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Jonas Andersson & Pelle Snickars Jonas andersson & Pelle snickars [red. ] efter the Pirate bay Jonas andersson & Pelle snickars [red.] mediehistoriskt arkiv 19 MEDIEHISTORISKT ARKIV 19 kungliga biblioteket box 509 102 41 stockholm formgivning: jens andersson /www.bokochform.se tryck: fälth&hässler, värnamo, augusti 2010 issn 1654-6601 isbn 978-91-88468-25- Den här boken är utgiven med en Creative Commons-licens: Erkännande, Icke-kommersiell, Inga bearbetningar 3.0. innehåll introduktion 9. Jonas Andersson & Pelle Snickars Efter The Pirate Bay teknologi 49. Jonas Andersson Det dumma nätet 7. Andreas Ekström Google & tidsandan 87. Peter Jakobsson Obegränsad kommunikation, obegränsad konkurrens 105. Daniel Johansson När alla blir radiokanaler & frisörer 124. Nicklas Lundblad Fru Justitia & fröken Techne 140. Nina Wormbs Det digitala imperativet 5 pirater 15. Leif Dahlberg Pirater, partisaner & ekollon 17. Stefan Larsson 459 miljarder kronor – om metaforer, flöden & exemplar 196. Karl Palmås The Pirate Bay-bacillen – tre spekulationer 212. Kristoffer Schollin Upphovsrättens sjöslag & långa dyning 24. Johan Söderberg Var så god att älska det immaterialrättsliga ägandet också politik 259. Rasmus Fleischer Femton gastar på död mans kista – om framtidens nätpolitik 281. Lars Ilshammar Piratpunkten – om det auktoritära samhällets sammanbrott & digitalpolitikens födelse 01. Tobias Nielsén Digital kulturpolitik är inte bara digital 17. Karl Sigfrid Är det politiska etablissemanget redo för en upphovsrättsreform? 6. Pelle Snickars Inför en digital minnespolitik 62. Oscar Swartz Kris i kulturfrågan – kan kulturen dö? efterord 81. Jonas Andersson & Pelle Snickars Efter TPB – före Hovrätten 86. Litteratur (i urval) 94. Medverkande 400. Index introduktion efter the Pirate bay Jonas andersson & Pelle snickars Precis ett år efter det att Ipredlagen trätt i kraft publicerade Svenska Antipiratbyrån ett inlägg på sin nystartade ”Antipiratbyråns blogg”. Posten som laddades upp den första april 2010 hade den något utma- nande rubriken ”Ipred, ett steg mot ett lagligt Internet”. Som bekant är Ipredlagen en samlingsbeteckning på olika juridiska förändringar gällande immateriella rättigheter. Ipred är en akronym för ”Intellec- tual Property Rights Enforcement Directive” – ett EU-direktiv som daterar sig flera år tillbaka i tiden – och den officiella svenska beteck- ningen är egentligen ”Civilrättsliga sanktioner på immaterialrättens område”. Antipiratbyråns blogginlägg handlade just om Ipredlagen och dess effekter på den illegala fildelningen. Kritiker menade att lagen inte skulle få någon betydelse, påtalade Henrik Pontén som postade inlägget. ”Men frågan är om någon annan lag haft så stor effekt i för- hållande till hur mycket den har tillämpats.” Med hjälp av statistik från analysföretaget Mediavision hävdade Pontén att de som ”fildelar film minskat från 1342000 till 1120000.” Genomslaget för Ipred hade därför varit ”massivt”, menade han. Nästan alla ”känner till lagen [som] minskat antalet personer som begår brott med många hundratusen personer i princip utan att användas. Stora effekter har 9 med andra ord uppnåtts med en minimal belastning på rättsväsendet samtidigt som brottsoffren, rättighetshavarna, allt oftare får betalt.”1 Om Ipred gjort Internet till en mer laglig plats – och huruvida det är önskvärt – ska vara osagt; Ponténs inlägg publicerades trots allt den första april. Och även om principen för Ipredlagen stipulerar att rät- tighetsägare som utsatts för upphovsrättsintrång genom exempelvis fildelning2 kan vända sig till domstol för att begära ut abonnentupp- gifter från den misstänktes Internetoperatör, så har inte något fall av- gjorts än. I skrivande stund är det fortfarande rentav så att ”inte en enda abonnents uppgifter lämnats ut enligt lagen”, även om flera uppmärksammade fall pågår.3 Att nättrafiken – det vill säga framför allt fildelandet – minskade under senvåren 2009 (mätt i datavolym) står visserligen bortom allt tvivel. Men sedan dess har trafiken stigit, och till och med nått högre nivåer än före Ipredlagens införande. Någ- ra större förändringar i nätbeteende har heller inte kunnat konstate- ras under det senaste året.4 Hittills finns inget juridiskt prejudikat, och Ipred har förstås heller inget med åtalet mot The Pirate Bay (TPB) att göra. Den uppmärksammade rättegången mot TPB inträffade ju före Ipredlagens införande och handlade dessutom om något annat, nämli- gen om medhjälp till upphovsrättsintrång. Medan juridikens kvarnar mal fildelas det alltså vidare i rasande takt. Fildelning är på många sätt ett slags folkrörelse som fler än en miljon svenskar ägnar sig åt; musikbranschens rättighetsorganisation Ifpi menade hösten 2009 att det till och med kan finnas så många som tre miljoner svenska fildelare.5 Stora mängder upphovsrättsskyddade filer distribueras inte bara genom forum som The Pirate Bay. Tracker- sidor samexisterar med så kallade hostingsajter som RapidShare eller MegaUpload, liksom med illegala streamingtjänster på sajter som Ninjavideo. På olika trackersidor finns förstås också mängder av legalt mediematerial, men generellt är Ipredlagens effekter långt ifrån en- 10 tydiga. Snarare är dess påverkan på den mer eller mindre legala fildel- ningen diffus. I en undersökning från oktober 2009 påtalade exem- pelvis analysföretaget Mediamätning i Skandinavien ”att den skärpta Ipred-lagstiftningen från första april och TPB-domarna från 17 april generellt sett inte påverkat svenskarnas attityder kring illegal ned- laddning av rörlig bild.”6 Andelen som ansåg att det var stöld att ladda ned upphovsrättsskyddat material från Internet hade då till och med minskat. Undersökningen stöds av empiriska studier utförda inom ramen för projektet Cybernormer, vilka antyder att Ipredlagen inte nämnvärt förändrat den illegala fildelningen – och framför allt inte de normer den vilar på.7 Attityder styrs ju inte av riksdagsbeslut, även om somliga tycks tro det. I rapporten ”Svenskarna och Internet” framgår också att fildelandet minskade mycket marginellt under 2009 med bara en enda procenten- het.8 Att som Henrik Pontén beteckna Ipred som ”en extremt fram- gångsrik del i skapandet av ett lagligt Internet”,9 är därför en sanning med modifikation. Likafullt är Antipiratbyråns blogginlägg illustrativt för de diametralt olika uppfattningar och föreställningar som idag finns kring nätet och upphovsrätten i allmänhet, och fildelandet i synnerhet. Efter Ipreds införande och den fällande domen i TPB-målet – händelser som inträffade nästan samtidigt – är positionerna på många sätt mer fastlåsta än någonsin. Upphovsrättsindustrin gynnas av en mediebild som utmålar det oreglerade fildelandet som varandes på nedgång, medan den stora oro som fildelare och nätaktivister uttryckt för integri- tetskränkningar till viss del visat sig vara obefogad. Att upphovsrätten politiserats genom rättegången mot The Pirate Bay är för somliga ett steg framåt, även om en organisation som Antipiratbyrån förstås vill se den som en rent polisiär fråga. Piratpartiet trycker på från andra hållet, och ser sig gärna som ett slags informationssamhällets medborgar- rörelse som bejakar fildelning på ideell basis utan vinstmotiv. 11 ”Striden om upphovsrätten”, för att använda Dagens Nyheters sam- lingsbeteckning, fortsätter således med oförminskad styrka. Den på- stådda dikotomin mellan onda ”pirater” och goda ”upphovsmän” (el- ler tvärtom) upprätthålls på Hollywoodmanér i den mediala debat- ten, detta trots att skiljelinjerna sällan är entydiga. Framför allt är det så väldigt många som ägnar sig åt fildelning att frågan inte längre kan reduceras till antingen eller. Räknar man in allt från delandet på hos- tingsajter över fildelarna på nätet till skolbarnen som med bluetooth skickar musiklåtar mellan sina mobiler i klassrummet, är det idag fle- ra miljoner svenskar som definieras som pirater. Trots politikers löf- ten om att inte kriminalisera en hel ungdomsgeneration är det precis vad som har hänt – vilket är en orimlig utveckling. Siffrorna varierar, men bland yngre personer fildelar ungefär 75 procent av befolkningen.10 Samtidigt står dessa brukare för en betydande del av webbens använ- dargenererade innehåll. Remixkulturen på sajter som YouTube är for- midabelt kreativ i sin yvighet och därtill ett slags plantskola för kom- mande begåvningar. Tre av fyra som laddar upp videor på nätet är yngre än 25 år.11 När det gäller etablerade kulturskapare är man inte sällan hänsynslös pirat privat och indignerad upphovsrättsföresprå- kare offentligt; att somliga professionella musiker tillhör de mest frekventa fildelarna är inte överraskande. Att producent- och konsumentrollen alltmer glidit samman är delvis en effekt av fildelandet. Att lobbygrupper som Kulturskaparna inte vill inse det är lika iögonfallande som avsaknaden av en övergri- pande politik för den digitala domänen. I den pågående upphovs- rättsliga trätan är det också uppenbart att intresset inte ljuger. I april 2010 rapporterades exempelvis att ett förslag ”om att förlänga upp- hovsrätten på skivinspelningar från 50 till 70 år är på väg att få majo- ritet i EU:s ministerråd.”12 Givet den pågående fildelningsdebatten är det lika huvudlöst som det är beklämmande, något som till och 12 med den svenska justitieministern medgivit.13 Men att Antipirat- byrån etablerat en blogg för ”att göra debatten mera begriplig” är samtidigt lika hedrande som det är modigt; få svenska bloggar (om ens någon) kan stoltsera med så många kritiska kommentarer. ”Ef- tersom piraterna gärna resonerar ur ett tekniskt perspektiv och vi rättighetshavare ur ett juridiskt
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