Barnes, James P. and Patience P. Barnes. The American Civil War through British Eyes: Dispatches from British Diplomats. 3 vols. Kent, Oh.: Kent State University Press, 2003-2005.

Volume I Lincoln’s election, secession, South Carolina, Georgia, 2 Lincoln, 3 Unionist majority in the South, 3 Union in danger, 3 Overture from South Carolina about recognizing independence, William Porcher Miles, advice to Charleston consul, customs duties, little danger to British subjects, 4-8 Lyons recommends assurance that Britain is not partial to either side, 8 Opening of Congress, Buchanan message, Charleston forts, strong disunion sentiments in the South, northern alarm, 8-10 Union and conciliation meetings in northern cities, 11 Little moderation in cotton South, cotton, slavery, African slave trade, 11-12 Buchanan and cabinet changes, 13-14 South Carolina, fixed purpose of secession movement, 14-15 Lincoln and Seward, 15 Secession of Louisiana, instructions to consul, 15-17 Lincoln, compromise discussions in Congress, Judah Benjamin speech, 17-18 Buchanan and southern forts, South Carolina commissioners, 18-19 Deep South secession, 19-20 Winfield Scott, 20 Collection of United States customs, 20 Seizure of Federal property, 20 Buchanan, Winfield Scott, forts, cabinet, 20-21 Seward speech, 21-22 Secessionists and a southern Confederacy, 22-23 Virginia and Border states, 23 Congress offers little hope of compromise, Crittenden, 23-26 Joseph Holt, 24 Buchanan, constitutional principles, Sumter, 25 Washington peace conference, 26-27, 31-32, 35-36 Kansas and balance of power in Senate, secessionists, 26-27 Seward speech, 27-28 Exemption of British subjects from militia service, 28-29 Confiscation of ships, ports, 29-31 Tennessee and Virginia elections, 31 Confederates and African slave trade, 31 No coercion, make secession unpopular, 32 Jefferson Davis and Alexander Stephens, 32 Kentucky, Virginia, border states, Crittenden, Seward, Sumner, 33 Lincoln journey to Washington, 33-34 Fear of violence at the inauguration, 34 Confederate faith in cotton, 34 Waiting for Lincoln, patronage, Chase, Seward, 35

1

Proposed thirteenth amendment, 36-37 Lincoln inauguration, 37 Cabinet and patronage, 37-38 Lincoln, cabinet and Sumter, 39 Evacuation of Fort Sumter, Lincoln cabinet, coercion, office seekers, 40 French minister Mercier on possible recognition of the Confederacy, blockade, 42-45 Inaction, Seward policy, divisions in northern opinion, 45-46 Morrill tariff, 46 Sumter and Pickens, coercion, Seward, 46-48 Lincoln, coercion, calls for troops, civil war, surrender of Sumter, 48-50 Security of Washington, 50 Lincoln policy, 50 Northern vs. southern advantages, 50-51 American agents in Canada, 60 United States heading toward civil war, call for troops, Virginia secession, 60 Baltimore riot, Maryland conditions, 62-63 Privateers, blockade, 64 Governor Hicks, Maryland, Seward, 65 Confederacy, privateers, consul Bunch, 65-66 Charleston conditions, 66-67 Attempts to buy arms in Canada, 67-68 Baltimore, 68 Condition in border states, 68-69 Militia troops in Washington, 69 Unity in both North and South, 70 Blockade, Seward, 70-73 Seward complains of an iron steamer sold to Confederacy, 73-75 Cotton and slavery, 75-76 Southerners not worried about the blockade, 76 Baltimore, 76-77 England and France, common policy on the blockade, Mercier, 77-80 Lincoln’s call for more soldiers, 80 Seward, agent in Canada, 81 Speculation about whether there will be a war, 81-82 Speculation about fighting and the blockade, 82 Border state secession, 82-83 Fears provocations to England, Seward dispatches, risk of war, Canada, need for war preparation, cooperation with France, 83-88 Northern commitment to war, Winfield Scott plans, reduce states to territories, 89 Mercier, Seward, French policy, possible recognition of Confederacy, Thouvenel 90-92, 99- Recognition of Confederate as belligerents, reaction in New York press, Seward, 93-94 Special session of Congress, 94 Blockade, 94-96 Possible loss by British merchants from the blockade, 96-97 British ships along northern and southern coast, 98-99 Alexandria, death of Ellsworth, 100

2

Drive to occupy Richmond, Scott, 101-2 Public pressure on Scott, 102 Seward, blockade, 103 Seward, plot for insurrection in Canada, Consul Archibald, 104-5 Northern press on British relations, 106 Plenty of troops, finances more a problem for both sides, 107 Test for Confederacy in a campaign against Richmond, 108 Maritime law, Congress of Paris, Mercier, 108-110 Admiral Milne, protection for British commerce, 110-11 See Republicans as fanatical and determined to conquer the South, violence against Great Britain, privateers, 111-14 Archibald, American designs on Canada, 114-16 Napoleon III supposed favors a northern victory in the war, 116-18 Declaration of Paris, Mercier, Seward, 118-20 American newspapers on relations with Great Britain, 120-21 Seward, maritime rights, belligerents, Mercier, 121-23 Neutrality, privateers, 123 Confederates and neutral ships, Mercier, 123-24 Seward, Mercier, Declaration of Paris, 124-25 Seward, secret agent, plot against Canada, 125 English citizen forced to serve in Confederate army, 126 Seward complaints about a British dispatch bearer attempting to buy arms for Confederates in New York, 126-27 Copies of official documents, 127-28 Contraband, customs collectors, consuls, bonds, 128-29 New York Herald, scheme for an armistice followed by an attack on English and Russian possessions, 129-30 Harpers Ferry, 131 Caution Union advance in Virginia, 131-32 Lincoln message to Congress, July 1861, tariff, 138-41 Treasury instructions, tariff, 141 Collecting duties on shipboard and closing ports of entry, blockade, 142 McClellan campaign in western Virginia, 143 Little reference to foreign affairs in Congress, 143 McDowell, defeat at Bull Run, possible attack on Washington, raw troops, bad performance, morale, 145-51 Confidence in McClellan, 151-52 McDowell report on Bull Run, casualties, 153 Slaves, confiscation, 154 Lincoln, habeas corpus, 154-55 British objections to closing southern ports, Seward, Mercier, 155-56 Seward, closing of southern ports, 156-57 Northern finances, Treasury, banks, 157 Wilson’s Creek, 158 Banks army in western Virginia, 158 Passport requirement, 158-59

3

Declaration of Paris, Confederates, Seward, 160 National Republican with news items, 160-61 Russian dispatches, 161-62 Problems of British subjects being forced in army in Missouri, poverty, property, 162-63 Trouble communicating with consuls in the southern states, 163-64 Ships in southern ports, saluting the Confederate flag, 164 Little military action, Hatteras expedition, 165 Conditions in Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri, Frémont, arrests, habeas corpus, 166-68 Confiscation, 168-69 Mason and Slidell, 169 Cuba and Confederate ships, Seward, 169-72 Arrests of members of Maryland legislature, 172-73 Confederate abandonment of Munson’s Hill, 173-74 North finance, imports, 175 Expedition, southern ports, cotton, 175-77 Interruption of communication between northern and southern states, 177-78 Arbitrary arrests of British subjects, 178-81 Defenses of ports and harbors, Seward, Mason and Slidell, hostile forces in United States, 181- 82 Mercier, French and cotton, recognition of Confederate independence, 182-87 Seward, arbitrary arrests, British subjects, 187-88 Habeas corpus case, 188 Mail transmission, Confederate states, consuls, 188-89 Confederate blockade of the Potomac, 189-90 Passport fees, 190-91 Coast to coast telegraph wires, 191 French, Mercier, Thouvenel, cotton, Seward, 191 Recognition of consuls, Bunch, charges against him, 194-96 British subjects in army, underage, 197-99 Arrests in Baltimore, 200 Admission of Confederate ship in British and Danish ports, Seward, 200-3, 209-10 Scott and McClellan, 203 Concern about United States naval expedition to southern ports, 204-6 Hughes, Thurlow Weed, Mason and Slidell, 206-7 French, Mercier, cotton supply Seward, 207-9 Edward Everett, Bishop McIlwaine to England, 210 Port Royal, 211 Railroad bridges in East Tennessee, 211 British subjects military service, 212-14 Trent affair, piracy charges, Seward, Lincoln, Jefferson Davis, 224-65 Passports, 230 Port Royal, 231 British subjects in Louisiana, 232 Stone fleet, 233 Confederate cotton, 234 Fort Pickens, 237-38

4

Britain, France, Mexico, Seward, 238, 244, 299, 320-21 Declaration of Paris, 239 Published State Department dispatches, 239-42 Lincoln message and foreign powers, 242-43 Habeas corpus, George H. Pendleton speech, 244-45 Lincoln message, defense of Great Lakes, Congress, 246-47 Enlistment of underage British subjects, 248-49 British ship running the blockade, arms and ammunition, 250-52 Port Royal, 252-53 Banks, treasury, specie payments, taxes, 261 Closing southern ports, Congress, blockade, 263-64 Port Royal, 272 Burnside expedition, 272 Death of Prince Albert, 273 Senator Harris, Confederate privateers, 273-74 Seward, stone fleet, 274-75 Cameron, Stanton, Cassius Clay, 275-76 Drawing of field and garrison guns, 276-77 Paper money, 278 Confederate privateer, prisoners, Consul Archibald, 279 Vessels cleared from Charleston Customs House, 280-81 Galveston, Texas, removal of passengers from ship, 281-83 Dispatches from British and French consuls in Confederate States, 283 Mercier, French, commercial correspondence with Confederate states, Seward, 283-85 Seward, Letters of Marque, privateering, 285-86 Seward, reciprocity treat, 286-87 Seward, prisoners taken from privateers, 287-88 Military and state prisoners, Seward, 288-90 Victories, northern confidence, 291 Fort Donelson, 291-92 Moderates ready to offer amnesty, 292-93 Washington’s birthday, 293-94 Status of Bunch as consul in Charleston, 294-95, 297 St. Paul Minnesota, reciprocity treaty, Canada, 295-96 Treasury, paper money, 298 Coastal trade, Seward, 300 Seward, foreign powers recognizing Confederates as belligerents, 300-301, 303-5 State prisoners, 301-2 Jefferson Davis message, Confederate losses, 302 Taxes, 305 Passes, arrests, 305-6 Blockade, 306-7 Condition of affair in Richmond, 307-8 Affairs in Georgia, ordering all white men into service, 308-10 Lincoln, slavery, Sumner, Montgomery Blair, 310-12 Merrimac and Monitor, 312-14

5

McClellan and Manassas, 315 Conditions in Louisiana, 316 Charleston harbor, sunken ships, 318-19 French hopes for moderation and terms, Mercier, Seward, 319-20

Volume II

Commander, Lyons, ship Racer, Charleston, Savannah, 3-5 Newspapers and military events, April 1862, 5-6 Gradual emancipation, emancipation in Washington, 6-7 Northern feeling about the outcome of the Civil War, reconstruction, abolition, cabinet, 7-10 More conciliatory northern approach since settlement of the Trent, 10-11 Newspaper expected a war with England after civil war is over, 12-13 Ironclads, 13 Political prisoners, 13-14 Mercier attempted trip to Richmond, Seward, 14-18 Merrmac (Virginia), 18 Havana, United States Cuba, 18-19 Progress of military campaigns, April 1862, 20-21 Fall of Fort Pulaski, Georgia militia, aliens exempted, British subjects, 22-23 Peninsula campaign, Valley campaign, Tennessee, Corinth, 24 Report of Mercier on morale in Richmond, 25-31, 43-44, 55-58 Conditions at Havana, Cuba, 25 New Orleans, Mercier, Seward, 31-34, 37 British subjects serving in Confederate army as prisoners of war, 34-36 Yorktown, 37-38 Habeas corpus, Supreme Court, 38 Ironclad ships, Fortress Monroe, Monitor, 38-42 Peninsula campaign, 44 Opening of New Orleans and Hilton Head ports, Seward, cotton, 45-47 Blockade, 47-48 Savannah, British subjects, 48-49 Military affairs along the coast, 50 Surrender of New Orleans, 51 Rumors of European intervention, Seward, Beauregard, burning cotton, 52-53 Lincoln, Hunter, black soldiers, 53-55 Capture of New Orleans, 58-59 Federal appeal for more soldiers, 59 Valley campaign, panic in Washington, 70 Capture of New Orleans, Mayor Monroe, Lovell, Butler, foreign consuls, Seward, Mercier, 70- 82 Bermuda, Charleston, Port Royal, 83-85 Charleston, Bunch, morale, 86-87 Mobile, New Orleans, 87-88 Cotton, 88 Charleston, blockade, 89

6

Report on military affairs, June 1862, 90-91 Liverpool, Confederate munitions on British ships, Seward, 93-94 Savannah, Fort Pulaski, 94-95 Seward, 96 Seward, Mexican treaty, 97 Rost to R.M.T. Hunter, Spain, 98-102 Caleb Huse to Josiah Gorgas, Liverpool ship, spies, shoes, shirts, rifles, 102-105 Report on military events, June 1862, 105-6 Washington churches used for receiving sick and wounded soldiers, 107 Mercier, letter from French consul in Richmond, Judah Benjamin, 107-8 Bunch, Charleston, British ship, 108 Neutral powers and cotton, Seward, 109-11 New Orleans, Butler, consuls, oath, Seward, militia law, 111-16 Seven Days, McClellan, panic, 126-28, 131 Norfolk trade, 128 Charleston, James Island, 128-31 New Orleans, Butler proclamation, Beauregard, Seward, 132-33 Lincoln, compensated emancipation, Seward, 133 Lincoln visit to McClellan, Stanton, 134 Recruiting northern troops, 134 John Pope, 135 Conscription, 136 Border states, gradual emancipation, 136-38 Lincoln and second confiscation act, 137 Seward on southern Unionism, 137 Seward on McClellan’s position on the James River, 138 Cotton exports, Seward, Charles Francis Adams, Cobden, 138-39 John Pope orders, 139-40 Vicksburg, 140 Address of Republican members of Congress, arming former slaves, 140 Morale, Halleck, 141 New Orleans, cotton, General Shepley, Seward, Confiscation Act, 141-43 False report of Seward resignation, 143 Military situation, July 1862, 144-45 United States naval strength, ironclads, 146-47 Warrenton, stringent oath, 147-48 Call for troops, 148-49 Butler, cotton, New Orleans, Sherman, 149 British ship from Havana trying to run blockade, 150 Consul Cridland, battles before Richmond, military affairs in the South, Virginia agriculture, 150-52 Order forbidding person liable to a militia draft from leaving the country, Seward, 152-55 John Pope, Cedar Mountain, McClellan, 154 Louisiana, Butler, Phelps attempt to arm blacks, 155-59 Seward, Charles Francis Adams, letters of marque, 159-60 Butler, seizure of sugar, Reverdy Johnson, 161

7

Removal of vice consul at Fredericksburg, 162 Southern cotton crop, blockade, 163-64 Attack on Baton Rouge, 164 Secret moves and Pope’s and McClellan’s armies, 165 Butler, disarming people, fear of slave insurrection, 165-67 John Pope, Second Bull Run, 168-71 Emigration of free blacks on British West Indies, 169-70, 175-77 Sioux uprising, 170 Maryland campaign, Antietam, John Pope, McClellan, Fitz John Porter, McDowell, 171-74, 177, 186-88 Emancipation Proclamation, 187-89 Possible treaty with Great Britain for black colonization, 189-91 Western states, consular certificates, governors, dangers, martial law, 191-94 Altoona governors’ meeting, 195-97 Opening port of Norfolk to trade, 196-97 Opinion and support for war in western states, cotton, opposition to free black migration, Sherman, abolition policy in border states, subjugation, 199-204 McClellan’s army, 205-6 Consul New Orleans, women British subjects, 205-7 Military movements, October 1862, 207-8 Intimidation of British subjects in western states, 208-9 Condition of affairs on southern states, October 1862, 209-11 1862 election, Ohio, Indiana, Iowa, Pennsylvania, 211-12, 217 Black colonization, Seward, blacks in Washington, 212-14 Destruction of British ship, Spanish ship, Cuba, 214, 216-17, 225, 228, 255-58, 276, 282-83, 290-91, 303-4 French officials ordered to leave Richmond, Mercier, 215, 218-19 Virginia, Confederate government treatment of British and other foreign nationals, 215-16 Military movements, late October 1862, 219-20 Economic distress of British subjects in New Orleans, 220-21 New Orleans, possible slave instruction, Butler, confiscation, sugar crop, rector who refused to pray for the president, 221-22 French, Mexico, Mercier, 224 United States navy, belligerent rights, Seward, 224-25 New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois elections, fall 1862, 226 Emancipation Proclamation and habeas corpus, 227 Removal of McClellan, 227 New York elections, removal of McClellan, more vigorous prosecution of war, possible foreign mediation, recognition of Confederate independence, 236-40 New Orleans, British subjects, Seward, General Banks, 241, 258 Martial law, habeas corpus, 241-42 France, armistice, mediation, Seward, 242-43, 247-49, 253-55, 260-63 Burnside, Fredericksburg, 243-45 Union capture of Galveston, 245-46 Emancipation Proclamation, Butler, New Orleans, arming blacks, 246-47 Kidnapping of two boys in Bahamas, sold as slaves, 249-51, 289

8

Secretary of Navy report, blockade, 252-53 Appeal to American for suffering workers in Great Britain, 257 Burnside, Fredericksburg, 259, 270-71 Defense of Savannah, 263-64 Charleston, ironclads, Seward, Consul Bunch, 264-66 Report from British consul at Richmond, defenses, supplies, 266-70 Proposal of Confederate government to sell cotton, Mercier, Seward, Mississippi River, Federal control of cotton, 271-75 Seward resignation, 275-77 Colonization of free blacks in British Honduras, Seward, 277-81 Confederate selling cotton, Seward, 281-82 Bahamas, American bullying toward British and colonial ships, 285 Threats against Butler, 286 Mobile consul, gold shipment, 286-87 Edward Bates on black citizenship, 288 Military operations, January 1863, 288-89 Stones River, Rosecrans, Seward, 288-89, 291-92 Seward, discussions of European diplomats, 290 Bahamas, Key West, prize ship, Cuba, 291 Horatio Seymour message, 292-93 French, New Orleans, Confederate loans, Mercier, Seward, 293-94 Military events, January 1863, 295 Mercier, William Cornell Jewett, mediation, French, foreign intervention, 295-98 Emancipation Proclamation, politics in western states, 297-98 General Banks, British subjects in New Orleans, 299-300 Intercepted Confederate dispatches published in newspapers, 300-302 Jefferson Davis and mediation, 303 Consul Bunch, possible attack on Charleston, 304-5 Colonization and emigration, British colonies, 305 Sioux uprising, 306 Lincoln, emigrant of blacks to British colonies, 306-8 Mud March, Burnside removal, Hooker, 308-9 Horace Greeley, French mediation offer, Democrats, Mercier, 309-11 British ship to Charleston, Consul Bunch, 311-13 Sending dispatches in Confederacy by ship rather than railroad, 313-14 Running specie through the blockade, 315-16 Confederate conscription of British subjects, protection, Galveston, 316-18 Military interference with press freedom, arrest of a Philadelphia editor, 318-19 Mercier and foreign mediation, 319 Russians and mediation of the war, 319-21 Federal attacks on Charleston, 322 Work on Mexican railroad, 322-23 Galveston, General Banks, blockade, Seward, 323-24, 327 French expedition in Mexico, Senator McDougal, 325 French mediation proposal, 325 Emigration of free blacks British West Indies, Usher, 328

9

Bunch, inflation need for pay raise, 329-30

Volume III

Confederate ship sinking a United States transport, Charleston, 2 Judah Benjamin, Galveston, dispersal of blockading ships, 3, 44-45 Arrested of editor in Nashville, Seward, 3-5 On two young black men carried off Bahamas by Union ship, 6, 42-43 Colonization of blacks in British West Indies, 7 Union conscription, Seward, 7-10 Letters of marque, Seward, 10-12 Confederate rams attack on Federal blockading fleet, 12-13 Charleston, Consul Bunch leaves, 14-15 Sumner and Stevens resolutions reject French mediation, 16 Jefferson Davis, French mediation, Mercier, 17-20 Mistreatment of British subjects, Confederate army, 21-22 Expected attack in Charleston, 22 Summary of Third Session of 37th Congress, opposition to the war, 22-25 Seward, armed ships from England, War of 1812, 25-27 Seward, cotton purchases, Mercier, 27-28 Wilkes capture of ships with Confederate officers, 28, 33 New Jersey peace resolutions, 28-29 Letters of marque, Seward, 29. 44 Emigration of free blacks Usher, Honduras, 29-30 Transferring Charleston to French consul, 30-31 Consul at Mobile, 31 Butler, alien enemies, no food shipped to England, 32 Connecticut election, Thomas H. Seymour, 32 Seward, Confederate loan, 33-34 Seward, ships being built for Confederacy in England, Charles Francis Adams, 34-37 Attack on Charleston, 37-38 Confederate works on Mississippi River, 38 Seizure of British ship at San Francisco, Vancouver Island, Seward, 39-40, 52-53 Fitting out Confederate ships in England, 40-41 Confederate food supply, 41-42 Attack on Charleston, 42-44 West Virginia, 43 Hooker, Chancellorsville, 45, 50 Confederate theater performances and hatred of the Yankees, 46 Confederate Congress and diplomats in England, 46-47 Confederate finance, 47-48 Irish immigrants, enlistments in Union Army, 48-50, 60-61 Conscription of the foreign born, Seward, 50-51 Man carried off Bahamas, enslaved in Georgia, 61 Conspiracy to important goods manifested in United States to Confederacy, 62-63 Pursuit of Indians into British Canada, 63-64

10

Sailor accused of disloyalty, British subject, 64 Jefferson Davis, retaliation, 65-66 Louisiana landowners, visiting Lincoln, submission to Union; preservation of property and slaves, 66-67, 80-81 Richmond consul, 67-68 Gettysburg campaign, 68-69, 71-73, 75-78, 81-82 Black emigrants for British colonies, 69-70 Arrest and exile of Vallandigham, 70-71 Confederate privateer, Boston, 73-74 Naval battle near Savannah, 74 Removal of Hooker, Meade, 75 Vicksburg, 78-79 Seward, possible French withdrawal of belligerent rights, Mercier, Gettysburg, Vicksburg, 79-80 New York draft riots, 82-84 Lee’s retreat from Gettysburg, 84-86 Alexander Stephens and Jefferson Davis, peace initiative, 85 Seward, French, Mexico, 85-88 Attempts to play Britain and France off against each other, Mercier, 94 Greek fire, Charleston, Charleston, Gillmore, Fort Sumter, 95, 98-100 Consulate, Charleston, 95-97 Mobile consul, 97 General Dix, conscription in New York, 98 Lincoln to Unionists of Illinois, 99 Departure of Ironclad steamers for Confederacy prevented, 101-2 Chickamauga, Burnside, Rosecrans, 102-3 Campaigning in Louisiana and Texas, 103 United States preparations for foreign as well as domestic wars, 105-7 Confederate and consular officers, 108 Seward and Mexico, 109 Seward, Canadian frontier, 110 Seward, Confederate projects in Canada, 110-11 Fenians, 112-14 Buffalo, possible Confederate incursion into the United States, 114-15 Missouri elections, 115-16 Montgomery Blair speech, reconstruction, 116 Suspension of prisoner exchanges, 116-17 Siege of Charleston, 117-18 Prisoners of war, British subjects, 118-19 Assembling of 38th Congress, Democrats, Republicans, 119-21 Lincoln’s annual message, foreign relations, slavery, reconstruction, 121-24 Massachusetts plan recruiting for army and navy in Canada, 124-25 Contracts for Confederate shipbuilding in Europe, 125 Seward, Canada, attack on Johnson’s Island, belligerent rights, reciprocity treaty, 126-27 Reciprocity treaty, 140 Troops to cross Canadian border in pursuit of Indians, John Pope, 140-41 Friends of Confederacy in Parliament, diplomatic recognition, Seward, 142-43

11

Seward, free trade, recognition of Confederates as belligerents, 143-47 Treatment of prisoners in Fort Lafayette, 147-49 Seward, Mexico, 149 Confederate agents, ships in Canadian waters, 149-50, 155-56 Threatened invasion by Confederates from Canada, 150-51 Southern ports, municipal law, blockade, Seward, 151-52 British prisoners, 153 Grant, 154 Charleston, 154-55 Forrest Raids, Fort Pillow, 156-57, 162-63 Information on United States Navy, 157-59 Overland campaign preparations, other operations, 159-60 Overland campaign, 161ff Federal military operations, 164 Horatio Seymour, suppression of newspapers, 164-65 Federal military operations, 165-66 White emigrants to Belize, 167-68 Grant, Butler and the Valley, 168-69 Federal military operations, 169-70 British subjects at Memphis, Seward, 170-71 Bermuda Hundred, Baldy Smith, Sheridan and the Valley, 171-72 Black laws in Delaware, Seward, 172-73 Petersburg, 174 Visits to Army of the Potomac from British officers, 174-75 Grant and Petersburg, David Hunter in the Valley, 186 Republican convention and Cleveland convention, Democrats, 187 Military operations, July 1864, 188 Chase resignation, 188 Probable operations of United States forces in the event of war with England, 189-93 Jubal Early, Maryland, Washington, 193-95 Congressional reconstruction measure, 195-96 Conscription, 196 Military operations, July 1864, 198-99 Seward, Confederate efforts to gain ships, 199 Memphis, orders on foreigners in business, Seward, oath, 200-1 Petersburg mine, 201-2 Atlanta, Sherman and Hood, 202 Military operations, August 1864, 202-4 United States naval secrets, 204 Confederate cruiser, Tallahassee, Seward, 205-6 Defense of Maine, Seward, 206-7 Governeur Warren, Fifth Corps, 208 Military operations, August 1864, 209 Chicago Democratic convention, McClellan, platform, conscription, 209-14 Norfolk, 214-15 Maine election, party activities, 215-16

12

New York politics, 217 Confederate conscription of slaves, 218 Treasonable activities in Ireland, 218-19 Military operations, October 1864, 219-20 Lincoln reelection, 232 Jefferson Davis message, foreign relations, 232-33 St. Albans Raid, 233-35 Norfolk blockade, 233-34 Military operations, December 1864, 235-36 Defense of northern frontier, General Dix, 236-37 Wilmington, Fort Fisher, 237, 241-42, 250 Savannah, 238 Removal of Butler, 239 Fenians, 239-40 Blair visit to Richmond, William Porcher Miles, 240 Treasury regulations, Confederate states, 241 Jefferson Davis, Georgia Senators, peace negotiations, 243 Seward, Charles Francis Adams, Canadian affairs, 244-46 Harbor defenses of Boston and New York, 246-49 Savannah, cotton, 249 Prisoners in Confederacy, 250 English immigrants, enlistment in Federal armies, bounty, 251 Thirteenth amendment, slavery, 251-52 Treatment of prisoners, retaliation, 252 Confederacy, slave soldiers, Robert E. Lee, 253, 261-63, 267-68, 271 Ship canal, Niagara Falls, 253-54 Black colonization, British Guinea, 254-55 Hampton Roads conference, slavery, 256-59 Southern newspapers on military situation, 259 Fall of Charleston, 260 Second inauguration of Lincoln, Andrew Johnson, 263 Treasury regulations, trade with southern ports, 264-65, 268 Passport regulations, Seward, 265-66 Sherman and Wade Hampton, 267 Military situation, March 1865, 268-69 Seward, no asylum for those aiding internal enemies, 270 Jefferson Davis, last message to Confederate Congress, 270 Sherman in North Carolina, 271 Contraband trade with Confederates, 282-83 Newspaper information on Confederate conditions, 284 Sherman operations in North Carolina, Generals Schofield and Terry, 285 Evacuation of Petersburg, 285-86 Seward carriage accident, 286 Fall of Richmond, 287 Lee surrender, 287-89 Lincoln assassination, 290-93

13

Military operations in Alabama, 291 Andrew Johnson, 292 Southern trade, cotton, 293-94 Removal of restrictions on southern trade, 295 Aliens in the South, oath, 295-97 Trial of the Lincoln conspirators, 298-99 Reconstruction, 299ff Conscription, foreigners, bounties, 300 Mobile military operations, 301 Withdrawal of recognition of belligerent rights for the Confederacy, 302-3 Andrew Johnson on the future of blacks, 304-6 Possible invasion of Canada, 306 Mexico expedition, 306-7 Surrender of Richard Taylor, end of the Confederacy, 307-9 Trial of Lincoln conspirators, 309-10 Chase visit to southern states, 310 Opening of United States ports, 311-12 Mexico and Confederates, 322-34 Seizure of cotton in Savannah, 324 Confederate migration to British Guiana, 325-28 Lifting blockade, 329 War over, no more admission of Confederate ships to British ports, Seward, 330-33 British subjects as prisoners of war, 335 Intelligence on Fenians, 337-44, 346-49 Shenadoah, 338 Oliver P. Morton on black suffrage and representation in Congress, 341-42 Canadian affairs, 344-46 Mexican affairs, 349-51

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