Il Diritto D'autore in Internet L'intervento Dell'autorità Per Le

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Il Diritto D'autore in Internet L'intervento Dell'autorità Per Le Il diritto d’autore in Internet L’intervento dell’Autorità per le Garanzie nelle Comunicazioni e il dibattito sulla Rete INDICE Introduzione ......... ....................................................................................................... 5 CAPITOLO I LA TUTELA DELLA PROPRIETÀ INTELLETTUALE 1 Cenni storici ............................................................................................................. 10 1.1 Come nasce il diritto d’autore? ....................................................................... 10 2 Il quadro normativo ................................................................................................. 18 2.1 L’evoluzione della tutela internazionale ........................................................ 18 2.2 L’intervento armonizzatore dell’Unione Europea ........................................ 21 3 La società dell’informazione .................................................................................. 26 3.1 Origini e sviluppi .............................................................................................. 26 3.2 (Segue ) Le nuove opere dell’ingegno ............................................................ 30 3.3 (Segue ) Il diritto d’autore nella società dell’informazione .......................... 35 CAPITOLO II L’INTERVENTO DELL’AUTORITÀ PER LE GARANZIE NELLE COMUNICAZIONI 1 AGCOM, competenze in materia di diritto d’autore .............................................. 41 1.1 I pilastri normativi ................................................................................................ 41 1.2 Legittimazione dell’Autorità: la teoria dei poteri impliciti ............................. 47 2 L’iniziativa dell’AGCOM .......................................................................................... 52 2.1 L’indagine conoscitiva dell’Autorità: l’impatto economico della pirateria online .............................................................................................. 52 2.2 (Segue ) Le possibili misure di contrasto alla pirateria online ........................ 58 2.3 La Delibera 668/10/CONS: il diritto d’autore sulle reti di comunicazione elettronica .............................................................................................................. 65 2.4 (Segue ) I lineamenti del provvedimento e i profili critici ............................... 68 3 Il passo indietro dell’Autorità .................................................................................... 73 3.1 La Delibera 398/11/CONS: il nuovo schema di regolamento ........................ 73 3.2 (Segue ) La disciplina del fair use : eccezioni e limitazioni al diritto d’autore ................................................................................................................ 77 3.3 (Segue ) Il dibattito sulla Rete ............................................................................ 82 3.4 (Segue ) Lo schema di regolamento AGCOM secondo il Report 301 degli Stati Uniti ................................................................................................... 87 4 Gli sviluppi successivi ............................................................................................... 90 4.1 Che fine ha fatto il regolamento AGCOM? ..................................................... 90 4.2 L’Audizione al Senato del Presidente AGCOM ............................................. 95 5 Una fase di stallo. L’AGCOM nel mirino: diritto d’autore e nuove nomine ..... 99 5.1 Le ultime promesse di Calabrò e il definitivo dietrofront .............................. 99 5.2 Le nuove nomine ................................................................................................ 102 6 “Nuova” AGCOM, medesimi temi . ....................................................... ................. 107 6.1 USA contro AGCOM: i danni economici della pirateria online in Italia .... 107 6.2 Diritto d’autore e Internet: necessità di intervento in materia ...................... 110 6.3 “L’intervento è prossimo” .................................. ............................................... 112 CAPITOLO III I PROFILI CRITICI NEL DIBATTITO SULLA RETE 1 L’ACTA, Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement ................................................. 118 1.1 Le possibili ricadute sulla Rete, i rischi, le opportunità ................................ 118 1.2 (Segue ) L’ACTA, così in Europa ..................................................................... 125 2 Lotta alla pirateria online : SOPA, PIPA e la censura ........................................... 129 2.1 Dalla legge SOPA al sequestro di Megaupload .............................................. 129 3 Profili di responsabilità degli Internet Service Providers .................................... 136 3.1 Mere conduit , caching e hosting ...................................................................... 136 3.2 Diritto d’autore, ISP e Corte di Giustizia europea: i casi ............................. 141 3.3 (Segue ) Le sentenze della Corte di Giustizia europea ................................... 145 3.4 La giurisprudenza nazionale ............................................................................. 152 Conclusioni .................................................................................................................... 162 BIBLIOGRAFIA ................................................................................................................ 169 INTRODUZIONE Nella celebre opera Gli strumenti del comunicare , il sociologo Marshall McLuhan affermava che “La nuova interdipendenza creata dall’elettronica ricrea il mondo ad immagine di un villaggio globale”. Come noto, McLuhan, grande osservatore dell’evoluzione dei mezzi di comunicazione e dei loro effetti sociali, riteneva che le “nuove” forme di comunicazione – specialmente radio e televisione – stessero trasformando il globo rendendolo uno spazio fisicamente molto più contratto che in precedenza, dove il passaggio di informazione da una parte all’altro del mondo diventava istantanea. McLuhan con la famosa locuzione “villaggio globale” ha descritto in maniera quasi profetica la nostra società contemporanea, non casualmente definita società dell’informazione . Negli ultimi decenni in particolare, si è assistito a una tumultuosa evoluzione che ha condotto a un vero e proprio mutamento storico. Protagonisti primi ne sono stati Internet e le reti telematiche. All’interno di questa profonda trasformazione, il diritto d’autore ha assunto nuovi contorni e molteplici interessi: culturali, sociali, economici. La disciplina del diritto d’autore ha risentito fortemente degli sviluppi tecnologici, a partire dall’invenzione della stampa fino ad arrivare a Internet e ai c.d. Mobile Internet Devices . Alla velocità delle spinte innovative non corrisponde però una eguale rapidità nell’adattamento normativo, problematicità, questa, che ha talvolta indotto una generale sfiducia verso la possibilità di elaborare categorie giuridiche capaci di comprendere e 5 regolamentare la novità, con la conseguenza di lasciare privi di regole i processi innovativi. Nella fase iniziale della diffusione del Web e della navigazione mediante browser 1 – che ha segnato la nascita del cyberspazio, definito per la prima volta dalla Corte Federale del Pennsylvania nel 1996 come «un mezzo di comunicazione decentralizzato e globale che collega individui, istituzioni, aziende e governi sparsi per il mondo»2 – il diritto si limitava ad avere un ruolo marginale, lasciando le informazioni presenti sulla Rete liberamente accessibili e demandando il tutto a meccanismi di auto-regolamentazione. Tale situazione iniziale ha riscontrato le prime difficoltà negli anni Novanta, quando Internet ha cominciato a coprire fasce sempre più ampie della popolazione. A questo punto la Rete è stata investita da una crescente diversità di utilizzi che hanno fatto venir meno l’originaria motivazione del suo sviluppo. In particolare, l’ingresso delle attività economiche nella Rete ha comportato un mutamento della situazione sociale che ha decretato il fallimento dell’auto- regolamentazione della Rete stessa. Questa nuova situazione ha reso necessari nuovi interventi giuridici e adattamenti giurisprudenziali, che si sono poi susseguiti numerosi. L’adattamento delle norme al nuovo contesto è però ostacolato dalla struttura stessa della Rete, dalla sua estensione globale e dalla difficoltà, che una architettura quale è quella di Internet presenta, nel rintracciare le violazioni e identificarne gli autori. Ancor più, a rappresentare un fondamentale nodo critico in merito, è l’immaterialità della Rete, caratteristica che, come ovvio, 1 Un Web browser – sfogliatore di documenti Web , comunemente chiamato navigatore – è un programma in grado di interpretare il codice HTML (acronimo di Hyper Text Murkup Language , linguaggio usato per descrivere i documenti ipertestuali disponibili nel Web ) e visualizzarlo in forma di ipertesto. 2 MAURO ROMANI , DIMITRIS LIAKOPOULOS , La globalizzazione telematica. Regolamentazione e normativa nel diritto internazionale e comunitario , Giuffrè Editore, Milano, 2009, p. 4. 6 mette in crisi le tradizionali regole giuridiche fondate sui concetti di tempo e spazio del mondo reale. Nel panorama generale dell’attuale società contemporanea, con questo lavoro si è tentato di analizzare la controversa disciplina della tutela della proprietà intellettuale in relazione alle reti di comunicazione elettronica, il rapido passaggio di regolazione della materia dal singolo
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