the sun Take coach, and can distinguish the colour Of his horses, and their kinds.” Beaumont and Fletcher. IT has been suggested that although in a generality of cases nature has forestalled the ingenious mechanician, man for his wheel has had to evolve an apparatus which has no counterpart in his primitive environment—in other words, that there is nothing in nature which corresponds to the wheel. Yet even the most superficial inquiry into the nature of the earliest vehicles must do much to refute such a suggestion. Primitive wheels were simply thick logs cut from a tree-trunk, probably for firewood. At some time or another these logs must have rolled of their own accord from a higher to a lower piece of ground, and from man’s observation of this simple phenomenon must have come the first idea of a wheel. If a round object could roll of its own accord, it could also be made to roll. Yet it is to be noticed that the earliest methods of locomotion, other than those purely muscular, such as walking and riding, knew nothing of wheels. Such methods depended primarily upon the enormously significant discovery that a man could drag a heavier weight than he could carry, and what applied to a man also applied to a beast. Possibly such discovery followed on the mere observation of objects being carried down the stream of some river, and perhaps a rudely constructed raft should be considered to be the earliest form of vehicle.
    [Show full text]
  • MYSTERY on the DOCKS Know That Someone Was There While They Were Gone and Ask Them to Try to Author: Thacher Hurd Figure out Who It Was
    a personal interest of that teacher, etc. When the children return, let them MYSTERY ON THE DOCKS know that someone was there while they were gone and ask them to try to Author: Thacher Hurd figure out who it was. List clues they find on the chalkboard. When they figure Publisher: HarperCollins out who the mystery person is, ask them to explain how they put the clues together to solve the mystery. THEME: Have students make up coded messages and trade them with each other. A good mystery sparks the imagination and encourages appreciation of the Use a code such as A = 1, B = 2, C = 3, etc. Put the code on the board or a unexplained marvels of life. chart so students can refer to it to decode their messages. PROGRAM SUMMARY: As a class, compose two news articles: one based on the kidnapping of the Ralph, a short-order cook, rescues a kidnapped opera singer from Big Al and opera singer and the other on the solution to the mystery. Discuss the 5 W’s his gang of nasty rats. Detective LeVar takes viewers to the “scene of the of news reporting—who, what, when, where, why (or how)—before writing. crime”—the docks. While he is there, he learns about Big Momma Blue, a Take dictation of the students’ ideas. Refer to the book if they have difficulty crane that loads and unloads freighters, and then goes for a spin on a tugboat recalling details. Edit the news “copy” as a group and give both articles a to find out how they are used.
    [Show full text]