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Winter Sports Turf: Levels of Play

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Winter Sports Turf: Levels of Play DEC E M B E R 1 999 VOL U M E 12 • ISSUE 4 Winter Sports Turf: Levels of Play he wet conditions of the past win- recovery requires overseeding or these winter wear problems. There is no ter (and spring) highlight many of reseeding on less than 20% of the surface," substitute for the time required to relieve Tthe challenges faced by turf man- They also suggest that the budget required compaction and re-establish a healthy turf agers of sports fields used for winter play. to maintain grass cover at higher use cover. Some options do exist to improve As a result of heavy use, I have received a intensities is wholly uneconomical. The wear tolerance for the winter play season, number of inquiries about expected lev- costs of the high specification sand-domi- but these come at additional capital cost els of play and use of winter games turf, nated root zones was four to five times that and would similarly require a rest period as well as "rest" periods for fields. In re- for soil-based fields. during which the fields were protected sponse to those inquiries regarding field from play. All of the guidelines for good use and wear tolerance, I prepared a re- ,\1/ quality soccer pitch management incorpo- - '" sponse based on my own experience work- -ji~ Winter usage of rate a "close-season" period to facilitate ~'I ing with sports turf and used information ""'/\\-- approximately renovation. ~"-;:. from the publication Natural Turffor Sport eight hours per Overuse, in addition to providing poor and Amenity by Bill Adams and Richard ""\\"= field conditions, also creates significant week and/or 125 Gibbs. The contents of this book draw increases in budgetary requirements to heavily on their experience in the U.K. and games per season is meet the additional maintenance costs. • New Zealand and on studies carried out the upper limit possible. - The Turf Line News, Volume 153, at the Sports Turf Research Institute in August/September 1999 Bingley, Yorkshire. These studies have the These use levels were also predicated advantage of being representative of the on the assumption that the period from Note: Author Dr. F. B. Holl is a professor types of winter play conditions that con- April to early September will be available in the University of British Columbia Plant front managers in the Pacific Northwest. to carry out the necessary renovations- Science Department. He may be reached The development of sand and amended overseeding, aeration/decompaction, at: phone (604) 822-6420, fax: (604) 822- sand base root zones has improved the weed control, topdressing, mowing, and 8640, or e-mail: [email protected]. playing quality of sports turf through in- irrigation-that are necessary to restore creased drainage and compaction toler- the fields to safe, playable conditions. ance, increased retention of grass cover Even the best -constructed and managed and better playing quality-at consider- sand-based turf will suffer from traffic able capital and maintenance cost. damage when use exceeds these maxi- In discussing levels of winter play on mum levels, particularly if that use has sand-based turf, Adams and Gibbs note occurred during the kind of exceptionally that winter usage of approximately eight wet winter periods that we have experi- hours per week and/or 125 games per sea- enced recently in the Vancouver region. son is the upper limit at which it is possi- The cool wet weather of March/April also ble to maintain turf "when end of season impeded most efforts to address some of In This Issue of Sports Turf Manager, You'll Find ... e Autumn Maintenance o The Service Department ~ Coming Events o The President's Desk o Sand Sports Fields ~ Surfing the Web o Cricket in Canada (D Irrigation Systems ~ Tools for 2000 Influence of Autumn Cultural Practices MAINTAINING YOUR SPORTS FIELDS here are several maintenance aerification as grass plants respond well practices that may be performed by producing vigorous roots and lateral Tto improve sports fields for the growth which does not require extra following year that can help to prevent or mowing. This helps to relieve decrease winter injury to the turf. compaction-particularly after heavy use 1) Increase surface and subsurface combined with soaking fall rains. drainage. Much of the winter injury that 5)While not perhaps common to many you recognize as dead areas in early spring sports fields, fall or late winter is a good can be attributed to ice. Winter thaws tend time to remove tree branches to thin the to accumulate in low lying areas and then canopy (yet without refreeze causing turf to die. Topdressing changing the shape of the these small depressions with soil that has tree) to allow more light to a little more sand than that in the rootzone penetrate the playing is helpful. Large areas that collect water surface. Before the leaves fall will require some reconstruction. is a good time to note where 2) Autumn mowing. Raise the cutting shade is the most dense and height from one-quarter to one-half inch the turf is thinning. Mulching of leaves above that used during the summer. Then when they are dry is an excellent way to for the final mowing of the fall, lower the provide organic matter to the soil. • clipping height a little below the standard - summarized by M. Bladon summer mowing height. This can make the foliage less prone to snow mould and References other winter diseases. • GTI Advisor, "Turf Management: 3) Food reserves for winter survival and Influence of Fall Cultural Practices," Pam early spring growth. Late fall fertilization Charbonneau, OMAFRA Turfgrass increases turf carbohydrate levels and as Specialist, February 17,1998. a result, increases cold hardiness. • The Lawn Institute, "Special Topic 4) Early autumn is a good time to remove Sheets: Fall Turf Care," Dr. 'Eliot C. thatch and practice core cultivation or Roberts, Former Director and Manager. Weather Facts ter :a~our is .the basic atm?s- or ice crystals. These, too are pheric ingredient from which quite minute, but gradually Wcomes such forms of precipi- become larger by taking tation as rain, snow, hail, and sleet. A moisture from the super- These all originate when water vapour V U cooled water droplets which con- is condensed by the cooling process that U denses and freezes on them. normally occurs with the expansion of up- The growing action continues until ward-flowing currents of air. the ice particles become so heavy that they Clouds consisting of myriads of very begin to fall. As they drop through the tiny water droplets are formed. Before the various layers of the atmosphere, they droplets can fall as precipitation of one grow even larger by taking moisture from kind or another, they must grow to a far additional supercooled water droplets, larger size. It is believed that they do this and also by joining with other ice par- when the clouds rise to high altitudes and ticles. their uppermost portions drop in tempera- If the temperature of the atmosphere re- ture to a little below freezing. The water mains below freezing all the way· from droplets do not freeze at first, but they do high altitudes to ground level, the ice crys- become supercooled. As the clouds rise tals will fall as snow. If the lower layers to still higher levels, however, some of the of the atmosphere are above-freezing, the droplets are transformed into ice particles snowflakes turn into raindrops. • 2 • DECEMBER 1999 News Clips: Head Injuries & the Argos Head Injuries Leave Lasting memory, confusion, or a personality time in the past and one in five had suf- Effects According to Study change. fered two or more. Those who had suf- Chicago - Two or more significant One of the studies did not explore the fered two or more were significantly more blows to the head while playing sports can effects of concussions but only how often likely to report continuing problems with harm teenagers' thinking abilities for years they occurred in football, wrestling, soc- headaches, sleep and concentration, and to come, according to studies in the United cer, basketball, softball, baseball, field they scored significantly worse on paper- States that suggest such injuries are more hockey, and volleyball at 235 high schools and-pencil tests of the ability to learn serious than some coaches and parents in the U.S. from 1995-96 through 1997-98. words, to think quickly, and to handle might think. There were 1,219 concussions-63 per complex tasks. Nearly 63,000 high school athletes a cent of them in football-and 99 students - Associated Press, The Record, year suffer mild concussions in the U.S., suffered two or more, said researchers led September 8, 1999 researchers reported in the Journal of the by John W. Powell, a professor of kinesi- American Medical Association. Young ology and an athletic trainer at Michigan Argos May Have a New Home athletes with learning disorders appear to State University. The Argos, who may be looking at get- suffer even worse long-term problems The researchers estimated that ting out of the SkyDome after from multiple concussions. more than 62,800 concussions they're sold, are reportedly con- "This is a major public health issue that occur among high school students sidering a deal with the Canadian has been given short shrift," said Michael in the U.S. annually in the sports Soccer Association and the Ca- W. Collins, a neuropsychologist in Detroit they studied. nadian Rugby Union. If the deal and a leader of one of the studies. "And It has long been known that comes off, the trio would split the this is information parents should know." multiple mild concussions are cost of a new natural grass sta- Most people still believe that a concus- more likely than a single episode to lead dium with between 20,000 and 25,000 sion means getting knocked out, he said.
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