Influence of Autumn Cultural Practices MAINTAINING YOUR SPORTS FIELDS

here are several maintenance aerification as grass plants respond well practices that may be performed by producing vigorous roots and lateral Tto improve sports fields for the growth which does not require extra following year that can help to prevent or mowing. This helps to relieve decrease winter injury to the turf. compaction-particularly after heavy use 1) Increase surface and subsurface combined with soaking fall rains. drainage. Much of the winter injury that 5)While not perhaps common to many you recognize as dead areas in early spring sports fields, fall or late winter is a good can be attributed to ice. Winter thaws tend time to remove tree branches to thin the to accumulate in low lying areas and then canopy (yet without refreeze causing turf to die. Topdressing changing the shape of the these small depressions with soil that has tree) to allow more light to a little more sand than that in the rootzone penetrate the playing is helpful. Large areas that collect water surface. Before the leaves fall will require some reconstruction. is a good time to note where 2) Autumn mowing. Raise the cutting shade is the most dense and height from one-quarter to one-half inch the turf is thinning. Mulching of leaves above that used during the summer. Then when they are dry is an excellent way to for the final mowing of the fall, lower the provide organic matter to the soil. • clipping height a little below the standard - summarized by M. Bladon summer mowing height. This can make the foliage less prone to snow mould and References other winter diseases. • GTI Advisor, "Turf Management: 3) Food reserves for winter survival and Influence of Fall Cultural Practices," Pam early spring growth. Late fall fertilization Charbonneau, OMAFRA Turfgrass increases turf carbohydrate levels and as Specialist, February 17,1998. a result, increases cold hardiness. • The Lawn Institute, "Special Topic 4) Early autumn is a good time to remove Sheets: Fall Turf Care," Dr. 'Eliot C. thatch and practice core cultivation or Roberts, Former Director and Manager. Weather Facts

ter :a~our is .the basic atm?s- or ice crystals. These, too are pheric ingredient from which quite minute, but gradually Wcomes such forms of precipi- become larger by taking tation as rain, snow, hail, and sleet. A moisture from the super- These all originate when water vapour V U cooled water droplets which con- is condensed by the cooling process that U denses and freezes on them. normally occurs with the expansion of up- The growing action continues until ward-flowing currents of air. the ice particles become so heavy that they Clouds consisting of myriads of very begin to fall. As they drop through the tiny water droplets are formed. Before the various layers of the atmosphere, they droplets can fall as precipitation of one grow even larger by taking moisture from kind or another, they must grow to a far additional supercooled water droplets, larger size. It is believed that they do this and also by joining with other ice par- when the clouds rise to high altitudes and ticles. their uppermost portions drop in tempera- If the temperature of the atmosphere re- ture to a little below freezing. The water mains below freezing all the way· from droplets do not freeze at first, but they do high altitudes to ground level, the ice crys- become supercooled. As the clouds rise tals will fall as snow. If the lower layers to still higher levels, however, some of the of the atmosphere are above-freezing, the droplets are transformed into ice particles snowflakes turn into raindrops. •

2 • DECEMBER 1999 News Clips: Head Injuries & the Argos

Head Injuries Leave Lasting memory, confusion, or a personality time in the past and one in five had suf- Effects According to Study change. fered two or more. Those who had suf- Chicago - Two or more significant One of the studies did not explore the fered two or more were significantly more blows to the head while playing sports can effects of concussions but only how often likely to report continuing problems with harm teenagers' thinking abilities for years they occurred in football, wrestling, soc- headaches, sleep and concentration, and to come, according to studies in the United cer, basketball, softball, baseball, field they scored significantly worse on paper- States that suggest such injuries are more hockey, and volleyball at 235 high schools and-pencil tests of the ability to learn serious than some coaches and parents in the U.S. from 1995-96 through 1997-98. words, to think quickly, and to handle might think. There were 1,219 concussions-63 per complex tasks. Nearly 63,000 high school athletes a cent of them in football-and 99 students - Associated Press, The Record, year suffer mild concussions in the U.S., suffered two or more, said researchers led September 8, 1999 researchers reported in the Journal of the by John W. Powell, a professor of kinesi- American Medical Association. Young ology and an athletic trainer at Michigan Argos May Have a New Home athletes with learning disorders appear to State University. The Argos, who may be looking at get- suffer even worse long-term problems The researchers estimated that ting out of the SkyDome after from multiple concussions. more than 62,800 concussions they're sold, are reportedly con- "This is a major public health issue that occur among high school students sidering a deal with the Canadian has been given short shrift," said Michael in the U.S. annually in the sports Soccer Association and the Ca- W. Collins, a neuropsychologist in Detroit they studied. nadian Rugby Union. If the deal and a leader of one of the studies. "And It has long been known that comes off, the trio would split the this is information parents should know." multiple mild concussions are cost of a new natural grass sta- Most people still believe that a concus- more likely than a single episode to lead dium with between 20,000 and 25,000 sion means getting knocked out, he said. to long-term problems, and Collins tried seats .• But a concussion is any alteration in men- to measure the difference in his study. - Leader Post, Regina, September 22, 1999 tal function after a blow to the head. Signs His research involved 393 U.S. college or symptoms may be subtle-a headache, football players and found that about one Editor's Note: Hurray! Let's hope the dizziness, difficulty with balance or in three had suffered a concussion at some Argos move! , ATT TI A E TIS • Start the Millennium right!

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4 • DECEMBER 1999 in Canada Sport Tr~: Did You;KntJwf

Cricket Facts Cricket Associations, but a • Cricket was played in shortage of grounds pre- many cities, towns, and vil- vents their joining and be- lages in the early 1800s. ing able to accommodate • The Canada vs. USA regular fixtures. cricket match is the oldest - info & pic provided by the annual international sports Canadian Cricket Association competition in North America. Canada to Play Host • "It isn't cricket"! This in 2001 expression pays tribute to the Calcutta, , and high regard the sport has at- Canada will host the Inter- tained in its insistence on fair national Cricket Council play. Trophy in the year 2001, • Cricket is probably the ICC president Jagmohan only active team sport which Dalmiya said yesterday. includes many good players Twenty-five teams from well into their 50s and 60s. non-test playing countries • Because of its origin in will participate in the tour- Britain, cricket was well-founded through- ewan, Alberta, and British Columbia. nament. Three of them, Kenya, Scotland, out the British empire, and flourishes to- Cricket is played in the other provinces, and Bangladesh, had participated in the day in most parts of the world. but not on an organized basis. The Cana- recently concluded af- • The Ontario Cricket Association was dian Cricket Association sponsors inter- ter qualifying at the last ICC trophy con- formed in 1880, some 95 years after the provincial tournaments at both the senior test held in Malaysia two years ago. • first games were played. Prior to that, most and junior level and in 1979, in England, - The National Post, June 29, 1999 a Canadian team played in the World Cup games were played as "friendly matches," Photo Caption: Players from the for the first time. either with nearby villages or cities or tour- Ontario team smile in victory after • An annual cricket match is played on ing teams from other cricket-playing defeating Quebec in the Atholstan countries such as England, , and Labour Day between the actors from the Trophy Annual Contest the U.S.A. The term "friendly match" is Stratford Festival and the Shaw Festival held at the Governor ~ still used to refer to a game arranged with Theatres with tea in the afternoon. The General's Grounds, another team which is not a league or pro- game alternates between Stratford and Rideau Hall, Ottawa. vincial fixture for points. Niagara-on-the- Lake. • The Canadian Cricket Association • There are more than 200 teams in was established in 1892. There are cur- league play in' Ontario and an estimated rently eight provincial associations who 50 additional teams who play "friendly are members of the Canadian Cricket As- cricket," plus several teams playing in pri- sociation-New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, vate schools. There are still teams wait- Quebec, Ontario,· Manitoba, Saskatch- ing for admission to the Area

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SPORTS TURF MANAGER • 5 The Service Department

STEVE MOORE, NATIONAL MANAGER, TECHNICAL SERVICES, STIHL LIMITED

was in the doctor's office the other Good power tool technicians also use Normally this inspection only takes 15 to day having him look at my sore arm. this approach. When they first start work- 25 minutes and the cost of the inspection IWhen you get a little older and you ing on an engine, they don't start taking would be covered in most shop's mini- still play recreational hockey, your body the unit apart before they've done a full mum estimate charge. The other nice thing starts to get the odd seizures in the limbs. analysis of the problem. They evaluate about this system is that the tools required N ow I was a little surprised when he what the customer has said. They inspect for the inspection are few in number and checked my blood pressure, he listened to each system of the engine and they elimi- relatively inexpensive. All you need are my heart, he looked in my ears, and shone nate components that cannot have contrib- screw drivers to loosen the various power a light in my eyes. "What does all this have uted to the failure. Once the technician has tool screws, a block of rubber plate for to do with my sore arm," I asked the doc- done this, he can professionally advise the the exhaust port, a plate with a nipple for tor. He said, "Well first I always have to customer on the cause of the problem and the intake port, a hook to pull out the fuel check you over to see if anything else the cost of the repair. filter, a pressure/vacuum pump, and an might have caused the problem in your For years STIHL Ltd. has been promot- ignition tester. The total cost for all these arm. Do you think I should have cut your ing a simple but thorough troubleshoot- tools is less than one month's repairs, and arm open to see if something was wrong?" ing method to improve the service you your customer will receive a professional Of course he was right. He was just elimi- offer your customers. This procedure is and complete analysis of their power tool. nating most of the problems that were not designed to give your customer a detailed What's involved? There are- six steps causing the pain so he could then zero in outline of what was wrong with the ma- to STIHL's TOTAL ENGINE CHECK on what was really wrong. chine and what it's going to cost to fix it. or TECH System.

Stihl's Total Engine Check System

Inspect the condition of the fication, there is nothing else your techni- can use a pressure tester to make sure the engine, the piston, cylinder, cian can do to improve the voltage. If the fuel tank vent is venting. If the fuel tank crankshaft, and bearings. Much voltage is too low, there are only a few does not vent, the engine can run lean, of the condition of the engine things that could cause it-normally, this overheat, and seize. If your technician can be determined simply by can be determined easily by your techni- does a major engine repair but forgets to removing the muffler and looking for cian. The Imrie 625 can also tell your tech- check the vent, the unit might seize again damage to the piston. Using STIHL's En- nician if something not related to your ... at your expense! gine Failure Analysis Manual, your tech- ignition system is at fault. The working nician can tell if the engine overheated, or running voltage can also be checked.· The TECH system also can dirt was being ingested, or any of many This can tell you if the engine is using find external fuel leaks, ei- other defects that were causing problems more or less than normal voltage. This can ther a crack in the tank or a in the engine. The worst thing your tech- mean a problem with the carburetor or leaking fuel cap. Leaking nician can do is waste time and money several other engine components. Con- fuel can be a fire hazard, tuning up an engine if the engine itself is stant use and experience with the Imrie especially if the unit you are damaged. Who pays for the labour and 625 will greatly improve your technician's repairing is a back pack blower. Here the parts if the engine is not worth repairing troubleshooting skills. operator probably would not realize that after carb kits and spark plugs were put fuel is dripping down his back. into the machine? Inspect first, repair Check the fuel system. Sim- later! ply removing the fuel filter And finally you can do a and pressurizing the fuel line pressure and vacuum test Ignition systems are the most can tell you a lot about the with this system. As any trouble free part of any hand fuel system. You can check two-cycle repair shop held power tool, yet this is the the quality of the fuel, you can inspect the knows, pressure and first component that technicians fuel lines, and you can get a sound idea if vacuum testing is probably the most im- replace. The Imrie 625 Ignition the carburetor is in good shape simply by portant procedure in two-cycle repair. Analyzer is the best ignition inspection pressurizing the fuel line. Pressure and vacuum testing checks seals, tool on the market. A very simple test us- gaskets, intakes, impulse lines, and ing the Imrie 625 will tell you if you have A blocked fuel tank vent is a crankcase castings. If you do a tune the correct ignition voltage your engine small problem that can cause up and do not pressure test the en- requires. If the voltage you get is to speci- expensive repairs! Again you gine, you might overlook a problem

6 • DECEMBER 1999 which could damage the engine a few days after your customer picks up the unit. If they spent $100 for a tune up, do you think they will want to spend another $300 or $400 repairing a damaged engine a few days later? All dealerships want a profitable repair shop. You cannot have a profitable repair shop if your technicians don't know how to troubleshoot and they don't have the tools to trouble shoot. Do yourself a fa- vour, commit to STIHL's TECH system. Make sure you have the tools and instruct your technicians to use the TECH system on every unit that comes in for repair. This is a service that can replace your old "Our minimum shop charge is $XXX" sign and replace it with "We offer STIHL's TECH system to completely analyze your engine's faults for $XXX."·Don't you think that'll make your shop look more professional and become more profit- able? • - The Turf Line News, Volume 153, August/September 1999

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SPORTS TURF MANAGER • 7 Sand Sports Fields: Making the Decision CATHERINE ANDREWS, SPORTS TURF CONSULTANT, SPORTS TURF INSTITUTE, AUCKLAND

and carpet sports fields have been Construction built throughout New Zealand, pro- Construction Costs viding surfaces for a variety of Sports administrators often ask the S question: "How much will it cost to con- sporting codes. The objective of this arti- cle is to review the main considerations struct a sand carpet sports field"? In an- when making the decision to install a sand swering this it must be pointed out that all carpet field. sites are not equal and the availability of Stakeholders of a sports field venue suitable materials and design options must need to be aware of, and understand, the be assessed. In addition, the expectations implications of the decision to install a of stakeholders in terms of the quality of sand carpet field. This will ensure that: the playing surface and the amount of sus- A slit-drained, sand carpet 1) Stakeholders have realistic expectations tainable use must be determined. This in of the project and the field's final perform- sports field is designed to allow turn will influence cost. ance and sustainability. surface water to drain quickly It is unwise to quote a figure taken from 2) Planning the installation of the sand after rain stops. It can be ex- the cost of another construction until a carpet field and associated drainage pro- feasibility study of the site has been un- pected to be used more quickly ceeds in a logical manner, with site inves- dertaken and design options have been tigation work undertaken and the feasibil- after rain than a soil-based assessed. This preliminary work should be ity of all upgrading options considered. field, where the surface may undertaken prior to making the decision 3) Clubs are committed to providing the remain wet for days. to install the drainage system and prior to increased maintenance budget and trained the preparation of funding applications. turf managers (or management advice) to ensure the continuing success of the up- fields while surface water remains on Site Considerations graded field. grounds or where cover becomes sparse. A comprehensive site assessment must They must discourage unbooked play and be made in order to determine require- Stakeholders Requirements rotate practice areas to ensure the con- ments to upgrade a soil sports field. to a and Expectations tinuing success of their sand carpet sand carpet field. Examples of key fea- Field Use field. tures to assess include: the contour of the In managing sports fields, it is the 'sus- For some regions, increasing pressure site, the soil profile, the presence of any tainable level of use' which must be con- from sports groups for more sports fields existing sub-surface drains, the location sidered. The sustainable level of use is is a main influence in the decision to in- of an appropriate outfall, and the presence defined as 'that which gives the maximum stall a sand carpet. For example, Auckland of public and private services. use of a ground without causing an unac- is predicted to grow by 20% in the early For a soil field on a poorly draining, ceptable reduction in playing quality.' years of the 21 st , so in theory, silty soil, the installation of a slit drained Auckland City, which manages approxi- Auckland City will also need at least 20% sand carpet field may be the difference mately 40 slit-drained, sand carpet fields more sports fields. There is, however, lit- between no use and reliable weekly use. reports average increases in use of 100%. tle land available in the central city to ac- For a site where winter soil temperatures Despite this impressive statistic, it must commodate this growth, so sand fields drop to near zero, ryegrass growth will be be remembered that sand fields cannot must be considered to increase the hours limited and the lack of recovery from wear cope with unlimited hours of use and are of play per field. will prevent fields sustaining as intensive difficult and expensive to repair once dam- use as warmer climates. Thus, the sustain- aged. Playing Surface Quality and able level of use will be less in the lower A slit-drained, sand carpet sports field Reliability South Island than the upper North Island. is designed to allow surface water to drain Even under low use, sports administra- Existing field layout also needs consid- quickly after rain stops. Itcan be expected tors, who must ensure their venue is not eration. The presence of clay cricket to be used more quickly after rain than a turned down for major games or events, blocks on a slit drained sand carpet field soil-based field, where the surface may will often select a slit-drained, sand car- compromises the integrity of the sand remain wet for days. pet installation. The sole reason for this overlay adjacent to the blocks. At many Like soil fields however, sand carpet choice is often that their facility must be first class cricket venues, this is managed fields must be managed under a sensible of a high standard under most weather by covering the block with raised covers usage policy. Clubs must .be encouraged conditions, with the risk of postponement through the winter sports season to keep to actively control field usage, closing minimized. the clay from becoming wet and muddy.

8 • DECEMBER 1999 Material Availability and Design lized the surface following the application roots in the soil beneath the sand overlay Considerations of the final sand topdressing. Thus, clubs to supply nutrients and water to the turf The selection of appropriate materials need to be aware of disruption to their grass plant and to prevent turf shearing and design of the sand carpet and associ- grounds and the requirement for use to be away from the underlying soil during use. ated drainage system will affect the per- restricted during the first season follow- 4) Ability to monitor pest levels and take formance of the construction. For exam- ing construction. appropriate action to control high levels ple, aggregates and sands must be selected of activity. for efficient drainage, compatibility be- Maintenance Considerations 5) A trained turf manager is required to' tween materials, and with consideration While sports administrators may accept manage fertility, irrigation, thatch control, to the reliability of supply and cost. the costs of installing a sand carpet field physical treatment, repair work, and pest The principle of a sand carpet drainage and associated drainage, the additional control to achieve the above goals. system is to ensure excess surface water ' resources required to manage the field is efficiently transmitted to a sub-surface must also be in place. These resources in- Maintenance Budget drainage system or permeable sub-soil clude staff trained in managing sand fields Additional maintenance inputs (costs) layer. It is important to note, however, that and a higher yearly budget to maintain the for sand fields include: irrigation (if you there is not one 'recipe' for installing a field in its intended condition. pay for water), thatch control, implement- sand carpet system. With experience, ma- ing a sand topdressing program, physical terial preferences have changed and speci- Trained Turf Managers treatment, pest management (e.g. Earth- fications for installation have been refined. The main aims of sand-based field worm control, Poa annua control), and the By engaging specialist advice, pitfalls maintenance identified in a comprehen- repair of divot areas through the playing encountered in previous sand carpet in- sive review of sand carpet fields under- season. The additional cost of maintain- stallations can be minimized and the lat- taken by Auckland City Council in 1997 ing a sand field over a conventional soil est 'sand carpet' technology can be uti- were listed as: field will vary depending on the level of lized. 1) Prevention of excess organic gel accu- field maintenance prior to sand carpeting mulation at the surface to maintain the and the type of sand carpet field con- Timing Construction Work permeability of the sand overlay. structed. Construction works may be staged to 2) Retention of turf cover to ensure the minimize disruption to field use or to ac- stability of the surface is preserved and Water Requirements commodate budget allocations. Play development of areas of easily erodible In regions on the east coast of New Zea- should not commence on a sand carpet sand is avoided. land, many soil fields are already irrigated. field until adequate turf cover has stabi- 3) Maintenance of a high proportion of For other regions, the installation of a sand

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SPORTS TURF MANAGER • 9 carpet sports field means installing an can then seal up when the field is used in Auckland City has adopted a irrigation system to ensure turf cover is wet conditions. In Auckland City, several policy on chemical reduction to not lost through drier summer months. fields have deteriorated due to 'No-Spray' In the Auckland region, the use of warm policies. reduce the use of all chemi- season turf grasses such as cynodon and Like other regions, Auckland City has cals. Alternative strategies kikuyu has avoided the need for install- adopted a policy on chemical reduction must be found to minimize the ing and operating permanent irrigation to reduce and probably eventually stop the use of insecticides on sand- systems. The use of temporary irrigation use of all chemicals. Alternative manage- based fields. systems may still be required for estab- ment strategies must therefore be found lishment when warm season grasses are to minimize the use of insecticides on initially introduced into the field. In addi- sand-based fields. Such strategies include Construction Considerations such as tion, warm season grasses form a turf mat acidifying the soil profile, the use oflower the assessment of site characteristics, ma- which stabilizes the sand, resulting in less toxicity chemicals, and shifting to the use terial availability, and design. Once a spe- reliance on re-seeding to repair areas of of low calcium sands for topdressing. cific site is assessed, the cost of construc- lost cover. Auckland City has also trialled tion may be estimated and the time frame natural zeolite in sand carpet fields to as- Summary for construction work planned. sess its water and nutrient holding benefits. This article has covered key considera- Stakeholders must be made aware of the tions when making the decision to install likely disruption to grounds and restricted Chemical Use Policy a slit-drained sand carpet sports field. use following construction. One of the main aims identified in the These include: Maintenance Considerations such as 1997 Auckland City Council review of Stakeholders Expectations such as the ensuring staff trained in sand field man- sand-based fields was the ability to moni- desired level of field use and the quality agement are available to manage the field tor pest levels and take appropriate action of the playing surface required. Manag- and allocating a satisfactory maintenance to control high levels of activity. Specifi- ers must ensure stakeholders' expectations budget to ensure the continuing success cally, earthworm activity can quickly re- from a sand carpet field are realistic, en- of the upgraded field. • sult in the contamination of the surface suring for example that clubs are aware - New Zealand Turf Management sand layer. The contaminated surface layer of the need to control use. Journal, Vol. 13, No.2, May 1999

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10 • DECEMBER 1999