DOCSLIB.ORG

HERBICIDES in FORESTRY EM 4481 Jam!!I"Y 1980 -.: --I-- - R

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
HERBICIDES in FORESTRY EM 4481 Jam!!I ;;) -/ J . ',,L '1 ;? Z r Ct· HERBICIDES IN FORESTRY EM 4481 Jam!!i"y 1980 -.: --i-- - r COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE • COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE • WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY • PULLMAN In cooperation with the United States Department of Agriculture Issued in furtherance of the Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, by the Washington State University Cooperative Extension Service, J. 0. Young, Director On March 1, 1979, EPA suspended all forest uses of 2,4,5-T and silvex (2,4,5-TP). Although these herbicides are suggested in this publication they must not be used unless the suspension is modified or removed. HERBICIDES IN FORESTRY* Michael Newton, Professor School of Forestry, Oregon State University Undesirable woody and herbaceous plants are problems in strikingly in degree of control and composition of residual commercial forests and on fence lines and rights-of-way. Safe, vegetation, hence in the choice of method. dependable methods of chemical weed control have been de­ The Oregon Forest Practices Act has the mandatory require­ veloped for most forestry needs. Reforestation, in particular, ment of successful reforestation after logging. It also prescribes may depend heavily on weed control. Depending upon local certain rules regarding uses of herbicides to protect plantations. conditions and weed composition, the results sought differ Operators should familiarize themselves with these rules. FOREST LAND BRUSH CONTROL The objective of weed or brush control on commercial forest gests a remote possibility of hitherto unknown toxicity. It is al­ land is to provide larger and higher quality harvests and to ways wise for the applicator to avoid unnecessary exposure to reduce the length of time required to bring the crop to ma­ these chemicals. It is always wise to consult the neighboring turity. The weed control job alone cannot produce a harvest, but landowners before conducting a major spray job, and to take the must be combined with cultural practices involving either seed­ maximum precautions to avoid trespass, despite recent evidence ing or planting, and subsequent practices which bring the crop that watershed contamination from broadcast sprays is prob­ to maturity. Growing trees is the ultimate objective, not killing ably a very limited problem. The benefits from wise use may brush; brush control is merely a phase of the reforestation be enormous and can be realized without adverse effects with procedure. good planning. Chemicals ALWAYS FOLLOW THE DIRECTIONS ON THE LABEL. The Virtually all brush and weed tree control on forest lands is done labels are based on the best research information available, with 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, silvex, amitrole, glyphosate, picloram, fosa­ and information pertaining to safe application is required by mine, MSMA, or cacodylic acid as dormant or foliage sprays, or law. injections. Atrazine and Velpar are used for herbaceous weed Method of Application control in plantations; dalapon also is used for some perennial The methods selected for the application of herbicides in a grasses. These materials, singly or in combination, give broad brush control situation depend upon the species composition, spectrum activity on forest weed species. The 2,4-D type com­ proximity of crops, degree of control required and available pounds are relatively non-injurious to Douglas fir seedlings dur­ equipment. Method and season of application also have a ing the dormant season. Amitrole is more injurious to conifers, major influence on degree of selectivity. but has greater activity on certain 2,4-D resistant plants. Pic­ loram is nearly always harmful when applied directly to conifers. In general, brush in which most stems are less than two inches Satisfactory reforestation brush control can be achieved with the in diameter, and grassy weed problems inoperable with farm proper formulation of these compounds applied at the proper equipment are best treated by aircraft. Spot brush control is best season and with the right carrier. Dicamba has shown activity on suited for hand or tractor-mounted ground rigs. Weed trees some resistant species, but needs further testing for general over 1 ½ to 2 inches in diameter and conifers to be thinned are recommendations in reforestation work. Soil-active rerbicides most economically treated by injection. Some of the other are seldom suited for selective brush control in this region be­ methods are useful in special circumstances, but the above cause of their tendency to injure conifers, but are useful for site usually give the best results per dollar. The commonly used preparation. Fosamine and glyphosate, new products, are grown methods are described below, with special emphasis on objec­ inhibitors applied exclusively as late-summer foliage treatments tives, formulations, and equipment peculiar to each. to brush. Glyphosate also may be used on herbs any time coni­ Foliage Application: Foliage spraying is an extensively used fers are dormant. practice which, to some extent, lacks selectivity for conifers. Safety and Toxic Hazard Non-stocked brush fields which are to be converted to conifer The broadcast application of pesticides has received consider­ stands are sometimes better suited to foliage spraying than able attention in recent years in connection with the danger to dormant spraying. Species such as vine maple and others (Table animals and other forms of life. The known toxicity of the com­ 1), are not satisfactorily controlled by this method. Manzanita, mon brush-killing compounds used on forest lands is rather low, Ceanothus, and other persistent-leaved brush species, lend as in indicated in the section of this manual pertaining to the themselves to satisfactory control with foliage treatments at any properties of herbicides. In the Lake states, the same chemicals season from late dormancy until late summer. The choice of sea­ recommended for local use in reforestation have been used to son for these species is determined, within broader limits, by top-kill brush to promote the proliferation of sprouts for deer the availability of spray equipment and the presence or ab­ browse. Local studies have shown that deer degrade both sence of susceptible crop trees. Alder and salmonberry are phenoxy herbicipes and atrazine with negligible accumulation, especially sensitive to foliage sprays, but timing is critical. and no apparent harmful effects. Meat quality has not been af­ It is important to wait until foliage is mature for good contra,. fected by either class of herbicide as used for reforestation . Spraying of rapidly elongating stems will result in excessive Dioxin in 2,4,5-T and silvex does not appear to contribute to sprouting, except in very sensitive species. The optimum season risk. is usually midsummer in terms of target species control. There are numerous factors which the pesticide applicator must Chemical: 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, the combination of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T, consider. Treatment of a forest often entails the application of silvex. dicamba, picloram, amitrole, and fosamine are the herbi­ large amounts of chemicals over large areas. It is difficult to cides used for foliage applications. For rates of application refer delineate precisely which areas are being treated, and which areas are certain to be free of drift. Recent evidence regarding • See section on chemicals and properties for pesticide trade long-term effects of some herbicides on laboratory animals sug- names . to Tables 1 and 2. 2,4-D and/or 2,4,5-T are by far the most Effectiveness and low cost of injection will probably limit general helpful herbicides of this group. The others are used only where use of basal applications, especially in view of limitations on these fall short. Amitrole and dicamba are non-volatile and are availability of oil. very promising on some resistant species. Picloram-2,4-D mix­ Chemical: The low volatile ester forms of 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, silvex, ture gives excellent control of some species. Picloram and di­ dicamba, or picloram singly or in combination , may be used fo r camba are highly toxic to conifers when applied directly, but basal spraying. 2,4,5-T, or the combination bf 2,4-D and seedl ings planted 6 or more months after treatment are norm­ 2,4,5-T, is generally used when mixed brush species are in­ ally unaffected. Water is almost always used as a carrier. volved; dicamba is excellent where residues will not harm Application: The choice of whether to spray foliage from the conifers, as is the new ester fo rm ul ation cf piclor:::::-""' -,,-..J ~ - " c .,.. air or with ground equipment depends upon the size of the job Silvex is most effective on bigleaf maple between March and and the equipment available. For most spot spray jobs, ground October, but 2,4,5-T may be more effective at other seasons. equipment is the most satisfactory. With ground equipment, it is Application: Herbicides for basal sprays are always applied necessary to completely cover the foliage of the brush being with oil as a carrier, using either diesel or stove oil. Rates of 10 treated. It is generally necessary to apply 100 gallons per acre or more pounds active ingredient of the herbicide to each 100 or more of the spray solution to get adequate coverage. Aerial gallons of oil are used (10 + aehg). For successful results with application involves 5 to 10 gallons per acre. Whi le the ground basal sprays, the stem must be soaked and thoroughly covered equipment lends itself very well to small jobs, the labor re­ throughout the treatment area. The results from basal treat­ quirement is excessive on jobs of more than a few acres and ments do not become immediately apparent. Often the tree will aerial application is preferred. On large jobs, aerial spraying be­ leaf out and die back one or two years before finally dying.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid
    2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid IUPAC (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid name 2,4-D Other hedonal names trinoxol Identifiers CAS [94-75-7] number SMILES OC(COC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1Cl)=O ChemSpider 1441 ID Properties Molecular C H Cl O formula 8 6 2 3 Molar mass 221.04 g mol−1 Appearance white to yellow powder Melting point 140.5 °C (413.5 K) Boiling 160 °C (0.4 mm Hg) point Solubility in 900 mg/L (25 °C) water Related compounds Related 2,4,5-T, Dichlorprop compounds Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a common systemic herbicide used in the control of broadleaf weeds. It is the most widely used herbicide in the world, and the third most commonly used in North America.[1] 2,4-D is also an important synthetic auxin, often used in laboratories for plant research and as a supplement in plant cell culture media such as MS medium. History 2,4-D was developed during World War II by a British team at Rothamsted Experimental Station, under the leadership of Judah Hirsch Quastel, aiming to increase crop yields for a nation at war.[citation needed] When it was commercially released in 1946, it became the first successful selective herbicide and allowed for greatly enhanced weed control in wheat, maize (corn), rice, and similar cereal grass crop, because it only kills dicots, leaving behind monocots. Mechanism of herbicide action 2,4-D is a synthetic auxin, which is a class of plant growth regulators.
    [Show full text]
  • Toxicity of Herbicides to Newly Emerged Honey Bees,1.2.3
    PUKOr.SED BV THE ACr.ICl'.LT RESEARCH SIRViCE. U. S. DEPA:;T.rfEH OF AGRICULTURE FOR OFFICIAL US* Reprinted from the Environmental Entomology Volume 1, Number 1, pp. 102-104, February 1972 Toxicity of Herbicides to Newly Emerged Honey Bees,1.2.3 HOWARD L. MORTON,' JOSEPH O. MOFFETT," and ROBERT H. MACDONALD" Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Tucson, Arizona 85719 :, ■ ABSTRACT . We fed herbicides to newly emerged worker Apis mellifera L. in 60% sucrose syrup at concentrations of 0, 10, 100, and ] 000 parts per million by weight. The following herbicides were relatively nontoxic to honey bees at all concentra tions: 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, silvcx, 2,4-DB, dicamba, 2,3,6-TBA, chloramben, picloram, Ethrel®, 2-chIoroethylphosphonic acid, EPTC, and dalapon. The following were extremely toxic at 100 and 1000 ppmw concentrations: paraquat, MAA, MSMA, DSMA, hexaflurate, and cacodylic acid. Two compounds, bromoxynil and endothall, were very toxic only at 1000 parts per million by weight (ppmw) concentration. Paraquat, MAA, and cacodylic acid were moderately toxic at 10 ppmw. No sig nificant differences were noted in the toxicity of purified and commercially formulated herbicides. Studies conducted at this laboratory (MolTctt Materials and Methods et al. 1972) and elsewhere (Palmer-Jones 1950, Ten grams (approximately 100 individuals) of 1964; King 1961") indicate that toxicily of herbi newly emerged honey bees were placed in 2x6x6- cides to honey bees, Apis mellijera L., depends upon in. screened cages. All honey bees were less than the chemical, the formulation, and the carrier used 24 hr old at the time they were placed in the with the herbicide.
    [Show full text]
  • Cacodylic Acid), in F344/Ducrj Rats After Pretreatment with Five Carcinogens1
    [CANCER RESEARCH 55, 1271-1276, March 15, 1995] Cancer Induction by an Organic Arsenic Compound, Dimethylarsinic Acid (Cacodylic Acid), in F344/DuCrj Rats after Pretreatment with Five Carcinogens1 Shinji Vaniamolo,2 Yoshitsugu Konishi, Tsutomu Matsuda, Takashi Murai, Masa-Aki Shibata, Isao Matsui-Yuasa,3 Shuzo Otani, Koichi Kuroda, Ginji Endo, and Shoji Fukushima First Department of Pathology ¡S. Y., Ts. M., Ta. M.. M-A. S.. S. F.1, Second Department of Biochemistry //. M-Y., S. O.j, and Department of Preventive Medicine and Environmental Health /K K., G. E.I, Osaka City University Medical School, 1-4-54 Asahi-machi, Aheno-ku, Osaka 545, and Osaka Cit\ Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Osaka 543 IK. K.], Japan ABSTRACT Taiwan and Mexico are exposed to high amounts of As via the drinking water (5, 8). Moreover, the wide population in the United Arsenic (As) is environmentally ubiquitous and an epidemiologically States may be supplied with water containing more than 50 ju.g/1As significant chemical related to certain human cancers. Dimethylarsinic (6). Industrial arsenicals are used for smelting, glass making, and the acid (cacodylic acid; DMA) is one of the major methylated metabolites of manufacture of semiconductors (3, 9). For more than half a century, ingested arsenicals in most mammals. To evaluate the effects of DMA on chemical carcinogenesis, we conducted a multiorgan bioassay in rats given various carcinogenic effects of As for humans have been documented, various doses of DMA. One-hundred twenty-four male F344/DuCrj rats mainly involving the skin and lung (7). In addition, recent epidemi- were divided randomly into 7 groups (20 rats each for groups 1-5; 12 rats ological studies have indicated that there are significant dose-response each for groups 6 and 7).
    [Show full text]
  • List of Lists
    United States Office of Solid Waste EPA 550-B-10-001 Environmental Protection and Emergency Response May 2010 Agency www.epa.gov/emergencies LIST OF LISTS Consolidated List of Chemicals Subject to the Emergency Planning and Community Right- To-Know Act (EPCRA), Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) and Section 112(r) of the Clean Air Act • EPCRA Section 302 Extremely Hazardous Substances • CERCLA Hazardous Substances • EPCRA Section 313 Toxic Chemicals • CAA 112(r) Regulated Chemicals For Accidental Release Prevention Office of Emergency Management This page intentionally left blank. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction................................................................................................................................................ i List of Lists – Conslidated List of Chemicals (by CAS #) Subject to the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA), Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) and Section 112(r) of the Clean Air Act ................................................. 1 Appendix A: Alphabetical Listing of Consolidated List ..................................................................... A-1 Appendix B: Radionuclides Listed Under CERCLA .......................................................................... B-1 Appendix C: RCRA Waste Streams and Unlisted Hazardous Wastes................................................ C-1 This page intentionally left blank. LIST OF LISTS Consolidated List of Chemicals
    [Show full text]
  • Determination of Arsenical Herbicide Residues in Plant Tissues1 R
    Determination of Arsenical Herbicide Residues in Plant Tissues1 R. M. SACHS,~ J. L. MICEIAEL,~ I?. U. ANAS.TASIA,J and W. A. WELL+ Abstract. Paper chromatographic separation of hydroxydi- the toxicity of which may be greater than the parent methylarsine oxide (cacodylic acid), monosodium methane- arsenical (i 1). Comparativk phy?otoxicity studies in our arsonate (MSMA), sodium arsenate, and sodium arsenite was laboratories of foliar and root applications of hydroxy- achieved with the aid of four solvent systems. Aqueous ex- dimethylarsine oxide (cacodylic acid), monosodium meth- tracts of plant tissues removed essentially all the arscnicals anearsonate (MSMA), sodium arsenate, and sodium arse- applied, but mechanoiic fractionation was required before the nite revealed that cacodylic acid was the most potent extracts could be analyzed by paper chromntographic pro- of the four when all were foliarly-applied, whereas cedures. A standard nitric-sulfuric acid digestion procedure sodium arsenite was by far the most phytotoxic when all was employed for arsenic analyses, but great care was taken were root-applied (11). Hence, the need for an examina- LO avoid sulfuric-acid-induced charring by first adding rela- tion of problems of relative absorption, transport, and Lively large amounts of nitric acid to drive off chlorides present. metabolism was indicated. New methods of analysis were Depending upon the amount of chloride present, substantial developed and others modified to investigate these prob- losses of arsenic as arsine chlorides were observed if the samples lems. The methods are described in this paper. Studies charred. Five minutes in fuming sulfuric acid to completely of comparative phytotoxicity, absorption, and metab- break the carbon-arsenic bonds was another critical require- olism will appear separately (11).
    [Show full text]
  • Pesticides and Toxic Substances
    Revised Reregistration Eligibility Decision for MSMA, DSMA, CAMA, and Cacodylic Acid August 10, 2006 UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460 OFFICE OF PREVENTION, PESTICIDES AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES MEMORANDUM Date: August 10, 2006 Subject: Revised “Reregistration Eligibility Decision for MSMA, DSMA, CAMA, and Cacodylic Acid” Document From: Lance Wormell, Chemical Review Manager Reregistration Branch 2 Special Review and Reregistration Division To: Organic Arsenical Herbicides Docket (EPA-HQ-OPP-2006-0201) EPA originally published the “Reregistration Eligibility Decision for MSMA, DSMA, CAMA, and Cacodylic Acid” (EPA 738-R-06-021) in the electronic docket on August 9, 2006. EPA has since identified and corrected a typographical error on page 22. The cancer slope factor for inorganic arsenic used to calculate the exposure level in drinking water was incorrectly listed as 3.67 x 10-3 (mg/kg/day)-1. The value has since been corrected to 3.67 (mg/kg/day)-1. The typographical change in the document does not alter EPA’s calculations or conclusions and the current document should be used in place of the previous version. United States Office of Prevention, Pesticides EPA 738-R-06-021 Environmental Protection And Toxic Substances July 2006 Agency (7508P) _________________________________________________________________ Reregistration Eligibility Decision for MSMA, DSMA, CAMA, and Cacodylic Acid List B Case Nos. 2395, 2080 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction.............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Cacodylic Acid, Sodium Salt
    SAFETY DATA SHEET Cacodylic Acid, Sodium Salt Section 1. Identification GHS product identifier : Cacodylic Acid, Sodium Salt Code : 12488 Other means of : Arsinic acid, As,As-dimethyl-, sodium salt (1:1); Arsinic acid, dimethyl-, sodium salt; identification Sodium cacodylate; Sodium dimethylasenate; Arsine oxide, dimethylhydroxy-, sodium salt Supplier/Manufacturer : 3420 Central Expressway, Santa Clara CA 95051 3420 Central Expressway, Santa Clara CA 95051 In case of emergency : Chemtrec: 1 800 424 9300 Outside USA & Canada: +1 703 527 3887 Section 2. Hazards identification OSHA/HCS status : This material is considered hazardous by the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200). Classification of the : ACUTE TOXICITY (oral) - Category 3 substance or mixture ACUTE TOXICITY (inhalation) - Category 3 CARCINOGENICITY - Category 1A GHS label elements Hazard pictograms : Signal word : Danger Hazard statements : Toxic if swallowed or if inhaled. May cause cancer. Precautionary statements Prevention : Obtain special instructions before use. Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and understood. Use personal protective equipment as required. Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area. Avoid breathing dust. Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product. Wash hands thoroughly after handling. Response : IF exposed or concerned: Get medical attention. IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing. Call a POISON CENTER or physician. IF SWALLOWED: Immediately call a POISON CENTER or physician. Rinse mouth. Storage : Store locked up. Disposal : Dispose of contents and container in accordance with all local, regional, national and international regulations. Hazards not otherwise : None known. classified Section 3.
    [Show full text]
  • The Safety of the Herbicides 2, 4-D and 2, 4
    Forestry Commission ARCHIVE © Crown copyright 1977 First published 1977 ISBN 0 11 710149 4 THE SAFETY OF THE HERBICIDES 2,4-D AND 2,4,5-T D. J. TURNER, B.Sc., Ph. D. Agricultural Research Council Weed Research Organization LONDON: HER MAJESTY’S STATIONERY OFFICE CONTENTS 4 INTRODUCTION 5 The historical background 5 2.4-D and 2,4,5-T as herbicides 5 2.4-D and 2,4,5-T as defoliants 7 The side effects of the defoliation programme 9 The present situation 9 Civil uses of defoliants 10 THE PROPERTIES, MANUFACTURE, MODE OF ACTION AND 10 USES OF 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T Chemical and physical properties 10 The manufacture of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T 14 Formulation ingredients 14 The mode of action of the herbicides 14 The choice of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T formulations 16 The practical use of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T for woody plant control 18 Overall foliage sprays Dormant shoot sprays Basal bark sprays Cut-bark and cut-stump treatments 19 THE EFFECTS OF 2,4-D AND 2,4,5-T ON DOMESTIC LIVESTOCK 20 AND ON MAN Acute effects of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T on animals 21 Chronic (subacute) effects of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T on animals 22 The effects of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T on humans 22 2.4-D and 2,4,5-T in animal products 23 2.4-D and 2,4,5-T residues in crops and fruit 23 Indirect effects of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T on farm livestock 24 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) 24 Teratogenic effects of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T 26 THE EFFECTS OF 2,4-D AND 2,4,5-T ON OTHER LAND ORGANISMS 27 AND THE PERSISTENCE OF THESE COMPOUNDS IN TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENTS The effects of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T on higher plants 28
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Fate of TCDD and Agent Orange and Bioavailability to Troops in Vietnam
    DIOXIN IN VIETNAM: CHARACTERISATION, MONITORING, REMEDIATION AND EFFECTS Environmental Fate of TCDD and Agent Orange and Bioavailability to Troops in Vietnam Nathan J. Karch1, Deborah K. Watkins1, Alvin L. Young2, Michael E. Ginevan1 ''Exponent, Inc., Washington, DC, USA 2University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA Introduction This paper reviews the environmental fate of Agent Orange and the contaminant, 2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), and discusses how this affects the bioavailability of TCDD for ground troops in Vietnam. Methods and Materials From 1962 to 1971, herbicides were sprayed in Vietnam to defoliate the jungle canopy and to destroy crops, exposing the enemy and denying them food, and to clear tall grasses and bushes from the perimeters of US base camps and outlying fire-support bases. The most widely used herbicides were phenoxyacetic acids - 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2,4,5- trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), picloram and cacodylic acid. Only the herbicides containing 2,4,5-T were contaminated with TCDD - Agents Orange, Green, Pink and Purple. Dispersion of Agent Orange: The US Air Force was responsible for training aircrews, developing aerial tactics for herbicide missions and the developing, testing and evaluating spray equipment. These programs were conducted mainly at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida and to a lesser degree at Pran Buri Calibration Grid in Thailand. Responsibility for the defoliant rested with the US Army at Fort Detrick, Maryland with the cooperation of the US Department of Agriculture.1, 2 Extensive field tests with herbicide determined optimum conditions and deposition rate for Vietnam. Dispersal of herbicide droplets by air turbulence could be minimized by scheduling missions in favorable weather conditions and by controlling droplet size.
    [Show full text]
  • Principles of Weed Control in /California
    I PRINCIPLES OF WEED CONTROL IN /CALIFORNIA I I A Sponsored By CALIFORNIA WEED CONFERENCE Box 2454 ElMa:cero, CA 95618 Thomson Publications P.O. Box 9335 Fresno, CA93791 -'7,......__,~------~-------------------------- 6 CHEMICAL CONTROL METHODS INTRODUCTION by Floyd M. Ashton 1, Alden S. Crafts 2 and Harry S. Agamalian 3 In the last half-century, weed control has become one of the principal tech­ nologies responsible for the increased agricultural production characteristic of this period. The USDA reported that U.S. farmers were expected to have used 3.5-to-4-billion dollars worth of pesticides in 1984. This usage represents -,~ 550 million pounds of active ingredients, 450 million pounds of which are herbicides. Given that every arable acre of land in the world has a potential infestation of weeds that may interfere with crops, it is not surprising that growers are becoming increasingly aware of the role of weeds in limiting production. Herbicides are also used on noncrop land to control vegetation. It is of paramount importance to understand that chemical weed con­ trol is only one method of controlling weeds which often must be inte­ grated with other methods for optimum results. Such combinations of methods result in the various systems approaches to vegetation manage­ ment discussed in chapter 9. COMPONENTS A successful chemical weed-control program depends on the appropriate interaction of the plant, the herbicide, and the environment. When one considers the complexity of the many diverse species of crops and weeds, the great array of herbicides, and the infinitely variable environment, it becomes apparent that any discussion of chemical weed control must be developed from an initial understanding of these three components.
    [Show full text]
  • Massachusetts Oil and Hazardous Material List
    SUBPART P: MASSACHUSETTS OIL AND HAZARDOUS MATERIAL LIST TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE 1 - MASSACHUSETTS OIL AND HAZARDOUS MATERIAL LIST (ALPHABETICAL LISTING) TABLE 2 - MASSACHUSETTS OIL AND HAZARDOUS MATERIAL LIST (BY CAS NUMBER ORDER) NOTES: The Massachusetts Oil and Hazardous Materials List (MOHML) contains oils and hazardous materials subject to 310 CMR 40.0000 and their reportable quantities (RQs) and reportable concentrations (RCs). These values are referred to in the notification requirements (310 CMR 40.0300). This list is provided both alphabetically in Table 1 and by Chemical Abstracts Service Number (CAS Number) in Table 2. The CAS number is a unique number assigned to a substance. Both tables identify other lists on which a substance appears by using name source codes. These codes are as follows: Name Source 1 - The Department of Transportation (DOT) Hazardous Materials List (49 CFR Part 172.101 Hazardous Materials Table) Name Source 2 - The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Appendix VIII List (40 CFR Part 261 - Appendix VIII Hazardous Constituents) Name Source 3 - The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) Hazardous Substance and Waste Stream Lists (40 CFR Part 302 - Table 302.4) Name Source 4 - The Extremely Hazardous Substance List as mandated by Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act, Title III, Section 302 (40 CFR Part 355 Appendices A and B) Name Source 5 - DEP Allowable Ambient Limits (AALs) and Drinking Water Guidelines Name Source 6 - The Massachusetts Substance List (MSL)(105 CMR 670.000: “Right to Know” Appendix A) Name Source 7 - The Chemical Abstracts name, 9th collective period, 1972-1976 Name Source 8 - The EPA Right to Know list, Section 313 of the Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act of 1986 (40 CFR Part 372.65).
    [Show full text]
  • Arsenic and Its Compounds
    ARSENIC AND ITS COMPOUNDS (Arsenic) (Arsenic Trioxido) (Arsenic Chloride) (Copper Arsonito) (Copper Acoto Arsenito) (Arsine) (Cacodylic Acid) (Ethyl Arsine) (Cacodyl) GENERAL INFORMATION INDUSTRIAL HEALTH ASPECTS INDUSTRIES AND OCCUPATIONS SELECTED ABSTRACTS SELECTED REFERENCES OHIO, DEPARTMENT OF HEAlJfcft; R. E. MARKlHI^M. D. Lib Director of Heart]$STjj Columbus, Ohio 1940 This material compiled by the Adult Hygiene Division of the . Ohio Department of Health, assisted by the personnel of Work Projects Administration in Ohio, Official Project No. 665-42-5-413. 1940 ARSENIC AND ITS COMPOUNDS Arsenic and its compounds have been known from ancient times and it is found in nature in both the free and combined states. Arsenic was ex- tensively used as an agent for secret poisoning during the latter part of the 17th century, one Italian woman being credited with the death of 600 people. The danger of arsenic poisoning from wall paper was pointed out by Gmelin in 1839, It has since been shown that arsine and its derivatives may be produced by the action of certain molds on wall papers colored with arsenic bearing pigments. Poisoning may also occur from the consumption of beverages such as beer and wine from which spray residues have not been removed. Certain important industrial metals, particularly zinc, often contain significant traces of arsenic. In the presence of acids such metals give off hydrogen which converts the arsenic present into arsine. Such incidents, all too common in industry, frequently result in death of the workers ex- posed to the arsine gas. Accidental poisoning by arsine gas undoubtedly constitutes the most serious industrial hazard so far as arsenic and its compounds are concerned.
    [Show full text]