9 supply, demand and harm reduction paper ANCD research strategies in Australian prisons implementation, cost and evaluation 9 supply, demand and harm reduction paper ANCD research strategies in Australian prisons implementation, cost and evaluation Emma Black, Kate Dolan and Alex Wodak National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre University of New South Wales and St Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney A report prepared for the Australian National Council on Drugs, July 2004 © Australian National Council on Drugs 2004 This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without the written permission of the publisher. Published by the Australian National Council on Drugs PO Box 1552, Canberra ACT 2601 Telephone: 02 6279 1650 Fax: 02 6279 1610 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ancd.org.au National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication data Black, Emma. Supply, demand and harm reduction strategies in Australian prisons: implementation, cost and evaluation. Bibliography. ISBN 1 877018 10 4. 1. Prisoners — Drug use — Australia — Prevention. 2. Prisoners — Health and hygiene — Australia. 3. Prisoners — Drug testing — Australia. 4. Health risk assessment — Australia. I. Dolan, Kate. II. Wodak, Alex. III. National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (Australia). IV. St Vincent’s Hospital (Sydney, NSW). V. Title. (Series: ANCD research paper; 9). 365.660994 Editor: Julie Stokes Design: Starkis Design Printer: New Millennium Print Cover illustration: Kate Dolan Acknowledgement: This work has been supported by funding from the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and are not necessarily those of the ANCD or the Australian Government. Contents Acknowledgements . x Abstract . xi Executive summary . xii Recommendations . xxiv 1 Introduction . 1 2 Methods . 7 3 Results . 11 3.1 New South Wales . 11 3.1.1 Background . 11 3.1.2 Illicit drugs — policy . 12 3.1.3 Research and evaluations . 13 3.1.4 Drug strategies . 15 3.1.4.1 Supply reduction . 15 iii 3.1.4.2 Demand reduction . 19 3.1.4.3 Harm reduction . 25 3.1.4.4 Pre- and post-release programs . 30 3.1.4.5 Future directions . 30 3.2 Queensland . 33 3.2.1 Background . 33 3.2.2 Illicit drugs — policy . 34 3.2.3 Research and evaluations . 34 3.2.4 Drug strategies . 35 3.2.4.1 Supply reduction . 35 3.2.4.2 Demand reduction . 38 3.2.4.3 Harm reduction . 40 3.2.4.4 Pre- and post-release programs . 42 3.2.4.5 Future directions . 42 3.3 Victoria . 45 3.3.1 Background . 45 3.3.2 Illicit drugs — policy . 46 3.3.3 Research and evaluations . 48 3.3.4 Drug strategies . 49 3.3.4.1 Supply reduction . 49 3.3.4.2 Demand reduction . 52 3.3.4.3 Harm reduction . 56 3.3.4.4 Pre- and post-release programs . 58 3.3.4.5 Future directions . 58 3.4 Western Australia . 62 3.4.1 Background . 62 3.4.2 Illicit drugs — policy . 63 3.4.3 Research and evaluations . 64 3.4.4 Drug strategies . 64 3.4.4.1 Supply reduction . 64 3.4.4.2 Demand reduction . 67 3.4.4.3 Harm reduction . 71 iv 3.4.4.4 Pre- and post-release programs . 74 3.4.4.5 Future directions . 74 3.5 South Australia . 78 3.5.1 Background . 78 3.5.2 Illicit drugs — policy . 79 3.5.3 Research and evaluations . 80 3.5.4 Drug strategies . 80 3.5.4.1 Supply reduction . 80 3.5.4.2 Demand reduction . 82 3.5.4.3 Harm reduction . 86 3.5.4.4 Pre- and post-release programs . 89 3.5.4.5 Future directions . 89 3.6 Northern Territory . 91 3.6.1 Background . 91 3.6.2 Illicit drugs — policy . 92 3.6.3 Research and evaluations . 93 3.6.4 Drug strategies . 93 3.6.4.1 Supply reduction . 93 3.6.4.2 Demand reduction . 96 3.6.4.3 Harm reduction . 98 3.6.4.4 Pre- and post-release programs . 99 3.6.4.5 Future directions . 99 3.7 Tasmania . ..