prisons Australian harm reduction harm demand and supply, strategies in in strategies cost and evaluation and cost implementation,

ANCD research paper 9 9

supply, demand and harm reduction paper ANCD research strategies in Australian prisons implementation, cost and evaluation

Emma Black, Kate Dolan and Alex Wodak

National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre University of New South Wales and St Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney

A report prepared for the Australian National Council on Drugs, July 2004 © Australian National Council on Drugs 2004 This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without the written permission of the publisher.

Published by the Australian National Council on Drugs PO Box 1552, Canberra ACT 2601 Telephone: 02 6279 1650 Fax: 02 6279 1610 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ancd.org.au

National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication data Black, Emma. Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons: implementation, cost and evaluation. Bibliography. ISBN 1 877018 10 4. 1. Prisoners — Drug use — Australia — Prevention. 2. Prisoners — Health and hygiene — Australia. 3. Prisoners — Drug testing — Australia. 4. Health risk assessment — Australia. I. Dolan, Kate. II. Wodak, Alex. III. National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (Australia). IV. St Vincent’s Hospital (Sydney, NSW). V. Title. (Series: ANCD research paper; 9). 365.660994

Editor: Julie Stokes Design: Starkis Design Printer: New Millennium Print Cover illustration: Kate Dolan

Acknowledgement: This work has been supported by funding from the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and are not necessarily those of the ANCD or the Australian Government. Contents

Acknowledgements ...... x Abstract ...... xi Executive summary ...... xii Recommendations ...... xxiv

1 Introduction ...... 1

2 Methods ...... 7

3 Results ...... 11

3.1 New South Wales ...... 11 3.1.1 Background ...... 11 3.1.2 Illicit drugs — policy ...... 12 3.1.3 Research and evaluations ...... 13 3.1.4 Drug strategies ...... 15 3.1.4.1 Supply reduction ...... 15 iii 3.1.4.2 Demand reduction ...... 19 3.1.4.3 Harm reduction ...... 25 3.1.4.4 Pre- and post-release programs ...... 30 3.1.4.5 Future directions ...... 30

3.2 Queensland ...... 33 3.2.1 Background ...... 33 3.2.2 Illicit drugs — policy ...... 34 3.2.3 Research and evaluations ...... 34 3.2.4 Drug strategies ...... 35 3.2.4.1 Supply reduction ...... 35 3.2.4.2 Demand reduction ...... 38 3.2.4.3 Harm reduction ...... 40 3.2.4.4 Pre- and post-release programs ...... 42 3.2.4.5 Future directions ...... 42

3.3 Victoria ...... 45 3.3.1 Background ...... 45 3.3.2 Illicit drugs — policy ...... 46 3.3.3 Research and evaluations ...... 48 3.3.4 Drug strategies ...... 49 3.3.4.1 Supply reduction ...... 49 3.3.4.2 Demand reduction ...... 52 3.3.4.3 Harm reduction ...... 56 3.3.4.4 Pre- and post-release programs ...... 58 3.3.4.5 Future directions ...... 58

3.4 Western Australia ...... 62 3.4.1 Background ...... 62 3.4.2 Illicit drugs — policy ...... 63 3.4.3 Research and evaluations ...... 64 3.4.4 Drug strategies ...... 64 3.4.4.1 Supply reduction ...... 64 3.4.4.2 Demand reduction ...... 67 3.4.4.3 Harm reduction ...... 71 iv 3.4.4.4 Pre- and post-release programs ...... 74 3.4.4.5 Future directions ...... 74

3.5 South Australia ...... 78 3.5.1 Background ...... 78 3.5.2 Illicit drugs — policy ...... 79 3.5.3 Research and evaluations ...... 80 3.5.4 Drug strategies ...... 80 3.5.4.1 Supply reduction ...... 80 3.5.4.2 Demand reduction ...... 82 3.5.4.3 Harm reduction ...... 86 3.5.4.4 Pre- and post-release programs ...... 89 3.5.4.5 Future directions ...... 89

3.6 Northern Territory ...... 91 3.6.1 Background ...... 91 3.6.2 Illicit drugs — policy ...... 92 3.6.3 Research and evaluations ...... 93 3.6.4 Drug strategies ...... 93 3.6.4.1 Supply reduction ...... 93 3.6.4.2 Demand reduction ...... 96 3.6.4.3 Harm reduction ...... 98 3.6.4.4 Pre- and post-release programs ...... 99 3.6.4.5 Future directions ...... 99

3.7 Tasmania ...... 102 3.7.1 Background ...... 102 3.7.2 Illicit drugs — policy ...... 103 3.7.3 Research and evaluations ...... 104 3.7.4 Drug strategies ...... 105 3.7.4.1 Supply reduction ...... 105 3.7.4.2 Demand reduction ...... 107 3.7.4.3 Harm reduction ...... 109 3.7.4.4 Pre- and post-release programs ...... 111 3.7.4.5 Future directions ...... 111 v 3.8 Australian Capital Territory ...... 113 3.8.1 Background ...... 113 3.8.2 Illicit drugs — policy ...... 114 3.8.3 Research and evaluations ...... 114 3.8.4 Drug strategies ...... 115 3.8.4.1 Supply reduction ...... 115 3.8.4.2 Demand reduction ...... 116 3.8.4.3 Harm reduction ...... 119 3.8.4.4 Pre- and post-release programs ...... 121 3.8.4.5 Future directions ...... 121

4 Discussion ...... 123

5 References ...... 127 Appendices ...... 137 Appendix 1: Prisoners in Australia on 30 June 2002 ...... 137 Appendix 2: Websites accessed for information ...... 138 Appendix 3: Prisons in New South Wales ...... 143 Appendix 4: Drug use by prisoners in New South Wales ...... 144 Appendix 5: New South Wales prisoners charged with drug offences: statistics and outcomes ...... 145 Appendix 6: Prisons in Queensland ...... 146 Appendix 7: Drug use by female prisoners in Queensland ...... 147 Appendix 8: Prisons in Victoria ...... 149 Appendix 9: Victorian prisoners charged with drug offences: statistics and outcomes ...... 150 Appendix 10: Prisons in Western Australia ...... 152 vi Appendix 11: Profile of female prisoners in Western Australia, 2002 ...... 153 Appendix 12: Western Australian prisoners charged with drug offences: statistics and outcomes ...... 154 Appendix 13: Incentives and privileges attainable in Wooroloo Prison Farm drug-free unit ...... 155 Appendix 14: Prisons in South Australia ...... 156 Appendix 15: South Australian prisoners charged with drug offences: differential sanctions model ...... 157 Appendix 16: Prisons in the Northern Territory ...... 159 Appendix 17: Northern Territory prisoners charged with drug offences: outcomes ...... 159 Appendix 18: Prisons in Tasmania ...... 160 Appendix 19: Remand centres in the Australian Capital Territory ...... 160 Tables and figures Table 1: Supply reduction strategies: coverage, cost and evaluation data ...... xiv Table 2: Demand reduction strategies: coverage ...... xvi Table 3: Demand reduction strategies: cost data located ...... xvii Table 4: Demand reduction strategies: formal evaluations ...... xviii Table 5: Harm reduction strategies: coverage ...... xx Table 6: Harm reduction strategies: cost data located ...... xxii Table 7: Harm reduction strategies: formal evaluations ...... xxiii Table 8: DUMA urine test results, 2002 ...... 3 Table 9: Recurrent cost to house each prisoner per day, 2001–02 ...... 5 Table 10: Prevalence of hepatitis C in the Australian prison population ...... 6 Table 11: Number of visitors checked by drug detection dogs in NSW prisons . . . . . 15 Table 12: Visitor searches by drug detection dogs and subsequent seizures in NSW prisons, 1999–2000 ...... 16 vii Table 13: Results of urinalysis in NSW prisons ...... 17 Table 14: Seizures from visitors to NSW prisons, 1999–2000 ...... 18 Table 15: Seizures from inmates in NSW prisons, 1999–2000 ...... 18 Table 16: Penalties for drug use in the Parklea drug-free wing trial ...... 23 Table 17: Urinalysis results from 60 prisoners in Parklea drug-free wing pre- and post-introduction of differential sanctions model, 2003 ...... 24 Table 18: Results of blood-borne virus tests in NSW prisons, 2001–02 ...... 26 Table 19: Uses of and consequences of requesting bleach in NSW prisons ...... 28 Table 20: Results of urinalysis in Queensland prisons — targeted tests, 1999–2000 . . 36 Table 21: Results of urinalysis in Queensland prisons — voluntary random tests, 1999–2000 ...... 36 Table 22: Seizures from visitors to Queensland prisons, 1999–2000 ...... 37 Table 23: Seizures from inmates in Queensland prisons, 1999–2000 ...... 37 Table 24: Random general urinalysis results in Victorian prisons, 2002–03 ...... 50 Table 25: Enrolments in prison-based alcohol and other drug treatment services in Victorian prisons ...... 53 Table 26: Alcohol and other drug program expenditure in Victorian public prisons . . 54 Table 27: Number of prisoners and visitors checked by drug detection dogs in WA prisons ...... 64 Table 28: Results of urinalysis in WA prisons, 2001–02 ...... 65 Table 29: Substance use programs in WA prisons ...... 69 Table 30: Number of blood-borne virus tests of WA prisoners, 2001–02 ...... 72 Table 31: Levels of drug penalties in SA prisons ...... 79 Table 32: Typical results of targeted urinalysis in SA prisons, 2002–03 ...... 81 Table 33: Comparison of urinalysis results for the drug-free unit and mainstream prisoners in SA, February 1994 – July 1995 ...... 86 Table 34: Prisoners with an alcohol and/or other drug problem upon admission to Alice Springs Correctional Centre, 2000–01 ...... 91 Table 35: Prisoners with an alcohol and/or other drug problem upon admission to Darwin Correctional Centre, 2001–02 ...... 92 viii Table 36: Penalties applied to prisoners found guilty of misconduct in NT prisons . . 92 Table 37: Results of urinalysis in NT prisons, 1999–2000 ...... 94 Table 38: Seizures from visitors to NT prisons, 1999–2000 ...... 95 Table 39: Seizures from inmates in NT prisons, 1999–2000 ...... 95 Table 40: Results of urinalysis in Tasmanian prisons, 1999–2000 ...... 106 Table 41: Levels of drug penalties in Belconnen Remand Centre, ACT ...... 114 Table 42: Drug-related offences heard by NSW correctional centre governors . . . . . 145 Table 43: Penalties applied to NSW prisoners testing positive to drugs ...... 145 Table 44: Drug use in Queensland prisons ...... 147 Table 45: Injecting drug use by female prisoners in Queensland ...... 147 Table 46: Drug use reported by female prisoners in SE Queensland ...... 148 Table 47: Levels of drug penalties in Victorian prisons ...... 150 Table 48: Average daily number of IDU prisoners in Victoria, 2002–03 ...... 151 Table 49: Prisoners charged with drug offences in Casuarina Prison, WA, 2001–02, by number and type of offence ...... 154 Table 50: Incentives and privileges attainable in Wooroloo Prison Farm drug-free unit, WA ...... 155 Table 51: Punishments for drug use by mainstream prisoners in SA prisons (Category 1: Injectable drugs) ...... 157 Table 52: Punishments for drug use by mainstream prisoners in SA prisons (Category 2: Alcohol and other drugs that provoke aggression) ...... 158 Table 53: Punishments for drug use by mainstream prisoners in SA prisons (Category 3: Cannabinoids) ...... 158 Table 54: Punishments for identified drug users in NT prisons ...... 159 Figure 1: Mean length of incarceration ...... 4

ix x Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons Corrective Services; Mr Chris Wilson from the and colleagues from the NSW Department of Woodham, Ron Mr SimonMr Eyland,Service; Ms MariaHealth Kevin the Corrections from NSW colleagues and Barton Ms Sharon Levy, Michael Dr Whitton, Gilbert Dr Matthews, Richard Dr assistance: provided Wales: South New Drug andAlcoholResearch Centre. Corrections Victoria; and Barnes, Ms Marian Shanahan, National Leanne Ms Service; Carmody, South Eastern Sydney Area Health tralian National Council on Drugs; Mr Tony Aus Vumbaca, Gino Mr advice: provided Steering Committee: National CouncilonDrugs (ANCD). Australian the by funded was project This Acknowledgements Australian Department ofJustice. Western the from Anderton Christine Ms and Tang Jackie Ms assistance: provided Australia: Western Macfarlane BurnetInstitute. Dr Margaret Hellard and colleagues from the GrahamAnnette fromCoroner’s the Office; Ms Victoria; Colin Corrections from Dr McLachlan and Barnes Leanne Ms Feiner, assistance: Mr Kelvin Anderson, Mr Malcolm Victoria: Services. Corrective of Department Queensland the Stephen Seaton and Dr Tony Falconer from Mr Petanikis, Dimitris Mr assistance: ded Queensland: Ms StacySchefffrom Justice Action. Hepatitis C Council of New South Wales; and The following experts provided provided experts following The The following experts provi- experts following The The following experts experts following The The following experts experts following The The following experts - and colleagues from the Northern TerritoryNorthern from the colleagues and Payne David Mr Westmacott, Theresa Ms Moore, David R. Mr assistance: provided Territory: Northern Corrective Services. of Department Australian South the from colleagues and Paschke Kerry Ms Ransom, Walker,Rose Raylene Buckseall,Ms Ray Mr vided assistance: Dr Michael Brownjohn, Ms South Australia: Ms LinetteCollins. and White Bethany Ms Shearer, James Mr assistance: provided experts following The National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre: Services. Corrective ACT from Amin Raouf Mr and experts provided assistance: Mr James Ryan Australian Capital Territory: ment ofJustice andIndustrial Relations. Tasmanian the Prison Servicefrom within Barber the Depart Health Graeme Mr and Corrections Service; the from Tys Derek Mr and Owen Carole Ms Fennell, Kate Ms Department of Health and Human Services; assistance: Ms Elizabeth Crowley, Tasmania Tasmania: Corrective Services. The following experts provided experts following The The following experts pro The following experts following The The following - -

Abstract xi - - - - - implemented, were relatively inexpensive and and inexpensive relatively were implemented, had been favourable. evaluation reduction reduction strategies. In addition, measures to the reduce size of the population prison would have great benefit and achieve con savings. siderable In conclusion, supply reduction strategies were widespread, relatively expensive, had not been evaluated and possibly had un intended negative consequences. of Demandlevel reasonable a had strategies reduction inexpensive relatively were implementation, and evaluation had been favourable. Harm reduction strategies were least likely to be strategies. Extensive evaluation of demand and harm reduction strategies in community settings has suggested similar benefits are likely in correctional environments. Considering the importance of developing a more effective response to drug use in prison, all there is of an documentation improve to need urgent quality and quantity the increase strategies, of and evaluation expand the implementa tion of those strategies best supported by harm and demand namely evidence, current education, peer education, blood-borne viral viral blood-borne education, peer education, infection (BBVI) testing, hepatitis B vacci bleach/detergent provision, condom nation, provision, naloxone provision and needle strategies Only three and syringe programs. were implemented in every BBVItesting, jurisdiction: hepatitis B vaccination were and these though even provision, naloxone generally inexpensive. Three strategies had been evaluated: illicit drug peer education, condom and provision bleach all provision, favourably. There was evidence of insuf ficient implementation of harm reduction The aim of harm reduction strategies is to directly reduce the harms associated with illicit drug use. The eight harm reduction strategies identified were harm reduction - - - - ability ability of demand reduction strategies was insufficient. demand reduction strategy had been evalu been had strategy reduction demand favourable. were evaluations and most ated There was strong evidence that the avail system, system, the level of implementation varied greatly. Some demand reduction strategies were relatively inexpensive. Each type of detoxification, methadone treatment, inmate inmate treatment, methadone detoxification, programs and counselling and drug-free units. While most demand reduction strat egies were implemented in every prison Demand reduction strategies aim strategies to Demand reduction reduce include Examples drugs. illicit for demand the had not been evaluated and possibly had unintended negative Supply consequences. reduction strategies in Australian prisons evaluated. be to need prison systems utilised drug utilised dogs detection systems prison supply these apparent It was urinalysis. and expensive, relatively were strategies reduction illicit drugs. The two main specific forms of forms specific main two The drugs. illicit supply used reduction in prisons Australian All urinalysis. and dogs detection drug were rarely been defined. rarely Supply reduction strategies are designed to disrupt the production and supply of of these strategies were poorly documented, documented, poorly were strategies these of their costs were largely unknown and their benefits and adverse consequences have prison authorities have established a diverse diverse a established have authorities prison reduction harm and demand supply, of array strategies. This study has found that many population, an increase in the proportion of inmates with a history of drug use, par ticularly injecting drug use. In response, The increasing use of illicit drugs in Australia Australia in drugs illicit of use increasing The on reliance heavy the and decades recent in drugs control to measures enforcement law have resulted in a steadily growing prison Abstract xii Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons Executive summary its use in the 12 months prior to interview.to monthsprior 12 the usein its surveyed in the Household Survey reporting those of cent per 13 with consumed drug illicit reported commonly most the was bis Canna 2002). drugs(AIHW usedillicit had third of Australians (38%) reported that they one- Over Australia. in issue control crime and health public major a be to continue drugs illicit later, decades two almost Yet ordination (Fitzgerald andSewards 2002). co- and justice social integration, practice, includes Strategy harm minimisation, the evidence-based of approach The occasions. several on revised and evaluated mented, imple been has Strategy Drug National a then, Since 1985. in launched was Abuse Drug against Campaign National the since drugs illicit of use the responseto in tralia Aus in made Impressivebeen progresshas particularly injectingdruguse, inprisons. use, drug reduce to aim that strategies of fore important to evaluate the effectiveness there is It authorities. prison to challenge major a is prisoners by injection drug of as HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C. Reduction mission of blood-borne viral infections such injecting equipment can result in the trans of community.usebroaderShared the and inmates to risks health considerable poses Injecting drug use within Australian prisons sentences. drug-related serving are inmates prison of proportion substantial a and bars behind erable proportion of their drug-using careers intertwined, many drug users spend a consid As illicit drug use and crime are often closely doing sointheprevious 12months. reported (0.6%) per cent 1 than less while ported having injected a drug at some time, 1 per cent. Just under 2 per cent (1.8%) re recentand heroincent useper bythan less Recent amphetamine use was reported by 3 ------The objective of this study was to identify to was study this of objective The in prison settings. with drug use in concerned the community rather than usually is policy minimisation However,harm Australia. in use drug illicit minimise the harms and risks associated with and harm reduction demand strategies is required supply, to of balance a that edged acknowl 1998) Strategy Drug (Ministerial on Council Strategy Drug National The Purpose and Active Alert dogs. In 2002–03, General of costs the on available was tion was spent on Passive Alert dogs. No informa $50,000 approximately that indicated land Limited information available from Queens of searches of inmates also occurred. $2.7 million in be 2000–01.to estimated was dogs the An of unknowncost The number occasions. 72 on drugs illicit detected and detection dogs searched over 40,000 visitors drug 1999, inprisons Wales South New In Victoria to1:350inWesternAustralia. in 1:148 from ranged inmate per dogs of and also used foralert general passive purposes. or The active ratio by drugs detecting prisons. Dogs were trained to respond when in drugs of supply the reduce to dogs tion All jurisdictions in Australia used drug detec Drug detectiondogs and urinalysis. dogs detection drug are prisons Australian in used reduction supply of forms specific main two The drugs. illicit of supply production and the disrupt to designed gies strate specific to refers reduction Supply Supply reduction strategies costs andevidenceoftheireffectiveness. gies within Australian prisons, their associatedsupply, demand and harm reduction strate ------Executive summary xiii - - - level and usage of illicit drugs. In 1999–2000 1999–2000 In drugs. illicit of usage and level tests urine (7%) 13,236 of 945 Queensland, in were positive, including 4 per cent positive KPMG their Consultingprisoners Wales (2000) South New also 37 of asked sample the opinion of the urinalysis program. Twenty (54%) prisoners stated that they thought urine drug while testing 18 was (50%) fair, felt that drug testing should cannabis). be than for ‘hard’ rather heroin (e.g. only drugs drug that believed prisoners (8%) three Only in prison. drug use testing reduced In Queensland, urinalysis is and not voluntary used is It as measure. a reduction supply the monitor to conducted is and anonymous Most prisoners in stated a small Wales study South by New KPMG in (2000) Consulting that the threat of for a sanctions returning urine positive drug test did not deter them from tested using they that drugs. reported Eighteen respondents 37) (49%;= n total positive for illicit drugs of whom (61%) 11 drug their decreased had they that reported use, three (17%) requested to see an alco (17%) three and worker, drug other and hol attended an education or counselling pro increased reported (6%) One prisoner gram. detection. to response in use drug approximately once or twice a year. In New once or twice a year. approximately of evaluation some Victoria, and Wales South broader in included was programs urinalysis strategies. drug of reviews formal South New in 2000 April to 1999 July From Wales, 11,130 urine drug tests were con ducted. Of these tests, 1589 (14%) werepositive for drugs, mostly cannabis (11%) were tests 69 Only (2%). benzodiazepines or were data cost No (0.6%). heroin for positive December 2003. by provided prisons. Victoria had the most intensive level level intensive most the had Victoria prisons. inmate each with inmates, of testing urine of being tested an average of prisoners nine tested times per jurisdictions other Most year. - - - - attempt to reduce the supply of drugs in Urinalysis All jurisdictions in Australia, with the ex ception of Queensland, used urinalysis to Customs Service visited. No further informa further No visited. Service Customs tion was available. was available. There was no dog unit in the AustralianCapital Territory prison, but dogs from the not operate its own dog unit, were dogsService Customs fromand Service Police the used on occasions. No further information of the drug detection dog unit was $13,500. $13,500. was unit dog detection drug the of available. was information further No does system prison Tasmanian the Although provided on the cost of the dog unit. on the cost of the dog provided cost the Territory, Northern the in 2001–02 In A range of prohibited items including drugs drugs including items prohibited of range A of numbers actual but seized, were pills and was information No provided. not were items detections were made. were detections unit dog the Australia, South in 2001–02 In carried out 3397 drug searches in prisons. dog squad was $533,000. Of the 3316 visi 3316 the Of $533,000. was squad dog tors checked in 2001–02 by Passive Alert dogs in Acacia, a private prison, 246 drug visitors visitors carrying 24 quantities of cannabis, two illegal tablets, one quantity of white powder and eight syringes. The cost of the In 2001–02 in Western Australia, 23,000 by searched were inmates 2600 and visitors dogs in public prisons. The dogs detected ing in 274 drug-related items being seized. items ing in 274 drug-related The estimated cost of the drug detection was $337,132. dogs detection dogs). In 2002–03 in Victoria, result system prison dogsthe in searches 36,937 undertook almost 300 visitors with drugs were detected detected were drugs with visitors 300 almost by a variety of methods (including drug xiv Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons considered urine drug testing ‘easy to get get to ‘easy testing drug urine considered drugs in prison, while 41 respondents (59%) of use the in change a to led not had ing of 74 respondents) believed that urine test cent per (64 survey small a in interviewed In 1999 in Victoria, the majority of prisoners were notprovided. was not reported. The costs of urine testing conducted tests of number The heroin. for and only 0.3 per cent of tests were positive cannabiswerepositivefor tests of per cent Two positive. were tests urine random of cent per 3 2001–02, In conducted. were tests urine 30,718 Victoria, in 2002–03 In with the urinalysis program. information was provided on costs associated were(.03%)testspositive 17 heroin. for No Only amphetamines. for and positive benzodiazepines cent per 1 and cannabis for * somediscussion by KPMGConsulting (2000) was spent, excluding salaries. 2001–02 was $170,000, of which $157,357 in urinalysis for budget The positive. were tests were conducted, of which 1353 (37%) In 2001–02 in Western Australia, 3,662 urine agents have also beenreported. illicit substances through the use of certain reducing drug use, flushing and masking of in testing urine of effectiveness the about scepticism prisoner to addition around’.In ACT TAS NT SA WA VIC QLD NSW Jurisdiction Table 1:Supplyreduction strategies: coverage, costandevaluation data ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Coverage Drug detectiondogs ✗ ✗ ✓ ✗ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Cost ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✓ Evaluation * - and 138 in Darwin Correctional Centre are Centre Correctional Darwin in 138 and Centre Correctional Springs Alice in oners Each year in the Northern Territory, 130 pris up to2000tests. and community corrections was $72,000 for contract for performing the urinalysis 2003, for prisonsDecember In unavailable. were munity corrections. Results for prisons alone com and prisons in conducted were tests urine 1570 Australia, South in 2001–02 In program. A total of $4,729 was spent on the urinalysis testswere providednot byDecember 2003. of Resultsconducted. were tests urine 237 In 2002–03 in the Australian Capital Territory, were located. were positive for opiates (5%). No cost data per cent were positive for cannabis. Ten tests positive for an illicit substance. Of these, 32 were (47%) 429 which of conducted, were In 1999–2000 in Tasmania, 908 urine tests Alice at Springs Correctional Centre. recorded were results urinalysis positive No $33,000. at estimated was 03 The cost of the urinalysis program in 2002– Centre were positive for an illicit substance. Correctional Darwin at analysed samples of cent per 24 that indicated 2003 May to 2002 July from Results randomly. tested ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Coverage Urinalysis programs ✓ ✗ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗ Cost ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✓ ✗ ✓ Evaluation - - Executive summary xv - - - - ted that provision of methadone maintenance maintenance methadone of provision that ted million per year for approximately inmates. No costs have yet been calculated 1000 for buprenorphine treatment. The cost of prisoner per $176 was treatment naltrexone this receive prisoners few very but month, per time the at it on 10 than less with treatment, of data collection. Between 1987 the and NSW 1991, Depart ment of Corrective Services conducted 11 (internal) studies of the prison methadone two were there 2003, and 1997 In program. randomised a including evaluations, external demonstra- study 1997 The study. controlled Methadone and other pharmacotherapies All jurisdictions operated methadone pro grams for inmates. In some jurisdictions, only treatment methadone received inmates program community a in enrolled were they if prior to imprisonment. Prison South methadone New in evaluated been have programs Australia. and South Queensland Wales, The cost of the New South Wales prison was methadone estimated program at $2.9 2003). ACT Corrective Services estimated that up to $90,145 was spent on the drug figure This 2002–03. in service detoxification medication costs. included staffing and 240 approximately Territory, Northern the In Detoxifi each year. detoxified are prisoners how alcohol, for predominantly was cation detoxifications amphetamine and opioid ever conducted. also are Information on the cost of detoxification South Victoria, Queensland, in prisoners for not reported. was and Tasmania Australia In the Australian Capital Territory, a total of 618 detoxifications were conducted (ACT in 2002–03 in Centre Remand Belconnen communication, personal Services, Corrective - - - - $1,489, comprising $1,484 for staff and $5 and staff for $1,484 comprising $1,489, for medication. drugs. drugs. The total cost of the detoxification service was approximately $2,680,200 per was prisoner each detoxify to cost The year. In Western Australia, approximately 1800 detoxifications were carried out annually in the prison system for alcohol and other However, it should be noted that, since July since that, noted be should it However, 2003, buprenorphine is no longer available prisons. in Queensland phine detoxification concluded that it was the ‘best outpatient detoxification service’. The report is not in the public domain. approximately $4,309,000 (inclusive of Head Head of (inclusive $4,309,000 approximately Office costs). In Queensland, an evaluation of buprenor The NSW Department of Corrective Services Corrective of Department NSW The reported that the total cost of salaries to provide detoxification and services was mately 63 per cent of prison entrants under entrants prison of cent per 63 mately $1,245,000 2002–03, In detoxification. went units. detoxification three for allocated was An evaluation of a detoxification service had had service detoxification a of evaluation An only been carried out in Queensland. approxi Wales, South New in 1999–2000 In Detoxification All jurisdictions operated a detoxification entrants. prison drug-dependent for service Victoria, South Australia and the Australian Australian the and Australia South Victoria, Capital Territory. units. Evaluation of of some Evaluation prison aspects units. demand reduction strategies has been un dertaken in New South Wales, Queensland, Demand reduction strategies aim to strategies Demand reduce reduction the demand for inmate illicittreatment, drugsmethadone and detoxification, include programs and counselling, and drug-free Demand reduction strategies Demand reduction xvi Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons and naltrexone programs, but the reports reports the but programs, naltrexone and buprenorphine methadone, the on ducted con been have evaluations In-houseyear. per $2,000 be to estimated naltrexonewas or buprenorphine methadone, on prisoner a maintaining of cost The treatment. done In Queensland, 45 prisoners received metha Wales prisons atthetimeofwriting. free counselling was underway drug- in and New South naltrexone methadone, of trial randomised A imprisonment. of history a with usersheroin male in infection C atitis reduced mortality, re-incarceration and hep with associated significantly treatmentwas maintenance methadone in retention that found subjects these of study follow-up A users. heroin incarcerated among sharing syringe and injecting drug use, heroin ing reduc in effective was prison in treatment reported. was evaluationyear. No per $1,007,935 of either methadone received or buprenorphine at a total cost inmates 310 Victoria, In were notinthepublicdomain. ACT TAS NT SA WA VIC QLD NSW Jurisdiction ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Detoxification Table 2:Demandreduction strategies: coverage Opioid ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ therapies maintenance - - - - concluded that the program was well man was evaluated externally in 2001. The review year. The methadone maintenance program $513,000of cost per respectivelytotal a at buprenorphine and methadone received prisoners 20 and 150 Australia, South In spectively perprisoner peryear. re $4,000 and $2,000 of cost a at phine, buprenor received eight and methadone received prisoners 72 Australia, Western In Territory. treatmentadone prisonsin Northern the in There were no dedicated resources for meth in Tasmania. prisons in program methadone the of cost the on provided was information No firm was$6,600in2001–02. security contract a by delivery methadone done maintenance in 2002–03. The cost of metha on spent was $10,833proximately ap that estimated Services Corrective ACT to reflecting current bestpractice. funding and resource limitations, in addition aged and was operating effectively within its ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ counselling programs/ Inmate ✗ ✗ ✗ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✓ ✓ wings/units Drug-free (trial) (trial) ------Executive summary xvii - - - - - n/a n/a Drug-free Drug-free wings/units ✓ ✓ n/a ✓ ✗ n/a ✓ ✓ Inmate programs/ counselling ✓ ✗ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✓ sion of alcohol and other drug programs in Belconnen Remand Centre in 2001–02 2002). (KPMG Consulting of cost the on provided not was Information Queens for services counselling and inmate land and South Australia. alcohol programs was $148,000 per year. alcohol programs Pris the Territory, Northern the in 2001–02 In $348,550. received Units Rehabilitation oner on based programs, prison on spent total The excluding but on-costs personnel and salaries primary health care services, was $327,352 year. financial that in Tasmania’s Corrections Health Program re $132,000 ceived for the of delivery alcohol services in 2002–03. and drug counselling A total of $8,000 was allocated for provi In 2001–02 in Western Australia, the cost counsellors alcohol and drug with associated in public was prisons $689,000. In the pri and drug for budget the Acacia, prison, vate - ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✗ ✓ Opioid maintenance therapies Table 3: Demand reduction strategies: cost data located strategies: 3: Demand reduction Table ✓ ✗ ✗ ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✓ Detoxification WA SA NT TAS ACT Jurisdiction NSW QLD VIC alcohol treatment programs.amount of funding was unclear. The base increased to $350,000 in 2000–01. increased In 2002–03 in Victoria, $2,061,310 provided in was additional funds for drug and funding of $175,000 for drug and alcohol New 1999 the following 1999–2000 in staff was funding This Summit. Drug Wales South In New South Wales, costs associated with incorpor- were strategies reduction demand ated in the overall budget of includes $6.5 This million strategies. alcohol and drug for coverage across jurisdictions as the types of types the as jurisdictions across coverage greatly. varied information provided and counselling services. In some jurisdic tions, the range of services provided was extensive. It was not possible to compare Inmate and counselling services Inmate and counselling All jurisdictions operated inmate program xviii Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons per day). population (approximately $140 per inmate mainstreamprisonthe for as same the was In Queensland, the cost of a drug-free wing security. prisonera keeping of cost the maximum in per prisoner per day. This was equivalent to $208 approximately was wing drug-free a staff, was $400,000 per annum. The cost of of drug-free wings, including detoxification cost approximate the Wales, South New In drug-free wings or units for prisoners. Four out of eight jurisdictions have established Drug-free wings ** withdrawal regime only evaluated butreport unavailable * ACT TAS NT SA WA VIC QLD NSW Jurisdiction Table 4:Demandreduction strategies: formalevaluations ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✓ ✗ Detoxification ✓ * ** ✗ ✗ ✓ ✗ ✗ ✓ ✓ therapies maintenance Opioid ✗ * Drug-free units are not operated in prisonsoperatedin arenot Drug-freeunits free unitsoperated inSouthAustralia. Cost data were unavailable for the two drug- Acacia Prison. at unit the for providedwere data cost No prison, as no additional costs weremainstream incurred. the in prisoner a for as same year.per $29,167 Thisisthe was freewing drug- a of cost the Australia, Western In or theAustralian CapitalTerritory. in Victoria, the Northern Territory, Tasmania ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✓ ✗ ✓ counselling programs/ Inmate n/a n/a n/a ✓ ✗ n/a ✗ ✓ wings/units Drug-free Executive summary xix ------Virus and Sexual Health Prisoner Peer Edu Peer and Sexual Health Prisoner Virus cation Project operating in five prisons in Western Australia. In Victorian prisons, peer education programs programs education peer prisons, Victorian In to designed not were but operation in were provide information and support on drug issues. Nevertheless, some peer educators as part of their role. this may provide In South Australia, a Health PromotionsOfficer trained peer the of salary educators. the was Department the The to cost only Health Promotions Officer, approximately $50,000 per year. There is also an Aboriginal Blood-Borne An Alcohol and Other Drug Educational Program was implemented in the Austral ian Capital Territory, including Belconnen in July 2003. Remand Centre, education Peer Peer-based illicit drug education was pro vided in three States. In New South Wales, the peer education program was found to inmates of number large relatively a attract to the program and to increase prisoners’ of HIV. knowledge and understanding health education strategies was the salary of the Health Promotions Officer, approxi year. mately $50,000 per safer on information Territory, Northern the In reduction harm other and practices injecting strategies was in provided illicit drug treat prisons. both at offered programs ment In information Tasmania, blood- regarding borne virus transmission isthe Alcohol included and in Other Drugs Program. Awareness Officer responsible for educationcommu- of spread the regard of prevention the ing nicable diseases (particularly hepatitis C) in for Department the to cost only The prison. ------rectional rectional Services has a Health Promotions 2002–03. A number were of improvements made after the review. The South Australian Department for Cor Department of Justice conducted a review of the ‘Keeping Safe’ program in conjunc tion with the Department of Health during cussions of HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C. hepatitis and B hepatitis HIV, of cussions Approximately $282,000 was WA allocated The to programs. education reduction harm In Western Australian prisons, an educational educational an prisons, Australian Western In mandatory was Safe’ ‘Keeping called program The included on program dis prison entry. In Victoria, $190,000 was specifically allo programs education reduction harm to cated in 2002–03. reception. No information was provided on No information reception. was provided cost the or educated inmates of numbers the education. of harm reduction mation on blood-borne infections, sexually mation on blood-borne infections, be risk related and infections transmissible haviours within the correctional setting at tion for inmates. In New South Wales, departmental policy infor- receive must inmates all that required Harm reduction education Harm reduction All prison systems with the exception offered harm Queensland reduction educa of BBVItesting, hepatitis B vaccinations and provision. naloxone provision, naloxone provision and needle and syringe programs. Only three jurisdiction: every strate in implemented were gies education, peer education, blood-borne viral viral blood-borne education, peer education, infection (BBVI) testing, hepatitis B vacci bleach/detergent provision, condom nation, The The aim of harm reduction strategies is to drug illicit with associated harms the reduce strategies reduction harm different Eight use. These were identified. were harm reduction Harm reduction strategies Harm reduction xx Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons Blood-borne viral testing ✗ ✓ male and female prisoners with a history of was 4 per cent and 3 per cent respectively in antigen) (surface B hepatitis of prevalence The prisoners. female in cent per 67 and hepatitis C was 55 per cent in male prisoners was 0.5 per cent in 1999. The prevalence of among male receptions to Victorian prisons HIV prevalenceof prisons.The Victorian in Testing for blood-borne viruses is voluntary per centand12respectively. C and hepatitis B in female prisoners was 45 was 0.03 per cent, the prevalence of HIV hepatitisof prevalence The request. prisoner or was offered on the basis of clinical indication HIV was virtually universal.and B Hepatitishepatitis for testing C Queensland, testingIn selled butnottested. coun were 2428 further A cent. per 0.06 infection HIV and cent per 17 C hepatitis cent, per 1 was B hepatitis of The prevalence prisoners. at-risk targeting program screening a of part as 2001–02 in (BBVI) offered tests for blood-borne viral infectionswere prisoners 4333 Wales, South New In ACT TAS NT SA WA VIC QLD NSW = strategy hasnotbeenimplemented = strategy hasbeen implemented ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✓ education reduction Harm ✗ ✗ ✗ ✓ ✗ ✓ ✗ ✓ education drug peer Illicit Table 5:Harmreduction strategies: coverage

✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ testing BBV -

✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ vaccine HBV was 13 per cent (2001–03). the prevalence of hepatitis B (surface antigen) prevalence of the hepatitis C was cent, 4 per cent andper 0.05 was HIV of prevalence year.perwereconducted 2001,tests In the Territory.Northern the Approximately1000 was compulsory upon admission to prison in Bhepatitis and HIV,Chepatitis forTesting in females at Adelaide Women’s Prison. males at Yatala Labour Prison and 64 per cent prevalence of hepatitis C to be 43 per cent in HIV was 0.6 per cent. A 2001 study found the $50,000 per year. In 2001, the prevalence of virus testing was estimated at approximately blood-borne of cost Australia,theSouth In in menand46percentwomen. cent per 23 was C hepatitis for prevalence HIV prevalence was 0.07 per cent. Reported tested annually in Western Australian prisons. Approximately 50 per cent of prisoners were injecting druguse prisoners. 71 per cent respectively in male and female and cent per 50 was antigen) (core B titis injecting drug use. The prevalence of hepa ✓ ✗ ✗ ✓ provision Condom ✓ ✗ ✗ ✓ ✗ ✓ ✓ ✓ provision detergent Bleach/ ✓ ✗ ✗ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Naloxone ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ - Executive summary xxi ------condom program condom for was program prisoners favour pro condom the for cost specific The able. was unavailable. gram The South Australian Attorney-General’s Department allocated $50,000 per year for condom provision. condoms Territory, Capital Australian the In were available to remandees upon request, but demand was negligible. The cost was to be minimal. reported therefore Condom provision Condoms were available in four jurisdic tions. In New South Wales the condom distribu An annum. per $400,000 cost program tion condom Wales South New the of evaluation obtaining were inmates that found program them using and program the from condoms for their intended purpose. An evaluation of the Western Australian completed per year. The completed cost per of year. B hepatitis per year. was $16,100 vaccinations In Tasmania, hepatitis B vaccination was offered to prisoners upon admission and available upon request. Approximately 650 prisoners were vaccinated each year. The be to prisoners all for allow not did budget vaccinated. In the Australian Capital Territory, associated with coststhe hepatitis B vaccination program totalled approximately $2,600 in 2002–03. In the Northern Territory, hepatitis B vacci hepatitis In the Northern Territory, with prisoners suitable to given were nations Approxi months. four than longer sentences were injections three of courses 200 mately - - - - - immunised. follow-up. In South Australia, hepatitis B vaccination was available to prisoners wishing to be the Department of Health’s Regional Popu Regional Health’s of Department the ex-prisoners’ improve to Units Health lation access to the immunisation program and tion program was also available to ensure the course was completed prior to release. A number of were set partnerships up with In Western Australia, hepatitis B vaccina tion was offered to all prisoners regardless vaccina accelerated An length. sentence of Hepatitis B vaccinations were available to widespread not were but Victoria in inmates study. at the time of this In Queensland, hepatitis B vaccination was already not were who prisoners all to offered after blood screening. immune to the virus 2001–02, 754 prisoners were vaccinated prisoners 358 of total A B. hepatitis against of vaccinations. completed the course In New South Wales, hepatitis B vaccination vaccination B hepatitis Wales, South New In regardless inmates, at-risk all to offered was of sentence length. In the financial year Data for other BBVI were unavailable. Data for other BBVI were Hepatitis B vaccination ated with blood-borne virus testing were In $5,250. approximately total to estimated there were no 2001, cases of HIV reported. year year on pathology tests, with blood-borne propor large a for accounting testing virus associ costs Additional costs. these of tion identified between 1987 and 1998, with no no with 1998, and 1987 between identified 1998. cases identified after ACT Corrective Services spent $18,000 per request or nurse recommendation, or when recommendation, or nurse request ordered by the General Practitioner after a health assessment. Four cases of HIV were In Tasmania, testing for HIV, hepatitis B and and B hepatitis HIV, for testing Tasmania, In hepatitis C was conducted upon prisoner xxii Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons n/a =notapplicable;strategy hasnotbeenimplemented ✗ ✓ found thatbleachwaseasytoobtain. prisonersfemale surveyQueenslandof A in equipment. were utilising it to decontaminate injecting bleach to had improved over time access and inmates that found provision bleach of mately approxi $55,000 per cost annum. to Two evaluations estimated was program provision bleach the Wales, South New In Bleach wasavailable infive jurisdictions. Bleach/detergent provision ACT TAS NT SA WA VIC QLD NSW = nocostdata were obtained = somecostswere obtained,althoughmaybeincomplete ✗ ✗ ✗ ✓ ✓ ✓ n/a ✗ education reduction Harm Table 6:Harmreduction strategies: costdatalocated n/a n/a n/a ✓ n/a ✗ n/a ✗ education drug peer Illicit ✓ ✗ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✓ testing BBV - ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ vaccine HBV study. Demandforbleachwasminimal. this of time the at review under currently health clinic, although this arrangement was was available upon request from the generalbleach Territory, Capital Australian the In for this purpose. needles and syringes were believed to use it was available and prisoners wishing to clean garding bleach provision. However, detergentre policy no was thereAustralia, South In vary from prison toprison. to understood is bleach of availability the they will be targeted as drug users’. However, a manner that minimises the likelihood that in sachets bleach powdered to access easy public prisons ‘all prisoners should be given In Victoria, procedure mandates that within

✓ n/a ✓ ✓ provision Condom ✗ n/a n/a ✓ n/a ✗ ✓ ✓ provision detergent Bleach/ ✗ n/a n/a ✗ ✗ ✗ ✓ ✓ Naloxone ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ - Executive summary xxiii Naloxone ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ Bleach/ Bleach/ detergent provision ✓ n/a ✗ n/a ✗ n/a n/a ✗ Condom Condom provision ✓ ✓ n/a ✓ ✗ n/a n/a ✗ In the Australian Capital Territory, between In Capital the Territory, Australian the financial years 2000–01 and 2002–03, four non-fatal drug overdoses occurred drug in fatal No Centre. Remand Belconnen the time. during this occurred overdoses programs Needle and syringe There are no needle and syringe programs for inmates in in operation any jurisdiction in Australia. In the Northern Territory, naloxone has been been has naloxone Territory, Northern the In administered on one occasion during the past ten years. HBV HBV vaccine ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ - BBV BBV testing ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗

Illicit Illicit peer drug education ✓ n/a ✗ n/a ✗ n/a n/a n/a Table 7: Harm reduction strategies: formal evaluations strategies: 7: Harm reduction Table ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ n/a ✗ ✗ ✗ Harm Harm reduction education = formal evaluation conducted = formal evaluation been conducted known to have formal evaluation = no NT TAS ACT NSW QLD VIC WA SA ✗ has not been implemented n/a = not applicable; strategy ✓ In Queensland, approximately $830 per year year per $830 approximately Queensland, In in prison. supplies on naloxone was spent cluded that formal policy concerning the use of naloxone had effectiveness. extremely limited administration had not been evaluated, heroin a (19) non-fatal and (29) fatal of study con prisons Wales South New in overdoses Naloxone was available in all jurisdictions. available was Naloxone cost In $8,374 New South naloxone Wales, for 454 vials per year. Although naloxone Naloxone provision xxiv Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons Recommendations demand and harm reduction strategies in in strategies reduction harm and demand supply,of arraydiverse a found study This there is limited evidence of the effective • prisons are • expensive institutions to estab- high proportions of prison • inmates report use drug injecting of prevalence high a • many injecting drug• users spend consider policy of responses part toillicitdruguse because important an are Prisons and levels achieved inthecommunity. that are as close as possible to the standards tablishing strategies and programs in prisons on the recognition of the importance of es based are recommendations following The in anaccountablemanner. occurs strategy any of implementation the most effective strategies available, and that appropriate that this issue is addressedtherefore is byIt authorities. theprison of efforts correctional the to obstacle an as well as risk to prisoners and the broader community, Australian prisons poses a considerable health benefits can be calculated. Drug use within required before cost-effectiveness and cost- great deal of basic research and evaluation is reduction, and should be improved. Indeed, a gies is poor, particularly in regard to supply strate three all of documentation of level the However, Australia. in settings prison in prison orsubsequentrecidivism. use drug decreasing and use drug illicit ness of prisons in either rehabilitation of lish andoperate released injecting drug use in the community once during incarceration hasbeenreported able periodsbehindbars - - - - . Recognising the importance of all three 1. harm reduction strategies is required. and demand supply, of evaluation hensive strategies.Therefore, rigorouscompre and costs and unintended consequences benefits, of thesethe about information limited is As few strategies have been evaluated, there General recommendations 3. The population of injecting drug users drug injecting of population The 3. Prison supply, demand and harm reduc 2. strategies and the imperative to optimise require more accurate estimation. sub-population this in harms and risks nature and extent of the distribution of community.The the in costs other and disproportionately responsible for crime who enter and leave prisons repeatedly is National DrugStrategy. regularlyand evaluatedthe with line in independently be should benefits and costs their on data and strategies tion available tokeystakeholders. tions.This shouldinformation made be estima these of basis the on mented imple be should programs Successful programs. these of cost-effectiveness tiveness,consequencesunintended and effec the into made be should mation programs, regular and independent esti- for supply, demand and harm reduction the relative allocation of scarce resources - - - - - Recommendations xxv ------blood-borne viral infection among pris among infection pro viral blood-borne be should prisoners suitable all oners, vaccination. B hepatitis free with vided required to determine their effectiveness effectiveness their determine to required in addressing problems associated with drug use. rupted drug treatment, it is imperative ensured be treatment of continuity that during and after incarceration. before, regarding information to access have ers illicit drug use and Edu related harms. cation programs, including peer-based related and use drug illicit on education, harms should be rigorously and inde pendently evaluated. If effective, such programs should be introduced in all prisons. tors tors and the limited number of places available in most jurisdic jurisdictions, meet and estimate regularly should tions treatment, drug of forms all for demand particularly methadone and buprenor phine treatment. inde units, drug-free of implementation is programs these of evaluation pendent 10. Based on the high levels of drug use and and use drug of levels high the on Based 10. Harm reduction programs Harm reduction blood- and use drug reported of levels High borne viral infection among prisoners have been documented. It is the imperative harms associated with continuing use, that whether in prison or upon release into the possible. where be reduced community, 9. prison ensure to made be must Efforts 7. the for trend increasing the Considering 8. inter from harms of evidence the Given 6. Given the high proportion of drug injec 6. drug of proportion high the Given - - - - drug-free status should be implemented. be should status drug-free should be implemented. should negative consequences of differential in detected drugs for different sanctions inmates prison be should independently evaluated. Greater use of incentives for is is imperative that improving the docu mentation and evaluation of reduction supplystrategies takes the highest priority. Methods of measuring further require urinalysis drugthan other use cost-effective, more if and, investigation supply reduction in programs, addition it documentation, poor relatively the to The benefits and possible unintended available in the community practicable. as far as is dence across jurisdictions, but were poorly documented and were often of restricted services reflect should Programs availability. Demand reduction programs Demand reduction Demand reduction strategies were in evi 5. than in the community. 4. Given the substantial investment into demand for methadone and other use drug that suggests treatprison, within ments Prisoners detected. that than higher much is are still using drugs, albeit less frequently in urinalysis in and urinalysis numbers of drug seizures) remain relatively low. However, other evi dence, such as self-reported drug use and It could be argued that supply reduction is effective in the correctional environment because of levels drug use (as documented recommendations programs Supply reduction Strategy-related Strategy-related xxvi Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons 14. 13. 12. Given the evidence that some individuals 11.As in the community, all testing for HIV 16. Given the well-known increased risk risk increased well-known the 16. Given high-risk periodforinjectingdrugusers. particularly a are post-release weeks few first the that documented well been has It Pre- andpost-release programs be should dams dental and 15. Condoms increased collaboration between prison between collaboration increased including plans treatment post-release be should achieved through This the implementation of prisoners. at-risk for improved be should care of continuity prison, from post-release overdose of prisons withoutrepercussion. all in accessible and available readily within prison should be documented. Data on fatal and jurisdictions.non-fatal all in improved drug be should overdoses availabilityand use in prison is poor and any unintended consequences of naloxonebenefitsuse, andthe Documentation of in an Australian prison are warranted. trial needle and syringe exchange program introduction and rigorous evaluation of a the best efforts of prison authorities, the still occurring during incarceration despite In response to reports of injecting drug use repercussion. able and accessible in all prisons without ceration, bleach should be readily avail incar during drugs inject to continue jurisdictions. shouldavailablebe voluntaryand all in infections viral blood-borne other and service providers. authorities and the relevant community - - enabling increased emphasis on correction on emphasis increased enabling into, out of and around the system, thereby tion and the number of prisoner movements This will reduce the size of the prison popula months six or of less with sentences non-custodial prison sentences. replacing of step remarkableAustraliaWesternthetaken has recommendations Other related 18. There is limited data on the potential potential the on data limited is 18. There improve theirbehaviourinprison. to prisoners for incentive an provide also may visits Conjugal prisons. Australian in tralian community. Male-to-male sex occurs transmissionrouteHIV main of Austhe in the is sex anal unprotected Male-to-male of costs social and financial high 17. The currently considering a similar approach. prison. The New South Wales prison system is cally spend very short, but repeated periods thein number of drug-using inmates who typi reductiona in be Another likelytoeffectis them. processing cost substantial a incurs system the incarceratedand weeks or days and rehabilitation. Many prisoners spend only warranted inAustralian prisons. is trial a and visits conjugal of benefits other jurisdictions. in implemented be should successful, found if and, evaluated be should tion of sentences of less than six replacementmonths’the addition, sentences.In dura- tions, including the use of non-custodial jurisdic all in population prison the of more effective ways of reducing the size continuing consideration of alternative, incarceration should be recognised, with - - - - 1 Introduction ------ence) over the previous 12 33 per monthscent for males and was57 per cent for Of the prisoners who reported heroin injec heroin reported who prisoners the Of tion, 32 (11%) male and two (2%) female prisoners said that they had injected drugs Further prison. adult an in time first the for more, 45 (16%) male and 13 (14%) female prefer in heroin injecting reported prisoners incarceration, during cannabis using to ence of chances the claimed, they so minimise, to urine testing. detection through The proportion of prisoners infor criteria the meeting survey Wales South the New substance use disorder (abuse or depend A comprehensive investigation of drug use in in use drug of investigation comprehensive A in conducted was prisons Wales South New This Survey. Health Inmate an of part as 2001 of proportion substantial a that found study prison, in drugs inject to continued prisoners with 154 (24%) male and 56 (43%) female prisoners in the survey reporting injecting drug Of use. these, 33 (29%) males and 16 (36%) females had done so in the month prior to interview. Additionally, 103 (67%) males and 40 (72%) females had a re-used needle and syringe after someone else. field are consistent with the National Drug Framework. Strategic In 2002, the ANCD called for tenders investigate the tovarious methods to control drug supply and use in prison in Australia. The project’s aim was to collate of informa supply the reduce to measures about tion Australian in drugs for demand the and drugs prisons. The overall objective was to iden strategies drug prison Australian in gaps tify collation through and of data on programs literature. of the available review the use and harm caused by the drugs of in component our important An community. strat policies, that ensure to is work ANCD’s alcohol and drug the in directions and egies - - - - - neces

reducing drug consumption. Examples Examples consumption. drug reducing

The Australian National Council on Drugs (ANCD) as was part established of the Aus tralian Government’s response to reduce non-medical use of drugs by prisoners, par prisoners, by drugs of use non-medical HIV/AIDS of risk the carries that use ticularly infections. and other blood-borne viral provision, hepatitis B vaccination, naloxone naloxone vaccination, B hepatitis provision, and methadone treatment. administration One objective of the NDS is to reduce the blood-borne viral infections, without without infections, viral blood-borne sarily are needle and syringe programs, condom counselling and rehabilitation services. and rehabilitation counselling Harm reduction strategies are designed to such directly reduce drug-related harms, as reduce the demand for illicit drugs. Examples Examples drugs. illicit for demand the reduce are drug education, detoxification services, methadone, buprenorphine, naltrexone, drugs. Examples are custom seizures, police seizures, custom are Examples drugs. activity and drug detection dogs. to designed are strategies reduction Demand Supply reduction strategies are designed to are strategies Supply reduction reduce the production and supply of illicit approach taken by the NIDS is that of harm of that is NIDS the by taken approach following the comprises which minimisation, three strategies: demand supply, and harm reduction. One of the components of the NDS is the National Illicit Drug Strategy (NIDS). The cies and programs designed to families reduce the individuals, to drugs by caused harm and communities in Australia (Ministerial 1998). Council on Drug Strategy ment ministers from the Commonwealth, MCDS The governments. Territory and State poli national determining for responsible is drug use in Australia. It is overseen by (MCDS), the Strategy Drug on Council Ministerial which comprises health and law enforce The National Drug Strategy (NDS) was estab- was (NDS) Strategy Drug National The lished in 1985 to address licit and illicit 1. Introduction 2 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons jurisdictions. other in conducted been not have studies and Territories, although similar large-scale Australianother in lower be to likely States is prisoners among injecting of prevalence of injecting drug use in the community, the Given that New South Wales has higher rates opiates (14%). the most common drug (17%), followed by being cannabis with incarceration, during prisonersdrugsused female of cent per 25 that found Queensland in survey health A population meetingthediagnosticcriteria. oners and 19 per cent of the general prison diagnosis, with 38 per cent of reception pris common most the was dependence Opioid respectively.prisoners, reception female of rose to 64 per cent of male and 75 per cent females. 1 accountable manner. an in occurs strategies any of imple- mentation the that and available, strategies effective most the by addressed be issue this that therefore, appropriate, is It ties. to the correctional efforts of prison authori- obstacle an as well as community,broader considerable health risk to prisoners and the a poses prisonsAustralian within use Drug population isgeneral infectedwithHCV. the of cent per 1 about parison, com In Victoria. and Wales South New in 80 per cent among male and female samples approximately at higher,even was inmates prevalence of HCV among injecting drug male use of that inmates, with two-thirds twice being infected. was The inmates female among HCV of prevalence The C. hepatitis toria (Crofts et al. 1995) were infected with New South Wales (Butler 1997) and in Vic Approximately one-third of male inmates in This genderdifference was attributedtosentencingdifferences; womenare typically incarcerated for short periods andfordrug-related offences. 1 Among prison entrants, this figure - - - offender populations are obtained by the the by obtained by are populations community offender the in use drug on Data illicit substance(12.9%)(AIHW2002). used commonly most the being cannabis months,with 12 past the in drugs illicit of people (16.9%) aged six 14 years in and over reported one use Household approximately Survey, National recent most the In Drug use inthecommunity low, decreasing from 2 per cent in 1995 1995 in cent per very 2 from remained decreasing low, has users drug among injecting infection HIV of prevalence The illicit drugs intheprevious 12months. injected have to reported cent per 47 and use polydrug for treatment sought users substance of cent per Thirteen (9%). amphetamines and (9%) cannabis (32%), opiates by followed (35%), alcohol was for treatment sought family/friends and users that drug common most The friends. and for substance users and 39 years for relatives predominantly female (69%). The were mean age was 32.8 years assistance seeking friends and relatives while male, were use substance own their treatmentfor in those of (65%) two-thirds Almost 2002). Mattick Agencies (COTSA) census in 2001 (Shand and reported by the Clients of Treatment Service Data on community treatment services were overall results are shown inTable 8. Although there was sample. significant variation urine between sites, a provided cent per 79 2002, in interviewed females) 549 sample. Of the 3478 detainees (2929 males, Interviewees are requested to provide a Australia. urine Western and Queensland Wales, their drug use in South Australia, New South about watch-houses and stations police in detainees police interview to 1999 in tralia (DUMA). The project was Project established in Australia Aus in Monitoring Use Drug - 3 Introduction -

2 39 33 55 27 Females (% positive)

2 21 28 59 17 Males (Makkai and MacGregor 2002) (Makkai and MacGregor (% positive) from HIV infections prevented by NSPs is more than 20 times the estimated cost of running these services (Hurley et al. 1997). More recently theesti- an in investmentresulted has NSPs in million of $150 almost mated return of somewhere between $2.4 and $7.7 billion based on the calculated reduction in HIV and hepatitis C infections and Health of Department (Commonwealth Ageing 2002). al. 1987). The aim of NSPs is to prevent the prevent to is NSPs of aim The 1987). al. shared use of injecting equipment, which blood-borne of transmission the to lead can They viruses. facilities also disposal provide infor- and education equipment, injecting for mation on reducing drug-relatedand care medical treatment, drug to harms, referral legal and other social services. An interna exchange syringe and needle of review tional results favourable found prison in programs for this harm reduction measure (Dolan,Rutter and Wodak 2003). The saving in estimated health care costs Harm reduction Needle and syringe programs (NSPs) were established in Australia in 1986 (Wodak et ------2001. The prevalence of Table 8: DUMA urine test results, 2002 urine test results, 8: DUMA Table Cocaine Opiates Amphetamines* Benzodiazepines Cannabis therapies for opioid dependence. therapies become available as treatment options. It jurisdictional are there that noted be should differences in prescription of pharmaco done treatment has been available since1980 in Australia. In the buprenorphinelast fewand yearsnaltrexone have also therapies, residential rehabilitation, self-help self-help rehabilitation, residential therapies, and counselling. groups With regard to pharmacotherapies, metha A range of and programs counselling serv ices is available in the Services community. pharmaco include detoxification, provided include the use of drug detection dogs. detection drug of use the include Demand reduction Police, Customs and other intelligence organi intelligence other and Customs Police, Commis Crime Australian the as such sations agencies these by employed Strategies sion. Supply reduction The major forms of drug supply reduction Federal and State involve community the in from 35 per from cent in 1995 to 19 per cent in (MacDonald and Zhou 2002). 2001 cent in 1995 to 49 per cent in 1998, but increased to 58 per cent Reported in 2001. decreased syringe person’s another of re-use to 1 per cent in 63 per from C infection decreased hepatitis * This figure includes amphetamines that may have been prescribed. may have includes amphetamines that figure * This 4 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons 2,413.9 in Western Australia, while rates for Australians621.6fromvaryTasmania to in the Northern Territory. Rates for Indigenous in the Australian Capital Territory to 30.8 in of imprisonment for females range from 11.8 100,000 in the Northern Territory. The rates per 862.4 to Victoria 100,000in per 178.4 The fromvaries males for imprisonment of rate 2002. in 22,492 to 1992 in 15,559 from cent per 44.6 by increased Australia in prisoners of number average daily The prison population The Australian

Percentage of prisoners 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 NSW 10 yrsandov 5 tolessthan10yrs(%) 1 tolessthan5yrs(%) Less than1ye Figure 1:Meanlengthofincarceration (ABS2003) QLD er (% ar (% ) ) VIC WA Ju ri sdiction Australia (Watson2002). for Correctional Services 2002) and Western reported by South Australia (SA Department was inmates of turnoverrate high oners.A pris by served time actual the reflect not It is worth noting that the figures above do in NewSouthWales(ABS2003). 139.1 to Territory Capital Australian the in 86.2 Australiansfromnon-Indigenousvary of theprison census. prison each year leaving is approximately twice and that entering inmates of number the time, one any at Australia in housed are prisoners 22,000 approximately While SA NT TA S A CT (inNSW) - 5 Introduction - -

($) Total cost Total 81,210,000 36,412,000 23,100,000 16,455,000 186,381,000 164,102,000 474,667,000 256,278,000 (SCRCSSP 2003)

($) 141 162 148 158 155 149 164 206 All prisons

30 June 1997 received another custodial sentence within two years of their release 2000). (KPMG Consulting in custody Deaths The National Deaths in Custody Program (NDICP) has recorded information on all deaths in custody in Australia since 1980. It was established in response to a recom mendation by the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody 2001). Williams (Johnston1991; Recidivism Approximately 39 per cent of inmates and 1994 re July 1 between prison from leased ($) n/a 151 157 173 287 174 138 186 Secure

99 ($) n/a 141 127 144 148 155 127 periodic Open plus Open plus detention* (SCRCSSP 2002b, 2003). (SCRCSSP 2002b, 2 Table 9: Recurrent cost to house each prisoner per day, 2001–02 2001–02 per day, each prisoner cost to house 9: Recurrent Table New South Wales. Victoria, New South Wales, by separately reported but is and Tasmania, South Australia be exercised therefore Caution should Territory. Capital and the Australian Western Australia when comparing these figures. nearest whole number. nearest for the figure from and excluded Capital Territory for the Australian included in the figure are ACT** QLD VIC WA SA NT TAS NSW Transport and service expenditure is included in this total for Queensland, Northern Territory, Northern Territory, total for Queensland, included in this is and service expenditure Transport 2 ** The Australian Capital Territory’s contracted management services fees to New South Wales contracted Capital Territory’s The Australian ** * to the rounded are alone. Figures for full-time custody It was not possible to obtain figures to $287 in secure prisons (Australian Capital Capital (Australian prisons secure in $287 to Territory) (SCRCSSP 2003). Further details 9. in Table shown are Cost per prisoner per day Cost per prisoner The cost to house prisoners ranges from $99 per day in open prisons (Queensland) system in 2000–01 and $1.4 billion (86.9%) billion $1.4 and 2000–01 in system in 2001–02 Australia totalled $1.5 billion in 2000–01 and and 2000–01 in billion $1.5 totalled Australia billion $1.3 this, Of 2001–02. in billion $1.6 (86.6%) was spent on the adult prison on prisons Expenditure on corrective services (net of revenue derived from own sources) across Government expenditure expenditure Government 6 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons (Hepatitis C Council of New South Walescent per offi- 1 is population generalAustralian the for (HCV) hepatitisC prevalenceof The Hepatitis Cinfection among prison entrants (McDonald 2002). users is less than 1 per cent and is 0.1 The perprevalence ofcent HIV among injecting drug Australian general population is 0.07 perthe cent.amonginfection HIVprevalence ofThe HIV 1992 (Collins andAli2003). number of deaths in custody recorded since Indigenous deaths. This is the lowest overall 14 including 2002, in custody prison police and in deaths 69 were there that cate recentmost The findings from indi- NDICP oners is shown in Table 10. 2002). Prevalence of hepatitis C among pris the highest risk group for infection (ANCAHRDusersidentifiedasInjectingdrug havebeen HCV in injecting drug users is 50–70 per cent. prevalencecontrast,theof Bywebsite). cial NT WA VIC NSW Darwin inmates Inmates (female) Inmates (male) Non-IDU entrants All entrants NSW inmates NSW non-IDUinmates NSW inmates Sydney — non-IDU entrants Sydney —allentrants Source Table 10: Prevalence ofhepatitis CintheAustralian prison population (adapted from ANCAHRD2002) 1994–98 2001 2001 1991–92 1991–92 1999 1996 1996 1994 1994 Year - related crime. It was found that providing that found was It crime. related mum sentences on reducing cocaine use and mini mandatory of cost-effectiveness the estimate States to modelling mathematical United using the in study a conducted (1997) al. et Caulkins recently. conducted been have incarceration and use drug of A number of studies investigating the costs International research cocaine users. by 113 kg if allocated to drug treatment for and sentences conventional to allocated if kg 26 by sentences, minimum mandatory to allocated if kg 13 by States United the in consumption cocaine reduce to mated million dollars (US) of expenditure was esti- One sentencing). and prosecution (arrests, procedures enforcement law pre-sentence increasing than cost-effective more also was and sentences minimum mandatory cost-effective than increasing the length of treatment for heavy cocaine users was more 9% (2647) 46% (50) 23% (322) 16% (1712) 39% (3269) 47% (4032) 13% (444) 39% (789) 7%(192) 37% (408) Prevalence (n) Huffam etal.1999 Watson 2002 Watson 2002 Crofts etal.1995 Crofts etal.1995 Awofeso etal.2000 Butler etal.1999 Butler etal.1999 Butler Butler etal.1997 Reference

et al.1997

- 7 Methods . - - - ing public prisons. Health care services in public prisons are provided under contract by Pacific Shores Healthcare and Forensi care. Fulham Two private prisons, and Port and Group GEO the by managed are Phillip, Global Solutions (formerlyFulham in called Groupservices 4 Health respectively. Falck), Prison are by provided the GEO Group and Correc- Vincent’s St by Prison Phillip Port in tional Health under contract from Global Solutions. public prisons. Health care is provided by the Health and Medical Services section of Two Services. the Department of Corrective and Borallon Arthur Gorrie, prisons, private Management and Training managed by are Corporation and the GEO Group, respec These their provide private operators tively. services. own health care Victoria Depart- the of division a Victoria, Corrections ment of Justice, is responsible for manag The NSW Department of Corrective Services Corrective of Department NSW The prisons of management the for responsible is A private prison, Junee, is managed by the GEO Group Australia Pty Ltd (GEO Group; formerly called Australasian Correctional Management). Health services are provided Health of Department the by prisoners all to Health Service). (NSW Corrections Queensland The Queensland Department of Corrective Services is responsible for management of Administrative structure Administrative South Wales New - - -

data collated on their and jurisdiction later unedited for response official an provide to in the report. inclusion Each jurisdiction was provided with two op two with provided was jurisdiction Each the verify and assess formally to portunities information about the types of programs in in programs of types the about information associ costs and expenditure the operation, evaluative any and strategies, these with ated authorities. these by recorded evidence within the prison sector. Managementsurveyed also was of services health corrections where appropriate. The survey requested each State and Territory was surveyed con each was State and surveyed Territory reduction demand reduction, supply cerning and harm reduction strategies employed the procedures required to elicit release of further information. The management of corrective services in departments were departments contacted were via telephone, letter and email to documentation, request on advice necessary, where and, information Extensive searches of prison department and related websites were undertaken to obtain information. In addition, all prison cover cover juvenile justice or periodic detention South New in implemented been has (which Capital Territory). Wales and the Australian The focus of this report is full-time sentenced sentenced full-time is report this of focus The adult prisoners and remandees. It does not 2. Methods 8 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons Gambier, is managed by Global Solutions Solutions Global by managed is Gambier, Mount prison, private A prisons. public of tional Services is responsible for management The South Australian Department for Correc South Australia provide healthcare undercontract. also agencies outside of number A torate. Direc- Services Health the through Justice of Department the by managed is system (AIMS Corporation). Health care in the prison Corporation Services Management gration prison, Acacia, is managed by Australian Inte- public prisons in Western Australia. A private of management responsiblethe is for tice), ment of Justice (formerly the Ministry of Jus The Prisons Division, a division of the Depart- Western Australia Adelaide Hospital. Prison Health Service, a division Australian of the South Royal the by provided are ices service providers. health In the public prisons, health serv private other contracting through and nurses of employment direct through services care health provide who - - - The Prison Service, a division of the Depart Tasmania vided by the Corrections Medical Service. publicprisons. Healthcareservices are pro of Justice, is responsible for management of division of the Northern Territorya Services, DepartmentCorrectional Territory Northern Northern Territory sion ofACTHealth. Health Program of Community Health, a divi- Correctionsthe providedunder are services is responsible for correctional services. Health partment of Justice and Community Safety, ACT Corrective Services, a division of the De Australian CapitalTerritory of Health andHumanServices. Department the of division a Service, Health Corrections the by provided is care responsiblecorrectionalservices.Health for isRelations, Industrial and Justice of ment - - - 9 Methods - - - - Services Commissioner in Services Commissioner the Department of Justice 2002) (November Department of Justice (September 2002) Department of Corrective Services (December 2002) Department of Health and Human Services (December 2002) Department of Justice and Community Services (December 2002) Department of Corrective Department of Corrective Services (January 2003) Service Health Corrections (January 2003) Office of the Correctional Australia were also approached for informa for approached also were Australia Services Corrective of Department The tion. Justice of Department the and Queensland in and Industrial Relations in Tasmania had formal procedures to obtain information. of further infor submission These required of purpose and nature the regarding mation met. also were that requirements study; the Correctional for Department Australia’s South Services did not require a formal letter but enquiry (initial enquiries email to responded made in September 2002). Territory Tasmania Australian Capital Territory The Department of Corrective Services in and Justice of Department the Queensland, De the and Tasmania in Relations Industrial South in Services Correctional for partment New South Wales Victoria Western Australia Northern Formal requests for information, includ ing the survey, were sent to the following jurisdictions: ------in programs outlined under inmate programs programs inmate under outlined programs in services. and counselling specific programs were included in the harm harm the in included were programs specific reduction section. However, a number of harm reduction topics may also be covered ringe programs, as it was ringe known programs, that there operation. in no such programs were reduction- harm only that noted be should It demand for and the number of prisoners in involved these The strategies. survey did not contain items covering needle and sy hepatitis B vaccinations, condom provision, provision, condom vaccinations, B hepatitis bleach provision and naloxone administra tion. Additional data were sought on the The harm reduction section covered harm peer educa education programs, reduction tion programs, blood-borne virus testing, data were sought on the demand for and the number of prisoners involved in these programs. and other pharmacotherapies (buprenorphine (buprenorphine pharmacotherapies other and counsel programs, inmate naltrexone), and Additional units. drug-free and services ling ence of illicit substances. The demand reduction section contained methadone detoxification, to relating items data were sought on the number of searches, searches, of number the on sought were data being for received punishments the and finds detected in possession or under the influ tion searches, prisoner/cell/area searches, drug detection dogs and electronic detec tion) and urinalysis programs. Additional The survey contained sections covering sup- covering sections contained survey The ply demand reduction, and reduction harm cov section reduction supply The reduction. recep- patrols, (perimeter patrols barrier ered The survey 10 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons Alcohol and other drug/prison research liter was also compiled from existing research. ble evidence. Information on prisoners’ views government reports was conducted to assem A review of published literature and Australian Literature searches data were unavailable as at December 2003. of meetings in prisons throughout Australia, number organisationsa conductthese that prisons across Australia. While it is understoodinformation regarding group meetings held requestin to AnonymousNarcotics and mous Anony Alcoholics with made was Contact Other organisations Other sources ofinformation departments. health and prisonvarious the by used gies use in Australian prisons and the three strate focused on obtaining information about drug conducted using a number of websites. were articlesnewspaperThese online of Searches Newspaper searches and Prevline. XploreScirus,ScienceDirect, PsychInfo,IEE EMBASE, Database, Drug AGIS, Science, of Web APAIS, Premedline, Medline, as such ature was located using specialist databases - - - - government (Australian Federal/State • general search engines • searches, including: Internet via located were documents other and reports, and publications government reports,relevantannual Corrective services’ Internet searches participating jurisdictions. the with liaison effective facilitate to was An additional aim of the advisory committee Alcohol Research Centre. rections Victoria and the National Drug and Service, Sydney’s St Vincent’s Hospital, Cor on Drugs, South Eastern Sydney Area Health ativesAustralianfromthe Council National vide specialist advice and included represent An advisory committee was convened to pro Advisory committee be foundatAppendix2. comprehensiveA may websites listthese of drugeducationsites(bothAustralian • health-related sites(bothAustralian and • and worldwide) and worldwide). worldwide) - - - New South Wales 11 - - ovision) (2003). ovision) 4 (SCRCSSP 2003). 3 In the past 15 years, 303 prisoners have died in in died have prisoners 303 years, 15 past the In (13%) 40 whom of prisons, Wales South New (NSW overdose drug accidental an from died Department of Corrective Servicesmade coroner 2002b). the where deaths excludes This a finding of suicide. Overdose deaths have six in from 1998– years, in recent decreased in (NSW 2002–03 deaths 99 to no overdose 2003). Services Corrective of Department drug abuse (NSW Corrections Health Service Service Health Corrections (NSW abuse drug number large a that indicate Studies 2001a). of prisoners continue to use drugs. Rates from recent studies vary, e.g. from 48 cent per per 62 to 2003) Milner and (Butler cent 2002), (Kevin although studies consistently show cannabis to be the most Consulting commonly (KPMG prison in drug illicit used 2002, Kevin 2003; Milner and Butler 2000; 2003). Further information regarding drug in Appendix 4. detailed is prisoners by use deaths in custody Overdose Further information on the prison population population prison the on information Further and on prisons may be seen in Appendices 1 and 3. Prison capacity were prisons Wales South New 2001–02, In operating at 100 per cent of their design capacity Drug use by prisoners 80 Over per entering cent cus of prisoners of alcohol a and/or history tody other have drug and alcohol programs, relapse preven relapse programs, alcohol and drug bleach and provision condom programs, tion provision. ------Canberra: AusInfo. Canberra:

flexibility to accommodate prisoners with specific needs (e.g. protection, hospital, different different hospital, needs (e.g. protection, with specific flexibility to accommodate prisoners numbers: in prisoner fluctuations for short-term allows gender and also by security levels) SCRCSSP (Steering Committee for the Review of Commonwealth/State Service Pr Report on Government Services 2003. alone. to drug overdose data specific 2002), but has not published (e.g. Collins enables the This 85–95 per cent of total capacity. is utilisation of prison The optimum rate in custody collates information about deaths Program in Custody The National Deaths 4 3 ment of Corrective Services and the GEO Group operate within a harm minimisation approach and provide individual counsel ling, motivational interviewing, specific Corrections Health Service operates inde pendently of the Department of Corrective Services and the GEO Group. The Depart These include detoxification services, metha services, detoxification include These done and other blood- pharmacotherapies, borne virus testing and vaccination. The Health services in all public prisons are pro are prisons public all in services Health part Service, Health Corrections the by vided Health). (NSW Health of Department the of communication, 2004). Health service provision of which are public and one, Junee, is pri Australia Group GEO the by operated vately Pty Ltd (GEO (GEO Group) personal Group, Department of Corrective Services, personal personal Services, Corrective of Department communication, 2003–04). Inmates are housed across 29 prisons, 28 in this figure, resulting in the resulting total figure, in number this of full-time prisoners being 7816 (gender breakdown not provided) (ABS 2003; NSW South Wales (ABS 2003). A total periodic of detainees 884and 60 inmates housed in court cells on 30 June are also included Wales on 30 June 2002, a small propor tion (1.4%) of whom are from the Austral New in housed are but Territory Capital ian Prison population A total of 8759 prisoners (8154 males and 605 females) were housed in New South 3.1.1 Background

3.1 New South Wales South New 3.1 3. Results 12 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons Prisoners 3.1.2 Illicitdrugs —policy release post-prison (Darke etal.1996). time short a within overdosed had cent per 13 overdose, fatal New South in Wales. Of overdose respondents for reporting non- factor risk a as fied Recent release from prison has been identi Drug-related deathspost-release responses’ (Brideson 2002). effective providing in limited ‘extremely are prison area in overdoses the drug of in policy informed and activity research that concluded and conducted, was prisons Wales South New overdosesin A study of 29 fatal and 19 non-fatal heroin detailed inAppendix5. is received sanctions and offences drug of number the including information Further (KPMG Consulting 2000). caution or reprimand a receiving and cell, a to confined being and amenities losing both include sanctions Other cells. their to lose amenities and 43 per cent are confined offences alcohol with charged prisoners of fined to their cells. Approximately 45 con areper cases of cent cent10per in and visits) contact (typically amenities lose offences drug prisonerswith chargedof cent per 80 sulting 2000). It has been reported that over Con (KPMG prison another to transferred may lose privileges, be reclassified and/or be charged. police the to and referred not are who Inmates police to referred be may Prisoners found in possession of illicit drugs - - - the power of the Governor and authorised and Governor the of power the isit time, of length certain a for ing within while individuals may be banned from visit However, imprisonment. years’ face two to may up prisons into syringes smuggle to attempting people and 2002a) Services Corrective of Department (NSW visits ther fur from banned areparaphernalia and/or drugs illicit of possession in found Visitors Visitors contraband intoprisons (Amery2002a). for attempting to smuggle drugs and other charged were whom of 171 banned, were September 2002, approximately 345 visitorsand January Between more. or years two for banned were prisons. one-third Approximately Wales South New visiting from In 2001, a total of 461 visitors were banned continue (KPMGConsulting 2000). non-contact visit or allow a contact visit to officersrefuseto visit,particular a a permit $9 million. approximately i.e. 2003), munication, Corrections Health Service, personal (NSW com expenditure services health total the of cent per 20 approximately be to on drug and alcohol services is estimated tion of the medical services budget spent propor The 2002a). Services Corrective of Department (NSW million $44.7 was by Corrections Health Service in provided 2001–02 services medical of cost total personal communication, 2003–04). The (NSW Department of Corrective Services, This includes staffing costs and resources strategies. alcohol and drug on annum per million $6.5 approximately spends Services Corrective of Department The Drug- and alcohol-related expenditure - - - - New South Wales 13 - - - ices by KPMG Consulting, 2000 (KPMG 2000) Consulting tion (Independent Commission Against 1999). Corruption (NSW) 1998a, 1998b, (Government of New South Wales 1999a, 1999a, Wales South New of (Government 1999b) 1999–2003 reports (see 2002b) Services Corrective (NSW of General Inspector- page 14) also total of $35 million of damage (Egger and and (Egger damage of million $35 of total 1992). Heilpern HIV assault (Egger and Heilpern 1992) and (Egger assault HIV In 1990 a prison officer was attacked by an inmate with a syringe and subse after Soon HIV. to positive tested quently policies prison new of series a event, this for testing HIV including introduced were staff for programs education HIV inmates, appropriate of provision the inmates, and for equipment all safety staff (Vumbaca, a for and 2003) communication, personal personal the of confiscation the time short which allegedly of property all prisoners, estimated an caused that riots in resulted Findings from these research investigations, investigations, research these from Findings inquiries and reports are discussed in the below. sections appropriate • of Inspector-General Corrective Services, • Evaluation of drug and alcohol serv Corrup Against • Commission Independent Other research, reports and inquiries reports Other research, include: • New South Wales Drug Summit 1999 ------1999; Dolan, Mattick et al. 2003; Dolan and and Dolan 2003; al. et Mattick Dolan, 1999; 2004). al. et Dolan 2003; Rouen prisons. These include methadone, bleach and and bleach methadone, include These prisons. and condom programs HIV education (Hall 1998, et al. Dolan 1997; Dolan 1993; et al. A number of trials and evaluations of demand demand of evaluations and trials of number A have strategies reduction harm and reduction Wales South New within conducted been also Surveys (Butler 1997; Butler and 2003) and a study of mental illness among Milner (Butler and Allnutt 2003). prisoners The Corrections Health Service has also con also has Service Health Corrections The ducted a number of studies into drug use Health Inmate two including treatment, and Drug Treatment Wing, an evaluation of the of evaluation an Wing, Treatment Drug Ngara Nura Therapeutic Unit and Bolwara centre. transitional House the Unit’s biennial drug use data collec tion. Other research underway includes a randomised controlled trial of the Parklea used used to assist in the development of harm treat Drug material. intervention reduction ment utilisation by inmates is measured in tion, including research on inmate-identified inmate-identified on research including tion, specific drug in risks prison and associated practical prevention strategies, has been illicit drug use by prisoners prior duringto and incarceration (Stathis et al. 1991; Kevin, 1992, 1993, 1995a, 1995b, 1997, 1999, 2002, 2003). This research informa advice to the Department based on its re search (KPMG Consulting 2000). The Unit has conducted a number of studies into evaluations The and Unit Research Statistics in the De partment of Corrective Services provides 3.1.3 Research and 3.1.3 Research 14 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons which criticised drug and alcohol service service alcohol and drug criticised which (2002b), Women for Centre Correctional available, that of an inspection publicly intois Mulawa Office Inspector-General’s the as at present only one report produced by drug strategies were explored is unknown, which to extent The 2001,2002a). 2000, Services, Corrective of Inspector-General (NSW duties other of range a to addition correctional centre visits were conducted in 111 and reviews major 18 investigations, investigations,full six of departmental 55 total A 2003). March accessed website, Services Corrective of Inspector-General (NSW Justice for Minister the to advice provided and operations Department’s the of investigation including duties of range a performed Inspector-General The Inspector- 2003. until Services Corrective an of General appointed Wales South tences) Act 1999 the Under Inspector-General of Corrective Services Crimes (Administration of Sen of (Administration Crimes , the Government of New - that ingeneral: to reduce alcohol and illicit drug use, stating State-wide implemented policies of effectiveness the questioned also General Inspector- The inadequate. as provision the endofSeptember2003. at closed Office The Ombudsman. Wales its duties were taken on by the New South and Dalton 2003); it was not renewed and rective Services was reviewed in 2003 (Avery The Office of the Inspector-General of Cor General ofCorrective Services2002a). reasons for rejecting them (NSW the Inspector- publicly explain to or made, dations recommen implement to failure ment’s Dissatisfaction was noted with the Depart inspection program or its educational educational its or program inspection a consistent approach to its search and the have resourcesmaintain other physicalto or not does Department The Services 2001, p.54) Corrective of Inspector-General (NSW and rehabilitative program. - - - New South Wales 15 - - -

2001–02 (12 months)*** 62,000’ visitors ‘Over in 2001 searched were

2000–01 (12 months)** 300,000 The total cost of the drug detection dog unit was anticipated to be $2.7 million in KPMG following year financial the 2000–01, 2000). Consulting (KPMG review Consulting’s 12 for funding that indicated sources Other million $3.7 was 1998–99 in teams dog new was it although 2000), (ABCI years four over two these from obtained costs how unclear overlap. sources active alert dogs but are also trained in secu in trained also are but dogs alert active to used are dogs Alert Passive operations. rity and prisons entering people on drugs detect any at looking and to next sitting by respond (ABCI 2000). drugs carrying person are 11 Table in shown data in variations The unlikely to be comparable; the disparity in dif the of artefact an be to likely is figures ferent sources of information. Attempts to unsuccessful. were confirm the disparity Expenditure detect cannabis, heroin and amphetamines, amphetamines, and heroin cannabis, detect biting and scratch by aggressively respond ing, and are used in cell and other prison Multi-Purpose searches. dogs are similar to

- - - (June-May)* 46,274 1999–2000 Table 11: Number of visitors checked by drug detection dogs in NSW prisons dogs drug detection checked by of visitors Number 11: Table by drug detection dogs by Number of visitors checked Number of visitors ** (2002a) Services NSW Department of Corrective Amery (2002b) *** * (2000) KPMG Consulting Passive Alert dogs in operation in New South South New in operation in dogs Alert Passive to trained are dogs Alert Active prisons. Wales shown in Table 11. in Table shown There are Active Alert, Multi-Purpose and vided on the number of searched prisoners by drug detection dogs. The numbervisitors checked by ofdrug detection dogs is South Wales prisons (ABCI 2000, Govern although 1999b), Wales South New of ment this figure had not been confirmed as at December 2003. There were no data pro There are thought to be between 44 and 54 and 44 between be to thought are There drug detection dogs in operation in New upon drug supply include searches, x-ray detectors. machines and metal Drug detection dogs in New South Wales prisons are drug detec drug are prisons Wales South New in General program. urinalysis a and dogs tion impact to believed are that measures security 3.1.4.1 Supply reduction 3.1.4.1 Supply used reduction supply of forms main two The 3.1.4 Drug strategies 16 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons However, total figures that include this this include that figures total provided. However, not were dogs detection drug by detected substances of details Further in Table 12. shown are results their and 2000 May and by drug detection dogs between June 1999 conducted searches visitor of number The Outcomes 5 per cent of the prison population each each population prison the of cent per 5 ing 2000). Random testing is conducted on targeted and administrative (KPMG Consult occur in New South Wales prisons: random, Three types of sample selection for urinalysis Urinalysis program cavities (KPMG Consulting 2000). body in concealed drugs or pills detect to unable are dogs detection Drug (Amery 2002b). dogs detection drug bydrugs illicit of sion a consequence of being detected in posses as charged were prisoners 287 and visitors visitors all of checked by dogs. In 2001–02 cent a total of 179 per 0.1 representing 2001), Services Corrective of Department detection by the drug detection dogs (NSW of 300 total visitors were banned a as a result of 2000–01 drug year financial the In reduction/Further information under reported are detection method as well as other methods 46,274 detection dogs by drug Visitor searches seizures inNSWprisons, 1999–2000 Table 12:Visitor searches by drug detection dogs andsubsequent (KPMG Consulting 2000) 72 drugs of illicit Detections Other forms of supply supply of forms Other below. 83 band of contra Detections - - - Consulting 2000, 1999; NSW Department of ticipating in release or leave programs (KPMG reduction in security classificationa for or arerecommended par been have treatment, pre-releasea in program, are methadone in participating are drugs, using of suspected are who prisoners on conducted is testing ment of Corrective Services 2002a). Targeted Depart NSW 2000; Consulting (KPMG ers month, involving approximately 350 prison samples. all of cent per 8 approximately represents This 2000). Consulting KPMG 2000; (ABCI 1999–2000 year financial the in 333 with reported,been has substances illicit of tion Adulteration of urine samples to avoid detec one occasion. morethan on tested been and/or drug one usedmorehaving than as detected be may sameprisonerthe positive,as onerstesting pris of number the reflect not do results These 13. Table in presented is type drug byresults positive all of breakdown A ples. sam urine of number total the (41.6%)of 4632 for accounted samples ministrative ad and (31.8%) 3540 for accounted ples samrandom (26.6%), 2958 for accounted samples Targeted drugs. for negative were (86%) 9541 and positive were (14%) 1589 tests, these Of 2000). Consulting (KPMG conducted were tests drug urine 11,130 of total a 2000, April to 1999 July From Outcomes 2003. No cost data were provided as at December Expenditure procedures (KPMGConsulting 2000). official with accordance in purposes tion classifica security for conducted is testing Administrative 2002a). Services Corrective ------New South Wales 17 - - - 5 n 87 19 36 69 236 193 9541 1235 1589 11,130 1 2 2 % 11 11 86 14 0.2 0.3 0.6 100 0.04 1999–2000 (10 months) 1999–2000 (10 (KPMG Consulting 2000) (KPMG Consulting review is not in the public domain. public the in not is review Other forms of supply reduction/ Further information New in used are strategies other of number A drug reduce may which prisons Wales South exclu not are which but include prisons into supply These purpose. this for vehi- employed staff, sively prisoner, searches, (visitor) reception cle, cell and prison and searches, electronic detection methods such as metal detectors, cameras. video and machines x-ray believed that drug testing had reduced drug drug reduced had testing drug that believed in prison. use correctional that found Inspector-General The centres adhered to urine sampling proce (NSW of cases cent per 45–55 in only dures 2001). Services Corrective of Inspector-General been have to considered were remainder The or non-compliant, compliant partially either fig Actual correctly. conducted not were i.e. this of report full the reported; not were ures - - 5 Table 13: Results of urinalysis in NSW prisons prisons in NSW of urinalysis Results 13: Table ibuprofen, metoclopramide, orphenadrine, phenthiazines, promethiazine, pseudoephedrine, promethiazine, orphenadrine, phenthiazines, metoclopramide, ibuprofen, and trimipramine. antidepressants thioridazine, tricyclic Total positive urine samples positive Total urine samples negative Total All urine tests Illicit methadone Heroin Morphine Other illicit medication Amphetamines Cocaine Cannabis Benzodiazepines ephedrine, fluoxetine, carbamazepine, chlorpheniramine, section are Substances included in this than cannabis). Only three (8%) prisoners 5 felt urine drug testing to be fair (20, or 54%) 54%) or (20, fair be to testing drug urine felt and 18 (50%) felt that drug testing should be for hard drugs only (e.g. heroin rather KPMG Consulting (2000) also asked prison asked also (2000) Consulting KPMG program. urinalysis the of opinions their ers The majority of prisoners stated that they (17%) had elected to attend an education or counselling program. One prisoner (6%) reported increased drug use in response to 2000). detection (KPMG Consulting response they had decreased their drug use, use, drug their decreased had they response alcohol an see to requested had (17%) three three further a and worker, drugs other and ents reported that they had tested positive for illicit drug use through urinalysis, whom of11 (61%) prisoners reported that in that the threat of for sanctions returning a positive urine drug test did not deter them respond (49%) Eighteen drugs. using from A small survey of 37 prisoners was conducted conducted was prisoners 37 of survey small A by KPMG Consulting (2000). The majority stated 65%) or (24, interviewed prisoners of 18 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons dogs (othermethodsnotreported). detection drug including methods, various through detected drugs of total gamated shown in Table 14. The figures are an amal are detected substances on details Further 2000). Consulting (KPMG 1998–99 year financial the in substances illicit of session A total of 153 visitors were detected in pos police charges (Woodham2003). and restrictions visit received and possession in of drugsdetected or were other prohibitedvisitors 149 items result, a As ducted during the first six months of 2003. A total of 19,000 visitor searches were con Seizures from prisonvisitors 6 drugs (Woodham 2003). illicit of possession in found were prisoners 294 these, of result a As 2003. of months six first the in conducted were of the entire prison and 150 vehicle searches A total of 164,143 cell searches, 231 searches Seizures from prisoners ** Includes Serepax, Rivitrol, Rohypnol, In1998–99‘unidentifiedwhitepowder’ * Itis notstatedwhether this wasaone-ortwo-month timeperiod. Tablets** (number) (grams) Unidentified whitepowder* Amphetamines (grams) Heroin (grams) Cannabis (grams) Drug Panadeine Forte andValium. was includedwithheroin. Table 14:Seizures from visitors toNSW prisons, 1999–2000 (ABCI 2000) Quantity 355 858 43 16 16 - - - cial year 1999–2000 and shown in Table 15. seized from prisonersdrugs of is number reported total forthe on the finanInformation Wales prisons (KPMGConsulting 2000). drug detection methods used in New South other the around’ ‘get to easy was it that around’ urine testing and 15 (41%) believed ‘get to easy was it that believed prisoners Consulting reported that a total of 21 (57%) into prison (Butler and Milner 2003). KPMG either ‘easy’ or ‘very easy’ to smuggle drugs porting lifetime illicit drug use believed rerespondents male it 560) = wasn total (77%; 433 and female 127) = n total (74%; 94 2001The Surveythat Health found Inmate 68 weapons were seized (Amery 2002d). 106 items including bongs, tattoo guns and additional An found. were substances ited methadone, and 55.8 grams of other prohib andecstasy, diazepamincludingpills loose cannabis,of three bottlestablets30ofand 2002 Services 2002a). Between February and Marchprisons (NSW Inspector-General of Corrective Wales South New in made were finds drug In the financial year 2001–02 a total of 543 Seizures withinprisons Heroin (grams) Cannabis (grams) Drug Pharmaceutical pills (number) (grams) Unidentified whitepowder Amphetamines (grams) NSW prisons, 1999–2000 Table 15:Seizures from inmatesin 6 a total of 152 syringes, 219 grams 219 syringes, 152 of total a (ABCI 2000) Quantity 674 124 143 2 6 - - - New South Wales 19 ------No evaluative data on the 2003. detoxificationDecember at as provided were service establish three detoxification units in the was amount This 1999–2000. year financial was and 2000–01 in $1,320,000 to increased $1,245,000 in 2002–03 (KPMG Consulting per Service, Health Corrections NSW 2000; sonal communication, 2003). The Department of Corrective Services re ported that the total approxi costwas services detoxification provide of salaries to Office Head of inclusive $4,309,000 mately 2000). costs (KPMG Consulting Outcomes units (SCRCSSP 2002a). pris male 254 of half approximately 2001, In interviewed oners (2003) Kevin by reported experiencing drug withdrawals on recep Of sentence. current their for prison to tion medica receiving reported cent per 41 these, tion and ‘just over half’ reported receiving counselling for their withdrawal symptoms 2003). (Kevin Expenditure the from allocated was $660,000 of total A 1999 New South Wales Drug Summit to In addition to the drug and alcohol clinics discussed above, there is also a number of specialist detoxification units designed to treat believed prisoners to be at of risk de syndromes withdrawal complicated veloping (NSW Corrections Health Service website, accessed December 2002). These units are at Bathurst (six beds), Grafton (four beds) and the Metropolitan Remand and Recep tion Centre (four beds). Inmates with less as treated are symptoms withdrawal serious outpatients by ambulatory detoxification experiencing symptoms of drug and alcohol alcohol and drug of symptoms experiencing cent per 63 approximately with withdrawal, detoxifica require to reported receptions of 2000). Consulting tion services (KPMG ------Detoxification is provided to all prisoners riencing drug withdrawal symptoms upon entry to prison, the majority of which are for heroin (NSW Department of Corrective Services 2002a; KPMG Consulting 2000). Detoxification Over 50 per cent of prisoners report expe most commonly accessed forms of treatment treatment of forms accessed commonly most centres detoxification and rehabilitation were 2003). Milner and (Butler oners with a history of drug use, 138 (26%) (26%) 138 use, drug of history a with oners that considered females (45%) 52 and males The drug-free. become to help needed they incarceration. Sixty-one (25%) male and 23 23 and male (25%) Sixty-one incarceration. for help sought had prisoners female (29%) pris Of incarceration. during problem drug a In the 2001 Inmate Health Survey, a total of of total a Survey, Health Inmate 2001 the In prison female (64%) 80 and male (44%) 247 ers had sought for treatment an alcohol or to prior and/or prison in problem drug other norphine, naltrexone and acamprosate (NSW (NSW acamprosate and naltrexone norphine, Health Service 2001a). Corrections are are operated drug by specialist and alcohol with patients see who practitioners medical opiate, benzodiazepine and alcohol prob bupre- methadone, prescribe can They lems. prisons, including the Metropolitan Remand Remand Metropolitan the including prisons, Com Prison Bay Long Centre, Reception and They plex, and Silverwater Mulawa prisons. by the Department of Corrective Services. the Department of Corrective by Theof Corrections number Health a in Service has clinics estab alcohol and drug lished provided by the provided Health Corrections Service. Alcohol counsel and other drug programs, operated are units drug-free and services ling programs and counselling services, and drug- and services, counselling and programs bupre- methadone, Detoxification, units. free norphine and naltrexone treatments are The forms of demand reduction used in New New in used reduction demand of forms The South Wales prisons are medicated detoxi fication, methadone, buprenorphine and naltrexone maintenance treatment, inmate 3.1.4.2 Demand reduction 3.1.4.2 Demand 20 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons point duringincarceration. mates may also commence treatment at any in and 2000) Consulting (KPMG sentence their during treatment continue may tion incarcerato prior immediately methadone receiving were who prisoners All HIV.have given to prisoners who are pregnant or who is Priority 2003). communication, personal naltrexone (NSW Corrections Health Service, 120 for buprenorphine and less than 10 for estimated at just over 1000 for methadone, were figures daily average recently, More 2003). communication, personal Service, Health Corrections (NSW treatment nance inmates were receiving methadone mainte treatments. On 31 May 2003 a total of 961 maintenance as prisoners to provided are naltrexone and buprenorphine Methadone, Methadone andotherpharmacotherapies personal communication,2003). naltrexone (NSW Corrections Health Service, There are less than 10 prisoners in receipt of 1999 NewSouthWalesDrug Summit. program’sthe expansionresponse in the to Consulting 2000), (KPMG although this has been reduced months since two mately approxi was program maintenance done The waiting list to be placed on the metha Health Service 2001a). still prescribed methadone (NSW Corrections (1505 male, 323 female) were released while treatment in custody. A further 1828 prisonersers (398 male, 27 female) ceased methadone mencements in custody. A 762 totaladditional an of with 425female), 249 prison receptionswere (1028methadone on male, prison2000–01, year1277 financial the In further 300placeswere funded. response,In 1999a). Wales a South New of treatment program be expanded (Government recommended that the opioid maintenance Summit Drug Wales South New 1999 The com ------alone and does not include administrative include not does and alone oner. This is the cost for the pris pharmacotherapyper month per $176 Naltrexonecosts buprenorphine treatment. for estimated been not have Costs 2004). Viney and (Warrenyear per million $2.9 at program in New South Wales was estimated The health care cost of the prison methadone Expenditure in NewSouthWalesprisons. done and counselling is currently underway metha naltrexone, of trial randomised A those servinglongprison sentences. than treatment methadone stop to likely more were sentences prison short serving injectors drug Furthermore, forthcoming). with a history of imprisonment (Dolan et al., hepatitis C transmission in male heroin users with reduced mortality, re-incarceration and done treatment, was significantly associated in comparison with interrupted or no metha treatment,maintenance methadone in tion reten found subjects these of A follow-up 2003). al. et Mattick (Dolan, users heroin tion and syringe sharing among incarcerated effective in reducing heroin use, drug injec was prison in treatment maintenance done study demonstrated that provision controlled of randomised metha external An 1996). sharing among prisoners (Dolan and Wodak syringe and injection drug use, heroin ing reduc in effective was prison in treatment maintenance methadone of provision that found study external An 1993). al. et (Hall program methadone prison the of studies of Corrective Services conducted 11 internal Department the 1991, and 1987 Between Outcomes sonal communication,2003). costs (NSW Corrections Health Service, per ------New South Wales 21 - - - Department of Corrective Services 2003). Department of Corrective inmates with skills that reduce their chances chances their reduce that skills with inmates Correc- of Department (NSW re-offending of Services 2002a). tive In 2002–03, alcohol drug- or alcohol for inmates and4612 screened drug workers related needs, assessed and/or 5144alcohol their of inmates extent the manage- determine tocase in assisted problems, drug other ment and provided counselling and group programs to 10,096 inmates. preven relapse on Additionalprograms and education tion, healthy lifestyle and infection control (NSW period this during conducted also were AOD information provided in a number of Asian languages, a Vietnamese Drug and Alcohol Awareness Program and One-Day Health conducted Information in Programs of Department (NSW Arabic and Vietnamese Services 2002a). Corrective in up set were programs drug-free Intensive (Govern Summit Drug 1999 the to response are These 1999a). Wales South New of ment in operation at Cessnock, Parramatta and Emu The Plains Correctional Centres. focus is on pre-release and transition, providing their current sentence. These included indi- included These sentence. current their vidual counselling, group programs sessions and pertaining to the preparation of court/parole reports (Kevin 2003). Twenty- five (69%) of the 37 prisoners interviewed by KPMG Consulting (2000) had attended a group program related to alcohol and/or other drug issues. there that ensure to made been have Efforts are programs suitable for prisoners from non-English-speaking backgrounds. These programs include a short video covering Of 206 inmates with a history of problem atic drug use, 61 per centnon-medical of (n form one = least 125) at had undergone during treatment drug other and/or alcohol - - - - females who had ever sought treatment had had treatment sought ever had who females seen an AOD worker during incarceration (Butler and Milner 2003). worker in the previous four weeks. This infor- This weeks. four previous the in worker survey, 2001 the in reported not was mation (2%) 2 and male (9%) 32 of total a although and 36 per cent of female prisoners report prisoners female of cent per 36 and had 48) = (n use drug illicit of history a ing (AOD) drug other and alcohol prison a seen an Alcohol and Violence Package. 1997) (Butler Survey Health Inmate 1996 The 156) = (n male of cent per 24 that reported Minimisation Drug Education, Life Manage Life Education, Drug Minimisation ment, Problem Gambling Awareness, Drink and Management Anger Prevention, Driving 27 correctional institutions (NSW Depart ment of Corrective Services 2002a). These programs were: Relapse Prevention, Harm In the financial year 2001–02, the AOD HHPU HHPU AOD the 2001–02, year financial the In staff conducted an average of two health education per group programs week across been adapted to include aproblems parallel alcohol stream and drug with prisoners for Management Services 2000). (Gordon Training and Training (NETT) Treatment a program, 170-hour program originally designed for treatment of sex offenders but which has (Woodham 2003). The private Education, prison,Normalisation, a provides Centre, Junee Correctional tive Services (NSW Department of Corrective Corrective of Department (NSW Services tive alco- and drug 90 of total A 2001). Services hol workers provide services to prisoners provided provided to prisoners through the Alcohol Unit Promotion Health Drug/HIV Other and (AOD HHPU) of the Department of Correc Inmate programs and counselling services Inmate programs Both individual and group counselling is 22 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons Wales Drug Summit which enabled it to to it enabled which Summit Drug Wales South New the and Health NSW Strategy, Drug National the from funding additional received HHPU AOD Services’ Corrective of In the financial year 2001–02 the Department tion, 2003–04). communica of personal Services, Department Corrective (NSW week per inmates and in the health promotion groups is 1160 in AOD groups is approximately 580 inmates participating inmates of number total The groups. promotion health the in inmates 20 to up and groups AOD the in inmates each approximately10with prison each in week conducted currently are programs group two of average An p.75). 2000, ing described as ‘overwhelming’ (KPMG Consultservices drug other and alcohol to referral of levels with high, is services for Demand Consulting 2000). (KPMG 2000–01 in $350,000 to increased 1999–2000 financial year. This amount was the for staff alcohol and drug for Summit Drug Wales South New received 1999 the was through $175,000 of Funding 04). 2003– communication, personal Services, Corrective of Department (NSW strategies budget of $6.5 overall million for drug the and alcohol in incorporated are strategies reduction demand with associated Costs Expenditure organisations were unsuccessful. these from information further obtain to conduct meetings in some prisons. Attempts to believed are Anonymous Narcotics and The self-help groups Alcoholics Anonymous Department ofCorrective Services2002a). prevention and reducing re-offending (NSW relapse of issues addressing programs sive tions from community organisations, inten programs,contribu support peer included strategies.trial These of number a conduct - - - - sibility for their past offending behaviour. offending past their for sibility respon personal accept to them and enabling patterns thinking in distortions and encouraging them to identify common errors pants’ insight into their offending patterns, partici increasing in effective be to found 2000 (Gordon Management in Services 2000). It evaluated was externally was Centre Correctional Junee at program NETT The Outcomes not reported. was prisoners (8%) two remaining the for information and not, did (28%) prisoners Seven result. a as use drug their changed had a they that claimed (64%) attended 16 program, had who (2000) Consulting KPMG by interviewed prisoners 25 the Of ment Services2000). Manage (Gordon recommended also was the evaluation of drug and alcohol programs grams. A State-wide consistent approach to protherapeutic and treatment of histories conducted to study recidivism and offenders’ of the program and that an investigation be conducted to assess the longer-term impact mended that a one-year follow-up study be maintain these changes. The authors recom term was highlighted to enable offenderslong to the over support of importance The sary to reduce the chances of re-offending. helped them to learn the behaviours neces program the that stated also Participants ------New South Wales 23 (Kevin 2002) (Kevin DFW trial led have to the of introduction a differential sanctions model (Kevin 2002). This model is a harm reduction measureto retain injecting drug users in treatment by using specific cautionary sanctions for evidence of The use. cannabis for basis the the on evidence accumulated the is approach a of use the with association harm of degree cannabis of use for Penalties drug. particular 16. described in Table are prison rules and have at least three months months at least three rules and have prison of their sentence still to serve. Emu Plains DFW also requires that prisoners regularly attend alcohol and other drug programs (NSW Department of Corrective Services, 2003–04). communication, personal All DFWs allow entry to prisoners who are on methadone or buprenorphine, provided with Prisoners dose. their on stable are they excluded are conditions psychiatric unstable DFW. in Parklea housing from High attrition rates observed in the Parklea left to serve. Prisoners wishing to be housed housed be to wishing Prisoners serve. to left in Emu Plains DFW must be considered to have a relevant alcohol and/or other drug issue, have a history of compliance with - - - - - Penalty wing drug-free Expelled from Official reprimand for 42 days Loss of contact visits case management team and pending by Assessment penalty held in abeyance case management team Re-classification by Table 16: Penalties for drug use in the Parklea drug-free wing trial drug-free in the Parklea for drug use 16: Penalties Table 1st cannabis offence 1st cannabis offence 2nd cannabis offence cannabis 3rd offence 4th cannabis Offence other than cannabis Drugs a record a of record good behaviour in custody and have at least six months of their sentence oners have a history of alcohol and/or other and/or alcohol of history a have oners secu- minimum as classified be misuse, drug rity, be involved in centre-based employ ment, display motivation to change, have lematic drug or alcohol use and who have at least eight of months their sentence still to serve. Cessnock DFW requires that pris centre. centre. Parklea DFW is a three-month resi dential treatment program for minimum security prisoners with a history of prob lar urinalysis. They must also meet certain entry criteria. Entry requirements differ by correctional Corrective Services, personal communication, communication, personal Services, Corrective inmates DFW, a in housed be To 2003–04). must sign a contract and submit to regu number of beds provided in the DFWs is 34, is DFWs the in provided beds of number in housed prisoners 136 approximately with of Department (NSW year each wings these free wings (DFWs), are located at Parklea (formerly at Parramatta), Emu Cessnock Plains Correctional Centres. The total and Drug-free units Drug-free Three drug-free units, known as drug- 24 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons Use of amphetamines, heroin and cocaine cocaine and heroin amphetamines, of Use ers housed in the mainstream (Kevin 2002). in the wing and 25 wait-list control prison has been conducted with 25 prisoners housed A preliminary evaluation of the Parklea DFW Outcomes available asatDecember2003. un- was costs these of explanation Further 2003). SCRCSSP 2003; (Woodham dation equivalent to maximum security accommo day, per prisoner per $208 approximately is DFW a in prisoner a house to cost The annum. per $400,000 total staff, fication drug-freewings,of detoxi ation including Approximate costs associated with the oper- Expenditure 7 Theseare accurate to+/–1unit.Rawfigures were notprovided sotheyhave beencalculated * Excludes paracetamol. Total (alltests) Negative urinetests Positive urinetests medication Pills Morphine Cannabis from thepercentages. (any non-prescribed (NSW DepartmentofCorrective Services, personal communication,2003–04) 7 ) pre- andpost-introduction ofdifferential sanctions model,2003 Table 17:Urinalysis results for60prisoners inParklea DFW Tests pre-introduction 100 29 18 71 % 0 3 - - - tive urinalysis results appeared to decrease to appeared results urinalysis tive posi DFW,Parklea the at model sanctions differential the of introduction the Since control group. the of 17) = (n cent per 67 with compared as drugs use to continued prisoners DFW of 14) = (n cent per 57 indicated reports Self- community). the in useprevious with compared (as incarceration after markedly decrease to reported was groups both by 2002). (Kevin participants byin use drug of types all decrease a with date, to received well been has model sanctions differential The were notstated. in significance shown statistical are of Levels 17. Table Details types. drug all in 73 52 13 21 n 0 2 Tests post-introduction 100 85 15 % 1 0 8

~132 156 ~23 ~12 ~1 n* 0 - New South Wales 25 - - - - - 2395 hours of group work and 719 inmates 719 and work group of hours 2395 attended those groups. The Department of Corrective The Services pro of Department Corrective a program, promotion health one-day a vides Health Drug/HIV Other and Alcohol one-day and program and Promotion Hepatitis HIV, of Department (NSW Prevention Tuberculosis Depart- The 2002a). 2001, Services Corrective Related and Hepatitis HIV, an piloting is ment (NSW Workshop Issues Care Health Diseases personal Services, of Department Corrective 2004). communication, In the financial 2002–03, year the HIV and Health Promotion Unit (HHPU) delivered Costs associated with harm reduction strate reduction harm with associated Costs gies are incorporated in the budget overall strate alcohol and drug for million $6.5 of Services, Corrective of Department (NSW gies communication, 2003–04). personal education programs Harm reduction Departmental policy states that all inmates at reception must receive information transmitted on sexually infections, blood-borne within behaviours risk related and infections the correctional setting (NSW Corrections Health Service 2001b). cation programs, cation peer programs, education programs, pris to provision and vaccination B hepatitis bleach. and dams dental condoms, of oners Barber shops have also been introducedin a number of correctional centres (NSW Department of Corrective Services 2001). Other offered by programs the Department program Tips Survival Health brief a include in program management crisis a reception, at of event the an rare of outbreak HIV and a trained are inmates where program sweepers to clean up blood spills. 3.1.4.3 Harm reduction The forms of harm reduction used edu in New reduction harm are prisons Wales South - - - - cited in NSW Department of Corrective Services 2001) A collaborative, multi-disciplinary process process multi-disciplinary collaborative, A coordi implements, plans, that assesses, and options evaluates and monitors nates, needs. services to meet an individual’s (Inmate Case Management Policy 1999, Services 2002b). In contrast, Kevin (2003) reported an increased inmate endorsement approach. management case the for 71 per cent 71 of interviewed the 94 prisoners at case to management the rated prison be poor (NSW of Inspector-General Corrective Prison Prison where case management was found to be working well in some areas but with a tendency to ‘fall away’ in Overall, others. tion and application of the case management management case the of application and tion process’ (2000, p.4). Similar Mulawa findings at were Inspector-General the by reported The implementation of the case management management case the of implementation The process has been interpreta reviewed as ‘variable erratic, with finding Consulting KPMG management plan and program interventions interventions program and Depart- plan (NSW management months six every reviewed is and 2001). Services Corrective of ment prisoner. The case plan is used to determine the the determine to and staff, Programs used custodial staff and is the plan case The prisoner. security prisoner’s classification, placement, Each prisoner receives an initial case plan upon reception, developed in collaboration Services Inmate staff, classification between including treatment for illicit drug use prob use drug illicit for treatment including defined as: is Case management lems. A case management process has been imple been has process management case A the with prisons Wales South New in mented management, offender coordinating of aim Other demand reduction strategies/ Other demand reduction Further information 26 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons trained as peer educators each year (NSW (NSW year each educators peer as trained are prisoners 64 Approximately formation. in injecting safer including harms related drug- reducing on information contains It prisons. Wales South New in operation in program support peer HIV an is There Peer educationprograms at as December 2003. provided were data evaluation No Outcomes Services, personal communication,2004). Corrective of Department (NSW program fivethe for to costs allocated tion staff administra and salary of consistsprogram reduction harm and support peer cation, The current cost of running the HHPU edu Expenditure undertaken are shown in Table 18. tests of Results tested. not but counselled were 2428 further A prisoners.at-risk gets tar which program screening a of part as for blood-borne viral infections in 2001–02 A total of 4333 prisoners were offered testing Blood-borne virustesting of inmates(Taylor 1994). attractedand HIV relativelya large number prisoners’ knowledge and understanding of found to be effective in was its program aims education of peer increasing the 1994, In Outcomes personal communication,2003–04). Services, Corrective of Department (NSW costs resource and staffing within tained con are they as provided not were Costs Expenditure communication, 2003–04). Department of Corrective Services, personal - - - - - evaluated. The blood-borne virus program has not been Outcomes communication, 2003). personal Service, Health Corrections (NSW Service Health Corrections the by provided not are they as total this in included not are services Laboratory $900,000. over of budget a has which service, health sexual funded as part of a larger public health and The blood-borne virus screening program is Expenditure to hepatitis B(ButlerandMilner2003). exposed been had they that unaware were females) 25% and males (26% dents imately one-fifth of male and female respon- in males and 2 per cent in females. Approx- current infection) was found to be 3 per cent hepatitis Bof (surface antigen, prevalence an indication The of Survey. Health Inmate 2001 the in females (31%) 47 and males (28%) 197 in observed was exposure) past Hepatitis(coreB antibody, of indication an Milner 2003). unaware that Lloyd they were infected (Butler and 2003; being one-fifth approximately Milner with 2002) and (Butler Wales South New in prisoners female of cent per 60–70 and inmates male among cent per 40 approximately is infection C hepatitis prevalenceof the that reportsources Other HIV Hepatitis C Hepatitis B Virus Table 18:Results ofblood-bornevirus (NSW Corrections HealthService, tests inNSWprisons, 2001–02 personal communication,2003) Positive results (n = 4333) 0.06 17 % 1

753 50 n 3 New South Wales 27 - - - - prison. Among those who engaged in sex protected in engaged cent per 59 prison, in condom the of use reported cent per 43 sex, and bins 7 per disposal cent of inmates re for officers by harassed been having ported (Dolan et al. 2004). obtaining condoms Outcomes The condom program was feasiblefound in to prison be through assessment of vending machine utilisation and a prisoner survey (Dolan et al. 2004). Approximately month each accessed were condoms 24,500 (84%; majority The 1997. and 1996 between total n = 556) of prisoners were in favour of the program and 28 per cent of oners pris reported obtaining condoms the from machines. Seventy-nine per cent were aware of sexual activity taking place in ducted and has since expanded to all male are condoms 27,000 Approximately prisons. of Department (NSW month per distributed Corrective Services, personal communica tion, 2003–04). Dental dams are provided to female inmates. Expenditure The condom distribution program $400,000 per annum (NSW costsDepartment of communication, personal Services, Corrective 2003–04). Condom provision In March 1996 a trial of condom provision con was prisons Wales South New three in - - - - and Milner 2003). Presence of the surface response a of indication an used is antibody B vaccination. to hepatitis nations, 38 nations, per cent (n = 93) of males and nega tested females of 23) = (n cent per 39 (Butler antibody surface B hepatitis for tive Outcomes It has been notedvacci- B that,hepatitis of amongcourse full the prisoners receiving tions Health Service (NSW Corrections Health Health Corrections (NSW Service Health tions communication, 2003). Service, personal Expenditure NSW by funded are vaccinations B Hepatitis Health, so there is no cost to the Correc Health Service, personal communication, 2003). In the financial year 2001–02 a total of 754 of total a 2001–02 year financial the In prisoners were vaccinated against hepatitis B. A total of 358 prisoners completed the course of vaccinations (NSW Corrections tinue during incarceration (NSW Corrections Corrections (NSW incarceration during tinue Health Service 2002a). risk inmates, risk of regardless sentence length. Prisoners who have commenced the vacci nation course in the community may con Hepatitis B vaccination Hepatitis B vaccination is offered to all at- 28 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons oners reporting easy access in 1994, increas equipment improved, injecting of with 38cleaning per for cent bleach of to pris Access in 1994 and 1996 (Dolan et al. 1998, 1999). The bleach provision program was evaluated Outcomes personal communication,2003–04). Services, Corrective of Department (NSW annum per $55,000 approximately cost to estimated is programprovision bleach The Expenditure ing equipmentandtattooequipment. South Wales prisons New since in 1990 for cleaning provided inject been has Bleach Bleach provision * Figures are rounded tothenearest wholenumber. Injecting bleach Drinking bleach Throwing bleachintoanotherperson’s eyes Injecting more oftenbecause bleachwas provided Having namerecorded afterrequesting bleach Being searched afterrequesting bleach Table 19:Uses ofandconsequences ofrequesting bleachinNSWprisons (Butler andMilner2003) - - - Prisoners have been reported to have added 2000). Consulting (KPMG punishment and and consequently target them for urinalysis that officers would see them accessing bleach Staff reported that prisoners were concerned to inmates (Butler and Milner 2003). of the Departmental policy to provide bleach and 32 (22%) female prisoners to be unaware Inmate Health Survey found 172 (26%) male ing to 56 per cent in 1996. However, the 2001 shown inTable 19. are which of results bleach, requesting of asked prisoners about usewhich and Survey, consequences Health Inmate 2001 the in investigated were concerns These problem. placed with a liquid solution to combat this re been has used bleach The traces. drug bleach tablets to urine samples to mask illicit 14 10 % 2 2 7 9 Males* 13 17 19 28 n 3 4 12 % 2 2 3 2 7 Females*

n 1 1 2 1 4 7 - New South Wales 29 - - - ducts staff training in harm minimisation Con (KPMG interviewing motivational and sulting 1999). (Dolan and Rouen 2003). This suggests that suggests This 2003). Rouen and (Dolan a comic book format is a useful means of education. prisoner Barber shears have been identifiedpossible route of astransmission of hepatitis a C between inmates (Haber et al. 1999). In to a response this, number of barber shops have been opened in correctional centres (NSW Department of Corrective Services 2001). These shops follow strict infection guidelines. control con Services Corrective of Department The NSW, personal NSW, communication, 2003). The 367 that found Survey Health Inmate 2001 (53%) male and 94 (64%) female prisoners were aware of the service, but only (1%)four males and three (3%) accessed it. females had An educational comic covering harm re duction topics was developed for prisoners by the Department of Corrective Services. A survey was conducted post-distribution, results of which demonstrated a very high degree of knowledge among respondents Health Service 2002b; NSW Department of Milner and Butler 2002a; Services Corrective 2003), receiving 170 calls in 2001–02 and of Council C (Hepatitis 2002–03 in calls 150 - Naloxone Naloxone 9 in the financial years between years financial the in 8 its expiry date before its use is required. is its use its expiry date before format. graphical in presented as the data were not provided were figures Actual may reach as naloxone the actual number of doses administered, does not reflect figure This 9 8 been provided since July 2001 to inmates, Corrections (NSW families inmates’ and staff helpline Depart is the and provided Wales South New of by Council the Hepatitis has helpline The C Services. Corrective of ment Other harm reduction strategies/ Other harm reduction Further information A free, confidential hepatitis C telephone There are no needle and syringe programs in in programs syringe and needle no are There in New South Wales prisons. operation administration has not been evaluated. administration Needle and syringe programs naloxone purchases totalled $8,374454 vials (NSW Corrections Health Service, for communication, 2003). personal Expenditure and outcomes Expenditure Between March 2002 and March 2003, fatal overdoses in prison. Of these, five (36%) (36%) five these, Of prison. in overdoses fatal males and five (42%) females had received and Milner 2003). (Butler naloxone 2000). A total of 14 (8%) male and 12 (16%) (16%) 12 and male (8%) 14 of total A 2000). Health Inmate 2001 the in prisoners female Survey had experienced one or more non- New South Wales prisons ranged from 75 to to 75 from ranged prisons Wales South New year per 100 1994–95 and 1998–99 (KPMG Consulting Overdose and naloxone administration and naloxone Overdose The number of reported drug overdoses in 30 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons (Ngara Nura) has been in operation at Long A Pre-release Therapeutic Rehabilitation Unit programs (KPMGConsulting 2000). naltrexone and buprenorphine methadone, prisoners on substitution treatments such as of targeting includes This 2001a). Service Health Corrections (NSW programs’ other and treatment drug post-release and pre- lems with alcohol and other drugs, by linking comes for released inmates who have prob a Shared Care Model ‘to improve health out The Corrections Health Service has initiated provide supporttoprisoners post-release. to agencies community of number a and tween the Department of Corrective Services A memorandum of understanding exists be programs 3.1.4.4 Pre- andpost-release ment ofCorrective Services 2002a). Therapeutic Rehabilitation the UnitNura, Ngara (NSWevaluating of Depart-process the Correctiveisin of Services Department The communication, 2003–04). Department of Corrective Services, personal prisoners are encouraged to participate (NSW releaseto prior immediately Aboriginal and months 12 and three between for women houses program The recidivism. and use female prisoners with a history of substance providedProgram,to isHouseBolwara the transitionalsimilar A (pre-release) program, ices, personal communication,2003). issues (NSW Department of Corrective Serv development programs addressingskill a of range number a of complete and release to prior months three for unit the in housed ices 2001; ABCI 2000). Prisoners are typically living (NSW Department of Corrective Serv and aims to prepare residents for community of alcohol and other drug-related offending The unit is for male prisoners with a history November2000. since Complex Prison Bay - - - - - services to clients released in Wellington/ in released clients to services the project was re-funded and now provides the initial phase of the project. In June 2003 of evaluation process a finalising is Service Health Corrections The Redfern. and town Black Wellington, in released were who offenders adult drug-dependent covered Drug Summit. The first phase of the project Scheme has been funded through the 1999 Treatment Release Centre Correctional A Service, personal communication,2003). among ex-prisoners (NSW Corrections Health programs aimed at reducing the risk of death velopment of effective pre- and post-release isIt resultsthat de anticipated inform will following imprisonment in New South Wales. mortality) drug-related (including death of causesthe into conducted isbeing study A ment of Corrective Services 2002a). prisoners pre- and post-release (NSW Depart for support increased include also will This best practice programs to reduce re-offending.to implement a strategy to ensure delivery of The Department of Corrective Services plans two years (Carr 2003a, 2003b). Fundingfor the trial will be $6 million over ments will not be provided to these prisoners. pletely drug-free. Opioid replacement treat com remain to inmatesrequire will which drug offenders will be housed in the centre, repeat Only months. 18 over of sentences is to be trialed, targeting male prisoners with A prison providing mandatory drug treatment (Debus Council 2003). Sentencing established months, are being considered by six the than recentlyless of sentences of abolition the including re-incarceration, to Alternatives 3.1.4.5 Future directions and Central Sydney Area HealthService. Dubbo, Western Sydney Area Health Service - - - - - New South Wales 31 - - trial distribution by CHS of Milton bacterialanti- tablets at two prisons. The pilot will be evaluated after six months personal Services, Corrective of Department (NSW communication, 2004). the Department of Corrective Services will be standardised, accredited and evaluated. Drug Adviser Principal position, AOD A new and Alcohol, will be established in 2004. There will be an staff accreditedprogram and trainingservices offender pro for gram established as core curriculum at the New Academy. Services South Wales Corrective Harm reduction The Department of Corrective Services and Corrections Health Service have agreed to Department of Corrective Services 2001). The The 2001). Services Corrective of Department time the at opened yet not had which prison, at 2003 late in open to due was writing, of NSW 2002c; (Amery million $81.6 of cost a Services 2002a). Department of Corrective A randomised trial of naltrexone mainte nance, methadone maintenance and drug- free counselling was conducted South inWales prisons Newfrom 2002–03 (NSW Corrections Health Service 2001a). Results to be released. yet are Core AOD intervention programs run by Demand reduction A new prison(NSW unit is detoxification being a builtinclude will atwhich Kempsey, - - - and the and . Notably, this legisla Crimes (Administration (Administration Crimes drug use monitoring (Rouen et al. 2001). drug use useful useful in determining very recent drug use considered also is it However, hours). (1–36 expensive and impractical for continuous 2003–04). Saliva testing has a number of most perhaps testing, urine over advantages notably its resistance to tampering, and is Drug Summit and will examine the feasi bility of saliva testing as an alternative to of Department (NSW use drug for urinalysis communication, personal Services, Corrective in Long Bay Correctional Bolwara House in ComplexEmu Plains Correctional and the through funded be will trial The Centre. with these requests. The Department of Corrective Services will Nura Ngara in testing drug (saliva) oral trial vehicles vehicles both within and in the vicinity of also were penalties New centres. correctional introduced for people refusing to comply Detention) Act 2002 tion increased powers for correctional offi- cers to stop, search and detain people and rently reviewing the reviewing rently 2002 Act Amendment Sentences) of Summary Offences Amendment (Places of investigators (Government of New South Wales 1999b). The New South Wales Ombudsman is cur increase from 32 to 44. In addition,Department of Corrective theServices planned to appoint permanent drug corruption Drug Summit the number of visitor searches searches visitor of number the Summit Drug was due to increase by 1800 per year and the number of drug detection dogs was to Supply reduction In response to the 1999 New South Wales 32 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons The ANCD did not receive a written response from the New South Wales Department of Corrective Services. Queensland 33 - - 10 Drug-related deaths post-release Drug-related No information regardingof drug-related the deaths post-release number from Queensland prisons was providedDecember 2003. as at in relation to their drug and felt alcohol abuse prisoners of cent per Thirty prison. within that their alcohol and drug issues had not 2000). (Kilroy changed since incarceration Further information regarding female pris Appendix 7. detailed in is drug use oners’ deaths in custody Overdose No information regarding the number prisons Queensland of in deaths overdose drug as at December 2003. was provided the community prior to incarceration and 40 40 and incarceration to prior community the female of cent per 50 and male of cent per injecting of history a report receptions prison Correc of Department (Queensland use drug tive Services 2001a; Hockings et al. 2002). been also has incarceration during use Drug prisoners, female of cent per 25 by reported the most common of which was cannabis (Hockings (14%) opiates by followed (17%), et al. 2002). drug No in use data regarding located. were male prisoners by prison Of 100 female prisoners surveyed, 84 per cent felt that they were receiving no help Drug use by prisoners Self-report data have indicated that 60 per in drugs illicit used receptions prison of cent - - Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology), but has not of Criminology), Institute Australian Canberra: Deaths in Custody in Australia: 2001 National Deaths in Custody 2001 Deaths in Custody in Australia:

(e.g. Collins, L. (2002). (e.g. Collins, (NDICP) annual report. Program alone. to drug overdose data specific published The National Deaths in Custody Program collates information about deaths in custody in custody collates information about deaths Program in Custody The National Deaths 10 (SCRCSSP 2003). Prison capacity cent per 91 at operated prisons Queensland of the total design capacity in 2001–02 GEO Group and MTC provide health services services health provide MTC and Group GEO prisons. within the private sector are provided by the Queensland Depart- Health servicesQueensland the to by prisoners in provided the are public sector ment of Corrective Services. The operators 1 and 6. Health service provision (MTC), respectively. (MTC), Further information on the prison popula Appendices in detailed is prisons on and tion privately operated prisons, Arthur Gorrie and and Gorrie Arthur prisons, operated privately Borallon, are managed by the GEO Group Corporation Training and Management and (ABS 2003). Inmates are housed across by 13 operated publicly are which of 10 prisons, Two Services. the Department of Corrective Prison population The total number of prisoners in Queens (4433 males and 288 females) 4721 land is 3.2.1 Background 3.2 Queensland 3.2 34 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons implementation of the Action Plan was not the on Information training. staff of ment reviews of Departmental policy and develop research into new and emerging treatments, tion of prisoner programs, consideration evalua and and enhancement including Plan, Action the in detailed are goals of range A Services 2001a). Correctiveof (QueenslandDepartment tion responsibility for their health and rehabilita taking in prisoners support and encourage to aim and reduction harm and reduction demand reduction, supply on focus egies Strat services. delivering by use substance 2001–2005illicit addressPlan to aimsegic Strat- the under launched Plan Action An Prisoners 3.2.2 Illicitdrugs —policy needs be considered when determining determining the outcome. when considered be needs circumstances of each case and the prisoner’s vs heroin. However, the Act requires cannabis that the e.g. detected, type drug of basis the upon applied sanctions differential no areTherediscipline. of breach a or offence an with charged be and/or program ment to undertake a medical or behavioural treat their classification is considered, be required consideredwhen result test their have may result urine positive a providing prisoner a the cerning targeted and administrative testing, anonymously.isconducted testing as Con substances, illicit for positive samples ing provid prisoners punish to taken are ures With regard to random urinalysis, no meas Act 2000 imprisonment under the years’ two to up of punishment a receive may substances, illicit items,including ited prohib of possession in found Prisoners reported. Corrective2000 Act Services . Corrective Services states that states ------100 penalty units (i.e. $7,500) of or two years’ fine maximum a in result may prisons Queensland into drugs illicit as such items prohibited bring to persons by Attempts Visitors (Peach 1999). prisons State’s the across inconsistent as in mates for breaching punish the rules were to criticised taken procedures 1999, In December 2003. from the DUCO study were unavailable as at Results domain. public the in not is Report the appropriate sections below. The Mengler the Female and Prisoner Report Health Peach Survey the are from discussed Findings in (DUCO) Offenders of Careers Use Drug • Corrective of Department Queensland • of Review A Balance: the in Corrections • into Inquiry of Commission a of Report • been conducted,including: A number of reports and investigations have evaluations 3.2.3 Research and Act 2000 imprisonment under the ogy (forthcoming) Reports. (Hockings etal.2002) Survey Health Prisoner Female Services: Report) (Peach 1999) Queensland in CorrectiveServices ment ofQueensland 1996) tional Centres Correc Custodial Queensland in Drugs . Australian Institute of Criminol (Mengler Report) (Govern Corrective Services (Peach - - - - Queensland 35

- - - - - (46%), while administrative (i.e. random) samples accounted for 7168 (54%) of the 2000). (ABCI samples urine of number total Random urinalysis indicated that the level of of level the that indicated urinalysis Random drug use varies by correctional centre from average State yearly the but month, to month for estimated illicit substance use is typi 6 cally per approximately cent (Queensland personal Services, Corrective of Department communication, 2003–04). Breakdowns by not provided. drug type were Results from 1999–2000 indicated13,236 that urine tests(93%) 12,291 which of prisons, Queensland were conducted were in negative and 945 (7%) tive. Targeted samples wereaccounted for 6068 posi Urine samples are screened for opiates, am opiates, for screened are samples Urine phetamines, benzodiazepines, cocaine and cannabis. Positive test results for cannabis among prisoners who were received into prison within six weeks prior to testing are correctional the within use to attributed not centre, but are recorded as a State-wide result. This is due to the rate of retention of cannabis in the body being significantly (Queensland drugs other of that than greater personal Services, Corrective of Department communication, 2003–04). and, unlike in other jurisdictions, is both voluntary and anonymous. Approximately 8000 random urine tests are per conductedyear and results are used to monitorthe level and usage of illicit drugs and to inform development of strategies to Department (Queensland the problem dress ad communica personal Services, Corrective of administrative and Targeted 2003–04). tion, (i.e. random) testing is also carried out on centres, some in and, use drug of suspicion transfer or entry upon measure routine a as (ABCI 2000). Urinalysis program Random urine testing has been conducted monthly in Queensland prisons since 1999 ------below for Other forms of supply general seizure information. seizure general tors tors detected in possession of drugs or re lated items by dogs was not as provided at December 2003. See reduction/Further information Outcomes Information regarding the number of visi ices, personal communication, 2003–04). Costs for General Purpose and Active Alert not provided. were dogs $50,000 on Passive Alert dogs exclusiveper year, of salariesServ Corrective of Department and (Queensland transportation Expenditure The Department spends approximately employs 23 staff (Queensland Department of of Department (Queensland staff 23 employs communication, personal Services, Corrective 2003–04). (Queensland Department of Corrective Serv Corrective of Department (Queensland Dog The 2003). June accessed website, ices Squad includes the use of 12 vehicles and dogs dogs in operation. Fifty-six dogs are Gen Alert dogs Passive are Purpose (GP), 10 eral (PAD) and 15 are Active Alert dogs (AAD) Drug detection dogs There are approximately drug 81 detection noted that Queensland Department of Cor of Department Queensland that noted urinalysis consider not does Services rective to be a form of supply reduction. General General security methods that may impact on drug supply include perimeter patrols, reception searches, prisoner searches and electronic detection methods. It should be of drugs into Queensland prisons are drug detection dogs, a urinalysis program and electronic IONSCAN narcotic detectors. 3.2.4.1 Supply reduction 3.2.4.1 Supply The strategies taken to reduce the supply 3.2.4 Drug strategies 36 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons — policy and are punished accordingly. See have tested positive to forconsidered area sample prohibitedurine a with, substanceper Prisoners who refuse to provide, or who tam- be viewedasaguideonly. curacy of these statistics, and so they should Services expressed concern regarding the ac Corrective of Department 21.However,the and 20 Tables in shownare results Further * * Table 20:Results ofurinalysis inQueensland prisons —targeted tests, 1999–2000 All urinetests Total negative urinesamples Total positive urinesamples Amphetamines Benzodiazepines Heroin Cannabis All urinetests Total negative urinesamples Total positive urinesamples Unknown Amphetamines Other pharmaceuticals Benzodiazepines Codeine Heroin Cannabis therefore not comparable with data presented for other jurisdictions. Figures are approximate only. These figures total 100 per cent as they reflect the proportion of drug use for each drug type and are therefore not comparable with data presented for other jurisdictions. Figures are approximate only. These figures total 100 per cent as they reflect the proportion of drug use for each drug type and are Table 21: Results ofurinalysis inQueensland prisons —voluntary random tests, 1999–2000 above for further information. Illicit drugs (ABCI 2000) - communication, 2003–04). personal Services, Corrective of partment or administrative purposes (Queensland De targeted for taken samples urine of testing Health to provide a notional budget for the of Department Queensland the with made administration costs. An agreement has been and staffing excluding approximately year, per $120,000 costs urinalysis Random Expenditure andoutcomes 100 100 %* %* 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 93 93 7 7 1 1 2 3 1 1 4 (ABCI 2000) 6068 7168 5650 6641 527 418 248 633 263 121 79 79 13 13 33 13 17 n n - Queensland 37

- - - 0 0 0 1 0 10 16 (grams) (grams) Quantity Quantity (ABCI 2000) (ABCI 2000) Not provided Not provided Not provided Not provided Not Not provided Not 0 3 0 0 1 2 8 1 0 6 2 of of 16 seizures seizures Number Number Table 22: Seizures from visitors to visitors from Seizures 22: Table Table 23: Seizures from inmates in from 23: Seizures Table Australian Illicit Drug Report 1999–2000 Report Drug Illicit Australian Other Unknown Amphetamines Benzodiazepines Cannabis Heroin Other Unknown Amphetamines Benzodiazepines Cannabis Heroin Queensland prisons, 1999–2000 prisons, Queensland Queensland prisons, 1999–2000 prisons, Queensland These were found in the first week of a gov a of week first the in found were These ernment crackdown. Seizures within prisons Seizures to According a media release by the Minis ter for Corrective Services (McGrady 2002), seized items included two bags and balloons two of ‘green leafy material’, a ‘small amount’ of white powder and syringes. 11 The The also provided the information shown 23.Table More recent in data were not pro vided as at December 2003. Seizures from prisoners from Seizures - - - Australian is shown in Table 22.Table More recent data were not pro vided as at December 2003. Alert dogs. Information published in the Illicit Drug Report 1999–2000 Corrective Services, personal communica included methods Detection 2003–04). tion, Passive and operations intelligence IONSCAN, A total of 292 visitors were possession detectedof drugs in and/or paraphernalia in 2002–03 (Queensland Department of 2003–04). prison visitors from Seizures and are used in conjunction with intelligence intelligence with conjunction in used are and Cor of Department (Queensland information rective Services, personal communication, closely monitored. closely monitored. each $130,000 approximately cost IONSCANs operate, to year per $9,000 and purchase to a criminal offence, but may result in a non- a in result may but offence, criminal a contact visit only or the visitor may decide also are visits Future day. another on visit to to detect been have whether visitors prison in contact withwith illicitvisitors substances.charge to Positive used be cannot results The Department of Corrective Services also operates seven IONSCANs, devices capable These traces. drug microscopic detecting of detectors are primarily used in visitor areas searches, searches, prisoner searches and searches of of prisons. and other areas cells Other strategies that may impact on supplythe of drugs into Queensland (visitor) prisonsreception patrols, perimeter include Other forms of supply reduction/ Other forms of supply Further information 38 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons tion, 2003–04). The health care budget was of Corrective Services, personal communica health care budget (Queensland Department Services are funded through the base primary Expenditure ices, personal communication,2003–04). (Queenslandbasis Department of Correctiveassessment in Serv clinical a on provided prisons are all services Detoxification Detoxification services anddrug-free units. counselling programs, inmate treatments, detoxification, naltrexone and buprenorphine methadone, are prisons in Queensland used reduction demand of forms The 3.2.4.2 Demandreduction The total number of prisoners who may may receive methadone is who 45atanygiven time. prisoners of number total The to prison. nant and opiate-dependent upon preg admission both are they if maintenance done metha commence may prisoners Female incarceration. to prior treatment in were Women’s Correctional Centres providing they able to prisoners at Townsville and Brisbane Methadone maintenance treatment is avail Methadone andotherpharmacotherapies provided asatDecember2003. was information further no and 2003–04) Corrective Services, personal communication, of Department (Queensland domain public toxification service’. The report is not in the de outpatient ‘best the be to it indicated which of results conducted, been has tion An evaluation of buprenorphine detoxifica Outcomes not reported. ------Of the 100 prisoners in the female health health female the in prisoners 100 the Of treatment post-release. munity services prior to release to continue com to referred be prisoners that quires re program maintenance methadone The 2003. funding in 2002–03 and ceased receive on 30 June not did but 2001–02 in available A buprenorphine maintenance program was 2003. December at as provided was information further no and 2003–04) communication, Department of Corrective Services, personal (Queensland domain public the in not are and reports the however,programs; naltrexone buprenorphine methadone, the on conducted been have evaluations Internal Outcomes sonal communication,2003–04). land Department of Corrective Services, per methadone or naltrexone is $2,000 (Queens The cost per year to maintain a prisoner on Expenditure sonal communication,2003–04). land Department of Corrective Services, per problemsalcohol with pre-release (Queens prisoners for available also is Acamprosate Department ofCorrective Services2001c). (Queensland grounds medical on required is treatment pre-release unless themselves treatment this of cost the meet must ers who wish to commence pre-release. Prison problems alcohol and/or opiate with oners pris for available is treatment Naltrexone (Hockings etal.2002). should be on the prison methadone program they that believedprisoners of cent per 58 on the prison methadone program. A further currently were they that reported cent per survey who reported lifetime opiate use, 14 ------Queensland 39 ------communication, 2003–04). This is approxi is communication, 2003–04). This mately $140 per day (SCRCSSP 2003). No evaluations of the DFUs are known to have been conducted (Queensland Depart ment of Corrective Services, personal com munication, 2003–04). strategies/ Other demand reduction Further information No further information was obtained as at December 2003. Two drug-free units (DFUs) are currently being trialed in Arthur Gorrie and Borallon Correctional Centres. The total number of beds in these units is 65 (Queensland De partment of Corrective Services, personal communication, 2003–04). and outcomes Expenditure pro not was units drug-free the of cost house The to cost The 2003. December at as vided a prisoner in DFUs is the same as for the mainstream prison population (Queensland personal Services, Corrective of Department December 2003. Feedback from prisoners participating in the ‘Crying a over Walls’ program two-year of satisfaction period indicated a high level with the method of delivery, both group and individual counselling sessions (Sisters evalua other No 2002). Incorporated Inside interventions drug other and alcohol of tions in Queensland prisons were reported as at December 2003. units Drug-free Expenditure and outcomes and Expenditure and programs inmate with associated Costs at as provided not were services counselling - - - - - prisoners in south-east Queensland prisons. Queensland south-east in prisoners and individual counselling. A total of 834 prisoners participated in the program over a two-year period. It is available to female issues of illicit drug Incorporated use2002). Called (Sisters‘Crying Walls’, Inside the project includes education on and drugs harm minimisation, group programs A program was developed for (and in collab- in (and for developed was program A oration with) female prisoners to address mous run groups in some centres. Attempts centres. some in groups run mous to obtain further information were unsuc cessful. 04). Exact figures were not provided as at December 2003. Anony Alcoholics and Anonymous Narcotics provided by a number of other professional professional other of number a by provided Corrective of Department (Queensland staff Services, personal communication, 2003– Individual counselling is A also total available.of eight alcohol andworkers are other employed in drug Queensland cor rectional centres. Interventions are also Department of Corrective Services website, 2001) accessed June 2003; Fairbairn and are not available in all prisons. These include a Substance Abuse Preventing and Managing Relapse and a Substance Abuse Relapse Prevention program (Queensland and a Substance Abuse Aboriginal Program Program Aboriginal Abuse Substance a and (Ending Offending). Elective programs are behaviours specific more target to designed of Corrective Services, personal communi cation, 2003–04). Core programs include a Substance Abuse Educational Program tic models are used to guide intervention approaches to behavioural, cognitive and affective changes (Queensland Department and/or other drug problems are provided in provided are problems drug other and/or Queensland. These are abstinence-based. A range of counselling and therapeu Inmate programs and counselling services Inmate programs Group programs for prisoners with alcohol 40 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons (Queensland Department of Corrective Serv programs education peer any operate not The Department of Corrective Services does Peer educationprograms prisoners asatDecember2003. cific harm reduction education programs for No information was provided regarding spe Harm reduction educationprograms use duringpregnancy. gram to educate female prisoners about drug opiate overdose. In addition, there is a pro for administration naloxone and provision virus testing, hepatitis B vaccination, blood-borne bleach include in prisons employed Queensland strategies reduction Harm 3.2.4.3 Harmreduction communication, 2003–04). Department of Corrective Services, personal (Queensland cent per 40 approximately be to believed is inmates male among lence drug use) (Hockings et al. 2002). injecting The preva of history a have who prisoners among cent per (73 cent per 45 was oners The prevalence of hepatitis C in female pris 2002). with three males testing positive (McDonald 2001, in prisons Queensland to receptions The prevalence of HIV was 0.03 per cent in 2003–04). communication, personal Services, rective Cor of Department (Queensland request the basis of clinical indication or by prisoner on offered is testing C Hepatitis tested. be mately 95 per cent of prisoners agreeing to approxiwith blood, of specimensame the from possible is HIV for screening and sal univer virtually is B hepatitis for Testing Blood-borne virustesting ices, personal communication,2003–04). ------ii B ufc atbd ad eaii B No 2002). al. et hepatitis (Hockings antigen surface and antibody surface B titis hepa between made being distinction a prohibited problems methodological and vaccination, received have to known were 54 per cent of those testing positive However,positive.(n = 14) were 26) = (n whom of cent per 12 had B, hepatitis for cent screened been per 96 (2002), al. by et Hockings interviewed prisoners female 212 Of ices, personal communication, 2003–04). (Queensland Department program of Corrective Serv vaccination B hepatitis the into 2003. No evaluations have been conducted programwere providednot December at as Costs to conduct the hepatitis B vaccination Expenditure andoutcomes 2003–04). Corrective Services, personal communication, of Department (Queensland GPs for letters dischargetheir vaccinationsin outstanding to address this issue by specifying prisoners’ Department of Corrective Services attempts The completed. be can the schedule 12-week before released are they as program the complete not do prisoners of number largeHowever, a inoculation. accepting ity upon blood screening, with the vast major immunity demonstrate not do who oners Hepatitis B vaccination is offered to all pris Hepatitis Bvaccination the blood-bornevirus testingprogram. into conducted been have evaluations No of Health. Department Queensland the by funded is rective Services as blood-borne virus testing Cor of Department the Thereto iscost no Expenditure andoutcomes December 2003. prisonersmale for data were provided at as - - - - - Queensland 41 - - provided as at December 2003. provided as there is no designated budget (Queensland (Queensland budget designated no is there as personal Services, Corrective of Department communication, 2003–04). Outcomes interviewees 34 survey, health female the In Of prison. in drugs injected having reported these, 14 (41%) had attempted to obtain bleach for cleaning four injectingobtain, to easy it equipment, found had (64%) nine found (7%) one and difficult it found (29%) liquid bleach to be unobtainable (Hockings et al. 2002). No other data evaluative were cies on its provision to prisoners (Queensland (Queensland prisoners to provision its on cies personal Services, Corrective of Department communication, 2003–04). The method by which bleach may be ob a tainedask to by need prisoners inmates varies by prisons, correctional some In centre. Non-confidential sachet. a for officer prison requests may result in a cell search (KPMG 1999). Consulting Expenditure provided not were provision bleach of Costs Bleach provision within available generally is Bleach/detergent all correctional centres. There are no poli ------2001, p.10). 2001, ers ers and/or staff finding out that they were engaging in sexual activity, and (Pugh the belief condoms’ wear don’t men ‘macho that gram. gram. Obtaining condoms was reported to be problematic for a number of including the illegality of reasonssexual activity in prison other of fear embarrassment, prison, were mixed, but there was no evidence that evidence no was there but mixed, were any form of sexual activity had increased as a result of the condom provision pro cent of whom had used a condom at least once. Fifty per cent had used one consist ently. Attitudes toward condom provision 12 and 27 per cent of prisoners (depending prisoners of cent per 27 and 12 of form some in engaged had prison) the on per 88 sentence, their during activity sexual where condoms were available. A total of 1030 prisoners and staff were interviewed between that found study The 2001). (Pugh land Department of Corrective Services, per Services, Corrective of Department land sonal communication, 2003–04). However, into conducted was investigation an 2000, in prisons in prisoners of behaviour sexual the There are no reports available on the condom condom the on available reports no are There (Queens present at effectiveness program’s rective Services, personal communication, 2003–04). Outcomes During the trial, approximately 45,000 con 45,000 approximately trial, the During of cost a at year each distributed were doms $40,000 (Queensland Department of Cor The reasons for this were not provided. were this for The reasons Expenditure 1999 and the end of the 2002–03 financial 2002–03 the of end the and 1999 year Department (Queensland of Corrective 2003–04). communication, personal Services, prisons. A trial was conducted provision of condoms to prisoners in three into the Queensland correctional centres between Condom provision Condoms are unavailable in Queensland 42 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons use is required (Queensland Department of Department (Queenslandrequired is use the drug may reach its expiry date before its however,as administered doses of number the calculate to possible not is It supplies. naloxone on year per $830 approximately The Department of Corrective Services spends Expenditure andoutcomes December 2003. at as naloxone received who prisoners of number the regarding provided was tion informa 2001d).No Services Corrective of Department (Queensland opioids on dose Naloxone is used to treat prisoners who over December 2003. at as overdoses opioid prisoner of number the concerning provided were figures No Overdose andnaloxoneadministration (KPMG Consulting 1999). minimisation and motivational interviewing harm in Corrective trained are Staff of 2001b). Services Department (Queensland pregnancy in drugs about prisoners female educating at aimed program a has Centre The women’s unit at Numinbah Correctional Further information Other harmreduction strategies/ operation inQueensland prisons. There are no needle and syringe programs in Needle andsyringeprograms as atDecember2003. 2003–04). No evaluative data were provided Corrective Services, personal communication, - - ing of personal and other factorshavepersonalother that of and ing the participants obtain a better understand surrounding area prisonsBrisbaneof the in number and a in programMotivationTreatment and to tion land (ADFQ) provides a Pre-Release Orienta The Alcohol and Drug Foundation Queens programs 3.2.4.4 Pre- andpost-release communication, 2003–04). Department of Corrective Services, personal in all prisons by the end of 2003 (Queensland writing, that the program would be available post-release. It was anticipated, at the time munity of agencies that can provide assistance com with linkages and support emotional to provide information, planning assistance, basis after a basic self-assessment. The as-needs aiman ison prisoner the by completed are which modules of number a involves program The developed. being is program pre-release departmental standardised A mation was provided as at December 2003. communication, 2003–04). No further infor Department of Corrective Services, personal (Queensland 2003–04 year financial the in evaluated be will programs of number A 3.2.4.5 Future directions (see program pre-release a of development the ers. This is currently being addressed through of pre- and post-release programs for prison The Peach Report (1999) highlighted a lack community post-release. with appropriate treatment programs in the also aims to encourage prisoners to engage contributed to their drug use in the past. It Future directions . The program aims to help below). ------Queensland 43 44 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons Victoria 45

- - - - It is also the drug most drug the also is It 11 respondents had in engaged drug illicit use respondents (McLachlan incarceration to prior year the in an unreleased In 2002, unpublished). 2000, found a life the by Institute Burnet survey of drug in use injecting 65 time prevalence per cent of a random sample of prisoners 2002). al. et (Hellard Cannabis is the most commonly reported drug used in prison, with 34 per cent prisoners of reporting its use on at least one McLachlan 620; = n (total year per occasion unpublished). 2000, $3 million was allocatedDepart- Victorian for The provision services. of health mental ment of Human Services is responsible for psy and health of provision the monitoring chiatric services across all Victorian prisons policy of development the with assisting and personal Victoria, (Corrections standards and communication, 2002–04). Drug use by prisoners A self-report survey of Victorian prisoners carried out by the Department of Justice in 1999 estimated that 66 per cent of and services are provided to prisoners a of community wellbeing the ensure to standard drug that noted be should It maintained. is sepa operate services treatment alcohol and rately from prison health services, across and the treatment alcohol and drug of delivery is prisons contracted to drug specialist and Victo (Corrections providers service alcohol communication, 2002–04). ria, personal In 2002–03, the total funding allocation for the four health service providers was$23.4 million, of which approximately Fulham Correctional Centre and St Vincent’s Vincent’s St and Centre Correctional Fulham services health provides Health Correctional under contract to Global Solutions Limited at Port Phillip Prison. Health care facilities - - - - - below.

Future directions Future heroin, 34 per cent had smoked cannabis, 20 per cent had taken ecstasy, amphetamine or 20 per cent had taken ecstasy, cannabis, 34 per cent had smoked heroin, and 18 per cent had drunk alcohol. cocaine or speed 8 per cent had snorted pills, tranquilliser A figure for prisoners using any drug was not reported. Nine per cent of respondents had smoked had smoked cent of respondents Nine per any drug was not reported. using for prisoners A figure provides its own health services to prisoners at at prisoners to services health own its provides 11 Health services in public prisons are provided provided are prisons public in services Health Healthcare Shores Pacific by contract under Australia Group GEO while Forensicare, and Appendices 1 and 8. Health service provision in Further information on the prison popula tion and on Victorian is prisons detailed in Corrections Long-Term Management Strat Management Long-Term Corrections communi personal Victoria, (Corrections egy provided is detail Further 2002–04). cation, ons ons were operating at per 112 cent of the total design capacity (SCRCSSP 2003). The growing demand for prison beds is being a of implementation the through addressed per cent. Due to this increaseprison system Victoria’shas experienced a shortage of permanent beds, and in 2001–02 pris Prison capacity Between 1998–99 and 2002–03, prisoner in numbers 27.6 Victoria by increased have managed by the GEO Group and Limited, respectively. Solutions Global — The Public Correctional Enterprise). The Correctional Fulham prisons, two remaining Phillip privately are and Prison, Centre Port in Victoria. The adult prison system currently currently system prison adult The Victoria. in oper are which of 11 prisons, 13 comprises CORE (formerly Victoria Corrections by ated on 30 June 2002 (ABS 2003).is Corrections Justice, of Department the within Victoria, system corrections adult the for responsible Prison population The total number of prisoners in Victoria was 3540 (3286 males and 254 females) 3.3.1 Background 3.3 Victoria 3.3 46 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons tion, 2002–04). (CorrectionspersonalVictoria, communica fromoverdosesdrug 2000 September since died have prisoners No 1999). Consulting corded by the Department of Justice (KPMG between 44 and 74 non-fatal overdoses re 1987 and June 1999 there were 14 fatal and Justiceof Department 2001). July Between prisoners died from eight drug 2000, overdoses June and (Victorian 1995 July Between Overdose deathsincustody 2000, unpublished). (McLachlan use daily reporting cent per 5 reported by 26 per cent of respondents, with prisonwas usein drug Injecting 2002–04). communication, personal Victoria, rections frequently detected through urinalysis (Cor 13 12 who had multiple episodes of incarceration. weeks following release and among prisoners overdoseof deaths occurred thefirstin few natural deaths of ex-prisoners. The majority 2003). This represented 60 release per centtheir of all following un toxicity that a total of 479 ex-prisoners died of drug deaths were heroin-related. This study found the these of half over of community, andgeneral that times ten rate death natural un- an had prisoners Victorian that found A study of coronial files on unnatural deaths Drug-related deathspost-release Release dates were betweenJanuary1990 andDecember1999. The NationalDeaths inCustody Program collatesinformationaboutdeaths incustody published data specific todrugoverdose alone. Program (NDICP)annualreport. (e.g. Collins, L.(2002). Deaths inCustodyAustralia: 2001 NationalDeaths in Custody 12 Canberra: Australian Institute ofCriminology),buthasnot 13 (Graham (Graham - - - - tions, the most recent being implemented implemented being recent most the tions, VPDS has undergone a number of modifica of drugs in prisons. Since its introduction the framework for the management and control policy the introducedsets was and 1992 in (VPDS) Strategy Drug Prison Victorian The Victorian PrisonDrugStrategy 3.3.2 Illicitdrugs —policy tion programs (Corrections Victoria, personal to participate in treatment and harm reduc prisonersencouraging on emphasis greater places and drugs illicit of classes different between differentiates goal, a as reduction are that it places greater emphasis on harm most significant The changes in the 2002–04). new strategy communication, personal Victoria, (Corrections whole a as munity com the and prisoners staff, for prison in drug-relatedactivity with harmsassociated the reduce or prevent to aims also It ers. prison by use drug reduce to and prisons improve ways to prevent drugs from entering KPMG Consulting, the new strategy aims to by made recommendations the Addressing repetition oftreatment programs. in reduction and treatment of continuity ensure to management case improved and recommendedtargetingbetter programsof Consulting KPMG treatment, to relation In prisons. within goal drug-zero a achieving of difficulty the given principles, misation drugs in prisons consistent with harm mini managing of aims the reconsider to need for continuation of the VPDS, but raised the completed in 1999, indicated broad support review,This 2002b). Justice of Department review a (Victorian Consulting to KPMG by conducted response in 2002 March in - - - - - Victoria 47 - - - -

The number of prisoners in each each in prisoners of number The 14 Justice 2002b). Justice at Appendix 9. Appendix at Visitors Searching visitors is an important way to limit supply drugs and with property prison reduce on found Visitors prison activity. from banned are equipment drug-related or Furthermore, period. 12-month a for visiting people caught by referred prison are authoritiesequipment drug-related with or drugs to Victoria Police to face the possibility of criminal charges (Victorian Department of Prisoners found guilty of a drug offence are are offence a drug of guilty found Prisoners to also User referred drug and alcohol treatment Drug Identified an undertake to providers response timely a provide to aims This and review. prison in use drug other and/or alcohol to to refer to prisoners drug treatment and/or to found Prisoners programs. reduction harm be drugs may trafficking also be to referred Victoria for which Police may investigation, information Further charges. criminal in result program, User Drug Identified the regarding meas management of hierarchy the including appears model), sanctions differential (a ures The major sanction used for drug use or drug drug or use drug for used sanction major The speci a for visits contact of loss the is dealing implementation its Since time. of period fied of Identi categories certain 2002, in March Incen Drug-Free the join may Users Drug fied tive (DFIP), Program under which they may contact lose they which for period the reduce the on visits contact to access regain To visits. demonstrate must Users Drug Identified DFIP, a submit to agreeing by behaviour drug-free samples urine additional of number specified traces. drug of clear be must that the mean total number of prisoners per day day per prisoners of number total mean the with an active Identified Drug User status 345. was 9. Appendix in detailed is category ------health and safety equipment for staff for equipment safety and health for test to breathalysers 13 of purchase the and system, the across alcohol drug detection efforts. strengthen places per year targeting prisoners at high high at prisoners targeting year per places risk of drug-related harm within prisons discharge to prior weeks last the in and pris and staff for risks health the reduce to occupational of trial the specifically oners, gram gram aimed at the reducing demand for prison in drugs Refer to Appendix 9 for further information. An additional average of 749 prisoners per day were classified as IDU-N. per day were of 749 prisoners An additional average 14 urine urine tests increase for second and subse quent offences and Identified Drug2002–03, In accordingly. User increased is status urine sample, or who refuse to give a sample sample a give to refuse who or sample, urine Pen status. User Drug Identified an given are positive for and use/possession drug for alties to stop using drugs. Under the program, pris program, the Under drugs. using stop to includ drugs dealing or using detected oners a with interfering or adulterating alcohol, ing prisoners who are using or dealing in drugs. drugs. in dealing or using are who prisoners the about users educate to aims program The them motivate to aims and use drug of harms A prominent feature of the Victorian Prison Prison Victorian the of feature A prominent Drug Strategy is the Identified Drug User program. This program is used to identify Identified drug user program • • to of an ion scanner the purchase • • strategies reduction harm of introduction • implementation of 400 additional program program additional 400 of • implementation • introduction of a Drug-Free Incentive Pro Incentive Drug-Free a • of introduction and boosted pre- and post-release help for drug-free. to remain who want offenders of the VPDS include: features Key dogs, increased prison cent per 50 a security, funded searches, drug doubledrandom increase in intensive drug treatment places communication, 2002–04). This strategy has doubled the number of drug detection 48 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons Independent • Investigation into the Manage- Auditor-General’s report• (1999): (1999). Consulting KPMG • gies and/orrelated issues. Theseinclude: which include data on drug use, published drug been strate have reports of number A evaluations 3.3.3 Research and where appropriate. below, discussed are reports and inquiries Findings from these research investigations, and use drug into research Independent • 2002). al. et Hellard 1996; Dolan and Pullman Webb- Crofts, 1996; al. et Thompson prisonstorian (Crofts Crofts,1995; al. et blood-borne virus risk behaviours in Vic Prisons ment and Operations of Victoria's Private Prisoner Welfare Prison System: Community Protection and situation (KPMGConsulting 1999). not reflect recent changes or the current StrategyDrug been has (see revised extensively strategy the that noted be StrategyDrug Prison Victorian (Kirby Report) (Kirby et al. 2000) above) findingsso and do (Baragwanath 1999) Victorian Prison Prison Victorian Review of the of Review . It shouldIt . Victoria’s - - ring there (Armytage 2000; Kirby et al. al. et Kirby 2000; (Armytage there ring of the State’s prison drug overdoses occur- cent per prevention46 obligations,with drug and security failed have to found Corrections Corporation of Australia, was politan Women’s Correctional Centre, the In 2000, the private operator of the Metro- Correctional Centre Metropolitan Women’s were notgiven. figures exact although 2002a), Justice of Department (Victorian use drug illicit in decrease a been has there that tions indica arethere and positive been have PhyllisFrostDame Centre, is reported to prison,the of management renamed the 2000). Stakeholder feedback on the new - Victoria 49 - - - - . 15 Illicit drugs — policy for testing, and prisoners engaged in the Drug-Free In Program. centive cent of the prisoner population being tested each week involves 5 per cent of the IDU prisoner population being tested each week are suspected of engaging in, or having recently engaged in, prison drug-related officers prison activity by being targeted • targeted testing involves prisoners who User • Drug Identified of testing additional Victorian prison authorities state that in they testing drug of level highest the undertake Depart- (Victorian jurisdiction Australian any ment prisoner of Justice detecting 2002b). of Urine means testing has principal the been 1992. since prisons Victorian in use drug conducted: are types of urinalysis Four • per 1.25 involves testing general random • random Identified Drug User testing took 41,748 searches in 2002–03 resulting in in resulting 2002–03 in searches 41,748 took 293 drug-related items being seized. Apart from the dogs’ strong a ability have to also detect they drugs visitors, on and prisoners dissuaded be may visitors as effect, deterrent from attempting to introduce contraband through the increased possibility of detec reported been has evidence Anecdotal tion. of some turning visitors away from prisons Vic (Corrections dogs the sighted they when communication, 2002–04). toria, personal Urinalysis program Outcomes The six Passive Alert dog teams funded by the Victorian Prison Drug Strategy under - - - - in operation across the Victorian prison prison Victorian the across operation in

The Drug-Free Incentive Program is discussed earlier in discussed is Program Incentive The Drug-Free 15 to maintain the other dog units were 2003. December at notas provided the the number of drug detection dogs operat Victoria, (Corrections prisons Victorian in ing personal communication, 2002–04). Costs Six of the Passive Alert dogs were funded through doubled the Victorian This Prison Drug Strategy $337,132. of cost total a at 2002 communication, 2002–04). Expenditure of these substances. There are currently 12 Vic all across operation in dogs Alert Passive personal Victoria, (Corrections prisons torian ons. Active Alert Active ons. dogs are trained to detect to and amphetamines and cannabis heroin, to an detection response display aggressive the private prison providers. prison the private and Purpose) General (aka Alert Active Both pris Victorian in operate dogs Alert Passive dogs system (Haermeyer 2003a). Separate dog of each and SESG the by operated are units Drug detection dogs There are three dog units consisting of 24 a division of Corrections Victoria), has also been established to provide strengthened the system. drug detection activity across general security general such measures as searches, Drug A detectors. metal and machines x-ray Se the by managed Team, Support Strategy (SESG; Group Services Emergency and curity in Victorian prisons are drug detection dogs dogs detection drug are prisons Victorian in and scanner ion An program. urinalysis a and breathalysers are also used in addition to 3.3.4.1 Supply reduction 3.3.4.1 Supply used reduction supply of forms main two The 3.3.4 Drug strategies 50 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons communication, 2002–04). personal Victoria, (Corrections 1998–99 in cent per 4.8 of rate test positive general randomfromthe decline substances, a licit urine tests were positive for one or more il In 2002–03, 3.6 per cent of random general 2002–04). communication, personal Victoria, rections (Cor Program Incentive Drug-Free the in participating prisoners on conducted were urine tests, 13,348 general (43%) were targeted and random 2020 were (15%) 4606 Of the 30,718 tests conducted in 2002–03, 2002–03. 30,718in to 1998–99 in 22,300 from significantly increased has targeted, and general random including collected, tests urine of number the 2002–03, and Over the five-year period between 1998–99 Figures are rounded tothenearest wholenumber. ** ‘Other’ drugclasses were notspecified. Thesepercentages donottotal100 percentasaurinesample maybepositive for * All random urinetests Total negative random urinesamples** Total positive random urinesamples*** Other** Amphetamines Benzodiazepines Opiates Cannabis more thanonedrug. Table 24:Randomgeneral urinalysis results inVictorianprisons, 2002–03 (Corrections Victoria,personal communication,2002–04) - - of $247,700 per year. funding receives which Program, Incentive Drug-Free the for testing of exception the Costs of urine testing were not provided, with Expenditure Corrections Victoria. by released routinely not are urinalysis of types other for Results 24. Table in shown are urinalysis general random for Results communication, 2002–04). in confidence (Corrections Victoria, personal pathology services which are commercial and — has its own commercial arrangements for Victoria, Global Solutions and the GEOCorrections — providersGroupprison the of Each <1 (0.2) <1 (0.1) <1 (0.3) <1 (0.5) 100 %* 96 4 3

4606 4443 163 122 15 21 n 7 6 Victoria 51 - - Approximately 32 per cent of prisoners have have prisoners of cent per 32 Approximately been detected as having used illicit drugs in prison (Wise 2003). These prisoners had tested term prison their during time any ‘at positive to drug or alcohol where use, refused cell to a in been or sample urine a supply drugs or alcohol have been found … [none they whether of] indication an are which of (Haermeyer not’ or drug-dependent still are 2003b). 2002 and June 2003 a total of 2476 breath breath 2476 of total a 2003 June and 2002 2003b). (Haermeyer conducted were tests prison visitors from Seizures and visitors of searches 27,791 2002–03, In undertaken were vehicles all across visitors’ Victorian prisons (including dog searches). 564 of seizure the in resulted searches These Vic (Corrections items drug-related or drug communication, 2002–04). toria, personal prisoners from Seizures detection of alcohol use by prisoners across all all have been Breathalysers across introduced for the prisoners by use alcohol of detection com personal Victoria, (Corrections prisons munication, 2002–04). Between December - - - - - $85,000 to purchase (Corrections Victoria, 2002–04). communication, personal used in conjunction with the Passive Alert dog dog Alert Passive the with conjunction in used teams to identify the drug type(s) detected approximately cost scanner The dogs. the by device that analyses vapours and particles for for particles and vapours analyses that device cloth person’s a example, for on, traces drug be will scanner the that anticipated is It ing. detectors. A 2000 Sabre Barringer Ion Scanner is cur detection drug a is This trialed. being rently (visitor) (visitor) searches, prisoner, cell, prison and vehicle searches, and metal electronicand detectionmachines x-ray including methods in Victorian prisons which may reduce drug reduce may which prisons Victorian in supply but which are not exclusively used for this purpose. These include reception Other forms of supply reduction/ Further information A number of other strategies are employed cations have also been reported 1999). Consulting (KPMG effectiveness of urinesub testingillicit of in masking and reducing flushing use, drug stances through the use of certain medi ing urine drug testing ‘easy to get around’ 1999). (KPMG Consulting the about scepticism prisoner to addition In respondents) believed that urine testing had had testing urine that believed respondents) not led to a change in the use of drugs in consider (59%) respondents 41 with prison, program have been conducted, the majority majority the conducted, been have program of prisoners interviewed in a small survey 74 of (64% Consulting KPMG by conducted Outcomes urinalysis the of evaluations official no While 52 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons programs currently in operation in Victorian There are no specific detoxification units or Detoxification (Tindal 2002). 1996–97 in $250,000 approximately from $5 million per year. This has been increased approximately is programs support release post- and pre- and programs methadone alcohol and other drug treatment including for Funding programs.treatment and tion User program may be referred to harm reduc Prisoners managed under the Identified Drug services. counselling and programs inmate therapy, torian prisons are detoxification, substitution The forms of demand reduction used in Vic 3.3.4.2 Demandreduction tion, 2002–04). (CorrectionspersonalVictoria, communica 2002 Strategy Drug Prison Victorian vised re the of part as 2003 June establishedin was program induction methadone pilot a program, maintenance the to addition In a methadonereduction program. oners who were on remand, pregnant or on entering custody, with the exception of pris to prior methadone received who prisoners were available only as reducing regimens for to incarceration. Previously these treatments tenced prisonerssen who to were in available treatment made prior been recently has Methadone and buprenorphine maintenance Methadone andotherpharmacotherapies at December2003. No cost or evaluative data were provided as Expenditure andoutcomes experience complicatedwithdrawals. toms,hospitalisationwith prisoners of who pendent on the severity of withdrawal symp prisons, although treatment is available de ------on opioid replacement therapy is available is therapy replacement opioid on at nine of the 13 prisons and commencement time. The maintenance program is available given any at inductions methadone 12 of maximum a for capacity the now is there addition, In treatment.buprenorphine and methadone for available being now places rian prisons by 100 places, with a total of 310opioid substitution therapy programthe to in access increasedVicto has expansion The munication, 2002–04). to date (Corrections Victoria, personal com tution therapy program has been conducted No evaluation of the present opioid substi Outcomes munication, 2002–04). Victoria (Corrections Victoria, personal Corrections com by developed being currently is program the in participate to prisoners individual for cost The place. program per cost the relateto costs these that noted be should It supervision. post-dose and ment manage case service health correctional isapproximately year,per $8,600 including cost the prison, in treatment continue to wishincarcerationwho to and prior diately imme treatment in were who inmates For norphine is approximately $11,500 per year. The cost for a place on methadone or bupre- tion, 2002–04). (CorrectionspersonalVictoria, communica received funding of $1,007,935 in program 2002–03 therapy substitution opioid The Expenditure Department ofJustice 2003). Operational Policy and Procedures stitution Therapy Program 2003: Clinical and in available is programregardingthe information Further Justice 2003). of Department (Victorian prisons three at Victorian Prison Opioid Sub Opioid Prison Victorian (Victorian ------Victoria 53 - - - - - 1355 612 756 2218 2002–03 2390 5673 1828 426 706 1147 Number of enrolments 2001–02 2015 3505 personal communication, 2002–04). personal The substance awareness program is com pulsory upon reception to prison and in cludes information on available treatment and the harms associated with drug use in prison. It also aims to increase motivation pro the Recently use. drug from abstain to gram was restricted to new receptions and decreased has enrolments of number the so accordingly (Corrections Victoria, personal communication, 2002–04). more) treatment programs and a further 700 700 further a and programs treatment more) enrolled in intensive treatment programs. These types of program engagement are not and mutually some exclusive, prisoners interven treatment of forms multiple receive Cor by cited 2003, (Ross year single a in tion rections Victoria, personal communication, 2002–04). The total number of enrolments in group (excluding programs assessments) 10,614 to increasing 2001–02, in 7612 was after the implementation of the new Drug Strategy in 2002–03 (Corrections Victoria, 2001–02, nearly 3000 2001–02, enrolled in prisoners 900 programs, reduction harm or education over programs, prevention relapse undertook or (40 hours in semi-intensive 400 enrolled - - (Corrections Victoria, personal communication, 2002–04) personal Victoria, (Corrections Victorian prisons Victorian prisons Table 25: Enrolments in prison-based alcohol and other drug treatment services in alcohol and other drug treatment in prison-based 25: Enrolments Table Intensive programs (120 hours +) (120 hours programs Intensive programs Harm reduction Assessments Substance awareness/orientation (1–40 hours) programs intensity Moderate (40 hours) programs Semi-intensive Over the past four years the number of enrol- of number the years four past the Over ments in education, harm reduction and treatment programs has grown steadily. In dependence for entry to longer programs communica Victoria, personal (Corrections tion, 2002–04). more stringent more entry criteria, such as being demonstrat or risk medium/high as assessed ing a significant level of drug or alcohol on cognitive-behavioural methods, group- based programs and intensive treatment Virtually programs. all prisoners in Victoria have access to the shorter programs, with and Dame Phyllis Frost Centre. Programs use use Programs Centre. Frost Phyllis Dame and individual including approaches of variety a counselling, psychosocial programs based 12 to 130 hours, with intensive treatment programs of four months’ duration at HM Centre Correctional Fulham Bendigo, Prison programs, relapse prevention, and semi-intensive and intensive Treatment drugprograms vary in intensity from programs. programs programs are available across all Victorian awareness, substance include These prisons. drug education, harm minimisation-based Inmate programs and counselling services Inmate programs A range of alcohol and other drug group 54 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons vided through the employment of approx- of employment the through vided Drug and alcohol treatment services are pro- Table 25above. in shown are years previous in conducted sessions counselling individual of number the and programs group to enrolments of number the of Details setting. group a for for unsuitable are who prisoners for sensitive or groups too situations or crises ing manag- for group, a entering for prisoners prepare to used is and capacity limited a in available also is counselling Individual more. or hours 40 of programs intensity higher- providing on focus increased an been has there and minimisation harm on placed been Strategy,has emphasisgreater Drug Prison Victorian new the Under tion. has been on alcohol and other drug educa programsprisoner of focus the past the In communication, 2003–04). Justice 2002a; Corrections Victoria, personal of Department (Victorian status User Drug Entrants must not have an active Identified life-skillphysicaland adventure challenges. bining cognitive behaviour therapy, practical This unit provides a 16-week program com recently been implemented also at Fulhamhas Prison.prisoners drug-dependent young treatment prison. A 68-bed life skills unit for Prison Bendigo, a specialist drug and alcohol programsof largenumber A HM at arerun Phillip Prison. drug counselling of and supportnumber a services provides at Port also Hall Moreland and Resettlement of Offenders. United Care Care the for Association Victorian the and Ltd Pty Caraniche including organisations community of number a by provided are Programs prisons. operated privately and publicly all across counsellors alcohol drug and part-time and full-time 50 imately - - plans. The demand for semi-intensive and semi-intensive for demand The plans. management individual their into written and alcohol issues and treatment options are All sentenced prisoners are assessed for drug the total throughput of prisoners each year. programs in Victorian prisons minimisation is equivalentharm and to education alcohol Corrections Victoria, for theprepared report demand recent for a drugto According and Demand forprograms grs te nomto i poie a a guide only. as provided is information the figures, recent not are they As 26. Table in ported reare These prisons(1999). public for ing Some costs were reported by KPMG Consult- ria, personal communication, 2002–04). ‘Turning the Tide’ strategy (Corrections Victo was an initiative of the Victorian Government’salcohol treatment programs inand 2002–03. drug Thisfor funds additional in provided $2,061,310was of total a However,rately. sepa a costed be not could them of as number prisons, private in programs inmate for costs full obtain to possible not was It Expenditure communication, 2002–04). personal Victoria, (Corrections throughout be approximately 25–35 per cent of prisoner intensive treatment programs is estimated to intensive programs Intensive and semi- prevention programs education andrelapse Drug awareness, Table 26:Alcoholandother drugprogram expenditure inVictorianpublic prisons (KPMG Consulting 1999) Expenditure, July 1996– $1,391,652 June 1999 $415,361 - - - Victoria 55 ------understanding of offender substance use use substance offender of understanding delivering of capable appeared and issues to a high standard. programs (cited in personal communication from Victoria, 2002–04) Corrections a well-developed service delivery system pris Victorian across operating already is able were to dem Service providers ons. and knowledge their in expertise onstrate the public prison system (Turning Point, communication, 2003). personal Other demand reduction strategies/ Other demand reduction Further information Prison, Phillip Port operated privately the At Moreland Hall (a community-based non- government organisation) trainsofficers, health staff and the staff of other prison they that so prison the within organisations may be better equipped to deal effectively with prisoners experiencing alcohol other anddrug issues (Uniting Care Moreland Hall website, accessed May 2002). Turning Point is also involved in officer training in Drug-free units Drug-free No drug-free units were in operation as at December system the Victorian prison in 2003. However, HM Prison drug-free Loddon a as is Victoria re Corrections by garded prison in that prisoners with an Identified Drug User status are not accommodated there. As in all minimum security prisons, any prisoner receiving an Identified Drug location this from transferred is status User communica Victoria, personal (Corrections tion, 2002–04). change and the development of service stand service of development the and change that concluded review literature The ards. The University The of University South Forensic Australia’s lit a conducted Group Research Psychology erature review, developed a service delivery framework and made for recommendations ------not found (Corrections Victoria, personal communication, 2002–04). However, unequivocal proof for the effective- the for proof unequivocal However, ness of such programs in producing long- term changes in offending behaviour was evidence that the array of treatment pro grams could produce the desired changes prisoners. of behaviour and attitudes the in programs, although there were many aspects aspects many were there although programs, could that regime operational prison the of markedly interfere with prisoners’ capacity to participate. The report also found good mented, using evidence-based treatment ap treatment evidence-based using mented, custodial and management Prison proaches. staff were generally supportive of inmate evaluation data on prison drug treatment that in programs Victoria showed programs imple well generally and designed well are unavailable as at January 2004, but informa but 2004, January at as unavailable Victoria. Corrections by tion was provided The Ross Report found that the available Psychology Research Group and the Ross com Victoria, personal Report (Corrections munication, 2002–04). These reports were through the commissioning of reviews con reviews of commissioning the through ducted across Victorian prisons in 2003 by the University of South Forensic Australia’s lighted a lack of formal or systematic evalu systematic or formal of lack a lighted conducted services alcohol and drug of ation across the system. This has been addressed Outcomes The Kirby Report (Kirby et al.1999) high 56 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons These programs offer a range of information were made available across the prison system. reductionprogramsharm in places ditional ad 4002002,Strategy PrisonDrugrian in As part of the implementation of the Victo Harm reduction educationprograms toria, personal communication,2002–04). reduction program delivery (Corrections Vic $190,000 was provided in 2002–03 for harm as at December 2003. However, an additional reductionharm programs providednot was of cost prisons.total some The in available and naloxone administration. Bleach is also borne virus testing, hepatitis B vaccination, programs, peer education programs, blood- education reduction harm are prisons rian The forms of harm reduction used in Victo 3.3.4.3 Harmreduction awareness program. services also See tion, 2002–04). (CorrectionspersonalVictoria, communica practicesisincluded saferinjecting on tion and the Dame Phyllis Frost Centre. Informa Centre Correctional Fulham Prison, Phillip to release and have been conducted in Port tion. These workshops target prisoners prior by VIVAIDS, a Victorian drug user organisa contractunder conducted shopshavebeen work prevention overdose of number A personal communication, 2002–04). providers(CorrectionsVictoria,alcohol and are delivered by contracted prison-based drug release.prisonsafeonuse Programsinand on subjects including blood-borne viruses and above, specifically the substance substance the specifically above, Inmate programs and counselling counselling and programs Inmate ------No evaluative information was provided as provided was information evaluative No Outcomes communication, 2002–04). personal Victoria, (Corrections 2002–03 in pro grams by the Victorian education Prison Drug Strategy reduction harm to cated allo specifically was $190,000 of total A Expenditure for more recent years (McDonald2002). Information was not available for females or in 1999, with seven inmates testing positive. cent per 0.5 was prisons Victorian to tions recep male among HIV of prevalence The were not provided as at December 2003. communication, 2002–04). Figures of uptake Victorian prisons (Corrections Victoria,Testing personal for blood-borne viruses is voluntary in Blood-borne virustesting toria, personal communication, 2002–04). gram has not been evaluated (Corrections Vic Education Program. The peer education pro Peer State-wide the of pilot 12-month the Funding of $250,000 has been allocated for Expenditure andoutcomes tion, 2002–04). (CorrectionspersonalVictoria, communica universal not is this although role, their of some peer educators may provide Nevertheless, this issues. as drug part on support and but are not designed to provide information operation in are programs education Peer Peer educationprograms at December2003. ------Victoria 57 - - - - in the prison population. prison the in the State Government (Corrections Victoria, (Corrections Government State the communication, 2002–04). personal strategies/ Other harm reduction Further information employed been recently has worker project A Burnet the from recommendations address to find and 2002) al. et (Hellard report Institute Survey Status Health Prisoner the from ings a implement will position This (unreleased). designed strategies reduction harm of range viruses blood-borne of spread the minimise to Naloxone is availablehealth 2003–04, In to prisonersoverdose. opioid inof event the naloxone that reported have providers service four times. has been used Needle and syringe programs There are no needle and syringe programs in operation in Victorian prisons. ConsultingKPMG (1999) recommended pilot that needle exchange a be other trialedto withprogram the the expanding of intention was the only rec if successful. This prisons ommendation not by accepted or endorsed to powdered bleach sachets in a manner that that manner a in sachets bleach powdered to minimises the likelihood that they will be A similar procedure targeted as drug users’. (Cor providers prison private adopted by is rections Victoria, personal communication, 2002–04). outcomes and Expenditure Neither cost data nor evaluative data were as at December 2003. provided and naloxone administration Overdose Bleach provision pris public within that mandates Procedure access easy given be should prisoners ‘all ons - - - Condoms are available residential visits only to(Corrections Victoria, inmates for communication, 2002–04). personal 2003. Condom provision Information on current costs and evaluative evaluative and costs current on Information data were not provided as at December widespread at present (Corrections Victoria, (Corrections present at widespread communication, 2002–04). personal and outcomes Expenditure Hepatitis B vaccination Hepatitis B vaccination is available but not Neither costs nor evaluative data were pro data were Neither costs nor evaluative vided as at December 2003. than people in the general community, irre community, general the in people than et al. 1997). (Crofts of IDU history spective and outcomes Expenditure Prison entrants have also been found to have have to found been also have entrants Prison had higher rates of exposure to hepatitis A Hepatitis Hepatitis B (core antigen) was observed to and male in cent per 71 and cent per 50 be female IDU prisoners, respectively (Crofts et al. 1995). gen) was found to be 4 per cent and 3 per cent in male and female prisoners with a history of injecting drug use, respectively. per cent in male prisoners and 60 per cent in female prisoners. B (surface anti of hepatitis The prevalence Prisoner Health Status Survey conducted by the Victorian Department of Justice, in which the of prevalence hepatitis C was 52 in male prisoners and 67 per cent in female in cent per 67 and prisoners male in (Hellard prisoners et al. 2002). The authors unreleased yet) (as the from findings cite also In a study completed in 2002, the prevalence prevalence the 2002, in completed study a In of hepatitis C was found to be 55 per cent 58 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons drug userecidivism.drug and projectThe evalu reduce to contributor likely a release, after community-based drugin or alcoholengaged treatment were participants of majority the available, not are data long-term while and, Melbourne of University the by ated custody.and evaluThisprogrambeen has childcare and reconciliation family ment, education, health, legal assistance, training accommodation, and employ- treatment, alcohol and drug to access support needs their addressing by participants to support providetransitionalto intended programis The problems. drug other with and/or alcohol offenders high-need and for high-risk program support post- release/transitional intensive an is Gap’ the ‘Bridging programs 3.3.4.4 Pre- andpost-release support toemployers. maintain a job upon release. It also provides tion and vocational training and to find and educa through prison in while ready’ ‘job to assist offenders and prisoners to become Program commenced in June 2002 and aims EmploymentCorrectionalPilot Services the transitional housing properties. In addition, and case-managed support tied to dedicated prisons; pilot the in worker placement ing hous a provisionof components: two has upon release. The Housing Pathways program targets prisoners at high risk of homelessness which PathwaysInitiative Housingrections Cor the is program this Complementing report hadnotyet beenreleased. the writing of time the At 2002–04). tion, (CorrectionspersonalVictoria, communica support worker and the releasee to the transition between process relationship the of value the recognising clients, and workers ation reports positive feedback from support ------booklet entitled entitled booklet a produced has Offenders of Resettlement and Care the for Association Victorian The communication, 2002–04). personal Victoria, (Corrections community the to custody from transition the ease to tence with information and direct assistance prisoners approaching the end of their sen provide to designed (TAP), Program ance Other initiatives include a Transition Assist and/or alcoholissue. violent offenders and prisoners with a drug offenders,sexual treatmentfor include will new prisons will be a program prison which ing of three new prisons in 2005. One of the prison, is scheduled to close upon treatment the open drug main HM the Bendigo, Prison developments, these to addition In • development of rehabilitation and prison • increasing prison • capacity by redeveloping progress, including: in are developments of number A 2002a). Justiceof yearDepartment (Victorian 2005 ducing demand for adult prison beds by the spentrebe on to $334.5m of total a with tegy was funded in the 2001–02A CorrectionsState Budget,Long-Term Management Stra- 3.3.4.5 Future directions Offenders 2002). Association for the Care and Resettlement of including drug and alcohol issues (Victorian advice on post-release issues that may arise, provide and release for prepare them help It Survive redevelopment of community corrections. diversion initiatives existing prisons , which iswhich , available prisonersto Getting Out and How to to How and Out Getting

to - - - - Victoria 59 ------cation, 2002–04). 12 for $739,000 over provided has Fund Dif the ‘Making a including projects new ference’ program to be piloted at Dame to aims program This Centre. Frost Phyllis of history a with prisoners female provide reduce to support intensive with use drug over drug and re-offending of risk their 2002). (Haermeyer dose upon release ment ment of Human It Services. is envisaged that this trial will assist re ex-prisoners methadone on community the into leased by subsidis treatment or buprenorphine of administration the for payment the ing immediately weeks four the for doses their following release (Corrections Victoria, 2002–04). communication, personal substitution therapy program and Vic torian Prison Drug Strategy will be con ducted in 2004. com personal Victoria, (Corrections able munication, 2002–04). Psychology Forensic Research Australia’s im and redevelop to used be will Group and drug of framework current the prove alcohol treatment services for prisoners. will framework treatment strengthened A be implemented in public prisons from July 2004. It will focus on drug-related offending and harm reduction programs communi personal Victoria, (Corrections as part of a new remand centre, due for Victoria, (Corrections 2005 in completion 2002–04). communication, personal a support post-release pharmacotherapy Correc between collaboration in program tions Victoria and the Victorian Depart • The Victorian Law Enforcement Drug • opioid the of evaluation independent An • avail made be will treatment Naltrexone South of University • the from findings The • Funding has recently been secured to pilot pilot to secured been • recently has Funding Demand reduction • A 25-bed withdrawal unit will be built - - - - introduced to alert visitors to the security security the to visitors alert to introduced and trafficking by caused risks health and conse the and activity drug-related other bring caught if face will visitors quences Victoria, (Corrections prisons into drugs ing 2002–04). communication, personal will be piloted in a number of minimum security prisons (Corrections Victoria, communication, 2002–04). personal with the introduction of the Drug-Free Department (Victorian Program Incentive 2002b). Justice of and the risk behaviours associated with prisons in Victorian its transmission Victorian prisons conducted by Turning com personal Victoria, (Corrections Point munication, 2002–04). tive Evaluation tive Survey conducted during the financial 2001–02 year the prevalence of the hepatitis C virus Melbourne with appropriate health services upon release the Gap’ Initiative by the University of • Additional signage and information will be be will information and • signage Additional • On-site or indicative drug testing methods methods testing drug • indicative or On-site Supply reduction increased being is testing urine • of level The • in activity harm-related of survey 2003 a • a 2002 study by the Burnet Institute of • results from the Prisoner Health Status • Initia Pathways Housing Corrections the • the results of a pilot study to link women women link to • study pilot a of results the • an external evaluation of the ‘Bridging due for release at the time of writing. These writing. of time the at release for due include: Studies and evaluations A number of studies and evaluations were 60 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons • A 12-month pilot of a State-wide Peer State-wide a of pilot 12-month A • opportunities increased be will There • Harm reduction use issues. prisoners with alcohol and/or other drug membersnetworksfamily of support for the development and implementation of educators will also be trained to assist in use both in prison and drug upon release. other Peer and alcohol of aspects tive cators to assist in the reduction of nega edu peer train will Program Education 2002b). searches (Victorian Department of Justice in equipment protective new of use the initiatives will be implemented, including trial of number a and training staff for - - • A Reducing Re-offending framework is framework Re-offending Reducing A • programvaccinationex is B hepatitis A • ing prisoners’ quality of life post-release. improv of and re-offending reducing of aims the with capabilities, personal increase and management risk prisoner improveto implemented currentlybeing 2002–04). communication, personal Victoria, tions (Correc 2004 in commence to pected 2002b). options (Victorian Department of Justice geted for access to appropriate treatment tar are re-offending of risk high at are who prisoners that ensure to designed A risk and needs assessment tool is being - - - - Victoria 61 62 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons 3.4 WesternAustralia in operation in Western Australia, 12 of of 12 which are run by the Department of Justice Australia, Western in operation in ian prisons (ABS 2003). There are 13 prisons 194 females) are housed in Western Austral and males (2606 prisoners 2800 of total A Prison population 3.4.1 Background system is unknown. prison public the in used those and Acacia strategies (and associated between costs) overlap employed of atdegree the as data to applied be should Caveats sector. prison separately from that provided by the public gathered was Prison Acacia for formation in proportionof a that noted shouldbe It Caveats ondata 16 1 and10. tion and on prisons is detailed in Appendices popula prison the on information Further munication, 2002–04). com personal Justice, of Department (WA annum per $2m is amount budgeted the Prison AcaciaHowever, at 2003. December at as provided not was prisons public the in drugs, other and alcohol including ices, budgeted amount for all prison health serv cies under contract to the Department. The arealsoprovidedServices agen byoutside Australia. Western in prisoners to services Department of Justice, provides health care the within Directorate, Services Health The Health serviceprovision Corporation (AIMSCorporation). Australian Integration Management Services (Acacia Prison) is managed under one contractand Justice) by of Ministry the (formerly The NationalDeaths inCustody Program collatesinformationaboutdeaths incustody published data specific todrugoverdose alone. Program (NDICP) annualreport. (e.g. Collins, L.(2002). Deaths inCustody inAustralia: 2001 National DeathsinCustody Canberra: Australian Institute ofCriminology), buthasnot ------approximately 30 per cent of the total total the of cent per 30 at approximately remained otherwise) or offence (main The number of prisoners with a drug charge Drug usebyprisoners in capacity 2001–02 (SCRCSSP2003). design total the of cent per 99 at operated prisons Australian Western Prison capacity post-prison release (Davidson 1999). months two within occurred had (4%) one in Western Australia between 1995 and 1997, Of 24 opioid overdose deaths in the community Drug-related deathspost-release man 2000). dose between 1991 and 2000 (WA Ombuds Three prisoners died of a possible drug over Overdose deathsincustody provided inAppendix11. are details Further arrest. to prior month per times four least at consumption drug other and/or alcohol reported respondents ment of Justice 2002b). A total of 112 (80%) Department of Justice in 2001 (WA Depart the by conducted was needs and teristics charac prisoner female adult of survey A WA DepartmentofJustice 2003a). in cited report, DUCO 2000; Criminology of Institute (Australian lifetime their over dependence of level high a showing cent per 50 almost with use, drug illicit regular of history a have Australia Western in ers prison male of cent per 80 Approximately (Government ofWesternAustralia 2001a). 1999 and 1993 between population prison 16 - - - - - Western Australia 63 - - - - - . . The (Smith 1999). (Smith

’ Prisons Prisons Act 1981 ‘it may be wise in fact to assume as a a as assume to fact in wise be may ‘it the riot concluded that a fully compre hensive program was required, including promotion and strategies reduction harm of extent The use. drug to alternatives of such be to believed was use drug prisoners’ that drug- are prisoners that of course matter not than rather dependent pointed an Inspector of Custodial Services Services Custodial of Inspector an pointed in 2000 under the Inspector’s remit is to ‘bring independ and standards the to scrutiny external ent to custodial relating practices operational of Inspector (WA state’ the within January services accessed website, Services Custodial announced conducts Inspector The 2003). and unannounced investigations issues, State-wide of reviews all also and prisons to recommendations and advice providing 15 of total a inception its Since Parliament. all of which been have published, reports domain. public the in are Riot at Casuarina Prison In 1998 a riot took prisoners 200 place in approximately Casuarinawhere Prison, caused over $250,000 of damage. Drugs were identified as a central contributor prison of a number which in riot, the to ers broke into a medicine trolley. Thirty over drug for treated later were prisoners into The doses. subsequent investigation Office of the Inspector of Office of the Inspector Services Custodial The Parliament of Western Australia ap Attorney-General 2002). Attorney-General number of visitors refused entry or number refused number of visitors at as provided were denied visits contact of number total the However, 2003. December (WA 2001–02 in 178 was visitors ‘suspect’ of

. ------below. below. Future directions Future to be in possession of with contact drugs recent in (or been whohave to are believed drugs) are either entry refused or restricted the regarding data No visits. non-contact to Prison visitors Visitors who are suspected, but not found, offences and sanctions received is provided provided is offences received and sanctions in Appendix 12. drug type identified, e.g. cannabis or heroin or cannabis e.g. identified, type drug offences drug with charged be may Prisoners including possession and use. Further in formation including the number of drug detail in of the regardless the same remain Penalties therapeutic community and the development development the and community therapeutic of a comprehensive monitoring framework elements. key the of success the measure to These elements will be in discussed greater the community. Additional changes to be inves an include plan new the under made tigation into the efficacy of a prison-based lishment lishment of two more drug-free units and transi comprehensive a of introduction the into back released prisoners for program tion number of drug detection dogs and urine the drug increasing pharmacotherapy tests, estab the programs, treatment and program The Justice Drug Plan includes a number of ‘key elements’ to increase supply reduc reduction harm and reduction demand tion, measures. These include increasing the (WA Department of Justice, personal com munication, 2002–04). the process of implementation. Total fund Total implementation. of process the ing for the plan is $2.135 million per year 2006–07 until 2003–04 from years, four for Justice Drug Plan the Drug Plan was launched by The Justice in is and 2003 May in Justice of Department 3.4.2 Illicit drugs — policy 3.4.2 Illicit drugs 64 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons Watson, J., • 2001 Summit Drug Community • Pris in Deaths into Inquiry an on Report • L., Smith, • include: prisons,in use drug to related information containing inquiries and reports Research, 3.4.3 Research and evaluations Data were notavailable for 2000–01. * Precise figure notreported Australian Institute of Criminology, • a Services: Custodial of Inspector WA • Prison in Women of Profile • drug detectiondogs Number ofprisoners checkedby drug detectiondogs Number ofvisitors checkedby as atDecember2003. wereunavailablefromthisstudy Results Use Careers of Offenders (DUCO) Reports ous pageforfurtherinformation) of prisons in Western Australia (see previ inspections detailing reports of number ment ofJustice 2002b) ons 2001a, 2001b) Australia Western of ernment Administrative Investigations) 2000) for Commissioner (Parliamentary man Australia Western in ons ber 1998 Incident at Casuarina Prison on 25 Decem Table 27:Numberofprisoners andvisitors checkedby drugdetectiondogs inWA prisons (Watson2002) (SmithReport)1999) Report of the Inquiry into the into Inquiry the of Report Report on Hepatitis C in Pris (WA Ombuds (WA (WA Depart (WA (WA Attorney-General 2002) (Gov Drug ------. The main forms of supply reduction used in 3.4.4.1 Supplyreduction 3.4.4 Drug strategies appropriate sections below. the in discussed are reports and inquiries Findings from these research investigations, The number of prisoners and visitors in Table 27. visitors and detailed isdogs prisoners detection drug by checked of number The eight doghandlers andonecoordinator. are There duties. passive and active both and two multi-purpose dogs which perform Passivedogssix Alert dog, Active Alert one comprises Section The basis. needs’ ‘as an operates across the remaining 13 prisons on which Section, Canine the form dogs eight alert and passive alert duties. The remaining active both performs and Prison Women’s Bandyup at based permanently is which of dogsoperation,detection in drug one nine of total a has Justice of Department The Drug detectiondogs tion dogs andaurinalysis program. detec drug are prisonsAustralian Western 1999–2000 Data not provided 11,757

‘Over 2,600’* 2001–02 23,462

- Western Australia 65 - n 33 34 92 227 1114 2309 1353 3662

1 1 6 3 63 30 37 %* 100 2001 and April–May 2002). 2001 Australia: targeted and random. Targeted urine tests account for the majority vast of cent). 95 per urine tests (approximately In 2001–02, there were 3662 urine tests conducted in all public prisons in Western Australia. Of 3662 tests, 2309 (63%) were negative and 1353 (95%) (37%)3472 for accounted weresamples Targeted positive. and random samples accounted for (5%) of the total 190number of urine samples. two across conducted was sampling Random five-week periods (in October–November were made, and 163 visitors admitted to drug use (WA Department of Justice, per 2002–04). sonal communication, number the regarding provided by were data drugs No of possession in detected prisoners of which with drugs the or dogs, detection drug 2003. December at as detected, were they Urinalysis program selection two for types of sample are There prisoners to undergo urinalysis in Western Western Australian prisons as at December checked visitors 3316 the of However, 2003. by Passive Alert dogs in Acacia Prison in 2001–02, a total of 246 drug detections - Table 28: Results of urinalysis in WA prisons, 2001–02 2001–02 prisons, in WA urinalysis of 28: Results Table Amphetamines urine samples positive Total urine samples negative Total All urine tests Cannabis Alcohol Opiates Medication (WA Department of Justice 2002c; WA Department of Justice, personal communication, 2002–04) personal 2002c; WA Department of Justice, (WA Department of Justice * These percentages do not total 100 per cent as a urine sample may be positive for more than one drug. one than more for positive be may sample urine a as cent per 100 total not do percentages These * number of visitors detected in possession of drugs by the Canine Section across all dogs dogs (WA Department of Justice, personal communication, 2002–04). actual the regarding provided were data No visitors visitors carrying 24 quantities of cannabis, two illegal tablets, one quantity of by white detected were syringes eight and powder of drug paraphernalia and 50 prohibitedequipment tattoo weapons, including items and alcohol (Roberts 2003). In 2001–02, responsible for seizures including 89 quan for seizures responsible tities of cannabis, 58 quantities of illegal such powder white of quantities 68 tablets, as amphetamines and heroin, 234 items Outcomes were dogs drug using searches 2002–03, In Justice, personal communication, 2002–04). 2002–04). communication, personal Justice, provided not was figure this of breakdown A as at December 2003. Expenditure The total cost $533,000 of(WA for Department 2001–02 of the dog squad was year year 2001–02 (WA Department of Justice, 2002–04). communication, personal In Acacia Prison, a total of 3316 visitors were were visitors 3316 of total a Prison, Acacia In financial the in dogs Alert Passive by searched 66 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons This figure is exclusive ofsalaries. spent. was $157,357 which of $170,000, was 2001–02 in urinalysis for budget The Expenditure type anddrugdetectedwere notreported. test by Breakdowns positive. be to found were (27%) 67 which of 2000–01, in tests Acacia Prison staff conducted 249 urine drug to 2001–02. use of medication decreased from 2000–01 by urinalysis. Cannabis use increased and the detected were opiates of uselow-level and medication and cannabis of use High-level positive onmore thanoneoccasion. used more than one drug and/or been tested the same prisoner may be detected as as tests, having urine positive returning prisoners of number the reflect not do results These 17 plus $2.50 persample. $27.50 costs screen drug urine sive privatethe prison,In Acacia,comprehen a cost would be $123.20 ($13.20+$55+$55). total the benzodiazepines, and opiates for example,if a sample is found to be positive which costs a further $55 per substance. For detected,substance each for test firmatory $13.20.Positive urinetestsundergocon a of Western Australia 2002a), giving a cost of (Parliamentsix) standard (the zodiazepines cannabis, opiates, alcohol, cocaine and ben amphetamines, for: tested are six substances Typically 2002–04). communication, stance (WA Department of Justice, personal prisons to conduct urinalysis is $2.20 pertests). The approximatesub initial cost in public a mean cost of $43 per test (total cost/total the total expenditure of $157,357, this gives under out carriedwere tests urine 3662 As The Department didnotestimatethis asit cantakeuptofourhours to supervise aprisoner providing a urinesample, dependingon inmatecompliance. 17 - - - - the effectiveness of urinalysis in Western Western in urinalysis of effectiveness the into conducted been have evaluations No Outcomes positive urine result is at Acacia Prison. It is also unclear what the cost to confirm a prisons.all thisfiguretorefers Acaciaor to tralia 2002a). It is unclear in Hansard whether is$62.30–$65(Parliament WesternAusof On average, the cost of a standard urine test Australian prisons. 2002–04). ment of Justice, personal communication, Depart (WA tested are prisoners which on dates the varying through resolved the issue of predictability has since been that states Justice of Department The and and HakeaPrisons, arguing that cised the urinalysis program at Casuarina InspectorThe Custodialof criti Services 2002b) Services Custodial of Inspector (WA them, iftheychoose. ‘preparethemselves’for can ers. They that are entirely predictable to prison intervals at is occur,it do tests When 2002a) Services Custodial of Inspector (WA tive deterrent. in any case does not provide an effec and risk-taking, encourage to as low so is detected being of chance The - - - - - Western Australia 67 - - - - - Methadone below). No evaluation has been carried out into the into out carried been has evaluation No services available. detoxification to detoxify each prisoner is $1,489, which comprises $1,484 staffing and $5 medica tion (WA Department of Justice, personal communication, 2002–04). This does not include the cost of a reducing regimen for prisoners entering prison on Scheduledrugs such 8 as methadone and buprenor phine, as this medication by the is received Department free of charge (see and other pharmacotherapies Outcomes On prison reception, inmates are assessed by nursing staff for detoxification treat ment which is available on basis an (WA Department as-needsof Justice, personal communication, 2002–04). Approximately annually out carried are detoxifications 1800 in the prison system for alcohol and other drugs (WA Department of Justice, personal communication, 2002–04). Expenditure is service detoxification the of cost total The cost The year. per $2,680,200 approximately fication, methadone and counselling buprenorphine programs, inmate maintenance, groups. services and self-help The total number of prisoners treated for illicit drug use in 2000–01 was 1914, and a successfully total com of 1492 prisoners drug illicit for treatment of form some pleted 2002b). Australia Western of (Parliament use was completion’ ‘successful of definition No provided. Detoxification 3.4.4.2 Demand reduction 3.4.4.2 Demand The range of demand reduction services in includes detoxi prisons Western Australian - - 11 dexamphetamine 11 tablets (WA Attorney- 2002). General main drug visitors smuggled into prisons. including seized, also was medication Illicit 18 morphine sulphate Contin tablets and A total of 776 drugs and related items were were items related and drugs 776 of total A seized in Western Australian Cannabis 2001–02. was reported to be the prisons in vided as at December 2003. within prisons Seizures Seizures from prison visitors and prisoners and prison visitors from Seizures Information specific to seizures made from prisoners and prison visitors was not pro further information was provided regarding regarding provided was information further 2003. as at December these procedures There There are policies in place regarding saliva testing and breath testing for alcohol, but No implemented. been never has former the use of electronic detection methods includ methods detection electronic of use ing x-ray machines, metal detectors andvideo cameras. exclusively used searches, for reception this patrols, purpose.perimeter include These prisoner, cell and prison searches, and the A number of other strategies are employed which impact upon the supply into of and within drugsprisons but which are not Other supply reduction strategies/ Other supply reduction Further information 68 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons receivingbuprenorphine maintenance treat methadone maintenance and eight prisonersreceiving prisoners 72 currently are There reducing regimen. a on put areincarceration to prior therapy werewho prescribed substitution opiate an but remand short-term on or positive HIV pregnant, not are who Prisonersprisoners. Justice, n.d.). High of priority is also Department given to Aboriginal (WA appearance likely to obtain bail are at who their subsequentremandees courtshort-term’ ‘very and positive, HIV are who those women, nant to incarceration. These categories are: preg prior medication the prescribed been have cial categories of prisoner, all of whom must spe three only to available are treatments Methadone and buprenorphine maintenance Methadone andotherpharmacotherapies implant to continue regular pathology. see their community doctor who inserted the to continue may implants naltrexone with does not provide continuity of care. Prisoners their own cost, but the Department of Justice tinue their treatment during incarceration at con may community the naltrexonein ing commence while imprisoned. Prisoners receiv naltrexoneprogram forprisoners wishing to a offer not Justicedoes ofDepartment The ing eight prisoners (WA Ombudsman 2000). details were reported concerning the remain no positive,and HIVprisoners thesewas of prisoners were serving short sentences. None 11 of whom were on remand. A further four andpregnant was whom of treatment,one male, four female) were receiving methadone the Ombudsman. A total of 24 prisoners (20 ever information from 1998 was reported by how provided, not was prisoners) remand or pregnantpositive, (HIV category each in of Justice 2003a). The proportion of prisonersDepartment Australia (WA Western in ment ------Expenditure reasons. unknown for abandoned was but 2000 in and cognitive behaviour therapy commenced naltrexone with prisoners providing trial A 2003 (WA Department of Justice 2003a). No prisoners were prescribed naltrexonewereon naltrexone (WA inOmbudsman 2000). May male) (all prisoners five 1998, December In (WA DepartmentofJustice 2002a). 2001–02 during delivered were Use stance on Indigenous Men Managing Anger and programs Sub 12 and Use Substance and A total of 15 programs on Managing Anger all public prisons, are provided in Table 29. prisoners. Details of the programs,sentenced of groupsavailable to programs, dictions in range of courses, including a number of ad a provides Branch Programs Offender The Inmate programs andcounsellingservices remandees) (WAOmbudsman 2000). by were 1999 and 1991 between suicides use histories soon after admission (16 of the substance 29 with prisoners of suicides of number large a followed response This health professionals (WAprison Ombudsman and Coroner 2000). the by criticised been has prisoners opiate-dependent to adone However, the restricted availability program. of meth therapy substitution prison the into conducted been have evaluations No Outcomes communication, 2002–04). personal Justice, of Department (WA itself medication the for Department the to cost no is There dispense. to year per prisoner $2,000 and buprenorphine costs $4,000 costs per treatment maintenance Methadone - - - Western Australia 69 ------Addi 18 High (100 hours+) High (100 Intensity level Intensity Low (5 hours) Low (20 hours) Low (35 hours) Medium (50 hours) Medium (50 hours)

year for programs ($5,000), drug and alcohol alcohol and drug ($5,000), programs for year NASAS the and ($131,000) salaries workers’ Jus of Department (WA ($12,000) program communication, 2002–04). tice, personal Outcomes Sub and Anger Managing the of Evaluations Depend from on Moving the and Use stance conducted, been recently have programs ency (WA available yet not are which from results communica personal Justice, of Department 2002–04). tion, given to suicide risk assessments (WA Depart- (WA assessments risk suicide to given ment of Justice, personal communication, 2002–04). Expenditure The costs associated with drug and alcohol counsellors in the public including prisons, was salaries, $689,000 in 2001–02. community-based by provided services tional Department the by funded not are agencies of Justice. for budget the Acacia, prison, private the In per $148,000 is programs alcohol and drug A ‘Driving Under the Influence’ workshop is available to Individual remandees. coun selling is also available, although limited resources mean that the highest priority is - - - below). Table 29: Substance use programs in WA prisons prisons WA in programs Substance use 29: Table Drug-free units Drug-free (WA Department of Justice 2003c; personal communication, 2002–04) 2003c; personal (WA Department of Justice salaries of Offender Programs Bureau staff, administration costs, etc. costs, staff, administration Bureau of Offender Programs salaries Breakdowns of this financial data were not provided. The data may or may not include the not provided. financial data were of this Breakdowns Managing Anger and Substance Use (MASU) Substance Use Managing Anger and (IMMASU) Managing Anger and Substance Use Men Indigenous Dependency on from Moving Program Workshop Relapse Prevention Prevention Relapse Female Program Group Female 18 prisons (WA Department of Justice, personal personal Justice, of Department (WA prisons communication, 2002–04). total of 58 enrolled, prisoners of whom 35 (60%) completed. The NASAS program is also available at Casuarina and Bandyup period. In the calendar year 2001 a total of 25 enrolled prisoners in the of program, whom 15 (60%) completed it. In 2002 a a Noongar Alcohol and coun Substance group provides Abuse that program (NASAS) selling to indigenous men. It is a 40-hour interactive program run over a six-week There There are three drug and alcohol counsel lors in Acacia Prison. In addition, there is based treatment, provides support to inmates inmates to support provides treatment, based infor- further for Requests Prison. Bandyup at regarding Anonymous Narcotics from mation unsuccessful. were groups prison work (WA Department of Justice 2003c). work (WA Department of Justice abstinence- self-help a Anonymous, Narcotics (to be discussed in (to be discussed Individual counselling is available to some group to supplement a as usually prisoners, of Justice 2003a). Prisoners completing this this completing Prisoners 2003a). Justice of accommoda for priority given are program possible wherever unit drug-free the in tion Approximately 70 prisoners participate in intensive programs (i.e. ‘Moving on from Dependency’) each year (WA Department 70 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons Prisoners may remain in the DFU at Wooroloo 2002–04). communication, personal Justice, of ment and one at beds) Acacia Prison (18 beds) (WA Depart (25 Farm Prison Wooroloo at one (DFUs), units drug-free two are There Drug-free units six prisoners, totalling 18 prisoners at any at prisoners 18 totalling prisoners, six of threeAcaciaunits Prisonaccommodates at unit drug-free The urinalysis. to submit inmates must agree to remain drug-free and Prison Acacia at DFU the in housed be To munication, 2002–04). com personal Justice, of Department (WA given priority for this unit wherever possible programs and counselling services (see program Dependency from on Moving the from Graduates 13. Appendix in provided are which of examples leges, privi and incentivesprograms, of range a is there DFU the In testing. targeted and two weeks) and are also subjected every to (approximately random testing urine regular to submit must Prisoners drug-free. be to commitment a make and problem drug a prisoners must have been identified as having stay. To be housed in the DFU at Wooroloo, of length maximum no is there rules; the by abide they provided release, their until 2002a) Services Custodial of Inspector (WA or otherillicitsubstances. usealcohol not prisonersdid for who privileges and incentives limited very using illicit substances. There were also rals to programs for prisoners detected medication and yet there were no prescribedrefer- on were Prison] Casuarina [at prisoners of cent per Forty-eight above) are Inmate - - - prisoner testing positive the for to cannabis. due was During This 2002. December and DFU between January 2002 (when Wooroloo it from opened) expelled was prisoner One personal communication,2002–04). individual needs (WA Department of Justice, months; this can be extended depending on housed in Acacia’s DFU for a minimum of six siveprograms prisoners.to be may Inmates one time. The DFU does not provide inten further informationwere reported. or strategies reduction demand other No Further information Other demandreduction strategies/ nal designwasimproved. and consequently was closed until the origi status drug-free its maintain to failed but A DFU was trialed at Nyandi Women’s Prison of the drug-free units that currently operate. No evaluation has been carried out on either Outcomes Acacia Prison DFU as at December 2003. for provided were data cost No 2002–04). communication, personal Justice, of ment no additional costs are incurred (WA Depart as for a prisoner in the mainstream prison as Wooroloo is $29,167 per year. Thisat DFU theprisoner in house a to cost Theis the same Expenditure munication, 2002–04). com personal Justice, of Department (WA contract breaches due to illicit substance use ers have been expelled from Acacia DFU for prison Two unit. the re-enter to able was completed a relapse prevention he program months, and two of time’ ‘punishment the - - - - - Western Australia 71 - - - - tion tion Control Committee and further review prac and equipment of control infection of tices (WA Department of Justice, personal 2002–04). communication, year (WA Department of Justice, personal communication, 2002–04). Outcomes review a conducted Justice of Department The conjunction in program Safe’ ‘Keeping the of 2002– during Health of Department the with in made were improvements of number A 03. of rewriting including review, the to response the address effectively more to program the needs training a prisoners, of needs learning Infec an of formation the staff, for analysis responsible for the Indigenous Blood-Borne Blood-Borne Indigenous the for responsible Communicable viruses, Diseases blood-borne in training Peer staff Project, total Education In development. policy and review policy $62,000 approximately cost functions these re in employed Staff salaries. in annum per through externally funded are projects lated Govern Australian the from received grants per $130,000 approximately totalling ment, personal Justice, of Department (WA annum 2002–04). communication, and Health Sexual Women’s the for Funding one for $90,000 was Project Safety Use Drug Expenditure Harm reduction also is who education staff of member strategies one by managed are ------(WA Department of Justice, personal com munication, 2002–04). munity-based organisations, the Aboriginal munity-based organisations, community and other government depart ments including the Department of Health C Shared Care Treatments program is being is program Treatments Care Shared C piloted in five prisons. These projects are being conducted in conjunction with com There is also a pilot Indigenous Women’s Sexual Safety Health Project, and Drug Use which targets Aboriginal women who have Hepatitis a and abuse, sexual of victims been Department of Justice, personal communica personal Justice, of Department tion, 2002–04). Safe’ program are designed to be delivered over time a at prisoners 12 and 8 between to two hours. The program is also conducted (WA English speak not do who prisoners for dental injury and tattooing. Treatment and dental injury and tattooing. Treatment lifestyle options for those already infected Sessions in are also discussed. the ‘Keeping course course and other sexual practices involving the transmission of bodily fluids, sexually transmissible diseases, sexual assault, acci hepatitis C. High-risk behaviours are also discussed, including needle sharing among inter anal unprotected users, drug injecting program program called ‘Keeping Safe’, mandatory on entry to prison. The issues associated program with hepatitis HIV, B and covers Harm reduction education programs Harm reduction an educational is there In all public prisons hepatitis hepatitis B vaccination. Staff also received including issues alcohol and drug in training blood-borne viruses. Harm reduction strategies in Western Aus program education an include prisons tralian called ‘Keeping Safe’, and condom testing and dentalvirus blood-borne provision, dam 3.4.4.3 Harm reduction 72 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons Blood-borne virustesting personal communication,2002–04). in August 2004 (WA Department of Justice, completion for due programis the ducted; of the Peer Education Program had been con effectiveness the into evaluations No tion, 2002–04). Department of Justice, personal communica ments such as the Department of Health (WA organisations and other government depart community other and Aboriginal with tion collabora in conducted is and prisons tan metropoli five at operation in is program Education Peer Project was initiated in Prisoner November 2003. The Health Sexual and Virus Blood-Borne Aboriginal pilot A Peer educationprograms in Table 30. 2001 and May 2002 (12 months) are shown June between conducted tests of number Department of Justice 2003b). Details of the cent of prisoners being tested annually (WA per 50 approximately with 2002) (Watson Testing for blood-borne viruses is voluntary HIV Hepatitis C Hepatitis B Test Table 30:Numberofblood-borne virus (WA DepartmentofJustice, personal tests ofWA prisoners, 2001–02 communication, 2002–04) Males 2228 2487 2173 Females

497 261 312 - - - - - hepatitis C to be 23 per cent in men and 46 Watson (2002) reported prevalance rates for 2003. December at as provided not were testing CorrespondingC and hepatitisdetailsB for (0.07%) were HIV positive (McDonald 2002). reception in Western Australia in 2001, two prison upon HIV for tested prisoners 6577 prison entrants are collected annually. Of the in infection HIV prevalenceof the on Data No evaluative data were provided as at at as December 2003. provided were data evaluative No Outcomes personal communication,2002–04). of nursing staff (WA Department of Justice, duties the in included is it as testing with associated salaries for provided were data cost No Laboratories. Health State the by blood-borne virus testing as it is conducted There is no cost to prison health services for Expenditure type was not reported. virus by breakdown A 1997). Act Drugs of Misusethe intoCommittee Select Assembly LegislativeAustraliaWestern of(Parliament tiveresult hepatitisfor hepatitisB, HIVor C of prisoners (441 of 2211 sampled) nityhad Drug Summita indicatedposi that 20 per cent Information submitted to the 2001 Commu females. housing prisons in cent per 59 to 0 from and males housing prisons the in cent per 36 to 0 from ranging prison, by markedly ratesdifferedalthough women, in cent per - - Western Australia 73 ------Harm reduction education ) and condom provision previously previously provision condom and ) were installed in prisoner toilets. This second second This toilets. prisoner in installed were be to considered was distribution of method The condom distribution program was ini prisons, two in months three for trialed tially Wooroloo Prison Farm and was It Canning months. three of Vale period a over Prison, evaluated externally by Matrix Consulting and Shafer 1998). (Penter Group Inmates at Wooroloo Prison Farm were re quired to order condoms through internal prisoners No each. cents 30 of cost a at mail Inmates method. this using condoms accessed at Canning Vale Prison (now closed) were which machines vending two with provided Expenditure The budget for harm reduction strategies pro dam dental and condom the including has vision program recently been reviewed. The combined cost for goods and services for the ‘Keeping Safe’ program (discussed earlier under strategies (WA year per $64,000 approximately totalled communica personal Justice, of Department tion, 2002–04). Outcomes The number of condoms distributed was not not was distributed condoms of number The its for responsible is prison each as available, own stock and distribution. Prison Health Services is presently addressinginstru audit an this of issue development the through legal State’s the in change recent The ment. 21 from sex homosexual for consent of age in revision consequent the with years, 16 to condom distribution policy, is anticipated Depart (WA figures utilisation on impact to ment of Justice, personal communication, 2002–04). ‘Exit kits’ containing a condom, lubricant to issued are information health public and prison. from inmates upon release - - - - - (formerly Canning Vale Prison) in March 1998 1998 March in Prison) Vale Canning (formerly State the in prisons all to expanded was and 2000). Ombudsman (WA 2000 July by Prison Prison where they are available on request from health centre staff. The first ing vendmachine was installed in Hakea Prison Australia. Dental dams Australia. are also to available with machines, vending via prisoners female Regional Goldfields Eastern of exception the Condom provision Condoms are available free of charge from vending machines at all in prisons Western No evaluative data were providedDecember 2003. as at personal communication, 2002–04). personal Outcomes of administering hepatitis B vaccinations as vaccinations B hepatitis administering of the of workload daily the in included is this nursing staff (WA Department of Justice, Costs were not provided from the Depart ment of Justice as hepatitis B vaccination is organised cost onthe aidentify to prison-by-prison possible not is basis. it Similarly communication, 2002–04). Expenditure Health Units to improve ex-prisoners’ access access ex-prisoners’ improve to Units Health to the immunisation program and follow- up (WA Department of Justice, personal plete the course prior to release. A number of partnerships have been set up with the Population Regional Health’s of Department with prisoners. An accelerated meas vaccination health public a as available is program ure for prisoners to ensure that they com oners in public and private prisons regardless regardless prisons private and public in oners of sentence length. It is also contact close availablein work who tostaff of members Hepatitis B vaccination pris all to offered is vaccination B Hepatitis 74 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons Needle andsyringeprograms Justice, personal communication, 2002–04). of Department (WA stage this at prisoners to administer to costs no been have there that understood is It opioids. on overdose who prisoners to administered is Naloxone Overdose andnaloxoneadministration ern Australia. Bleach is not available to prisoners in West Bleach provision Australia. madeavailable across all prisons in Western been subsequently have dams dental and disposal (Penter and Shafer 1998). Condoms evidence of condom misuse or inappropriate a success, with 272 packets accessed and no personal communication, 2002–04). Justice, of Department (WA staff custodial training program has also been developed for and/or infection control.counselling test A blood-borne virus virus blood-borne in ing a and viruses number of nurses have blood-borne also completed train on training receive staff medical and Nursing prisons. some at available is treatment C Hepatitis 2003. conducted was not available as at December training have completed drug and alcohol accredited Farm Prison Wooroloo at officers 80 Over Further information Other harmreduction strategies/ operation inWesternAustralian prisons. There are no needle and syringe programs in . The time period in which this was this which in period time The - - engage with these services to upon their likely returnmore be will release to prior cies receiving counselling from prisoners community that agenhoped is It agencies. based community- of number a fromcounselling ‘Triple P’), under which prisoners can receive There is a Prison to Parole program (‘PPP’ or programs 3.4.4.4 Pre- andpost-release 2002–04). communication, personal Justice, of ment and incorporates drug use issues endorsed re- (WAbeen recentlyDepart- also has reduce offending to strategy comprehensive A Department ofJustice 2003b). (WA $100,000 of cost a at evaluated and monitored be will effectiveness plan’s The thisplan. proposedunder have been below of Justice. The majority of changes detailed Department the by launched been recently policy — (see previously discussed As 3.4.4.5 Future directions communication, 2002–04). to date (WA Department of Justice, personal 2002, and 98 prisoners have enrolled in 2003 involvedParolePrisonto the in program in prisonerswere300 of total a PrisonAcacia At 2003. December at providedas not was ‘Triple P’ program in the public prison system The number of prisoners participating in the to thecommunity. above), a Justice Drug Plan has has Plan Drug Justice a above), Illicit drugs drugs Illicit - Western Australia 75 - - - communication, 2002–04). conducted. Harm reduction A project to establish a database and re porting system to monitor hepatitis B and hepatitis C prevalence is due to commence in early 2004 (WA Department of Justice, communication, 2002–04). personal The provision of bleach to prisoners considera under as is a measure reduction harm tion (WA Department of Justice, personal to be determined by a case refer- include management may sanctions These meeting. ral to a relapse prevention program or, as with use of other drugs, removal from the 2003a). of Justice unit (WA Department be will program therapeutic prison-based A en prisoners of group a comprising trialed, to up for treatment drug intensive in gaged 2003a). (WA Department of Justice a year medium- on studies longitudinal of number A violent sex, for programs high-intensity and and substance-using offenders are being Two new drug-free units will be established. established. be will units drug-free new Two Differential sanctions will be imposed on prisoners who use drugs while housed use in cannabis for sanctions with units, these - - Department of Justice 2003b). Department of Justice the number of intensive program places for places program intensive of number the total the bringing year, per 150 by prisoners at a cost of $600,000 (WA to 220 per year, (WA Department of Justice 2003b). Justice of Department (WA increasing is Branch Programs Offender The receive buprenorphine maintenance at any one one any at maintenance buprenorphine receive time. Each year will naltrexone be available with to a of 80 history opiate use. prisoners $957,000 be will expansion this for Funding The pharmacotherapy program will prisoners be 100 in additional an enable to creased to prisoners 50 for and methadone receive to of Justice 2003a). of Justice Demand reduction urine tests for preliminary testing as being is a considered prisons cost- more in all Department (WA method screening effective conducted in the metropolitan maximum security prisons will be increased from two to four times per year. The use of instant (WA Department of Justice, personal com munication, 2002–04). The frequency of random urine drug tests the Department of Justice $478,000 per year year per $478,000 Justice of Department the for four years. The Department anticipates that these will be operational by mid-2004 four new handlers will be located at specific specific at located be will handlers new four prisons — Greenough, Albany, Wooroloo/ Acacia and Bunbury/Karnet. This will cost increased to 15 dogs and 13 handlers, with and 13 handlers, to 15 dogs increased new dogs being trained to operate in both The capacities. Alert Passive and Alert Active Supply reduction be to is teams detection dog of number The 76 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons Western Australia 77 78 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons 3.5 SouthAustralia Prison, directly employs nurses and con and nurses employs directly Prison, Gambier Mount operates which Solutions, Department of Human Services (DHS). Global Royal Adelaide Hospital and is funded by the the of unit a is This Service. Health Prison Australian South the by provided are ons Health services in the publicly operated pris Health serviceprovision Global Solutions. by managed privately is Gambier, Mount prison,operated.areOne publicly which of 2003). They are housed in nine prisons, eight was 1461 (1377 males and 84 females) (ABS 2002 June 30 on prisonsAustralian South in housed prisoners of number total The Prison population 3.5.1 Background 19 (SCRCSSP 2003). cent of the total design capacity in 2001–02 South Australian prisons operated at 107 per Prison capacity ons are detailedinAppendices1and14. Further details regarding prisoners and pris with psychiatric servicesby theDHS. community (e.g. hospitals) and are provided the in services health public to access have However, prisoners at Mount Gambier Prison tracts other private health service providers. The NationalDeaths inCustody Program collatesinformationaboutdeaths incustody published data specific todrugoverdose alone. Program (NDICP) annualreport. (e.g. Collins, L.(2002). Deaths inCustody inAustralia: 2001 National DeathsinCustody Canberra: Australian Institute ofCriminology), buthasnot - - - ing (Gaughwinetal.1991). (60%) had also shared needles when inject ex-prisoners of majority The incarceration. themselvesinjected during reportedhaving ex-prisoners of cent per 50 approximately drugs at least once during incarceration, and estimated that 36 per cent of prisoners inject In the early 1990s, prisoners in South Australia Drug usebyprisoners cited inAlbertiandCowie2001). 1999, Services Health Forensic (SA prison cent occurred within a month of release per 13 fromand methadone on were cent per 5 between 1994 and 1997. Of these, less than AustralianSouth the in general community A total of 101 opioid-related deaths occurred (McGregor prison etal.1998). from release of weeks two within overdosed had cent per 12 overdose, fatal non- a reporting respondents Of Australia. South in overdose for factor risk a as fied Recent release from prison has been identi Drug-related deathspost-release Services 2003). Correctional for Department (SA custody in deaths all of 11cent for per accounting doses in South Australian prisons since 1990, There have been six deaths from drug over Overdose deathsincustody 19 - - - South Australia 79 ------were were arrested and charged by SAPOL, with a further banned persons 51 from entering Serv Correctional for Department (SA prisons communication, 2002–04). personal ices, alties imposed is provided in Appendix 15. in provided alties imposed is Visitors found Visitors to be in possession of drugs refused be may paraphernalia related and/or prison visiting from banned or visits contact Police Australia South by prosecuted and/or (SAPOL). In 2001–02 (October–October), a total into of 46 drugs visitors were smuggle charged to and trying 115 for banned were ending year the for indications Initial prison. October 2003 are that at least 26 persons Penalties for drug possession and for positive positive for and possession drug for Penalties urine tests increase for second and subse pris Any institution. each in offences quent is opioids for positive tests urine whose oner to Opioid the Substitu Prison referred also assessment and counselling for Program tion substitute. opioid an on commencement for be can cannabis to positive testing Prisoners not are but regimes different under managed subject to punishments linked to drug use (SA Department for Correctional Services, communication, 2002–04). personal pen of kinds the of example comprehensive A those for Category 1 (SA Department for communica personal Services, Correctional tion, 2002–04). (SA Department for Correctional Services 1998) (SA Department for Correctional Drug type injectable drugs violence that provoke alcohol and other drugs cannabis - - - - - Harm harm greatest harm great less harm Table 31: Levels of drug penalties in SA prisons of drug penalties in SA prisons Levels 31: Table Category 2 Category 3 Category Category 1 less than those for Category 2, and penal ties for Category 2 offences are less than cation of penalties is the responsibility of is There manager of the the prison. general considerable variation between prisons but are 3 Category for penalties the centres all in Under the policy, different levels of penalty levels different Under the policy, allo- The category. each for implemented are Department for Correctional Services 1998). Services Correctional for Department As a result, varying levels implemented, of penaltiesbeen have for use/possession drug 31. in Table as shown son with penalties for cannabis use) would reduce this practice, ultimately making the prisons safer for staff and prisoners (SA periods (e.g. heroin) in order to escape de tection. They argued strongly that heavier penalties for injectable drugs (in compari some drugs are detectable in the urine for longer periods pris of time (e.g. cannabis), oners shift to drugs with shorter detection oners oners who would have preferred to smoke shared marijuana using had injected heroin because that, perception a is There needles. Services adopted a harm minimisation policy. policy. minimisation harm a adopted Services During the consultation that preceded the a introduction of large majority this policy, of staff reported concerns that some pris Prisoners In 1998 the Department for Correctional 3.5.2 Illicit drugs — policy 3.5.2 Illicit drugs 80 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons strategies. operations, and routine and targeted search South Australian prisons include intelligence that may impact on the supply of drugs into strategies Other program. urinalysis a and dogs detection drug areAustralia South in used reduction supply of forms major The 3.5.4.1 Supply reduction 3.5.4 Drug strategies cussed intheappropriate sections below. dis is Summit Drug the from Information Summit website, accessed November 2003). in 2002 (Government of South Australia Drug A Drug Summit was held in South Australia 3.5.3 Research and evaluations ment for Correctional Services, personal personal communication, 2002–04). Services, Correctional for ment likely to be seen as threatening (SA Depart- to detect drugs on visitors because they are usedarenot Shepherds and German areall dogs AAD the Currently duties. protective perform also and prisons, including areas, Alert dogs are trained to detect drugs within Active The basis. targeted or random a on training. The handlers and dogs visit prisons tection (PAD) dogs, two of which are still in recentlyfiveimplemented Passive De Alert has and (AAD), Detection Alert Active vide pro to trained dogs Purpose General five manage who officers specialist custodial five comprises and Australia South in ates oper (OSU) Unit Security Operations An Drug detectiondogs - - - - tion, 2004). Correctional Services, personal communica increaseto for Department (SA 2003–04 in changes. The number of searches is expected as a consequence of staffing and functional 2002 in searches of number reduced a was There 2002–04). communication, personal Services, Correctional for Department (SA system the in in areas 675 in involved searches 4369 were AADs the 2000–01 In ment forCorrectional Services2001). Depart (SA crop marijuana a located also follow-up police A unavailable. were ures alcohol and (home-brew) were found. Again, actual fig paraphernalia drug cation, drugs,areas,whichmedi675 in in ducted 2000–01,searchesconweredrugIn 4369 Correctional Services2003). to 1333 across 113 areas (SA Department for number of random drug searches decreased was spent on training and consequently the in 2002–03, a considerable amount of time employment of new staff and additional dogsunreported. were figures actual although 2002–04), communication, sonal per Services, Correctional for Department pharmaceutical substances) were seized (SA items illicit (including ‘pills’ and prohibited drugs including of range A prisons. of OSU, the carried out 3397 drug searches in 458 became areas and restructured later 2001–02During was which squad, dog the Outcomes sonal communication,2002–04). per Services, Correctional for Department (SA $429,000 is OSU the for budget The Expenditure

Due to the to Due ------South Australia 81 - - 1 2 4 1 n 58 20 28 86

1 2 5 1 % 67 23 33 February 2003 February 100 0 0 1 1 n 27 29 112 141 Results for all tests conducted in 2002–03 were unavailable. However, typical results of targeted urinalysis, using two months as examples, for 2002–03 are 32. Table shown in It should be noted that, unlike results re ported below and by other jurisdictions,these results represent the number of tests the not but types drug these for conducted provided. number of urine samples Department for Correctional Services 2003; Services Correctional for Department SA Department for Correctional Services, personal communication, 2002–04). Re sults for prisons alone were unavailable as reports Department The 2003. December at indicates consistently urinalysis random that that approximately 30 per cent of inmates have used drugs in prison. On average, 78 per cent of these positive drug tests (i.e. approximately 23 per cent of(Government alone all marijuana randomfor were tests) 2002b). of South Australia A total of 1494 targeted urine tests were conducted in 2002–03 across prisons and community corrections; no random urine test were conducted during this period (SA 1 0 0 1 October 2002 % 19 79 21 100 - - - (SA Department for Correctional Services, personal communication, 2003) personal Services, (SA Department for Correctional Table 32: Typical results of targeted urinalysis in SA prisons, 2002–03 in SA prisons, urinalysis of targeted results 32: Typical Table Total positive results positive Total results negative Total All urine results Cannabis Opiates Benzodiazepines* Amphetamines antidepressants* Tricyclic * Benzodiazepines and tricyclic antidepressants may be either illicit or prescribed. antidepressants * Benzodiazepines and tricyclic in 2002–03 (SA Department for tionalCorrec Services, personal communication, 2002–04). prison population and selection is madethrough computer-generated lists. How ever, no random urinalysis was conducted entered into contracts to remain drug-free or or drug-free remain to contracts into entered Random drugs. illicit using of suspected are tests are conducted on 5 per cent of the undertaken in South Australian randomprisons: and targeted. Targeted and urinalysis of majority vast the up make samples either have who prisoners on conducted are Urinalysis program There are two types of urinalysis sampling PAD dog for screening persons entering pris entering persons screening for dog PAD Services, Correctional for Department (SA ons 2002–04). communication, personal redesigned redesigned to provide a broader service handler to each providing including prisons, the with an AAD dog for active searches and a former Dog Squad which was completed in 2002 and led to the restructuring (and renaming) of the OSU. The OSU has been The Department for Correctional Services conducted an internal evaluation of the 82 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons Further information Other formsofsupplyreduction/ (Incorvaia andKirby 1997). drug-free remaining with compliance ing maintain in ineffective be to it believed inmates of prisons.However,number ian a effectiveness of urinalysis in South Australthe into evaluations no been have There Outcomes 2002–04). communication, personal Services, tional Correc for Department (SA tests 2000 for for a period of two years at a cost of $72,000 nity correction facilities has been negotiated commu prisonsand urinalysisfor forming per for contract the 2003 December at As Expenditure available asatDecember2003. from visitors, prisoners or within prisons was No information regarding total seizures made within prisons Seizures from prisonvisitors/prisoners/ ices, personal communication,2002–04). prisons (SA Department for Correctionalinto introduced been haveServ may that drugs surveillance. Cell searches are used to telephone detect and detectors metal machines, x-ray include methods detection Electronic itors, prisoners, cells and other prison areas. include perimeter patrols and searches of vis the supply on of drugs impact into Southmay Australian that prisons strategies Other ------Detoxification selling services. coun programsand inmate and cottages’) (‘drug-freebuprenorphine),drug-freeunits opioid substitution therapy (methadone and in Australianprisonsdetoxification,areSouth used reduction demand of forms The 3.5.4.2 Demandreduction personal communication, 2002–04). Services, Correctional for Department (SA limited to two is Adelaide this metropolitan prisonsCurrently service. medical 24-hour a is there where locations in only available is service this that noted be should It 04). 2002– communication, personal Services, this service (SA Department for Correctional receive to estimated been have infirmaries and 15 per cent of prisoners admitted to the for available, are numbers services detoxification whom the on limits no are There Services, personal communication,2004). severe cases (SA Department for Correctional hospital in-patient care is arranged for more als are managed in the prison infirmaries but Clinical Practice Guidelines the detoxification is managed in accordance with drawal are treated symptomatically. Alcohol with amphetamine experiencing Prisoners personal communication, 2002–04). Services, Correctional for ment buprenorphine for this indication (SA Depart- is being phased out due to the superiority of tion regime for opioids. Clonidine treatment receive a buprenorphine-assisted detoxifica tion. Approximately detoxifica 10 prisoners per month for regime buprenorphine or clonodine day 5–7 a of choice a given are withdrawal opiate experiencing Prisoners New South Wales Health Detoxification WalesHealth South New . Most withdraw - - - - - South Australia 83 ------automatic expulsion from the program, but program, the from expulsion automatic basis. on a case-by-case be considered and information services was reported to be insufficient and were reported problems with linking prisoners methadone with programs and communityrelated support services post-release. A number of recom mendations were made, including provi sion of methadone and buprenorphine to a greater number of prisoners, considera tion of naltrexone treatment, development of assessment and standardised procedures process. review ongoing an of establishment It was also suggested that clients’ concur in not result should in prison drug use rent provided through the 2002 South Australian Australian South 2002 the through provided Drug Summit. Outcomes The methadone maintenance program was externally evaluated in 2001, when treat ment was limited to 150 prisoners (Alberti concluded evaluation The 2001). Cowie and that the program was well managed and was operating effectively within its fund ing in and limitations, addition resource to the However, practice. best current reflecting support other and counselling of availability ment for Correctional Services, communication, 2004). personal Expenditure bupre- and methadone for year per cost The for Department (SA million $1.2 is norphine communica personal Services, Correctional costs the of exclusive is This 2002–04). tion, for the medication itself, which are met by the includes but Government, Australian the cost to pharmacies for pre-packaging each dose. It also includes the additional funds per cent receiving methadone and 40Approximately per buprenorphine. receiving cent into a released community are 30 prisoners Depart- (SA month each program methadone ------opioid substitution is 250, therapy with 60 ria for opioid substitution therapy (Govern therapy substitution opioid for ria current The 2002c). Australia South of ment number of prisoners per month receiving reported. In 2002 it was estimated prisoners would that satisfy the eligibility crite 300–350 and Cowie 2001). Cowie and Current information regarding the avail ability of naltrexone to prisoners was not who who are pregnant and/or those referred for priority given are management pain possible access to the methadone program (Alberti day service (SA Department for Correctional for Correctional (SA Department day service Services, personal communication, 2004). Prisoners with HIV and/or viral hepatitis, gram with the exception of Mount Gambier Gambier Mount of exception the with gram obtaining in difficulties been have there where sufficient nursing staff to provide a seven- or buprenorphine to all opiate-dependent prisoners. an have opioid All pro substitution prisons treatment in the community immediately being is program The incarceration. to prior expanded in stages to provide methadone Until 1998, methadone treatment was avail was treatment methadone 1998, Until able only as a reducing regimen to prison methadone receiving been had who entrants had been conducted as at December 2003. Methadone and other pharmacotherapies Outcomes service detoxification the of evaluations No the Department for Human Services, neither neither Services, Human for Department the of which was able to provide information publicly. services was unavailable as they are pro vided as part between of the an agreement Department for Correctional Services and Expenditure Information on the cost of detoxification 84 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons they were unavailable in South Australian Australian South in unavailable were they as programs naltrexone or buprenorphine evaluate not did (2001) Cowie and Alberti tion, 2002–04). Correctional Services, personal communica for Department (SA evaluated be to still is treatment in retention on funding this of post-release.immediately effectivenessThe months three for treatment buprenorphine gram has funded pro prisoners’ methadone and substitution opioid the 2002, Since months. five is post-release program the in time average the and cent per 60 was stitution program at six months post-release sub opioid community a onto transferred retentionprisonersratethe of 2002 In 04). 2002– communication, personal Services, Correctional for Department (SA addressed All of the above recommendations have been experiencing problematic alcohol use. The The use. alcohol problematic experiencing prisoners Aboriginal for specifically signed de been has Offending, Ending Aboriginal these, of One prisons. Australian South in conducted programmodules fiveare There tion, 2002–04). Correctional Services, personal communica 14 prison social workers (SA Department for were there 2002 In groups. the facilitating receive specialised in-house training prior to who workers social prison by delivered are programs The learning. adult of principles employ minimisationand approachharm a adopt nature, in cognitive-behavioural are programs These history. offending their to related use drug other or alcohol lematic prob experiencing prisoners for designed programs of number a provides Strategy Drug Other and Alcohol Department’s The Inmate programs andcounsellingservices prisons atthattime. ------tion, 2002–04). All programs are typically typically are programs All 2002–04). tion, Correctional Services, personal communica for Department (SA participants Aboriginal to program the delivering when consider should facilitators that issues of number a TherapeuticProgramthe although outlines culturally-specific, not are — Program tion Therapeutic Program and a Relapse Prevena Drugs, Other and Alcohol for Programs Intervention Brief — programs four other Services 2003). cal reasons (SA Department for Correctional cannot attend group sessions for psychologi prisonerswho with use for developed been has Program Therapeutic the of version A Program. Intervention Brief the completed prisoners 138 of program.total a thisAlso,period in are likely to have completed more than one number that of many as individuals, 611 representnot courses. does Thiscompleted 611with settings,prison within conducted were programs 121 of total a 2002, June and 2001 July Between 2002–04). cation, communi personal Services, Correctional for Department (SA completions prisoner 320 approximately representing Australia, delivered in the eight public prisons were programsin South drug other and alcohol 64 of total a 2003, of months six first the In personal communication,2002–04). Services, Correctional for Department (SA to individual inmates on a one-to-one basis available made be may programs all staff, work social of discretion the At ticipants. may include voluntary and involuntary par (including the Therapeutic Program, Part A) participants only. All other program modules second part of which (Part B) is for voluntary The Therapeutic Program has two parts, the delivered ingroup settings. - - - - - South Australia 85 - - - - population were given a questionnaire and their results since urinalysis the opening of the DFU were compared. The authors con effect significant a had unit the that cluded prison. within use drug offender reducing in in the urine results by demonstrated is This 33. Table was provided. Expenditure Cost data were unavailable as at December 2003. Outcomes A Drug-Free Therapeutic Unitbetween 1994 During and its 2001. opera operated tion, the DFU was evaluated by Incorvaia and Kirby (1997). Thirty-one mainstream prisonersthe in in prisoners 31 and DFU the Training Training Centre. These house 65 prisoners in self-contained accommodation. To be housed in a drug-free cottage, prisonersmust sign a contract to remain drug-free and submit to random urinalysis. A breach in the rules in into results re-allocation the Cor for Department (SA prison mainstream communication, personal Services, rectional 2002–04). at operation in also is Program Drug-Free A Department (SA Centre Pre-Release Adelaide for Correctional Services, personal commu information further No 2002–04). nication, Drug-free units Drug-free There are two drug-free units (known as drug-free cottages) in operation in Cadell ------personal communication, 2002–04). personal by by measures such as urinalysis results and seizures incidents/drug drug of number the (SA Department for Correctional Services, been informally reviewedfacili program the from feedback on based and modified tators. Effectiveness is currently judged in evidenced as use drug in reduction of terms counselling services had been conducted as conducted been had services counselling Program Therapeutic The 2003. December at and the Relapse Prevention Program have Outcomes or programs inmate of evaluations formal No the services also perform a range of Serv other Correctional for Department (SA duties communication, 2002–04). personal ices, It is not possible to isolate the group and costsprograms individual counselling for and workers social the as use, drug regarding provide who coordinators management case 2002–04). Expenditure by by the large number of remandees within the prison system (SA Department for Cor communication, personal Services, rectional Consistent attendance Consistent at these is programs the of nature transient the by difficult made population and the high turnover created psychologists psychologists to prisoners (SA Department for Correctional Services, personal commu nication, 2002–04). chological services for prisoners with alcohol alcohol with prisoners for services chological and/or other alcohol problems, but South Australia still has a relatively low ratio of had one of the of lowest in ratios Australia psychologists to prisoners (Government of been has issue This 2002a). Australia South partially addressed through increasing psy drug-related issues may be covered in the course of an individual’s counselling with a social worker. South Australia previously Group programs are provided in ence preferto individual counselling, although 86 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons in securing appropriate staff (SA Department difficulties to 2001due in closed DFU The that theDFUwasnotentirely drug-free. use demonstrates also drug table above the in shown, reduction clear the despite benzodiazepines. and opiates cannabis, for (p<0.001) significant tically statis be to found were differences These Figures intheabove table are asshown inIncorvaia andKirby (1997). 20 information were reported. or strategies reduction demand other No Further information Other demandreduction strategies/ nication, 2002–04). commu personalServices,Correctional for Total (allurinetests) Total negative urinesamples Total positive urinesamples No urinetests were positive forbarbiturates orcocaine.Smallsample sizeprevents statistical No DFUinmates were detectedashavingused amphetamines. significance for amphetamines, withonlyfour positive results from the mainstream prison. Table 33:Comparison ofurinalysis results forthedrug-free unitandmainstream prisoners in SA,February 1994–July1995 20 However, However, - - 100 Drug-free unit 94 % 6 ment for Correctional Services, personal personal communication, 2002–04). Services, Correctional for ment is shown to all prisoners at entry (SA Depart- drug-related harms. A video of the program above, incorporates information on reducing in discussed Program, Intervention Brief The 2002–04). rectional Services, personal communication, Cor for Department (SA education release of Prisoners, particularly with regard to pre- Partnersand AustralianCouncil HepatitisC South the as such groups external by past prisons. The officer has been assisted in the diseases (particularly hepatitis C) in South Australian communicable of spread the of sible for education regarding the prevention a Health Promotions Officer who is respon The Department for Correctional Services has Harm reduction educationprograms cerned friendsandfamiliesofprisoners. provision and a telephone helpline for con B vaccination, condom provision, detergent blood-borne programs, viral infection testing, hepatitis education peer prisoners, and staff for programs education are Australia The forms of harm reduction used in South 3.5.4.3 Harmreduction Inmate programs and counselling services (Incorvaia andKirby 1997) 272 255 15 n Mainstream prison 100 50 46 % 455 227 211 n - - -

South Australia 87 ------blood-borne virus testing program as December 2003. at for Correctional Services, personal commu information further No 2002–04). nication, as at January 2004. was provided Expenditure test virus blood-borne conduct to cost The $50,000 approximately at estimated was ing personal Services, Health Prisoner (SA year per communication, 2003). Outcomes had been conducted on the No evaluations the blood-borne virus testing rates were 42 were rates testing virus blood-borne the per cent and 49 per cent at Yatala Labour respec Prison, Women’s Adelaide and Prison per in cited 2001, Bunting and (Miller tively sonal communication from SA Department 2002–04). Services, for Correctional The prevalence of HIV was 0.6 HIV per cent for in positive testing males five with 2001, posi testing prisoners Of 2002). (McDonald Yatala tive at for hepatitis C males in Miller and were Bunting’s cent per 43 study, (2001) females were cent per 64 and Prison Labour Department (SA Prison Women’s Adelaide at Blood-borne virus testing hepa and B hepatitis HIV, for testing Blood 2001 In Australia. South in voluntary is C titis ------Outcomes program education peer the of evaluations No 2003. December at as conducted been have motions Officer, at between $49,000 and $54,000 per year. Expenditure the to cost only the previously, discussed As Pro Health the of salary the is Department fidentiality, fidentiality, health promotion projects and agencies. referral community of knowledge education about blood-borne viral infections, infections, viral blood-borne about education pro referral skills, listening and counselling con and ethics prevention, suicide cedures, borne viruses for prisoners. Recruitment and and Recruitment prisoners. for viruses borne training of peer educators is the main task (discussed Officer of Promotions the Health The previously). training course consists of Peer education programs Peer blood- on program education peer a is There other jurisdictions (SA Department for Cor other jurisdictions communication, personal Services, rectional 2002–04). cember 2003. the However, Brief Interven tion Program video has been well received and has been provided to a number of Outcomes as at De provided data were No evaluative (SA Department for Correctional Services, personal communication, 2002–04). Costs as at December 2003. unavailable were Intervention Program video was by funded the Department ofand the South Australian Film Corporation Human Services education strategies between is is which the Officer, salaryPromotions Health of the $49,000 and $54,000 per year. The Brief Expenditure health for Department the to cost only The 88 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons mately $3,500 per annum. This amount is amount This annum. per $3,500 mately approxi totalling year, each administered program. Currently 350 client doses of ‘at-risk’ vaccine are the of part as section tion immunisaServices’ Human of Department Hepatitis B vaccination costs are met by the Expenditure Correctional Services, 2002–04). for Department SA from communication 2001,Bunting and (Miller personalin cited and 31 per cent Prison at Adelaide Labour Women’s Prison Yatala at cent per 39 were for the full hepatitis B immunisation course cation, 2002–04). In 2001, completion rates for Correctional Services, personal communi ers wanting to be immunised (SA Department Hepatitis B vaccination is available to prison Hepatitis Bvaccination tion, 2002–04). Correctional Services, personal communica Adelaide Women’s Prison (SA Departmentat toilets for female the in available are packs lubricant and dam Dental Prison.Women’s Adelaide and Centre Remand Adelaide of exceptionsthe prisons with all in machines 2000 and are currently availableMay since distributed frombeen have vendingCondoms Condom provision vaccinations is discussed above. of course full the for rates completion ing regardinformation Some 2003. December at as program vaccination on B hepatitis the conducted been had evaluations No Outcomes personal communication,2002–04). Services, Correctional for Department (SA exclusive of nursing and administration costs ------that they were using condoms (SA Depart (SA condoms using were they that stated prisoners that found survey small A Outcomes personal communication,2002–04). Services, Correctional for Department (SA cates $50,000 per year allo for condom provisionDepartment Attorney-General’s The Expenditure ment for Correctional Services, personal personal communication, 2002–04). Services, Correctional for ment the community prior to admission in (SAprescribed been had as dosagesame the Depart- scribed methadone for pain management at pre prisoner a in occurred Thisyears. two dose in South Australian prisons in the past over opioid non-fatal one been has There Overdose andnaloxoneadministration at December2003. No costs or evaluative data were provided as Expenditure andoutcomes personal communication, 2002–04). Services, Correctional for ment believed to use it for arethis syringes purposeand needles (SAclean Depart-to wanting However, detergent it. is supply available to and prisonerspermitted not are prisons to garding bleach provision; chemical suppliers repolicy havea not does Department The Bleach provision mation was provided as at December 2003. personal communication, 2002–04). Services, No further infor- Correctional for ment - - - - - South Australia 89 ------Correctional Services 2002). However, this project was suspended (SA Department for communica personal Services, Correctional was information further No 2002–04). tion, as at January 2004. provided The Strategy, Department Drug alsoOther and plans Alcohol to its conduct of a review but to date funding has not been available (SA Department for Correctional Services, communication, 2002–04). personal Women’s Prison, where transitional support transitional where Prison, Women’s is provided in the form of education, work release in the community and special pro the prison. held inside grams directions 3.5.4.5 Future The Department for Correctional Services has commenced a review of prisoner and offender development programs and was planning to carry out Human a of healthDepartment the with survey conjunction in Services in 2002–03 (SA Department for a number of services to male prisoners in release. to prior immediately months 12 the com release, work education, include These some and leave family release, work munity with conjunction In programs. rehabilitative Herit and Environment for Department the age, two mobile work teams consisting of work completed prisoners selected carefully in metropolitan national parks (SA Depart Services 2003). ment for Correctional The majority of Adelaide at female Unit Skills prisonersLiving the from areleased re 3.5.4.4 Pre- and post-release and post-release 3.5.4.4 Pre- programs The Adelaide Pre-Release Centre provides - - - - - Staff are also encouraged to attend com munity awareness programs regarding the C. of hepatitis treatment Department for Human Services (SA Depart- (SA Services Human for Department ment for Correctional Services, communication, 2002–04). personal on hepatitis C. This is a toll-free number and and number toll-free a is This C. hepatitis on the Drug funded and by Alcohol is Services Council, which receives funding from the and a South Prison Hep Australian C Help- prisoners of friends and family for card line information confidential obtain to wanting personal communication, 2002–04). personal de Officer has also The Health Promotions C hepatitis on prisoners for video a veloped Harm Reduction) principles and is drug part reducing of to approach Department’s the Services, Correctional for Department (SA use Correctional Correctional Officers as part of their initial training. This is conducted as a tory mandahalf-day course in harm minimisation (Supply Reduction, Demand Reduction and An additional duty of the Health Promo tions Officer is to provide information to operation in South Australian prisons. in South Australian operation strategies/ Other harm reduction Further information Needle and syringe programs in programs syringe and needle no are There ambulance officers on site (SA Department for Correctional Services, personal commu nication, 2002–04). prisons its prisons availability is limited by reduced nursing hours. Where nursing staff are not in attendance, it can be administered by Labour Prison and Adelaide Remand Centre Centre Remand Adelaide and Prison Labour this can be administered 24 hours per day, 7 days per week by nursing staff. In other Naloxone is available in emergency drug kits kits drug emergency in available is Naloxone in all prisons in South Australia. At Yatala 90 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons stronger emphasis on pre-release planning pre-release on emphasis stronger a placing prisoners,programsincluding for rehabilitation and education treatment, of for Correctional Department Services increase the the availability that recommended Summit Drug Australian South 2002 The Demand reduction personal communication,2002–04). Services, Correctional for Department (SA prisons into drugs trafficking considering provide a significant deterrent to any person in early 2004 and that use of these dogs will erage of visiting sessions will be implemented deployment practices it is expected that cov two PAD dogs. In combination with changing program is currently completing training of The redesigned drug detection dog training Supply reduction Australia 2002c). South of (Government post-release weeks few first the during prisoners for overdose prisonsriskalsodecreasewithin the and of safety staff and prisoner increased in ing result injecting, reduce will strategy this ers were opioid-dependent. It is hoped that prison350, or cent, per 25 that estimated of the South Australian Drug Summit, which outcome an is This effectiveness. program of monitoring for and prisoners 300 to to up therapy maintenance opiate of vision expand substitution therapy, including pro to year per $755,000 additional an vided AustralianproGovernmentSouth has The South Australia 2002a). sentencing and bail options (Government of range of court diversions, community-based ing sentencing options and by increasing the in the correctional system to manage exist with offenders drug-related of problems by increasing capacity management based community- strengthen to was mendation than in previous years. An additional recom ------years who are identified as at risk of drug of risk at as identified are who years 25 and 18 for between aged offenders young designed been has Crime Alcohol, and Drugs entitled program group new A personal communication,2002–04). Services, Correctional for Department (SA program manage the deliver to coordinators) (case ment staff additional training is Department the Program, Intervention Brief the increaseavailabilityof orderto In Department for Correctional Services. written response from theSouthAustralian Please note:TheANCDdidnot receive a implemented asatDecember2003. in prison (Williams 2002). This had not been is ‘some argument’ for a safe injecting room Executive, John Paget, has stated that there of South Australia 2002a). The former Chief given)(Governmentprogramdefinition (no harms under consideration include a drug-related ‘clean needle’ reduce to Initiatives Harm reduction implemented is unknown. to which these recommendations have been ment of South Australia 2002a). The extent (Govern prisoners Aboriginal for services health mental culturally-sensitiveand drug and Drug Use recommended developmentPeople of Aboriginal for Group Working The December 2003. at as unavailable were implementation its for Dates 2002–04). communication, sonal per Services, Correctional (SA for Department re-offending alcohol-related and/or - - - Northern Territory 91 - 3 n 65 13 32 116 351 765 1045* 21 8 2 4 % 15 46 0.4 100 Not provided Prisoners assessed as having a problem assessed as having a Prisoners Services, personal communication, 2003). communication, personal Services, deaths post-release Drug-related December at as provided was information No 2003. ers upon reception are reported in Tables 34 34 Tables in reported are reception upon ers (Alice Springs in and 2000–01) 35 (Darwin in 2001–02). It was not possible to obtain for figures the financial same for year both prisoners that noted be also should It centres. been have issues use polydrug experiencing each in once i.e. times, of number a counted applicable drug category (NT Correctional 2003). communication, personal Services, deaths in custody Overdose No prisoners have died in custody due to illicit drug-related causes (NT Correctional Drug use by prisoners and alcohol of number the indicating Figures prison by experienced problems drug other - (NT Correctional Services, personal communication, 2003) personal Services, (NT Correctional Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology), but has not of Criminology), Institute Australian Canberra: Deaths in Custody in Australia: 2001 National Deaths in Custody 2001 Deaths in Custody in Australia:

Correctional Centre, 2000–01 2000–01 Centre, Correctional of prisoners experiencing alcohol/other drug problems of prisoners L. (2002). (e.g. Collins, (NDICP) annual report. Program alone. to drug overdose data specific published The National Deaths in Custody Program collates information about deaths in custody in custody collates information about deaths Program in Custody The National Deaths Opioids Amphetamines Petrol number of substance use problems Total admissions Total Drug Habitual alcohol use Binge drinking Marijuana Table 34: Prisoners with an alcohol and/or other drug problem upon admission to Alice Springs to Alice Springs upon admission with an alcohol and/or other drug problem 34: Prisoners Table 21 * not the number prisoners, experienced by the total number of alcohol/drug problems Represents cent of the total design capacity in 2001–02 2001–02 in capacity design total the of cent (SCRCSSP 2003). Prison capacity per 84 at operated prisons Territory Northern Further details regarding Further prison population details regarding and prisons are provided in Appendices 1 and 16. Health care is provided by the privatised Medical Services. Corrections tive Services. There are no private prisons. no private are There Services. tive Health service provision was 667 (646 males and 21 females) (ABS which of both prisons, two are There 2003). the Department of Correc managed by are Prison population The total number of prisoners housed2002 June 30 on in prisons Territory Northern 3.6.1 Background 3.6 Northern Territory Northern 3.6 92 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons 3.6.2 Illicitdrugs —policy Represents thetotalnumberofalcohol/drugproblems experiencedby prisoners, notthenumber * 22 trafficking) are shown inTable 36 and possession use, drug illicit (including have committed an act of prison misconduct Punishments received by prisoners admitting detected. or proven to type drug the of regardlesssame the isprisons Territory ern The penalty received for drug use in North Prisoners 2nd ormore 1st Offence Total admissions Total numberofsubstanceuseproblems Petrol Amphetamines Opioids Marijuana Binge drinking Habitual alcoholuse Drug Where a prisoner has been in custody for less than 70 days and has not been previously tested, a sample that is positive for other illicit drugs is not considered to have breached discipline. in custody for less than 14 days who has not previously been tested and who provides a urine urine test that is positive for cannabis is not considered a breach of discipline. Similarly, a prisoner of prisoners experiencingalcohol/otherdrugproblems. Table 35:Prisoners withanalcoholand/orotherdrugproblem uponadmission toDarwin Correctional Centre, 2001–02 Table 36:Penalties applied toprisoners foundguiltyofmisconduct inNTprisons (NT Correctional Services, personal communication,2003) prescribed privileges (concurrent) Up to7days’ separate confinementand/or upto28days’ lossof prescribed privileges(concurrent) Up to7days’ separate confinementand/or upto14days’ lossof Number ofdays’ lossofprivileges (NT Correctional Services, personal communication,2003) . - tion, 2003). Correctional Services, personal communica (NT law general under crime that a constitutes conduct for court in prosecuted be previously been tested. not have they providedmisconduct, of act an committed have to considered not are substance(s) illicit an for positive test who conduct, and recently incarcerated prisoners the specific circumstances of the act on of mis depending vary may applied Penalties Prisoners assessedashavingaproblem Not provided 100 22 26 16 % 5 2 6 22 Prisoners may also 1282* 1053 230 278 172 55 16 66 n - - Northern Territory 93 - - - - Alice Springs Correctional Centre and 138 in in 138 and Centre Correctional Springs Alice Correctional (NT Centre Correctional Darwin communication, 2003). personal Services, Urinalysis program Both random and targeted tests are con ducted on prisoners in Northern Territory correctional centres. Random tests involve popula prison the of cent per 10 sampling directed are tests Targeted quarter. each tion towards prisoners suspected or known to have used an illicit drug (NT Correctional Services, personal communication, 2003). Each year approximately 268 random tests are carried out, involving 130 prisoners in Expenditure The expenditure associated with drug de The tection was dogs $13,500 in 2001–02. proportion of personnel costs attributed to of cent per 20 to equates dogs the managing that with associated costs personnel total the officer (NT Correctional Services, personal communication, 2003). Outcomes No evaluative data were providedDecember 2003. as at Drug detection dogs There is a Security Protection (Attack) Dog Unit comprising two dogs at Darwin Cor rectional Centre. The dogs are currently in training (NT Correctional Services, personal communication, 2003). There are no dogs in operation at Alice Springs Correctional there that indicate reports although Centre, a similar to unit plans establish at are Alice Department (NT Centre Correctional Springs 2002). of Justice 3.6.4 Drug strategies reduction 3.6.4.1 Supply - - - - . Results from Drug Drug Use Careers of Offenders Prisons (Correctional Services) was published in 2002 (NT Task (NT 2002 in published was prohibits any person from conveying or conveying from person any prohibits 2003. Territory Infor- 2002b). 2002a, Drugs Illicit on force the in detailed is report the from mation below. sections appropriate coming): coming): (DUCO) Research Program December at as unavailable were study this • A Report on Illicit Drugs in the Northern • Australian Institute of Criminology (forth Criminology of • Institute Australian 3.6.3 Research and evaluations and Research 3.6.3 offence is a fine of $2,000 or imprisonment imprisonment or $2,000 of fine a is offence Services, Correctional (NT years two to up for communication, 2003). personal delivering (or allowing conveyance or delivery delivery or conveyance allowing (or delivering of) contraband including drugs and liquor into a prison without permission an from such the committing for penalty The Director. may be banned from making visits to the prison. The Act All prison visitors detected All in visitors prison possession of illicit drugs are reported to the police and Correctional Services, personal communica personal Services, Correctional tion, 2003). Visitors Prisoners Prisoners whose urine is positive for drugs are also encouraged to participate in appropriatean drug treatment program (NT in Appendix 17. The number of prisoners charged with a drug offence was not pro 2003. December at as vided length of punishment received, with greater greater with received, punishment of length penalties for subsequent offences. Further details of penalties received are provided sample also receive an also receive Drug sample Identified User status. This status is based on the number of offences committed and determines the who fail to provide or who tamper with a urine urine a with who a Prisoners provide urine positive test, tamper who or provide to fail who 94 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons and 1999–2000 (NT Correctional Services Services Correctional (NT 1999–2000 and Results were available for the years 1998–99 provided asatDecember2003. tion, 2003). Results for these tests were not Correctional Services, (NT personal communica conducted were tests urine targeted In 2001–02 a total of 292 random and five communication, 2003). personal Services, Correctional (NT mine phenter and pseudoephedrine ephedrine, amphetamine, methadone, dothiepine, hol, alco cocaine, cannabis, benzodiazepines, of illicit substances including amitryptaline, number a PositiveCentre.contained urines CorrectionalSprings Alice recordedat been an illicit substance. No positive results have at Darwin analysed Correctional Centre samples were positive of for cent per 24 that indicate 2003 May – 2002 July for Results Centre (NT Correctional Services 2000). CorrectionalDarwin at1998–99 positivein By comparison, a total of 38 tests (32%) were 2000). Thelatterare shown inTable 37. All urinetests Total negative urinesamples Total positive urinesamples Table 37:Results ofurinalysis inNTprisons, 1999–2000 Not provided Not provided - - - Correctional Centre 100 % sample kit and $22.50 for individual sample the for ($2.20 GST plus $24.70 is test per cost the Springs Alice At centre. rectional conduct the urinalysis program vary by cor to Costs 2003). communication, personal laboratory testing (NT Correctional Services, and equipment for costs the includes total This $33,000. at estimated was 2002–03 in programurinalysis the of cost total The Expenditure communication, 2003). personal Services, Correctional (NT ducted con been has evaluation effectiveness No Outcomes analysis atacostof$40persample. samples are then sent for further pathology Positiveuse. drug of indication an as only used are These each. $6.95 cost and used analysis). ‘Accusign Quick Test’ kits are also Alice Springs Not provided (NT Correctional Services2000) 1 n Correctional Centre 100 16 84 % Darwin 148 125 23 n

- - Northern Territory 95 - n/a n/a n/a (grams) Quantity Australian (ABCI 2000) 2 2 2 (ABCI 2000) Number Number of seizures of Table 39: Seizures from inmates in inmates from Seizures 39: Table NT prisons, 1999–2000 NT prisons, Cannabis Pharmaceuticals vegetable ‘Green matter’ Seizures within prisons Seizures No staff have been detected in possession of illicit substances in the past few years (NT Correctional Services, personal com munication, 2003). No further information regarding detection of drugs and related was prisons Territory Northern within items as at December 2003. provided is shown in Table 39. More recent data were were data recent More 39. Table in shown is as at December 2003. not provided Seizures from prisoners from Seizures Information published in the Illicit Drug Report 1999–2000 - - 0 0 n/a (grams) Quantity Australian (ABCI 2000) 0 0 1 (ABCI 2000) Number Number of seizures of Table 38: Seizures from visitors to visitors from 38: Seizures Table NT prisons, 1999–2000 NT prisons, Pharmaceuticals vegetable ‘Green matter’ Cannabis not provided as at December 2003. not provided Information published in the Illicit Drug Report 1999–2000 were data recent More 38. Table in shown is Services, personal communication, 2003). communication, personal Services, prison visitors from Seizures Policy also stipulates that prison staff receive receive staff prison that stipulates also Policy drug to response and of detection in training use and related problems (NT Correctional be clear so that their contents are visible (NT (NT visible are contents their that so clear be communica personal Services, Correctional tion, 2003). no written policy regarding staff searches. iden to subject is prison to entry However, must bags staff all and verification tification reception (visitor) searches, prisoner and cell/area searches and electronic detection is There detectors. metal including methods Other forms Other of forms detection that impact upon Northern into substances illicit of supply the Territory prisons include perimeter patrols, Other forms of supply reduction/ Other forms of supply Further information 96 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons are reduction programs, inmate programs programs inmate programs, reduction are and other drug services Alcohol included in 2001–02. this in total $1,670,384 issues, totalled drug other and alcohol for ment treat prisons,including Territory Northern in care health primary provide to cost The priate drugtreatment program. appro- an in participate to encouragedare Prisoners with an Identified Drug User status Services, personal communication, Medical 2003). Corrections (NT review constant the Northern Territory, although this is under significant problem with injecting drug use in a been programs.not Historicallyhas there inmate and therapies maintenance opiate in Northern used Territory prisons reduction are detoxification, demand of forms The 3.6.4.2 Demandreduction 2003. No information was provided as at December Expenditure andoutcomes Services, personal communication, 2003). cationsare also conducted (NT Correctional however, opioid and amphetamine detoxifi alcohol; for receivedpredominantly is tion correctionaleachin 120 centre. Detoxifica year, each treatment this receive prisoners 240 Approximately symptoms. withdrawal diazepam (Valium) is using available regime to prisoners experiencing detoxification A Detoxification communication, 2003). personal Services, Correctional (NT alone a figure for alcohol and other drug services obtain to possible not was It costs. sonnel per and programs) pre-release (including - - - - may receive methadone or buprenorphine buprenorphine or methadone receive may who prisoners of number total the gram, to the present lack of resources for the pro Due regimen. reducing a receive sentences longer prisonersmonths;with six than less to incarceration and who have sentences of opioid substitution treatment programs prior community on were who prisoners to able avail are buprenorphine and Methadone Methadone andotherpharmacotherapies Services, personal communication,2003). and external organisations (NT Correctional provided by Prisoner Rehabilitation Unit staff Programs2002). Justiceare of Department Services, personal communication, 2003; NT and Drink Driver Education (NT Correctional Message) (Our Offending Ending digenous Intervention (Drug), Alcohol Awareness, In Brief (Alcohol), Intervention Brief Alcohol, ing Inhalant Abatement, Ending Offending/ of alcohol and other drugs programs, includ programs. These programs include a number targeted of range a provide which prisons There are Prisoner Rehabilitation Units in both Inmate programs andcounsellingservices at as December 2003. provided were data evaluative No 2003). communication, personal Services, Medical Corrections (NT provision adone Thereare resourcesdedicated no meth for Expenditure andoutcomes 2003). communication, personal Services, Medical Corrections (NT unavailable is Naltrexone communication, 2003). personal Services, Medical Corrections (NT at any given time is ten (five in each prison) - - - - - Northern Territory 97 - - - - - No information was provided as at December December at as provided was information No 2003. cently become available at Darwin Correc tionalonCentre Illicit (NT Taskforce Drugs 2002a). units Drug-free No drug-free units were in operationNorthern Territory prisons in as at December 2003 (NT Correctional Services, personal communication, 2003). strategies/ Other demand reduction Further information Correctional Services, personal communica personal Services, Correctional were costs associated other No 2003). tion, reported. Outcomes No evaluations of the Alcohol and Other Drugs Unit have been conducted (NT Cor communication, personal Services, rectional 2003). A Territory Government taskforce educationprograms drugthat noted report were not provided in prisons,substance-related although counselling had re Salaries for the group program facilitators totalled in $117,756 2001–02 and the be havioural therapist is employed at a cost of approximately $70,000 per annum (NT ------tion, 2003). sonnel on-costs but excluding primary health health primary excluding but on-costs sonnel (NT 2001–02 in $327,352 was services, care communica personal Services, Correctional Correctional Services in 2001–02 (NT Depart- (NT 2001–02 in Services Correctional ment of Justice 2002). The total spent on per and salaries on based programs, prison Expenditure The Prisoner Rehabilitation Units Territory received Northern from funding in $348,550 music therapy. These involved 282 prisoners prisoners 282 involved These therapy. music Services 2000). (NT Correctional included Alcohol Awareness, Alcohol and Related Behaviours, one-hour Alcohol pro and Message) (Our Offending Ending gram, of 517 prisoners participating. Of this total, this Of participating. prisoners 517 of Offend Ending the completed inmates 235 ing program, which was conducted a total of 44 times. The remaining 33 programs of alcohol or other drug intervention. These These intervention. drug other or alcohol of included target interventions 77 programs total a with use drug other and alcohol ing Services, personal communication, 2003). a 2000, June and 1998 September Between form some received offenders 1254 of total The mean number of prisoners participating participating prisoners of number mean The in group programs (based on the previous Correctional (NT year per 613 is years) three facilitators provide group programs. A behav A programs. group provide facilitators ioural is therapist also employed to provide counselling. and assessment individual ern Territory to provide assessment, coun selling, program referral and two report and preparation (NT 2002) Justice of Department is available from the program’s www.ourmessage.org. website, North the in employed are psychologists Two Further information about the Indigenous Ending Offending (Our Message) program 98 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons Peer educationprograms personal communication,2003). Services, Correctional (NT prisons both at offered programs treatment drug illicit in providedisstrategiesreduction harm other Information on safer injecting practices and Harm reduction educationprograms ices 2000). ducted in 1999–2000 (NT Correctional Serv con was Program Awareness HIV/STD An ministration. ad naloxone and vaccination B hepatitis cation programs, blood-borne virus testing, Northern Territory are harm reduction edu the in used reduction harm of forms The 3.6.4.3 Harmreduction 2000). munication, 2003; NT Correctional Services Corrections Medical Services, personal com 1000 screenings are conducted per year (NT Approximately sentence. prisoner’s the of at regular intervals dependent on the length is compulsory upon admission to prison and B hepatitisHIV, and for TestingC hepatitis Blood-borne virustesting Services 2000). educators over two sessions (NT Correctional prisoners20 peer wereof trainedas total a 1999–2000 During 2003). communication, personal Services, Correctional (NT abuse drug for educators peer the of rates ivism the program was aborted due to high recid- tion program in operation until 2000 when prisons. ThereTerritory was anNorthern Illicit in Drug Peeroperation Educa in grams At present there are no peer education pro ------Centre and 4.6 per cent in Darwin Correc Darwin in cent per 4.6 and Centre Correctional Springs Alice in cent per 2.3 of rates estimated with centre correctional communication, 2003). Prevalence varies by cent personal Services, Medical per Corrections (NT 4 is prisons Territory Northern acrossoverall C The hepatitisprevalence of 2002). (McDonald positive testing prisoner prisons in 2001 was 0.05 per cent, with one The prevalence of HIV in Northern Territory No evaluative data were provided as at at as December 2003. provided were data evaluative No the level ofdiscount forbulktesting). $4,500 per year (or just below, depending on per person, $45 therefore as totalling given approximately and service pathology local a from obtained was HIV and C hepatitis screeninghepatitisconduct for B, to quote any pathology department. An approximate from obtained be could this that indicated vided. However, Corrections pro Medical not Services was testing conduct to cost The Expenditure andoutcomes Services, personal communication,2003). ern Territory prisons (NT Corrections Medical HIV or hepatitis C seroconversion in North of cases documented no been have There 2003). communication, personal Services, Medical gen) is 13 per cent (2001–03) (NT Corrections prevalenceThe hepatitisof anti (surface B Taskforce onIllicitDrugs 2002a). third of one- that in non-Aboriginal prisoners approximating (NT prisoners Aboriginal among rate the and 2002, in Centre tional - - - - Northern Territory 99 - (NT Correctional Services, personal commu personal Services, Correctional (NT drug regarding Information 2003). nication, at as provided not was content alcohol and was information Evaluative 2003. December unavailable. directions 3.6.4.5 Future unit dog detection drug a of Establishment is underway at Alice Springs Correctional 2002). (NT Department of Justice Centre Territory. strategies/ Other harm reduction Further information by conducted were sessions training staff Five 1999– in Unit Drugs Other and Alcohol the Services 2000). 2000 (NT Correctional and post-release 3.6.4.4 Pre- programs both in conducted are programs Pre-release Centres Correctional Springs Alice and Darwin Needle and syringe programs Needle and syringe There are no needle and syringe programs in operation in prisons in the Northern - - - - vided as at December 2003. Expenditure and outcomes Expenditure Neither costs nor outcome data were pro on one occasion during the past ten years (NT Corrections Medical Services, personal communication, 2003). dose in Northern Territory prisons. However, However, prisons. Territory Northern in dose naloxone is provided in the event and has been administered opioid overdose of an Overdose and naloxone administration Overdose over drug on provided was information No sidered unnecessary in Northern Territory prisons (NT Corrections Medical Services, communication, 2003). personal Bleach provision con is provision bleach/detergent Currently not permit its prisoners to be issued personal with Services, Correctional (NT condoms communication, 2003). Condom provision does Services Correctional Territory Northern 600) (NT Corrections Medical Services, per Medical Services, 600) (NT Corrections evaluative No 2003). communication, sonal 2003. as at December provided data were Expenditure and outcomes and Expenditure vaccination B hepatitis conduct to cost The is $16,100 per year ($27 per inoculation x per year (NT Corrections Medical Services, 2003). communication, personal with sentences of greater than four months months four than greater of sentences with who test negative. courses Approximatelyof three injections are completed 200 Hepatitis B vaccination prisoners to given is vaccination B Hepatitis 100 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons Northern Territory 101 102 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons 3.7 Tasmania Industrial Relations. pendently of the Department of Justice and The Corrections Health Service operates inde- Department of Health and Human Services. the of part Service, Health Corrections the prisonersto services Health are provided by Health serviceprovision tions. There are noprivate prisons. Rela Industrial and Justice of Department the in Service Prison the by operated are two remand centres in Tasmania, all of which Inmates are housed across three prisons and 427 (397 males and was 30 females) 2002 (ABS 2003). June 30 on prisons Tasmanian in housed prisoners of number total The Prison population 3.7.1 Background 23 2001–02 (SCRCSSP 2003). in capacity design total the of cent per 74 at Tasmanianprisonsoperated Prison capacity in Appendices1and18. nian prison population and prisons appears Tasma the regarding information Further The NationalDeaths inCustody Program collatesinformationaboutdeaths incustody published data specific todrugoverdose alone. Program (NDICP) annualreport. (e.g. Collins, L.(2002). Deaths inCustody inAustralia: 2001 National DeathsinCustody Canberra: Australian Institute ofCriminology), buthasnot - - 2002–03). communication, personal Service, (Tasmanian Prison research empirical on based this observation is not believed to have been However,2001a). Ombudsman (Tasmanian group entering the Tasmanian prison system ported to represent the largest ‘special needs’re are issues use substance with Prisoners Drug usebyprisoners deaths post-release asatDecember2003. No information was provided on drug-related Deaths post-release of December2003. as unavailable were deaths overdose drug to specific data but Criminology, of tute Program conducted by the Australian Insti- Custody in Deaths National the of part as on this is understood to have been collated Information 2003). communication, sonal (Tasmanian Corrections Health Service, per the past ten years. Statistics were unavailable no overdose deaths in Tasmanian prisons overAnecdotal reports state that there have been Overdose deathsincustody 23 - - Tasmania 103 - - - - 24 results were recorded as either ‘Defaulted either as recorded were results — No Result’ or ‘1st, 2nd Offence or 3rd tested had who inmate One Cannabis’. — recorded was occasions seven on positive as ‘7th Offence — Cannabis’. Ombudsman 2001b) (Tasmanian Only 12 of the 86 positive tests had been had tests positive 86 the of 12 Only properly recordedcer a for with Visits’ a Contact ‘Recovery‘No and/or ofCosts’ test positive 74 remaining The time. tain The Department of Justice and Industrial Relations states that this criticism(Tas situation current the of is representative not communica personal Service, Prison manian was detail further although 2002–03), tion, not provided. Visitors December at as provided was information No 2003. taken as a result of returning a positive urine urine positive a returning of result a as taken as unclear: been criticised have sample Punishments received as a result of positive positive of result a as received Punishments urine drug tests the involve loss of contact (Tasma costs testing of recovery and/or visits actions However, 2001b). Ombudsman nian . - - - - - Corrections Act Corrections 1997 in the Ombudsman’s reports does not reflect the current situation in Tasmanian prisons, prisons, situation in Tasmanian the current does not reflect reports in the Ombudsman’s for which has subsequently responsibility Hospital, Prison to Risdon particularly those relating have these reports However, to the Department of Health and Human Services. been transferred information. recent study due to an absence of more been included in the present The Department of Justice and Industrial Relations states that the information contained Relations and Industrial The Department of Justice 24 munication, 2002–03). Department of Justice states that recovery of testing costs is no longer implemented (Tasmanian Prison Service, personal com the loss of other privileges for up to 30 days, days, 30 to up for privileges other of loss the 30 to up for prisoners other from separation of loss and/or costs any of recovery the days, the from advice written However, remission. disciplined under disciplined the Prescribed punishments include the with drawal of contact visits for up to 90 days, (Tasmanian Prison Service, personal com munication, 2002–03). are offence drug a of guilty found Prisoners Service, personal communication, 2003) al 2003) communication, personal Service, stated not are sanctions present, at though, to vary according to drug type detected It is understood that a model of differential differential of model a that understood is It sanctions according to drug type is Health under Corrections (Tasmanian consideration pated that changes may be made during the the during made be may changes that pated implementation period (Tasmanian Prison 2002–03). communication, personal Service, demand for, drugs (including tobacco) in its prisons. The Strategy is currently being antici Service Prison the and implemented, Tasmanian Prison Service Drug Strategy 2001 Strategy Drug Service Prison Tasmanian developed has Service Prison Tasmanian The and of, supply the reduce to Strategy Drug a 3.7.2 Illicit drugs — policy 3.7.2 Illicit drugs 104 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons Australian Institute • of Criminology (forth CorrectionsService, Health • In on Reports Ombudsman, Tasmanian • Tas- in prisons: manian issues drug-related investigated have inquiries and research following The 3.7.3 Research and evaluations detailed in the appropriate sections below. Information from these reports and inquiries is were unavailable asatDecember2003. Reports (DUCO) coming), nication, 2003). rections Health Service, personal commu Prisons (report to be completed; Tasmanian Tasmanian Cor in C Hepatitis into 2001a, 2001b) Prison Hospital (Tasmanian Ombudsman Risdon and Prison Risdon into quiries Drug Use Careers of Offenders of Careers Use Drug . Results from this study this from Results . Investigation - - - -

riots and deaths in custody. Drugs were custody.Drugs in deaths and riots escapes, including incidents, adverse of of (none overdose)series drug a a and was which deaths inmate of number a to response a was This Risdon Hospital. Prison the and Prison Risdon prising Tasmania’s largest prison complex, com into made were investigations 2000, In Inquiry intoRisdon Prison Complex (Tasmanian Ombudsman 2001b). trationPrisontheof Prison and Hospital adminis and management the improve a number of actions were being taken to ing. However, the Ombudsman noted that known to the authors at the time un of writ was implemented been have these which to extent the although prison, in drugs of use and supply the reduce to A number of recommendations were made sections below. Findings are discussed in the appropriate (TasmanianOmbudsman 2001a, 2001b). tion and drug-free counselling programs rehabilita drug program, urinalysis the visitors, and inmates staff, of searches cern at security measures taken including 2001b). The Ombudsman expressed con Ombudsman (Tasmanian Prison Risdon problemsother and bullying in violence, of cause’ ‘major a and available’‘readily being as identified were prescribed) and illicit (both drugs of number A problem. significant a be to acknowledged also ------Tasmania 105 - - - - - (2000) for the and the Om Report on an Inquiry into Risdon into Inquiry an on Report (ABCI 1999, 2000; Tasmanian Om Australian Illicit Drug Report Australian Illicit Drug Report none positive for heroin, amphetamines or (ABCI 1999). pharmaceuticals and outcomes Expenditure December at as provided was information No 2003. (ABCI 2000). A breakdown of results eightfor months between October 1999 and April 2000 was published in the Ombuds 204 that stated which (2001b), report man’s 150 these, Of State-wide. tested were inmates illicit an using of suspicion on targeted were and random, at selected were 49 substance, Results means. unspecified by chosen were 5 40. Table in shown are tests urine of The urine 106 reported (1998–99) year previous samples were positive for cannabis, with Prison budsman The 2001b). Department empha sises that the followingaffected are resultsthey as should caution, be with interpreted by a number of methodological problems which the Department is in the process of rectifying (Tasmanian Prison Service, per sonal communication, 2002–03). The states that a total of 908 urine tests were conducted in 1999–2000, of which (47%) were positive 429 for an illicit substance Details of urine drug tests in previous years years previous in tests drug urine of Details aforementioned the of part as released were Australian Illicit Drug Report budsman’s ------above. data reliability, data it reliability, is considered inappro priate to release urinalysis information time. at this com personal Service, Prison (Tasmanian munication, 2002–03) The methodology for the pro urinalysis gram in Tasmanian prisons reviewed has recently and is currently being been changed. Due to issues associated with recent data, and the consequent lack of The Prison Service did not release any fur the regarding study this for information ther stating that: program, urinalysis for positive urinalysis results is detailed in Illicit drugs — policy ers ers suspected of using or trafficking illicit substances. received punishments regarding Information prison prison population each month (Tasmanian Prison Service, personal communication,prison involves testing Targeted 2002–03). Random and targeted testing is conducted across all prisons. Random testing is con ducted on approximately 5 per cent of the was provided as at December 2003. December at as provided was Urinalysis program and is believed to have used their drug detec drug their used have to believed is and information further No past. the in dogs tion etc finds, drug visits, of frequency regarding ment of Justice and Industrial Relations has has Relations Industrial and Justice of ment and the Police with Tasmania a partnership Prison (Tasmanian Service Customs Australian 2002–03) communication, personal Service, There are no drug detection dogs in operation operation in dogs detection drug no are There Depart- the However, prisons. Tasmanian in 3.7.4.1 Supply reduction 3.7.4.1 Supply Drug detection dogs 3.7.4 Drug strategies 106 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons Further information Other formsofsupplyreduction/ Thesepercentages donottotal100 percentasaurinesample maybepositive for * 28 27 26 25 munication, 2002–03). com personal Service, Prison (Tasmanian Service Customs Australian the and Police Tasmania the with and collaboration through processes search gathering, ligence intel detectors, metal including methods, of combination a through contraband of possession in detected been have Visitors Seizures from prisonvisitors 2002–03). communication, personal Service, Prison as an additional security measure (Tasmanian Incoming and outgoing mail is also screened and theuse ofmetaldetectors. searches, cell/area and prisoner reception, patrols, perimeter include prisons manian Other forms of supply reduction used in Tas All urinetests Total negative urinesamples Total positive urinesamples Other drugs oralcohol Benzodiazepines Illicit methadone Illicit opiates Cannabis Drug typeswere notspecified. Four samples were positive formethadone,oneofwhichwasillicitlyobtained. Seventeen samples were positive foropiates;however, onlyseven ofthesewere illicitlyobtained The report does not state whether the benzodiazepines detected were prescribed or illicitly obtained. drugs andsotheremainder have beenexcluded from thetable. more thanonedrug. 25 Table 40: Results of urinalysis in Tasmanian prisons, 1999–2000 27 26 28 (Tasmanian Ombudsman 2001b) - - - budsman 2001b). (TasmanianOm PrisonRisdon in detected substance common most the is Cannabis Seizures withinprisons December 2003. at as providedwas information further No minesheroinor were reported (ABCI1999). ampheta of seizures No pharmaceuticals. prisoners were detected in possession 80 of and cannabisillicit of possession in detected the financial year 1998–99, 14 prisonersin However, unavailable. werewere data Recent Seizures from prisoners 100 %* 1.5 0.5 42 32 58 4 5

204 118 86 66 10 n 3 9 1 - - Tasmania 107 ------related related to substance abuse. Despite this unit. detoxification no discrete is there p.25) Ombudsman 2001a, (Tasmanian There There are clear links between illicit drug use and crime and health implications Naltrexone is unavailable in Tasmanian pris Tasmanian in unavailable is Naltrexone Health ons Corrections (Tasmanian Service, communication, 2003). personal and outcomes Expenditure Cost and data not no were provided evalu of ations had the been program conducted as at December 2003. to prisoners to entering prisoners custody who were on community methadone/buprenorphine im mediately prior to admission. Methadone available are reductions and buprenorphine Commencements request. upon prisoners to (Tas prisoners to unavailable are custody in personal Service, Health Corrections manian pris of number The 2003). communication, oners receiving these treatments in recent a was years total not of reported; however, methadone of receipt in were prisoners eight in 1998–99 (ABCI 1999). of the detoxification service had been carried carried been had service detoxification the of 2003. out as at December detoxi the of critical was Ombudsman The that: fication service, arguing Methadone and other pharmacotherapies available are buprenorphine and Methadone Expenditure and outcomes and Expenditure pro not were services such provide to Costs evaluations No 2003. December at as vided - - tal admissions were diagnosed with alcohol with diagnosed were admissions tal and/or other drug withdrawal symptoms 2001a). Ombudsman (Tasmanian unavailable unavailable (Tasmanian Corrections Health Service, personal communication, 2003), althoughhospi- previousprison all of investigations cent per 14 showed approximately as inpatients in Risdon Prison Hospital or in their cells, as appropriate. The number of detoxifications provided each year was ication and the potential risk of experiencing experiencing of risk potential the and ication withdrawal symptoms. Detoxification serv ices are then provided to prisoners either Prisoners are assessed upon reception to prison intox- by of Corrections Health signs Service of staff. assessment an includes This personal communication, 2002). personal Detoxification tions Health Service within the Department tions of Health and Human Services (Tasmanian Services, Human and Health of Department ment of Health and Human Services. In May May In Services. Human and Health of ment 2002 funding was withdrawn from Your Place Inc. and re-allocated to the Correc and inmate programs, and were inmate by provided an programs, Incorporated. Place Your called organisation through funding its received Inc. Place Your Depart- the of Service Drug and Alcohol the Previously, alcohol Previously, and other drug services in the prison system, including counselling The forms of demand reduction detoxification, measures are prisons Tasmanian in used methadone and buprenorphine therapies, services. and counselling inmate programs 3.7.4.2 Demand reduction 3.7.4.2 Demand 108 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons initial) session. As a consequence of this, the (the one receiveusuallyonly will inmate an However, due to the AOD 2002). worker’s workload, communication, personal Services, (Tasmanian weeksDepartment six to of two Health of list and waiting a Humanis There staff. of members by referral and referral self- including sources of number a from workerAOD referred thebe tomay Inmates personal communication,2002). Department of Health and Human Services, This is due to a lack of funding (Tasmanian system. prison Tasmanian the for worker one full-time and one part-time to only one workers(AOD) drug reducedbeen has from other and alcohol of number the Service, Health Corrections the to Inc. Place Your Since service provision was transferred from Inmate programs andcounsellingservices of Health and Human Services, personal communication, 2002). personal Services, Human and Health of Department (Tasmanian requested if taken pleted the course. com All seven have modules may to be considered are they before module(s) relevant additional the complete heroinuse)(e.g. must alsoconcern of drug hol and Cannabis modules. Prisoners with a after participating in the Introduction, Alco be considered to have completed the course may concern of drug identified an without azepines and Steroids/Other Drugs. Prisoners Cannabis, Amphetamines, Opiates, Benzodi Alcohol, infections), viral blood-borne and (including general information on drug types gram contains seven modules: Introduction The Alcohol and Other Drug Awareness pro personal communication, 2002). Services,Human and Health of Department and Other Drug Awareness course (Tasmanian and, if appropriate, refer them to the Alcohol session the duringawareness raise possible, AOD worker aims to see as many prisoners as - - - - meetings. weekly holds Anonymous Alcoholics group self-help The 2004). communication, sonal (Tasmanian Corrections Health Service, per 2002 December until prisoners to services A number of external agencies also provided were not provided as at December 2003. oners completing the group program eachAOD worker yearand data on the number of pris Data on the number of prisoners seen by the December 2003. at as provided was information further No Further information Other demandreduction strategies/ Tasmanian prisons asatDecember2003. There were no drug-free units in operation in Drug-free units (Tasmanian Ombudsman 2001a). resourcesprovidewereinsufficientto them the that and operation, in were for prisoners programs support and few rehabilitation very that reported Ombudsman The Outcomes at December2003. as services counselling programsor Service No costs were provided for Corrections Health Expenditure - - Tasmania 109 - - - - evidence to suggest that the blood-borne virus testing program was not always cor Ombudsman (Tasmanian implemented rectly 2001a). edged to be higher in the prison population prison the in higher be to edged there as but, community general the in than avail not were statistics kept, register no is Service, Health Corrections (Tasmanian able communication, 2003). personal Expenditure blood- regarding provided were data cost No 2003. testing as at December borne virus Outcomes The Ombudsman noted that there was recommendation, or may be ordered by the by ordered be may or recommendation, general practitioner after a healthService, Health assess Corrections (Tasmanian ment 2004). communication, personal December in ceased HIV for testing Compulsory Service, Health Corrections (Tasmanian 2003 2004). communication, personal at testing on recorded were HIV of cases No were HIV of cases Four 2001–02. in reception no with 1998, and 1987 between identified 2002; (McDonald 1998 since identified cases acknowl are C hepatitis of Rates 1999). ABCI Blood-borne virus testing hepatitis B Testing for and HIV, hepatitis C nurse or request prisoner upon conducted is - - - - - ) (Tasmanian Other harm reduction reduction harm Other Inmate programs and counselling ). With regard to information on hep on information to regard With ). Corrections Health Service, personal com munication, 2003). ice, personal the in communication,implemented programs 2002–03).education Peer past have had limited success (Tasmanian Peer education programs Peer There are no peer education programs in Serv Prison (Tasmanian prisons Tasmanian Expenditure Expenditure and evaluative data were un- available. munication, 2004). and outcomes Expenditure (discussed below under under below (discussed strategies/Further information Corrections Health Service, personal com sonal communication, 2003). This shortfall is is shortfall This 2003). communication, sonal of employment the through addressed being a dedicated Health Promotion Coordinator services atitis C, this is acknowledged to be limited per Service, Health Corrections (Tasmanian Information regarding blood-borne virus included is in the Alcohol transmission and Other Drugs Awareness program (detailed earlier in Harm reduction education programs Harm reduction The forms of harm reduction measures known known measures reduction harm of forms The to be used in Tasmanian prisons are harm blood-borne programs, education reduction vaccination. B hepatitis and testing virus 3.7.4.3 Harm reduction 110 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons Outcomes cation, 2003). rections Health Service, personal communi program is $5,000 per year (Tasmanian Cor vaccination B hepatitis the for budget The Expenditure Service, personal communication,2003). Health Corrections (Tasmanian vaccinated prisonersthese alreadyof havewould been prison receptions was 1500; however, some For example, in 2001–02 the total number of allow for all prisoners to receive vaccination. not does year.budget each The vaccinated are prisoners 650 Approximately request. upon available also is and admission upon Hepatitis B vaccination is offered to prisoners Hepatitis Bvaccination communication, 2002–03). personal Service, Prison (Tasmanian oners pris to availablefreely made not is Bleach Bleach provision communication, 2003). manian Corrections Health Service, personal Condomsare unavailableprisoners to (Tas Condom provision Service, personal communication,2003). tion program (Tasmanian Corrections Health the effectiveness of the hepatitis B vaccina into conducted been have evaluations No - - - - - Service, personal communication,2003). Health Corrections (Tasmanian use opiate few years. None of past these the was associated in with occurred have non-fatal, overdoses drug four to up and fatal, no that prisons, although anecdotal reports suggest overdosesTasmanianhaveoccurredin that to provide statistics regarding the number of unable was Service Health Corrections The Overdose andnaloxoneadministration Service, personal communication,2004). in Tasmania (Tasmanian Corrections Health services prison across viruses blood-borne to response the coordinate to is position the of task primary new A a Strategy. Hepatitis under 2003 December in ployed em was Coordinator Promotion Health A December 2003. at as provided was information further No Service, personal communication, 2002–03). recently been establishedhas (Tasmanian Group Prison Working Virus Blood-borne A Further information Other harmreduction strategies/ operation inTasmanian prisons. There are no needle and syringe programs in Needle andsyringeprograms December 2003. ability or administration was provided as at avail naloxone regarding information No Expenditure andoutcomes - - Tasmania 111 - - manian Corrections Health Service, personal personal Service, Health Corrections manian communication, 2004). Further detail was as of January 2004. not provided No information was available as at December December at as available was information No 2003. Harm reduction developed was cases C hepatitis of register A in December 2003, with research planned for January 2004. The aim is to provide a snapshot of hepatitis C Health prevalence Corrections within (Tasmanian Prison Risdon communication, 2004). Service, personal A new admissions national pilot program is to be conducted in February 2004 (Tas still undergoing changes and has yet to be Prison the reason this For operational. fully Service believed it would be inappropriate to release more information at this (Tasmaniantime Prison Service, personal com munication, 2002–03). Supply reduction December at as available was information No 2003. Demand reduction 3.7.4.5 Future directions 3.7.4.5 Future A Prison Service Drug Strategy is but has2001 in approved was and developed been - - - virus virus management in the community (Tas personal Service, Health Corrections manian communication, 2004). inmates through the Corrections for Service. prison Services include referral Health ers on methadone and buprenorphine and for requiring blood-borne referral prisoners as at December 2003. December at as Discharge health planning is available to including coordination of service provision (Tasmanian community the into prison from Department of Justice and provided Industrial Rela not were details Further 2002). tions Support for prisoners pre- and post-release is is post-release and pre- prisoners for Support (PSU), Unit Support Prisoner the by provided 3.7.4.4 Pre- and post-release and post-release 3.7.4.4 Pre- programs 112 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons Australian Capital Territory 113 - - - 30 in Belconnen or Symonston remand centres. centres. remand Symonston or Belconnen in col been have to understood is Information Cus in Deaths National the of part as lated tody Program conducted by the Australian to specific data but Criminology, of Institute of as unavailable were deaths overdose drug December 2003. deaths post-release Drug-related As of December 2003, no information was provided regarding overdose of remandees post-release. 2001–02 (SCRCSSP 2003). 2001–02 Drug use by remandees It is estimated that around 70 per cent of Belconnen Remand have remandees Centre (ACT problem drug other and/or alcohol an Corrective Services, personal communica tion, 2003). deaths in custody Overdose As of December 2003, no information was deaths overdose of number the on provided Remand centre capacity Remand centre Belconnen Remand Centre operated at 94 per cent of the total design capacity in - - - - - Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology), but has not of Criminology), Institute Australian Canberra: Deaths in Custody in Australia: 2001 National Deaths in Custody 2001 Deaths in Custody in Australia:

and the total number of Australian Australian of number total the and 29

(e.g. Collins, L. (2002). (e.g. Collins, (NDICP) annual report. Program alone. to drug overdose data specific published This figure may include some sentenced ‘fine default’ only prisoners (ABS 2003). may include some sentenced ‘fine default’ only prisoners figure This in custody collates information about deaths Program in Custody The National Deaths 29 30 dices 1 and 19. Health, a division of ACT Health. Health, a division popula remandee regarding details Further tion and remand centres appear in Appen Correctional Correctional Health Services in the Austral the under provided are Territory Capital ian Corrections Health Program of Community Capital Territory prisoners. Capital Territory Health service provision the New South Wales section where above, information regarding sentenced prisoners Australian and Wales South New both covers Australian Capital Territory. For information For Territory. Capital New Australian in housed prisoners sentenced to relating to referred is reader the prisons, Wales South (116 males and 7 females) (ABS 2003). (116 information details report the of section This the in housed prisoners remand concerning ported) Capital Territory prisoners housed in New South Wales correctional centres was 123 Remand Centre. The total number of un 30 on centres all across prisoners sentenced unre gender by (figures 48 was 2002 June Wales prisons. overflow Remandees the with are Centre, housedRemand in Belconnen at being Temporary the housed Symonston Remandee population Capital Australian the in prisons no are There South New in held are prisoners all Territory; 3.8.1 Background

Capital Territory Capital 3.8 Australian Australian 3.8 114 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons called if there are reasonable grounds to to grounds reasonable are there if called are police the and staff prison by closely monitored are substance illicit an of sion suspected, but not proven, to be in posses Superintendent. the byappropriate deemed time of period a for visits making from banned and PoliceFederal Australian sion of an illicit substance are referred to the posses in detected are who visitorsPrison Prison visitors cannabis vsheroin). (e.g. used type drug the to according vary not do Sanctions 41. Table in shown are and graduated are use results/drug urine positive to response in imposed Sanctions Remandees 3.8.2 Illicitdrugs —policy 31 personal communication, 2003). Services, Corrective (ACT so do 3rd 2nd 1st Drug offence Within theAustralian CapitalTerritory, theAustralian Federal Police performduties that Capital Territory policeforce. State/Territory policeforces are responsible forinotherjurisdictions. There is no Australian Table 41: Levels ofdrugpenaltiesinBelconnenRemandCentre, ACT Referral todrugand alcoholcounselling. (at thediscretion oftheSuperintendentorDeputySuperintendent). Loss ofcontactvisits for16weeks. Lossofprivilegesfor21 days Referral todrugandalcoholcounselling. (at thediscretion oftheSuperintendent orDeputySuperintendent). Loss ofcontactvisits for12weeks. Lossofprivilegesfor14days counselling. Loss ofcontactvisits foreightweeks. Referral todrugandalcohol Punishment (ACT Corrective Services, personal communication,2003) 31 Those - - • KPMG Consulting (2002), (2002), Consulting KPMG • issues. Theseinclude: related and/or strategies drug use, data drug on included have reports of number A 3.8.3 Research and evaluations below. gations is detailed in the appropriate sections Information from a number of these investi ACT Legislative Assembly Standing Com • ACT Community Care (2001), • (1999), Care Community ACT • (1998), CORE • Australian CapitalTerritory the in Settings Custodial in Remandees Health Services Provided to Offenders and and Syringes by Intravenous Drug Users. mittee on Health (2003), Consulting 2002) Survey Detainees Health paper discussion Territory: Capital Australian Health Services to People in Custody in the (cited inKPMGConsulting 2002) Care Services at Belconnen Remand Centre (citedinKPMGConsulting 2002) Review of Detainee Health Detainee of Review Access to Needles (cited in KPMG in (cited

Corrections Review of of Review Improving - -

Australian Capital Territory 115

------suspected of engaging in illicit drugof total A use.conducted. also are tests Random 2002–03 in conducted were tests urine 237 (ACT Corrective Services, personal commu nication, 2003). Results of tests were not Con KPMG 2003. December at as provided sulting (2002) reports anecdotal evidence that only traces of cannabis and steroids detected. were nication, 2003). Outcomes No drugs have been found in Belconnen Remand drug Centre. residue However, has (ACT dogs detection drug by detected been Corrective Services, personal communica tion, 2003). Urinalysis program in at operation Bel program The urinalysis connen Remand Centre targets prisoners Drug detection dogs drug operate not does Services Corrective de ACT Customs trainee However, dogs. detection Centre Remand Belconnen visit dogs tection Corrective (ACT year per times four to three 2003). communication, personal Services, Expenditure Drug detection dogs are provided by Cus toms at no cost to ACT Corrective Services (ACT Corrective Services, personal commu 3.8.4 Drug strategies reduction 3.8.4.1 Supply - - - does not support the recommendation of the Parliamentary Inquiry to provide needle and syringe programs in prisons (ACT Corrective Services, personal com munication, 2003). ing equipment exchange within Belcon also Committee The Centre. Remand nen recommended that correctional officers ensure to consulted be experts health and the safest possible method ofmentation imple- (ACT Standing Committeeon Health 2003). The ACT Government by by the ACT Legislative Assembly Stand Standing (ACT Health on Committee ing response In 2003). Health on Committee to issues raised during the inquiry, the Committee recommended that the ACT inject- of policy a implement Government Prison needle and syringe program syringe needle and Prison The issue of providing needles, syringes and other items of injecting equipment inclu- been has settings custodial within been has and reports, of number a in ded considered most recently in an inquiry 116 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons Centre have been described as ‘unacceptable The physical premises of Belconnen Remand and searches ofremandees andcells/areas. perimeter patrols, reception (visitor) searches, nen Remand Centre include metal detectors, the supply of illicit substances into Belcon upon impact that detection formsof Other Further information Other formsofsupplyreduction/ at as December 2003. provided were data evaluative No Outcomes ices, personal communication,2003). Serv Corrective (ACT 2002–03 in program A total of $4,729 was spent on the urinalysis Expenditure found in the appropriate sections above. detection dog and urinalysis methods may be drug by regardingmadedetections mation Infor 2003. December at as provided was No information regarding total drug seizures remandees/within theremand centre Seizures from remand centre visitors/ (ACT Corrective Services2001). can be solved only by creating a new facility lems with security, overcrowding and design probthat Correctivestates Services,which Centre have also been acknowledged by ACT Problems with security in Belconnen Remand Committee onHealth2003,p.33). smuggleto contrabandStanding (ACT into relativelyeasy and view’ of point any from - - - - 2002) provide2002) including rangeservices a of (3.4 full-time employees; KPMG Consulting alcohol program nurses and a case manager and Drug services. counselling and grams opioid maintenance treatment, inmate pro detoxification, drug are Centre) Remand (Belconnen Territory in Capital Australian the used reduction demand of forms The 3.8.4.2 Demandreduction highlighted (KPMG Consulting 2002). alcohol and other drug treatments were also as suchspecialistareas trainingofin lack a and staff health retaining and recruiting in Problems 2003). communication, personal addressing this issue (ACT Corrective currently is Services, Services Corrective ACT 2002). tional safety requirementsoccupa (KPMG and Consulting health of short fall to found was clinicparticular, health Inissue. the an quate space and physical resources remained ConsultingadeKPMGalthoughby(2002), found to have improved since previous reviewsAccess to drug and alcohol health services was ices, personal communication, 2003). on methadone delivery (ACT Corrective Serv Other Drug Programs, and $6,600 was spent port) staff, $8,000 was spent on Alcohol and spentAlcoholwasOther(SupDrugonand HealthOtherDrug(nursing) staff,$120,080 Centre,$119,780andAlcohol spenton was Of the funding allocated to Belconnenprovided at RemandQuamby Youth Detention Centre. mentalhealth costsandinclusive servicesof 02 was approximately $859,480, exclusive of The total Corrections Health budget in 2001– a casemanagementprocess appropriate services, as necessary, as part of an alcohol and drug worker and referred to by assessed are problem drug other and/or alcohol an having as identified Remandees administration (KPMGConsulting 2002). ferral, detoxification services and methadone re information, screening, and assessment . ------Australian Capital Territory 117 ------Remandees may commence metha commence may Remandees . . Outcomes The methadone withdrawal regimeseen as appropriate was by KPMG Consulting metha the of evaluations other No (2002). done withdrawal regime or the methadone maintenance program were provided as at December 2003. Expenditure ACT Corrective Services estimates that ap proximately $10,833 was spent on metha for cost The 2002–03. in maintenance done buprenorphine was negligible, as only one remandee received treatment in 2002–03 (ACT Corrective Services, personal commu nication, 2003). contract a by delivery methadone of cost The (KPMG 2001–02 in $6,600 was firm security 2002). Consulting nen Remand Centre. There is no limit to the number of who remandees may receive maintenance, buprenorphine or methadone the for suitable considered are they provided program done in custody (ACT Corrective Services, 2003). communication, personal treat Remandees may continue naltrexone ment (for opioid or alcohol dependence) if they were receiving it in the community; commencement in custody is unavailable (ACT Corrective Services, personal commu nication, 2003). Methadone and other pharmacotherapies Methadone and other A methadone and buprenorphine mainte nance program is in operation in Belcon - - 2002). general improvements to health care services services care health to improvements general and Consulting KPMG by recommended were are discussed elsewhere (KPMG Consulting Outcomes service detoxification the of evaluations No although 2003, December at as provided were tion service in 2002–03. This figure includes includes figure This 2002–03. in service tion Corrective (ACT costs medication and staffing 2003). communication, personal Services, ACT Corrective Services estimates that up to to up that estimates Services Corrective ACT $90,145 was spent on the drug detoxifica (ACT Corrective Services, personal communi- personal Services, Corrective (ACT cation, 2003). Expenditure communication, 2003). conducted were detoxifications 618 of total A in Belconnen Remand Centre in 2002–03 are not treated with medication but may be may but medication with treated not are given supportive care, counselling and re- personal Services, Corrective (ACT assurance including dextropropoxyphene, diazepam, Remandees Buscopan. and metoclopramide amphetamines or cocaine from withdrawing als als are treated with diazepam. Remandees demonstrating physical opiate withdrawal symptoms are treated using medications experiencing withdrawal from alcohol and/or and/or alcohol from withdrawal experiencing centre. remand the to entry upon drugs other Alcohol and benzodiazepine withdraw Detoxification Detoxification is available to remandees 118 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons ally housed in the remand centre only for a gener are they as counselling of periods short receive typically Remandees viewing. inter motivational and therapy behaviour cognitive include approaches Counselling communication, 2003). participate (ACT Corrective to Services, wishing personalremandee any to available are programs and individual Group counselling sessions). sessions two-hour x (15 program and an Alcohol and Other Drug Coping Skills Drug Awareness program (6 x two-hour sessions) and Alcohol an session), two-hour (1 x program an Education Drug and Alcohol available: are programs group Three counsellors. drug other and alcohol two by provided is and remandees to available is counselling group and individual Both Inmate programs andcounsellingservices 2002). Consulting (KPMG Army Salvation the ing includ agencies community of number a or other drug problems are also provided by remandeesto Services alcohol experiencing personal communication,2003). Services, Corrective (ACT non-existent or counsellinggroupor programs are minimal short period of time. Waiting lists to receive - - - drug programs in Belconnen Remand Centre allocated for provision of alcohol and other was $8,000 of previously,total stated a As tion, 2003). communica personal Services, Corrective (ACT 2002–03 in services counselling drug and alcohol of delivery the for $132,000 received program Health Corrections The Expenditure Consulting 2002). education in treatment a two-session program (KPMG drug other and alcohol in ing train receive staff health and Corrections tion, 2003). communica personal Services, Corrective (ACT overheads of exclusive $839,600, is Territory Capital Australian the in provided The total cost of Corrections Health Services Further information Other demandreduction strategies/ ber 2003. Decem at Centreas Remand Belconnen in operation in units drug-free no wereThere Drug-free units 2003. selling services were provided as at December No evaluations of inmate programs or coun Outcomes in 2001–02 (KPMGConsulting 2002). - - - - - Australian Capital Territory 119 - - - for pathology is approximately $18,000 per $18,000 approximately is pathology for annum, of which blood-borne virus test ing is a large proportion. Additional costs associated with blood-borne virus testing are estimated to approximate $5,250 (ACT Corrective Services, personal communica tion, 2003). Outcomes December at as provided was information No 2003. testing in 2002–03, equating to approxi mately 75 per cent of all during receptions personal Services, Corrective (ACT time that communication, 2003). No remandees have been identified as HIV positive in recent years (McDonald 2002). Results of provided not other were C) blood-borneand B hepatitis as virus (such tests as at December 2003. Expenditure The total cost to ACT Corrective Services Blood-borne virus testing voluntary. is viruses blood-borne for Testing Approximately 590 remandees requested ------eration eration in Belconnen Remand Centre as at December 2003. Peer education programs Peer No peer education strategies were in op No information was provided as at December December at as provided was information No 2003. care, overdose and care, first overdose aid (ACT Corrective 2003). communication, personal Services, and outcomes Expenditure mation is also provided on harm reduction strategies such as safer injecting, tattoo ing, body piercing, hairdressing, basic vein includes information on blood-borne viruses viruses blood-borne on information includes (HIV and hepatitis A, B and C), routes Infor infection. of of course and transmission program program was implemented in the Austral ian Capital Territory, content including Course Belconnen 2003. July in Centre, Remand Harm reduction education programs Harm reduction An Alcohol and Other Drug Education provision and bleach provision programs. Naloxone is also available in the event of an opioid overdose. The forms of harm reduction used in Bel connen Remand Centre are a harm reduc tion education program, blood-borne virus testing, hepatitis B vaccination, condom 3.8.4.3 Harm reduction 120 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons Condom provision 2003. No information was provided as at December Outcomes personal communication,2003). $2,600 in 2002–03 (ACT approximately Corrective Services, totalled program cination vac B hepatitis the with associated Costs Expenditure 2003). communication, personal Services, rective received vaccinations in 2002–03 (ACT Cor and remandees. Approximately 72 remandees Hepatitis B vaccination is offered to all staff Hepatitis Bvaccination ices, personal communication,2003). Serv Corrective (ACT condoms requesting not are remandees that indicates feedback anecdotal and Informal 2003. December at as program distribution condom the on evaluationsformal No conducted been had Outcomes Services, personal communication,2003). Corrective (ACT minimal is program the of As very few condoms are requested, the cost Expenditure personal communication,2003). no ‘virtually is Corrective(ACT them for demand’ Services, there although request, upon remandees to available are Condoms - - - The cost is reported to be negligible (ACT negligible be to reported is cost The Expenditure andoutcomes personal communication,2003). Services,Corrective (ACT minimal is bleach ment is currently under review. Demand for general health clinic, although this arrange the from request upon available is Bleach Bleach provision reported. were strategies reduction harm other No Further information Other harmreduction strategies/ operation in Belconnen Remand Centre. inprogram syringe and needle no is There Needle andsyringeprograms as ofDecember2003. minimal. Evaluative data were not provided 2003; however, they are acknowledged to be December istrationprovidedat werenot as naloxonewith associated costs The admin Expenditure andoutcomes Services, personal communication,2003). Corrective (ACT administration naloxone requiring incidents reported no been have there 2003 an January Since overdose. of opioid event the in available is Naloxone during this time. occurred overdoses drug fatal No Centre. Remand Belconnen drug in occurred overdoses non-fatal four of total a 2002–03 and 2000–01 years financial the Between Overdose andnaloxoneadministration provided asatDecember2003. was evaluativeinformation No 2003). tion, communica personal Services, Corrective - - - Australian Capital Territory 121 - - - program is currently under Corrective review Services, (ACT personal communica tion, 2003). reduction strategies as at December 2003. strategies reduction Demand reduction the 2003–04, financial From responsi year bility for the drug and alcohol counselling Corrections from transferred be will services Health Services to ACT Corrective Services (ACT Corrective Services, personal commu nication, 2003). Harm reduction As stated previously, the bleach provision Supply reduction No information was supply obtainedexisting to changes proposed or new regarding - - - exchange program (ACT Standing Commit program exchange tee on Health 2003). Legislative Assembly Standing Committee prison the that recommended has Health on equipment injecting an for facilities include in the Australian Capital Territory within the further For next information few years. the reader is to referred the ACT Corrective Services website: www.cs.act.gov.au. The 3.8.4.5 Future directions 3.8.4.5 Future A project is underway to establish a prison Corrective Services, personal communica tion, 2003). 2003. However, 2003. case However, management requires that remandees are referred to appropri ate upon community release, organisations (ACT rehabilitation and counselling as such No information was provided regarding pre- pre- regarding provided was information No or post-release programs as at December 3.8.4.4 Pre- and post-release and post-release 3.8.4.4 Pre- programs 122 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons Discussion 123 - - - - ing in a prison setting. All prison systems in systems prison All setting. prison a in ing Australia utilise trained dogs and urinalysis as to the strategies reduce supply of drugs. visitors prison and inmates of numbers Large cost considerable a at drugs for searched are detected. use drug of levels modest only with As the figures demonstrate, the dogs find few drugs. relatively or the drain that drug injectors place on the legal system. In one study, prisonersin New South Wales were asked about the number of burglaries they had committed during the reference period. Burglars who median higher a reported users heroin were rate of burglary (13.0 per month) than did burglars who did not use heroin (8.7 per 1998). and Forsythe month) (Stevenson in emphasis the demonstrates, report this As all prison systems in Australia is on supply reduction strategies. This is hardly surpris unrealistic. It is often said, ‘there are few avoid The media generally in prisons’. votes the topic of prisons unless the there is make a sala factors These report. to event cious difficult task of running even prisons more implemented programs the of Many taxing. com whole the benefit prisons Australian in munity and not just the inmates. But far- their protect to wish who politicians sighted community have a difficult battle justify that ing benefit also interventions inmates. There is very little public appreciation of the dynamic nature of prison populations, drug use continuing after prison entry, as strategies of array growing the by evidenced implemented to reduce drug-related harm, community expectations are often quite - - - -

all prisoners to abstain from drug use just because they are imprisoned. While prison about authorities some realistic are of level ranges between 5 per ranges cent and 40 per cent compared to expect less to than unrealistic is 1 It per community. cent general in the authorities partly because lifetime use than prisoners among common more much is heroin of history A population. general the in use among Australian prison populations areas where improvements might be made. improvements where areas prison for problem considerable a is use Drug prisoners with heroin larger the in dependenceprisoners among common more beingpermit- conditions where Nevertheless, States. ted, comparisons were made to highlight New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria New Queensland South Wales, than in the rest of Australia. These differ ences are reflected in the characteristics of example, the nature and extent of drug use use drug of extent and nature the example, in vary considerably different parts of Aus in common more is heroin of use The tralia. different jurisdictions in Australia. Thirdly, prisons the where Territories and States the systems are based also vary markedly. For sons. Firstly, much of the data collected was collected data the of much Firstly, sons. incomplete or from different time periods. Secondly, there are substantial differences in the characteristics of prison systems in limitations of the data and results obtained. obtained. results and data the of limitations differ by employed strategies of Comparison ent jurisdictions is difficult for several rea and harm reduction strategies in Australian in Australian strategies and harm reduction prisons, their costs and effectiveness. It is important, as always, to acknowledge the This study is the first attempt the to study first document is This the nature and extent of supply, demand 4. Discussion 124 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons evade detection so that the actual level of level actual the that so detection evade detected heroin of use to inmates of ability the be may levels low the for planation ex possible Another use. heroin detected of levels low the to contributed have well may 2000 late in Australia in commencing shortage heroin A use. heroin of history a have inmates many that fact the sidering con especially cent), per 1 than (less low level of detected heroin use was surprisingly The cannabis. was detected drug common versa.vice and community the in most The use drug of levels higher have also lations as the jurisdictions with larger prison popu surprisingis This (24%). Territory Northern the and (47%) Tasmania as such systems (7%), but higher levels in the smaller prison Wales (14%), Victoria (4%) and Queensland the larger prison systems, such as New South Urinalysis detected low levels of drug use in with HCV. infected is population general the of cent per 1 about comparison, Queensland.In in sample female a in and 1995) al. et (Crofts Victoria and 2003) al. et Mattick (Dolan, Wales South New in samples female and approximatelymale among cent per 70–80 jecting drug use inmates was even higher, at infected. The prevalence of HCV among in being two-thirds to up with inmates, male for that than greater was inmates female with among HCV of prevalence The C. infected hepatitis were 2002) al. et (Hellard Victoria in cent per 55 approximately and in New South Wales (Butler and Milner 2003) Approximately 40 per cent of male inmates that detected. heroin use may have been much higher than - - - - with positive urine samples, whether for for cannabis or morphine (a marker for heroin), whether samples, urine positive with inmates to appliessamepenalty the thatis rationale The heroin. injecting to cannabis smoking from switch to prisoners for tive incen perverse a provide might urinalysis detection. Some evidence has suggested that especially considering the low levels ofreview, drug of worthy is urinalysis to devoted The value of the extensive resources presently nal Intelligence’s illicitdrugreport: According to the Australian Bureau of Crimi tion compared to heroin detection. longerdurationtheand cannabisof detec jecting drugs compared to smoking cannabis, edges the greater harms associated with in injectinguse.drug This approach acknowl less severe penalties for cannabis use than for jurisdictions,introducedsome beenin with incentive, differential sanctions have recently up to two days. In response to this perverse five weeks while heroin use is detectable for although cannabis use is detectable for up to the general community. (ABCI 2000) usedillicitprisons,drugin justisitin as even though it is probably data, the urinalysis most the widely in over-represented probably is cannabis result, a As … use intravenousthanobvious … oral drugor the consumption of cannabis may further,be… weeks morefor urine in detectable ing, it should be noted that THC remains testrandomand targeted both in drug cannabis is consistently the most detected types of drugs used in a prison. Although dicator of the extent of drug use and the targetedurinalysis isrelatively a poorin ------Discussion 125 ------The implementation of sys prison the across harm patchy was strategies reduction tems. Naloxone, blood-borne virus testing all in used were vaccination B hepatitis and jurisdictions. in prisons. Drug-free units were being gen although and trialedjurisdictions, of number by a erally viewed as positive, evaluations have also highlighted the difficultytaining a in ‘drug-free’ main status. One jurisdic tion has responded to this by trialing the use of differential sanctions according to the type of drug detected whereby prison — greater punishment ers receive expulsion than other drugs of use for — unit the from cannabis. by by cognitive-behaviour therapy and moti vational interviewing principles. Individual counselling is less common and is in some cases being phased out in favour of group programs. However, not all prisoners are suitable for group programs (e.g. prisoners who are on protection, are too dangerous health serious other or psychiatric a have or condition). Also some may not feel com fortable discussing personal issues within a group setting. There have been very few external of evaluations the effectiveness of services counselling individual and/or group Drug counselling programs have been de are these Usually jurisdictions. all in veloped provided in the form of group programs. They typically use techniques influenced ------and remain in treatment for as long as neces as long as for treatment in remain and subject the been also has program This sary. studies. numerous of program, which started in 1986 and expanded has and developed in the since years then. In that program, inmates can enter sentence their during time any at treatment on on a program in the community just prior was exception obvious The incarceration. to the New South Wales prison methadone was short, or if they were HIV positive or pregnant. Some jurisdictions allowed pris oners onto the program only if they were reflect reflect best practice. metha In in some jurisdictions, remain to permitted were prisoners sentence prison their if only treatment done Even Even though every jurisdiction operated a patients. few had most program, methadone juris- across varied criteria entry addition, In diction and treatment did not necessarily tion is considered a precursor to treatment itself. in and of than treatment rather Medically assisted This detoxification jurisdictions. all in policiesdeveloped been have ease may that medication of use the to refers detoxifica However, symptoms. withdrawal duction strategies investigated were imple was coverage but jurisdictions, all in mented extremely limited in some prison systems. Health Organisation, prisoners should have the same access to health services as those in the Virtually community. all demand re According to a number of prominent health health prominent of number a to According World the and UNAIDS as such organisations, 126 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons their intendedpurpose. for used and accessed been have condoms ons where such programs have been trialed, homosexual behaviour. However, in all pris condoned or promoted condoms believing towards condom provision, with hostility respondents prisoner and guard reported ents in the Australian Capital Territory, respond vided anonymously (and free of charge). Also access condoms, but would not if they did were remandees pro that indicate Territory Capital Australian the from Reports pose. employing condoms for their intended pur program, the and used prisoners that Australia showed Western and Queensland Wales, South New in evaluated been have programs Condom systems. prison five in means for risk reduction and were available the provide programs bleach and Condom 32 information toinmates. culturally sensitive way of delivering relevant these programs could be an economical and jurisdictions, three only in available were other, each educate inmates where programs,education drug Peer-basedillicit approach torehabilitation. for drug-free behaviour would be a positive visits, conjugal as such incentives, Indeed to-male sex in prison warrants investigation. conjugal visits can reduce the level of male- prisons (Dolan et al. 2004). Australian Whether the in provision occurs of sex to-male Male- 2000). (NCHECR community tralian transmissionrouteHIV main of Austhe in the is sex anal unprotected Male-to-male As statedpreviously (seeVictoria in operation in Victorianprisons, but ithasnotbeendesignedtotarget druguse. Peer education programs 32 yet yet - - - - - tion of whether HIV testing is an effective an is testing HIV whether of tion ques the raises inevitably This screenings. compulsory 11,356 of out detected were cases nine Only infection. HIV screenedfor cases were detected out of 30,820 prisoners 21 only 2002, In detected. being were ers practice because so few HIV positive prison ern Territory. Other systems abandoned this ing was still being conducted in the North As at December 2003, compulsory HIV test in different ways. funds present allocating by made be could investment on return better a whether or spent well are allocated resourcescurrently substantial the establishwhether to critical consequences of prison drug strategies. It is cost-effectiveness and unintended negative duct rigorous research into the effectiveness, con to need findings.releasea isThere to pleted but prison authorities were reluctant but, in some cases, studies have been com research of lack a to due is this part most harm reduction strategies were rare. For the and demand supply, of studies Evaluation government policy. current not isHowever, considered.this be should programs exchange equipment ing Health Service have both argued that inject on Health and New South Wales Corrections Committee Standing Assembly Legislative TerritoryAustralian favourable.Capital The been have date evaluationsto all of results the and inmates to equipment injecting ile ster provide countries of number A tralia. been established in any prison yet systemnot has programin syringe Aus and needle A other importantissues. are positive HIV as diagnosed be to place suitable a is prison whether and ethical is use of resources. Whether mandatory testing ), there is a peereducationprogram ------References 127

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31 October. Medical Journal : ,

Appendices 137 6.6 1.3 100 292 19.2 20.0 78.7 80.4 19.6 93.4 Total 4414 1484 4494 118.7 148.3 282.4 17,706 18,078 21,008 1806.3 22,492 c a a a a a d 8 0 0 13 6.8 69 48 104 109 117 100 ACT 11.1 41.0 88.9 59.0 93.2 11.8 86.2 96.3 185.1 ACT in in ACT 1133.8 7 2 0 0 12 5.7 9.8 1.6 116 109 123 100 123 88.6 94.3 NSW 100.0 ACT in in ACT 0 0 61 30 89 7.0 366 338 397 TAS 100 427 16.1 14.3 85.7 79.2 20.8 93.0 621.6 104.0 225.7 118.1 0 0 21 NT 3.1 102 459 208 565 646 100 667 31.2 30.8 68.8 84.7 15.3 96.9 191.1 862.4 466.2 1340.0 84 SA 5.7 971 243 168 490 100 11.5 71.9 13.8 89.2 66.5 33.5 94.3 1050 1377 1461 16.66 236.2 122.7 1703.1 0 0 6.9 WA 498 194 872 100 31.1 17.8 68.9 82.2 93.1 26.2 1928 2302 2606 2800 134.3 356.6 190.2 2413.9 35 1.0 7.2 4.5 VIC 579 254 160 100 16.4 94.5 88.6 83.6 92.8 13.0 93.4 2961 3345 3286 3540 178.4 1109.6 0 0 6.1 966 288 100 20.5 74.9 79.5 93.9 20.1 25.1 QLD 1183 3538 3755 4433 4721 319.7 128.5 167.3 1733.5 b 89 1.0 6.9 605 100 81.8 81.3 18.7 93.1 22.9 17.2 7117 7167 8154 NSW 1642 1503 318.4 139.1 168.0 8759 2146.2

Rate per per Rate adult 100,000 population Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage per Rate adult 100,000 population Number Percentage 100,000 adult 100,000 population Number Percentage per Rate adult 100,000 population Percentage per Rate adult 100,000 population Number Percentage per Rate Number

includes 883 periodic detainees, who were excluded from the review as far as possible, as the focus was on full-time as far as possible, as the focus the review from excluded who were includes 883 periodic detainees, on 30 June 2002 (NSW Department of The total includes an additional 60 inmates held in court cells prisoners. communication, 2003–04). personal Services, Corrective full-time prisoners. housed in New South Wales. housed total be noted that this also It should figure). included in this were held in New South Wales prisons prisoners prisoners Sentenced Un- sentenced Total Non- Indigenous Unknown Indigenous Males Females

d prisoners. to the total number of remand Refers c was on as the focus not been included in the review have These prisoners to periodic detention prisoners. Refers b Capital Territory Australian including 2001, years, only (in previous includes New South Wales prisoners figure This a those and also Capital Territory in the Australian prisoners Capital Territory include Australian rates Imprisonment (ABS 2003) Appendix 1: Prisoners in Australia on 30 June 2002 in Australia Appendix 1: Prisoners Appendices 138 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons Worldwide prevline (www.health.org/) Google, Xplore, IEE Scirus, ScienceDirect, PsychInfo, EMBASE, Database, Drug AGIS, Medline, Premedline, APAIS, Web of Science, Literature searches accessed forinformation Appendix 2:Websites Social Justice Medical Advocates for Drug sense Dependency Institute de Rothschild Chemical Treatment, theBaron Edmund Advancement ofAddiction International Centerfor statistical resources) network (criminaljustice World criminaljustice library RAND Pompidou group drug policyfoundation) (formerly Lindesmith Centre Drug policyalliance drug policy DRCNet onlinelibrary of Organisation main.html www.medadvocates.org/disenfranchised/incarcerated/ www.drugsense.org/ www.opiateaddictionrx.info mainpages/statres.htm www.andromeda.rutgers.edu/~wcjlen/WCJ/ www.rand.org/multi/dprc/ dmop-e003.html www.pompidou.coe.int/English/penal/prison/ www.drugpolicy.org/ www.druglibrary.org/ URL browsed are listed here. pages accessed; however, the main websites of list exhaustive an not is following The Websites www.google.com.au, news.google.com.au www.mapinc.org, www.smh.com.au, Carried outviatheinternetusing Newspaper searches Appendices 139 www.justiceaction.org.au www.aph.gov.au/house/committee/fca www.health.gov.au/pubhlth/publicat/drugs.htm www.adca.org.au www.ceida.net.au www.group4falck.com www.nationaldrugstrategy.gov.au www.adin.com.au www.pc.gov.au/gsp/index.html www.adf.org.au www.acorm.com.au www.aimscorp.com.au www.aic.gov.au www.abs.gov.au www.aihw.gov.au URL

Standing Committee on Affairs Community and Family Department of Australian Health and Ageing Australian Drug Information Australian Network Action Justice of Australia Parliament of Representatives House Centre for Education and Centre and Information on Drugs Alcohol 4 Falck Group National Drug Strategy Australian Bureau of Statistics Bureau Australian of Health Institute Australian and Welfare Alcohol and Other Drugs Council of Australia Australian Drug Foundation Drug Australian Correctional Australasian Management AIMS Corporation of Institute Australian Criminology Organisation for the Steering Committee Review of Commonwealth/State Service Provision Australia 140 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons New SouthWales Queensland and Statistical Research Queensland OfficeofEconomic Sisters Inside Inc. Queensland Alcohol andDrugFoundation Corrective Services Queensland Departmentof Organisation Against Corruption Independent Commission South Wales Hepatitis CCouncilofNew NSW OfficeforDrugPolicy Corrective Services NSW Inspector-General of Services Richard Amery NSW Minister forCorrective Research Bureau ofCrimeStatistics and NSW DrugSummit1999 NSW Corrections HealthService Services NSW DepartmentofCorrective Organisation www.oesr.qld.gov.au/views/statistics/stats_home.htm www.sistersinside.com.au www.adfq.org www.dcs.qld.gov.au URL www.icac.nsw.gov.au www.hepatitisc.org.au Prisons.html www.druginfo.nsw.gov.au/druginfo/lawjustice/ www.igcs.nsw.gov.au www.minister.agric.nsw.gov.au www.agd.nsw.gov.au/bocsar1.nsf/pages/index www.druginfo.nsw.gov.au/druginfo/summit/ www.chs.health.nsw.gov.au www.dcs.nsw.gov.au URL Appendices 141 www.ocs.sa.gov.au www.drugsummit2002.sa.gov.au members.iinet.net.au/~outcare www.custodialinspector.wa.gov.au www.nextstep.health.wa.gov.au/home.cfm URL www.corrections.sa.gov.au www.justice.sa.gov.au www.drugs.vic.gov.au www.burnet.edu.au www.magistratescourt.vic.gov.au/text/StateCor.htm www.morelandhall.org URL www.justice.wa.gov.au www.law.ecel.uwa.edu.au/crc www.information.vic.gov.au/index.html www.justice.vic.gov.au www.vic.gov.au www.parliament.vic.gov.au www.vaada.org.au www.turningpoint.org.au www.caraniche.com.au www.dhs.vic.gov.au URL Services SA Department of Justice SA Office of Crime Statistics Drug Summit 2002 Next Step Organisation SA Department for Correctional WA Department of Justice Centre Crime Research Ltd Outcare WA Office of the Custodial Inspector Uniting Care Moreland Hall Moreland Uniting Care Organisation Caraniche Pty Ltd Caraniche Victorian Department of Health website drugs Government Victorian Burnet Institute Victorian State Coroner Victorian Parliament Drug Victorian Alcohol and Association Alcohol and Point Turning Inc Drug Centre Organisation Information Victoria of Justice Victorian Department Victorian Government South Australia Western Australia Western Victoria 142 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons Tasmania Northern Territory 36 35 34 33 Page 143: Australian CapitalTerritory Community Safety ACT DepartmentofJustice and Services ACT DepartmentofCorrective Organisation Tasmanian Ombudsman Health andHumanServices Tasmanian Departmentof Justice andIndustrial Relations Tasmanian Departmentof Organisation Our Message Services NT DepartmentforCorrectional NT DepartmentofJustice Northern Territory Government Organisation Excludes periodic detentionprisoner capacity. Female prisoners maybehoused in LongBayHospital. Comprises LongBayHospital, Metropolitan Medical Transient Centre, Metropolitan Special Figures refer tooperational rather thandesigncapacity. Designcapacityrefers tothecapacity Programs Centre and the SpecialPurposeCentre. Department ofCorrective Services, personal communication,2004). criteria. Operational capacityrefers totheactualcapacity, staffinganddemand forbeds(NSW for whichthecentre wasdesignedandvaries according to theageofbuildings and other www.canberraconnect.act.gov.au/ie4/laworder/jacs.html www.cs.act.gov.au URL www.justice.tas.gov.au www.dhhs.tas.gov.au www.justice.tas.gov.au URL www.ourmessage.org index.shtml www.nt.gov.au/justice/graphpages/corrservs/ www.nt.gov.au/justice wwww.nt.gov.au URL Appendices 143 33 36 94 50 60 60 70 210 915 100 469 522 256 350 464 140 182 120 568 268 550 750 337 270 445 Total 164 1,635 capacity Minimum Minimum Minimum Minimum Minimum Medium and Minimum Medium and Minimum Minimum and Maximum Minimum Minimum Minimum Minimum and Maximum Medium and Minimum Minimum Minimum Medium and Minimum Minimum Maximum Minimum and Maximum Minimum Maximum, Remand Medium Security rating Medium and Minimum Minimum Minimum 35 Males Males Males Males Males Females Males Males Males Males Males Males and Males females Males Males Males Males Males Males/ females Males Females Males and Males females Males Males Females 34 Parramatta Correctional Centre Correctional Parramatta Centre Correctional St Heliers Complex Correctional Silverwater Centre Correctional Tamworth Metropolitan Remand and Reception Metropolitan Centre Centre Mulawa Correctional Centre Correctional Oberon Centre Correctional Parklea (privately operated) (privately Centre Kirkconnell Correctional Centre Lithgow Correctional Complex Long Bay Correctional Centre Correctional Mannus Grafton Correctional Centre Correctional Grafton Complex* (Warakirri) Ivanhoe II and I Centre Correctional Morony John Centre Junee Correctional Cooma Correctional Centre Cooma Correctional Centre Correctional Emu Plains Centre* Glenn Innes Correctional Centre Goulburn Correctional Berrima Correctional Centre Berrima Correctional Centre* Dhinnakkal) (Yetta Brewarrina Centre Hill Correctional Broken Centre Cessnock Correctional Prison Centre Correctional Bathurst (NSW Department of Corrective Services, personal communication, 2004) personal Services, Corrective (NSW Department of Appendix 3: Prisons in New South Wales South Wales New in Appendix 3: Prisons 144 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons after someone else. Sharing of other inject syringe and needle a re-used had females Additionally, 103 (67%) males and 40 (72%) had done so in the month prior to interview. whom 33 (29%) males and 16 (36%) females in the survey reporting injecting drug use, of prisonersfemale (43%) 56 and male (24%) 154 with prison, in drugs inject to tinued It found that high numbers of prisonersSurvey. Health conInmate Wales South New a in prisons was conducted in 2001 as part of use drug of comprehensiveinvestigation A 2003; ButlerandAllnutt2003) Inmate HealthSurvey(ButlerandMilner in New South Wales Drug use by prisoners Appendix 4: 37 and (Butler Milner 2003). females) 6] = [n 7% males, 13] = [n available(13% not was alcohol or reported usingheroin cannabis when substitute a as prisoners of number A testing. the chances of detection through urine drug minimise to was This incarceration. during cannabis using to preference in heroin ing inject reported prisoners female (14%) 13 and male (16%) 45 Furthermore, prison. adult an in time first the for injected had prisoners female (2%) two and (11%)male 32 injection, heroin reporting prisoners Of and Milner2003). (Butler filter spoon, shared,e.g. equipment cent of the sample, depending on the item of ing equipment was reported by up to 65 per This gender difference wasattributedto sentencingdifferences; women are typically incarcerated forshort periodsandfordrug-related offences.

- - - cent of reception prisoners and 19 per cent was the most common diagnosis, with dependence 38 per Opioid respectively. prisoners, reception female of cent per 75 and male of cent per 64 to rises figure this entrants and 57 per cent for females. males for cent per 33 was months 12 ous order (abuse or dependence) over the previ Wales meeting criteria for substance use dis South New in prisoners of percentage The sharing aneedleand/orsyringe. approximately 75 per cent (n~206) reported males reporting injecting drug use in prison, Of females. of (n~8) quarter’ a under ‘just reported by 21 per cent (n~58) of males and was prison in use drug Injecting reported). not = (n community the in than less was cocaine and amphetamines heroin, of use once during least their at current sentence,alcohol althoughand/or drugs illicit using cent of female respondents (n~22) reported male respondents (61%, n~155) and 65 per of half Overheroin). (typically drug-related the offence for which that they were imprisoned was reported respondents female of (n~25) cent per 75 and male of (n~208) tive Services. In the 2001 survey, 82 per cent the New South Wales Department of Correc- conducted on a biennial basis since 1998 by and the National Drug Strategy. It has been by the 1999 New South Wales Drug Summit A survey of drug use by prisoners was funded (Kevin 2003) New SouthWales PrisonerSurvey criteria (ButlerandAllnutt2003). meeting population prison general the of 37 Among prison - - Appendices 145 ------42 84 126 168 . Number of days’ Number of days’ loss of privileges (KPMG Consulting 2000) (KPMG Consulting prisoners testing positive to drugs to drugs testing positive prisoners Table 43: Penalties applied to NSW Penalties 43: Table

Offence 1st 2nd 3rd 4th or more rent rent as many prisoners did not receive any being of possibility the Furthermore, visitors. to reported was prison another to transferred 2000). be ineffectual (KPMG Consulting viewed in KPMG Consulting’s (2000) review, review, (2000) Consulting’s KPMG in viewed urinaly through positive testing reported 18 loss included received sanctions main The sis. other and privileges of loss visits, contact of punitive measures, while only one prisoner was offered an education/counselling pro 2000) (KPMG Consulting gram Comment Prison officers interviewed by KPMG Con of threat the that commented (2000) sulting deter ineffective an was visits contact losing Of the 1589 positive drug tests provided Of in the drug 1589 tests positive provided 2000, March to 1999 July from months ten charges were made on 1202 (76%) occa Departmen 2000). Consulting (KPMG sions tal policy stipulates that alcohol and other drug workers be informed of all prisoners testing positive on urinalysis so that diver sionary programs may be considered (NSW Inspector-General of Corrective inter prisoners 37 the of ServicesHowever, 2002b). (KPMG (KPMG Consulting 2000). Examples of ex provided. not were circumstances tenuating Penalties Penalties typically increase for dis subsequent use may governor the although offences, been have to believed is offence the if cretion circumstances extenuating under committed - 70

520 2059 2001–02 84 495 1948

2000–01 by NSW correctional centre governors centre NSW correctional by Table 42: Drug-related offences heard offences heard 42: Drug-related Table alcohol, prepare/manufacture of alcohol or alcohol, prepare/manufacture test. breath of refusal drug’, ‘possess drug implement’, ‘administer test’. urine prescribed ‘fail and ‘self-intoxication’ Alcohol charges* Other drug charges** Refuse/fail Refuse/fail a to provide urine sample (NSW Department of Corrective Services 2002b) (NSW Department of Corrective (NSW Department of Corrective Services, communication, 2003–04). personal these figures are not representative, as each as representative, not are figures these and basis individual an on considered is case offender to offender from varies punishment by KPMG Consulting and are detailed in Table 43. the However, following informa tion as is provided a rough guide only; the that states Services Corrective of Department of the prison and may involve the loss of privileges or amenities for a specified time. reported were applied be may that Penalties With regard to positive urine test results, punishment is determined by the governor ** Other drug charges include ‘possess drug’, Other drug charges ** * of include possession/use Alcohol charges heard by correctional centre governors in 2000– in governors centre correctional by heard 42. Table in shown is 2001–02 and 01 Prisoners offences drug-related directly of number The New South Wales prisoners South Wales prisoners New with drug offences: charged and outcomes statistics Appendix 5: 146 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons (Queensland DepartmentofCorrective Services, personal communication,2004) Appendix 6:Prisons inQueensland ** Maryborough Correctional Centre openedin March 2003andis intheprocess ofreceiving Queensland DepartmentofCorrective Servicesuses adifferent terminologytothatused for * Woodford Correctional Centre Wolston Correctional Centre Townsville Correctional Centre Centre Sir DavidLonglandCorrectional Palen Creek Correctional Centre Numinbah Correctional Centre Maryborough Correctional Centre** Lotus GlenCorrectional Centre Darling Downs Correctional Centre Capricornia Correctional Centre Centre Brisbane Women’s Correctional (privately operated) Borallon Correctional Centre (privately operated) Arthur GorrieCorrectional Centre Prison inmates (Queensland DepartmentofCorrective Services 2003). communication, 2004). units operating inQueensland prisons (Queensland DepartmentofCorrective Services, personal other jurisdictions inthis review. ‘Maximum’inthis contextrefers tospecific maximumsecurity Males females Males and Males Males females Males and Males Males Males Males Females Males Males females Males/ Males Medium, LowandOpen Low andOpen Maximum, High,Medium, Security rating* High, Medium, Low and Open High, Medium, Low and Open High, Medium, Low and Open Low andOpen Maximum, High,Medium, Open Open High, Medium, Low and Open High, Medium, Low and Open Open High, Medium, Low and Open High, Medium, Low and Open capacity Total 1000 492 600 494 324 170 129 500 170 496 270 710 511

Appendices 147 - - 6 3 n 28 29 19–24

(n = 34)* = (n 9 % 18 83 85 56–71 Prison injectors injectors Prison (Hockings et al. 2002) (Hockings prisoners in Queensland in Queensland prisoners Table 45: Injecting drug use by female by Injecting drug use 45: Table whole number. Injected in last month needles at last Shared injection equipment Shared at last injection Cleaned needle use before sterile, unused Used needle at last injection detention centre. A total of 59 (28%) believed prisoners that alco- and/or drugs quit to help needed they hol, typically in theAnony formNarcotics and of support counselling, rehabilitation, or Alcoholics Anonymous. mous * nearest to the rounded are Figures Two respondents reported injecting drugs for the first time in prison or in a juvenile sample is shown in Table 45. in Table shown is sample A total of 34 (29% of injecting drug users; 16% of total sample) prisoners injecting drugs during reported any period of incar ceration. Further information on this sub- - n 37 30 23 17 ~53** 8 % 11 25 17 14 Females (n = 212)* Females

(Hockings et al. 2002) (Hockings whole number. Table 44: Drug use in Queensland prisons prisons in Queensland 44: Drug use Table Tranquillisers Amphetamines Any drug Cannabis Opiates * nearest to the rounded are Figures not reported. number Exact ** in the 12 months preceding incarceration. Reports of drug use by 44. Table femalein shown are incarceration during prisoners viewed viewed as part of an inmate with health survey. high, was respondents by use drug Illicit 63 use per cent (n regular = 133) reporting Female Prisoner Health Survey Female Prisoner Health (Hockings et al. 2002) inter were prisoners female 212 of total The drug use by female prisoners in Queensland Queensland in prisoners female by use drug 2000) 2002; Kilroy et al. (Hockings Drug use by female by Drug use in Queensland prisoners into conducted been have investigations Two Appendix 7: 148 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons east Queensland. Findings are shown in in Table 46. shown are south- Findings in Queensland. prisoners east female 100 by use drug of survey a conducted (2000) Kilroy Female PrisonerSurvey(Kilroy 2000) or otherdruguse duringincarceration. A total of 51 prisoners reported alcohol and/ Any drug Amphetamines Heroin Cannabis Alcohol prisoners inSEQueensland Table 46:Druguse reported by female to incarceration Drug use prior (Kilroy 2000) 88 44 46 47 60 % 88 44 46 47 60 n Appendices 149 85 54 110 710 174 777 399 280 127 260 397 428 132 Total Total capacity

Medium Minimum Medium and Minimum Minimum Medium Minimum, Medium and Maximum Maximum and Medium Minimum Medium and Maximum Minimum Security rating Medium Maximum Medium Males Males Males Males Females Females Males/ females Males Males Males Males Males Males Males Victorian Department of Justice website accessed January 2004. Victorian Department of Justice Port Phillip Prison (private) Phillip Prison Port Won Wron HM Prison Centre** Frost Dame Phyllis Tarrengower HM Prison Fulham Correctional Centre (private) Centre Fulham Correctional Kal Langi Kal HM Prison Loddon HM Prison Prison HM Melbourne Assessment HM Prison Barwon HM Prison HM Beechworth Prison Bendigo HM Prison Dhurringile HM Prison Prison Ararat HM Prison ** Formerly the Metropolitan Women’s Correctional Centre. Correctional Women’s the Metropolitan Formerly ** * website accessed September 2003; of Criminology Institute Australian (Australian Institute of Criminology website; Victorian Department of Justice website)* Department of Justice of Criminology website; Victorian Institute (Australian Appendix 8: Prisons in Victoria in Appendix 8: Prisons 150 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons Under the policy, different levels of penalties in Table 47. shown are These offence. drug of egories Drug Strategy and specifies three main cat trial measure under the new Victorian Prison the nature of the offence. This hierarchy is a to according sanctions differential applies program (IDU) User Drug Identified revised The detected. type sameregardlessdrug of session or use of an illicit substance was the Previously, the punishment received for pos Prisoners statistics andoutcomes with drugoffences: Victorian prisoners charged Appendix 9: of reasons for these differential penalties. penalties. differential these for reasons of number a cites Department The offence. drug of category each for areimplemented Category C Category B Category A Category Possession or use of cannabis and/or related equipment Attempting todoanyofthe above adulterating/substituting adrugtestsample Interfering withadrugtestingprocess or Refusing tosubmitaurinetest cannabis/cannabis-related materials Possession oruse ofanyillicitdrugs otherthan substances/articles Minor trafficking involving small amountsofillicit Serious trafficking involving illicit substances/articles Drug offence

Table 47:Levels ofdrugpenaltiesinVictorianprisons (Victorian DepartmentofJustice 2002b) - - for inmates. There would also be the poten- of overdose and blood-borne viral infection risk greater a carry also which but heroin) drugsto are(e.g. that detectable easily less then this may encourage prisoners to switch types, drug all for same the wereishments other drugs. It is also argued that if the pun for than islonger period window detection lowest penalties of the three categories as its Cannabis use and/or possession receives the 2002b). the prison (Victorian Department of Justice threaten the good order and management can which of behaviour aggressive with associ ated been have medication) obtained illicitly and alcohol as (such cannabis than ons. Furthermore, non-injectable drugs other pris within violence and tensionincreased of drug injection have been associated with needlestick injury. In addition, higher levels through e.g. infection, virus blood-borne of riskgreater at be to staff prison for tial

Lower penalties High penalties Highest penalties Level ofpenalty - - - Appendices 151 ment of Justice (Victorian Department of Justice 2002b, 2002c). An accompanying Justice of Department (Victorian document available. also 2003) is The Victorian Prison Drug Strategy and the Drug Strategy The Victorian Prison Identified described are Drug program User detail in in extensive two publicly available Depart- Victorian the by produced documents 4 33 29

749 279 1094 Average Average prisoners daily no. of

communication, 2002–04) (Corrections Victoria, personal personal Victoria, (Corrections Table 48: Average daily number of 48: Average Table IDU prisoners in Victoria, 2002–03 in Victoria, IDU prisoners since satisfied all requirements to revoke it. it. revoke to requirements all satisfied since months. six after removed is status IDU-N The prisoners who have previously been given given been previously have who prisoners have who but status User Drug Identified an N* Total A B C BD and 3BR Incentive (Drug-Free prisoners) Program Category * to refers and status neutral a is IDU-N Tarrengower Tarrengower Prison) are also transferred to higher security prisons. reprimanded, fined and/or lose prisons privileges. security minimum in housed Inmates (with the exception of female prisoners at B offences and then Category C offences. offence drug a for punishment the Typically is the loss of contact visits for a specified period, although prisoners may also be are are stipulated in the Victorian Prison Drug attracting offences A Category with Strategy, Category by followed penalties, highest the substances (including cannabis) warrants a Category A or Category B Identified Drug The User status. penalties for all categories It is the responsibility of the prison manager manager prison the of responsibility the is It to determine whether trafficking of illicit 152 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons (WA DepartmentofJustice website,accessedMay2002) Appendix 10: * Modifications include replacing a single bed with a double bunk or bolting another bed into a cell. Wooroloo Prison Farm Roebourne RegionalPrison Nyandi Prison Karnet Prison Farm Campbell RemandCentre) Canning Vale Prison andCW Hakea Prison (formerly Greenough RegionalPrison Prison Eastern GoldfieldsRegional Casuarina Prison Bunbury RegionalPrison Broome RegionalPrison Bandyup Women’s Prison Albany RegionalPrison Acacia Prison (private) Prison Prisons in Western Australia Males females Males and females Males and Males Males females Males and Females Males Males females Males/ Males females Males and Females Males Maximum Minimum, Mediumand Medium Security rating Minimum short-term Maximum Minimum, Mediumand Minimum Minimum Maximum Minimum, Mediumand Remand Maximum Minimum, Mediumand Medium/Maximum Minimum andshort-term Maximum Minimum, Mediumand short-term Maximum Minimum, Mediumand prisoners Medium andRemand Minimum withshort-term Maximum Minimum, Mediumand (modified to (modified to (modified to (modified to (modified to (modified to (modified to (modified to (modified to (modified to house 232*) house 163*) house 172*) house 766*) house 246*) house 493*) house 164*) house 218*) house 45*) house 89*) capacity Total 222 750 160 680 226 188 401 210 112 32 96 66 85

Appendices 153 to to their substance use, with 51 per cent of non-Aboriginal of cent per 34 and Aboriginal at the time of the influence under prisoners proportion greater a contrast, In offence. the of (25% non-Aboriginal respondents versus obtain to offences committing reported 2%) Department (WA alcohol or drugs for money 2002b). Justice of regular drug/alcohol use prior to incarceration, Of the incarceration, sub-group of to participants reporting prior use drug/alcohol regular 94 (84%) of the 112 respondents reported that their offending behaviour was related

greater frequency, particularly heroin and prior to incarceration. amphetamines, Aboriginal respondents, with greater use of alcohol reported by the former group. In contrast, non-Aboriginal women used a wider range of other drug types and with Of the 112 participants reporting regular drug/alcohol use, marked differences were observed between the Aboriginal and non- on a range of subjects including general offending, of history health, mental health, situation. social and family abuse, of history Profile of female prisoners of female prisoners Profile 2002 in Western Australia, A total of 140 women were interviewed Appendix 11: Appendix 11: 154 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons urine samples suggests that a large number positive of number However,the drugs. of possession) than (rather use with charged prisonersof number the or found drugs of 2002a). Data were not provided on the types Australia Western of (Parliament 2001–02 year financial the in drugs of possession with charged were prisoners 53 of total A statistics andoutcomes charged withdrugoffences: Western Australian prisoners Appendix 12: * Dismissed, notguilty, withdrawn, withdrawn (offenderreleased) or acautionwasissued. Total Misconduct — possessing a smoking implement Misconduct —possessingasyringe Misconduct —trafficking Refuse bodysample Used drugs notasprescribed Possession ofadrug—powder Possession ofadrug—cannabis Used adrug—powder Used adrug—cannabis Charge type Table 49:Prisoners charged withdrugoffencesinCasuarinaPrison, WA, June 2001 –May2002,by numberandtypeofoffence

(Parliament ofWesternAustralia 2002a) Other penalties were applied to eight pris eight to applied were penalties Other Western Australia orinprevious years. fied whether this is typical of prisons across Tableisin It seen 49. be unspeci may and prison (Casuarina) were given as an example were not available; however, data from one State-wide data on the punishments received of theseare forcannabis use. a result of these alone and that the majority of charges for drug use are made per year as ment ofWesternAustralia 2002a). between five days and three months (Parlia for visits contact of loss and gratuities of loss remission, of loss included and oners 4 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 Confinement (days) 17 3 0 0 0 4 0 1 2 3 7 39 23 4 0 1 0 6 3 1 3 2 21 14 5 0 0 0 5 0 0 1 1 16 10

6 0 0 0 3 0 0 1 2 2 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 Other* 15 1 1 1 2 1 0 1 3 5 - - - Appendices 155

Yes Yes a max of To 1st class Normal Normal Yes Yes Limit x 6 Yes 2 x weekly Yes spends Earned No restriction 2230 hrs

Normal Normal Yes by As approved Unit Manager Limit x 4 Yes Yes Standard Midnight hrs 2230 hrs Yes Yes a max of To 1st class

(WA Department of Justice Local Order 4.3) Local Order (WA Department of Justice Normal No bingo Yes No Limit x 2 (no VCR or tapes) No Yes Basic 2230 hrs 2230 hrs No No a max of To 4th class Table 50: Incentives and privileges attainable in Wooroloo Prison Farm DFU Farm Prison in Wooroloo and privileges attainable Incentives 50: Table Musical instrument Musical Canteen Library Barbeques Electrical items (as per standing B4) order PPCA Gratuities Visits Recreation Lights out Return to room/ bed area Section 94 activities Privileges Prisoners reduced to basic privileges should, where practical, reside in their own cell. reside practical, where to basic privileges should, reduced Prisoners • not lawfully issued) (e.g. poor hygiene, possession of items of cell standards breach • of behaviour. standard of the required breaches serious N.B. Prisoners may be regressed to basic privileges on the authority of the DFU Manager for to basic may be regressed Prisoners N.B. includes: This poor behaviour. prisoners) (sentenced employment • from or dismissal to accept employment refusing in Wooroloo Prison Farm drug-free unit drug-free Farm Prison in Wooroloo Appendix 13: Incentives and privileges attainable and privileges Incentives Appendix 13: 156 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons (SA DepartmentforCorrectional Services, personal communication,2002–04) Appendix 14:Prisons inSouthAustralia Yatala LabourPrison Port LincolnPrison Port Augusta Prison Mount GambierPrison (private) Mobilong Prison Cadell Training Centre Adelaide Women’s Prison Adelaide RemandCentre Adelaide Pre-Release Centre Prison females Males and Males females Males and Males Males Males Females Males Males females Males/ Maximum, Medium, Maximum (Remandees) Minimum Security rating Minimum Maximum, Mediumand Minimum Minimum Maximum, Mediumand Medium andMinimum Medium andMinimum Minimum Minimum and Remandees capacity Total 247 280 240 140 401 110 98 60 65 Appendices 157

Additional Additional actions Loss of evening activities after 18:30 hrs For LSU prisoners Loss of off- activities centre Loss of evening activities after 18:30 hrs May be referred to the visiting tribunal Loss of evening activities after 18:30 hrs to the Referred tribunal visiting Intensive Intensive intervention Assessment and/or for referral methadone program Assessment and/or for referral methadone program Intensive intervention Assessment and/or for referral methadone program Intensive intervention

Duration Up to 90 days Up to 90 penalty days commences again from time of offence Up to 90 penalty days commences again from time of offence Non contacts Non contacts Visits Visits except visits child Non contacts - (Category 1: Injectable drugs) drugs) (Category 1: Injectable Category 1 — Injectable drugs Category 1 — Injectable C wing C wing Accom modation C wing Loss of high trust employment Loss of high trust employment Employment Loss of high trust employment

(SA Department for Correctional Services, personal communication, 2002–04) personal Services, (SA Department for Correctional Table 51: Punishments for drug use by mainstream prisoners in SA prisons in SA prisons prisoners mainstream by for drug use Punishments 51: Table offence

Subsequent offence Subsequent offence within 90 of 1st days offence Offence 1st N.B. LSU = Living Skills Unit LSU = Living Skills N.B. drug offences: differential sanctions model sanctions differential drug offences: under received Punishments provided. was offences drug prisoner of number the on data No as follows. model are sanctions the differential Appendix 15: South Australian prisoners charged with with charged prisoners South Australian Appendix 15: 158 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons N.B. LSU=LivingSkills Unit N.B. LSU= LivingSkills Unit 1st offence offences subsequent 1st and Offence offences Subsequent offence days of1st within 60 offence Subsequent Offence Table 53:Punishments fordruguse by mainstream prisoners inSAprisons Table 52:Punishments fordruguse by mainstream prisoners inSAprisons (SA DepartmentforCorrectional Services, personal communication,2002–04) (SA DepartmentforCorrectional Services, personal communication,2002–04)

No loss Employment employment high trust Loss of employment high trust Loss of employment high trust Loss of Employment Category 2—Alcoholandotherdrugs thatprovoke aggression (Category 2:Alcoholandotherdrugs thatprovoke aggression) Category 3—Otherillegaldrugs (cannabinoids) C wing C wing C wing modation Accom change No modation Accom - - (Category 3: weekend only Restricted: prisoners For LSU Non contact prisoners For mainstream child visits Visits except contacts Non contacts Non contacts Non child visits except Visits

Cannabinoids) days Up to60 Duration offence time of again from commences days penalty Up to60 offence time of again from commences days penalty Up to60 15 days Up to Duration

— intervention Intensive intervention Intensive intervention Intensive — intervention Intensive 18:30 hrs activities after Loss ofevening actions Additional visiting tribunal Referred tothe 18:30 hrs activities after Loss ofevening tribunal to thevisiting May bereferred 18:30 hrs activities after Loss ofevening centre activities Loss ofoff- prisoners For LSU

48(b) As perLOP prisoners For LSU 18:30 hrs activities after Loss of evening actions Additional

Appendices 159 400 400 Total Total capacity

Maximum Security rating and Minimum, Medium Maximum and Minimum, Medium Males/ females Males and females Males and females Loss of contact visits for 12 months. Non-contact visits Non-contact visits for 12 months. Loss of contact visits are contact visits Once limited to one-hour duration. on all contact overalls visit wear must prisoner reinstated, for 24 months. visits Non-contact visits for 24 months. Loss of contact visits are Once contact visits limited to one-hour duration. on all contact overalls wear visit must prisoner reinstated, for 24 months. visits Non-contact visits for 36 months. Loss of contact visits are Once contact visits limited to one-hour duration. on all contact overalls wear visit must prisoner reinstated, for 24 months. visits Punishment Non-contact visits months. for three Loss of contact visits are contact visits Once limited to one-hour duration. on all contact overalls visit wear must prisoner reinstated, for nine months. visits Non-contact visits for six months. Loss of contact visits are contact visits Once limited to one-hour duration. on all contact overalls visit wear must prisoner reinstated, for 18 months. visits

(NT Correctional Services, personal communication, 2003) personal Services, (NT Correctional Table 54: Punishments for identified drug users in NT prisons prisons in NT for identified drug users 54: Punishments Table offence)

offence) offence) offence) offence)

(5th Identified Drug User 4 Identified Drug User (4th 5 Identified Drug User (2nd 3 Identified Drug User (3rd Identified Drug User 1 Identified Drug User (1st 2 Identified Drug User Status Darwin Correctional Centre Darwin Correctional Prison Centre Correctional Alice Springs Appendix 17: Northern Territory prisoners charged charged prisoners Appendix 17: Northern Territory with drug offences: outcomes (NT Correctional Services 2001) (NT Correctional Appendix 16: Prisons in the Northern Territory the Northern Territory in Prisons Appendix 16: 160 Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons (Tasmanian Prison Service,personal communication,2002–03) Appendix 18:Prisons inTasmania (ACT Corrective Services, personal communication,2003) Appendix 19: Remand centres in the Australian Capital Territory * Themediumsecurityprison is duetobedecommissioned inJanuary2004. Symonston Temporary Remand Centre Belconnen RemandCentre Remand centre Risdon Women’s Prison and Risdon Prison Hospital)* (Risdon Prison, amediumsecurityprison, Risdon Prison Complex Launceston RemandCentre Hobart RemandCentre Hayes Prison Farm Prison

Males Males females Males/ females Males and females Males and females Males/ Females Males females Males and (remandees) Maximum Minimum rating Security (remandees) Maximum (remandees) Maximum rating Security Maximum Medium and Minimum, Minimum Medium and Maximum, (remandees) Maximum capacity capacity Total Total 364 36 70 30 69 37 33