12Th International HCH and Pesticides Forum 6-8 November, 2013, Kiev, Ukraine

12th International HCH and Pesticides Forum 6-8 November, 2013, Kiev, Ukraine

12th International HCH and Pesticides Forum

12th Forum 10 years after the 7th forum in Kiev: what has been achieved in a decade in Ukraine – what is Ukraine’s role for the other EECCA countries

6-8 November, 2013, Kiev, Ukraine

PROCEEDINGS

3 COORDINATION & SUPPORT John Vijgen [email protected]

Stela Dezsy [email protected]

LANGUAGE CONTROL Diana Mazgutova [email protected]

DESIGN Andrea Vijgen Strøbæk [email protected]

ISBN NR 978-87-991210-0-7

4 Organizers

• International HCH & Pesticides Association (IHPA), • Tauw, The Netherlands The Netherlands • Veolia, United Kingdom • Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, Ukraine • Witteveen + Bos, The Netherlands • Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food of Ukraine • Institute of Geochemistry of Environment (National Academy of Science of Ukraine) • ECOINTOX (Medved Institute), Ukraine • S.I. Group Consort, Israel • FAO • Federal Environment Agency of Germany (UBA) • Free University of Berlin, Germany • Green Cross, Switzerland • GreenTox, Switzerland • Milieukontakt International, The Netherlands • Orion b.v., The Netherlands • POPs Environmental Consulting, Germany • Ramboll, Denmark • RECETOX (REsearch CEntre for TOXic compounds in the environment), Brno, Czech Republic

5 Sponsors

• EDL, New Zealand • EU-FAO fnanced Project “Improving capacities to eliminate and prevent recurrence of obsolete pesticides as a model for tackling unused hazardous chemicals in the former Soviet Union” • GEF-UNEP-WHO Project “Demonstrating and Scaling-up of Sustainable Alternatives to DDT in Vector Management Global Programme“ • SI Group Consort Ltd., Israel • FAO • Federal Environment Agency of Germany (UBA) • FREE University of Berlin, Germany • GreenTox, Switzerland • SAVA, Germany • TREDI, France • Veolia, United Kingdom • POLYECO S.A., Greece • PortService, Poland

6 Introduction Forum Sponsors

This booklet summarizes the outcomes of the 12th International The International HCH and Pesticides Forum in Kiev was spon- HCH and Pesticides Forum held in Kiev, Ukraine, 6-8th Nov em- sored by: ber 2013. the European Union through the project “Improving capacities to It presents the background for the Forum and the Forum Decla r a- eliminate and prevent recurrence of obsolete pesticides as a model tion, which was read out and fully endorsed by all participants. for tackling unused hazardous chemicals in the former Soviet Union”, FAO, the GEF-UNEP- WHO Project “Demonstrating Furthermore, the booklet contains important statements from the and Scaling-up of Sustainable Alternatives to DDT in Vector Ma- Minister of Ecology and Natural Resources of the Ukraine, Mr. nagement Global Programme”, GreenTox, Switzerland, SI Group Oleg Proskuryakov, the Minister of Environment of the Republic Consort Ltd., Israel of Moldova Mr. Gheorghe Șalaru, the European Commissioner to the Environment Mr. Janez Potočnik , and the State Secretary EDL, New Zealand, Federal Environment Agency of Germany on Health Protection of Slovenia, Ms. Brigita Čokl, who all ad - (UBA), Free University of Berlin, Germany, POLYECO S.A., dressed the Forum and emphasised the urgency of fnding proper Greece, PortService, Poland, SAVA, Germany, TREDI, France, solutions to the elimination of obsolete pesticides in the region. Veolia, United Kingdom.

We trust that this report can contribute to IHPA is grateful for the support given from all companies and or - the efforts of the authorities to develop better ganisations. Your support facilitated the 12th Forum in Kiev. This policies and strategies to the obsolete pesticides issues, their im - enabled easy access for Regional experts to travel to Kiev and to pacts on public health, the ecosystem and the National Economies particpate in the discussions. Thank you all. and to promote continued and accelerated action.

For more information on the subject, please visit our website on www.ihpa.info.

The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily refect the views of the European Commission, Food and Agriculture Organisation, the Global Environment Facility and United Nations Environment Programme.

The 12th International HCH and Pesticides Forum

The 12th International HCH and Pesticides Forum created a The sessions during the Forum were launched by high-level platform for discussing the national and regional strategies, discussions on framework conditions and followed by various action plans and fnancial resources for elimination of obsolete thematic technical sessions. At the high level session three panel pesticides with a special focus on the need for accelerated action. discussions were organised; a political panel discussion, a panel Valuable scientifc results and best practices were exchanged; discussion with industry and private investors representatives; and the progress in the Ukraine was showcased, emphasizing the and a panel discussion with representatives of the most important importance of Government determination and focus. International Financing Institutions (IFIs).

On November 6 – 8th the 12th Forum on HCH and Pesticides High-level discussions Forum was held in Kiev, Ukraine with participation of more than The political session included a statement by the Minister of 220 experts from more than 40 countries. Environment of the Republic of Moldova, Mr. Gheorghe Șala - ru, as well as positions from the EU Delegation in Ukraine, Mr. The 12th Forum brought together governments, international Jean-Francois Moret and the Vice-Chair of the Committee on the fnancing institutions, UN agencies, representatives from EU Environment, Public Health and Food Safety of the European in st i tutions, IGOs, NGOs, academia and the private sector for Parliament, Mr. Dan Jørgensen. They all expressed their political further exchange of information and possible cooperation among commitment and stated their support for further action. countries, experts, institutions and donors. The Forum was initiated and enabled by the International HCH and Pesticides Associ- In the industrial session, the representatives included Mr. Ilya ation (IHPA) in order to follow up on the progress since the 11th Marchewsky from SI Group Israel, Chairman, Mr. Thomas Forum in Gabala, Republic of Azerbaijan in 2011. Vandenbrouque from Tredi International, Mr. Jean-Francois Nogrette, Veolia and CEO of SARP Industries group. The par - The Forum was hosted by the Ministry of Ecology & Natural ticipants discussed barriers and potentials. They expressed their Resources of the Ukraine, and the participants expressed their willingness for investment in regional facilities and clean up gratitude to the Ministry for its hospitality and generous contribu- technologies and stressed the need for a clear legal framework tion in organizing this Forum. and political will to ensure a regulated and transparent market for obsolete pesticides (and other hazardous waste) treatment and elimination.

8 The last panel discussion focussed on the role of the major IFIs. Their representatives included Mr. Ibrahima Sow from the GEF, Dr. Kevin Helps from FAO and Dr. David Piper from UNEP. All representatives ensured the availability of support to well-pre - pared and Government supported projects.

The High-level discussion was followed by thematic technical sessions including all key issues related to Persistent Organic Pollutants and their impact on human health, the ecosystem and economy, including the consequences of non-action. Among ot hers, IHPA launched a new approach to quantifying the socio- eco nomic damages and losses, and will with this approach work for a more comprehensive assessment of the impacts from obsolete pesticides. It is expected that the outcomes of this approach will also make the international community better aware of the huge economic effects and will lead to both acceleration and a higher level of ambition to eradicate obsolete pesticides.

It is time to accelerate action

By John Vijgen, Director IHPA

For decades obsolete pesticides have contaminated the soil and When looking at the region, Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova stand water destroying natural resources with large consequences for out in their determination to advance. But also other countries human health, ecosystems and national economies. make progress. Russia has recently ratifed the Stockholm Con- The adoption of the Stockholm Convention in 2001 was an im- vention, technical capacities have been built in Azerbaijan and portant step in the direction towards a pesticide free future. collection and long-term storage of obsolete pesticides have taken However, after more than ten years with the Stockholm conven- place in Turkmenistan. Moldova and Azerbaijan have started to tion, initiatives to eliminate stocks in EECCA-region have turned conduct detailed mapping of obsolete pesticides in soil and water out to develop slowly, amongst other due to lack of technical in areas where pesticides previously have been stored. capacity and funding. Much more should be done to combat further spreading of per- Non-action is too expensive sistent organic pollutants into the environment. Our collective effort has proven to be too slim and too uncoordi- nated to mitigate the growing pollution caused by obsolete pesti- Damages and Losses cides. To support national governments, IHPA proposes a new approach that combines identifcation of damages and quantifcation of the Today we still see persistent organic pollutants migrating into economic losses of non-action. the environment, and that problems we thought were contained, have grown 20-30 times or more of the original extent. Economic The ‘damages and losses’ methodology assesses the cost of dif- losses of an export ban caused by pesticide residuals in food are ferent types of damages, including increased illness, loss of life, measured in billions of euros. It is obvious that clean up is more failing ecosystem services and polluted agricultural products. cost-effective. This new approach ensures transparency in decision-making, and Signs of improvements in EECCA-region will enable benchmarking and accelerate private sector invest- However, important initiatives in obsolete pesticides elimination ment in the required environmental infrastructure. have been taken.

10 Outlook - upcoming tasks Only by building destruction capacities in the Region, the coun- Building on the 12th Forum declaration there is a crucial need tries will be able to manage the elimination of obsolete pesticides in the years to come for all EECCA-governments to prioritize themselves. Tis is therefore an important priority – a MUST! obsolete pesticides at national level and to prepare clear plans for obsolete pesticides elimination, including appropriate policies and Te European Union, international agencies and fnancing insti- legal enforcement. tutions therefore also play a pivotal role in supporting, assisting and accelerating clean up initiatives planned and taken by national Te ongoing EU fnanced FAO project on ‘Improving capacities to governments. eliminate and prevent recurrence of obsolete pesticides as a model And continuation of awareness raising and capacity building is a for tackling unused hazardous chemicals in the former Soviet pre-condition for success. Union’ is a new milestone as it addresses as well management of Te next Forum is planned to take place in Aragon (Spain) in obsolete pesticides as sustainable agriculture production practices. 2015. Tis project is a beacon and its implementation should be ensured I am looking forward to seeing you there. and followed up in all countries. It is simply time to accelerate action!

11 8 November 2013 FORUM DECLARATION

12th International HCH and Pesticides Forum Kiev, Ukraine 6-8 November 2013

The International HCH and Pesticides Forum having met at Kiev from 6-8 November 2013, has taken note of the overall slow progress of elimination of obsolete pesticides, its negative impact on countries socio-economic performance, its severe adverse effects on health and quality of life, as well as its far- reaching consequences to neighbours and shared water resources.

The 12th Forum gathered more than 220 experts, who shared their knowledge and experience and expressed their continuous commitment to awareness raising and cleanup of obsolete pesticides in the EECCA-region.

Accordingly, the 12th Forum decided to call upon Governments in the region, the European Union, the international organizations, fnancial institutions, the local NGO’s and the civil society to recognize the existence of approx. 240.000 tonnes of obsolete pesticides in the region, and the need to accelerate action and create the required policies and infrastructure to support the objectives of the Stock- holm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.

The following is drawn up based on the discussion and recommendations from the Forum participants.

Call upon all National Governments to

1. Establish an open and transparent dialogue on all levels of society, i.e. political, scientifc and public level in order to recognise the damages and required actions needed for elimination of obsolete pesticides wastes. 2. Based on the above, develop and implement the required policies and legal enforcement including action plans to eliminate obsolete pesticides wastes in a sustainable manner. 3. Understand the increasing negative socio-economic and human health impacts of non-action and the associated damages and losses, and explain the urgency of the issues in international fora and in bilateral negotiation. 4. Allocate funds for awareness raising through media and education as well as to advance sustainable technologies for elimination of obsolete pesticides wastes in an environmental sound manner (SBC guideline).

12 5. Work with FAO to ensure the adoption of sustainable agriculture production practices in order to avoid accumulation of obsolete pesticides in the future and to ensure that natural resources such as soil and water are preserved for future generations 6. Strengthen the national environmental institutions, build capacity through training programs and ensure that existing capacities are maintained.

Calls upon the European Union to recognise that non-action has immediate and long-term negative consequences to the European Community and the European economy, and specifcally call upon

7. The European Parliament to assist the Parliamentarians in the EECCA region in developing and implementing policies to eliminate obsolete pesticides wastes in an environmental sound manner, and to request the European Commission to make the necessary funding available. 8. The European Commission to build on the project ‘Improving capacities to eliminate and prevent recurrence of obsolete pesticides as a model for tackling unused hazardous chemicals in the former Soviet Union (FAO/GCP /RER/040/EC’)’ and lead a regional action plan for elimination of obsolete pesticides wastes in partnership with the EU member states and the private sector; and to prevent new obsolete pesticides wastes. 9. ToallocatefundsforbuildingawarenessinsupportofNGOs,othercitizensorganisationsand related institutions.

Call upon the International Organisations and Financial Institutions to

10. Enhance the capacities of the countries through coordinated technical assistance 11. Facilitate the Governments action planning especially within harmonisation for a regional approach and cooperation 12. Assist countries in assessing the damages and losses in economic terms base on an agreed methodology and in fnancing urgent projects 13. Allocate funds for implementation of action plans and related projects, and to question countries that are not implementing their approved national implementation plans (NIP)

Specifcally call upon,

14. The GEF to continue support the elimination of Obsolete and POPs pesticides by co-funding a regional facility for the treatment of Obsolete and POPs pesticides

Call upon local NGOs and the civil society to

15. Continue their large effort in creating political pressure and raise awareness of the importance to eliminate obsolete pesticides in the environment, food cycle and human bodies and to follow-up on Government policies and assist in their implementation.

The 12th Forum recognised the effort of IHPA as an important contributor in building awareness at governments and civil society in the EECCA region, and urged the organisation to continue working towards the fulflment of the objectives of Stockholm Convention and in bringing together scientists, industry and policy-makers of the Region.

After this declaration had been read out, the Forum participants spontaneously confrmed their dedication to the eradication of obsolete pesticides and requested IHPA to ask the addressees of this declaration to join their acts of commitment.

Kiev, 8th November 2013

14 Message from the Minister of Environment and Natural Resources of Ukraine O.A. Proskuryakov

SPEECH OF THE MINISTER OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES OF UKRAINE O.A. Proskuryakov

AT THE PLENARY SESSION OF THE 12th CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR PESTICIDES AND CHLORINATED ORGANICS

On behalf of the Government of Ukraine I welcome all the participants and guests of the 12th Forum of International Association for Pesticides and Chlorinated Organics in Kyiv!

Waste management is one of the most pressing environmental challenges. This issue is also under special control of the Government of Ukraine. Therefore, fnding ways of solving the problem of accumulation of obsolete pesticides and other persistent organic pollutants in Central and Eastern Europe, and other countries, is now extremely urgent for the international community and nation states.

The Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine considers cooperation with international organizations, institutions and other partners in this area to be one of the preferred directions in its activity. Our absolute priority is fulflling obligations under:

Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal; Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent on Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade. Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.

Given the urgency of solving the problems in this area, the Ministry developed a draf National Waste Management Programme for the years of 2013-2020, which will soon be introduced by the Government to the Parliament of Ukraine.

Te Ministry also actively works towards practical measures aimed at clearing the state territory of the places of hazardous wastes storage. Te main attention is paid to the most resonant and environmentally dangerous places.

15 Let’s see some examples and fgures. Over the past three years the following was removed from Ukraine: t mixture «Premix», which was illegally imported to the territory of Zakarpattya Region, – 1300 tons; t obsolete pesticides – over 26 thousand tons; t hexachlorobenzene wastes from the landfll of toxic industrial wastes in Kalush District of Ivano-Frankivsk Region – over 21 thousand tons; t mononitrochlorobenzene wastes from the territory of the State Enterprise “Gorlovskij Chemical Plant” – over 2700 tons. t Beryllium containing wastes from the territory of the State Scientifc and Production Enterprise “Zahid” (Kyiv) – 320 tons

Implementation of these measures signifcantly improved the ecological status of the territories and allowed to relieve social tension among the population.

Ministry will subsequently continue carrying out these important works with wide involvement of private business. For proper legal regulation and creation of conditions for the application of best practices in this feld, we now carry out a series of activities under National Programme of Adaptation of Ukraine’s Legislation to EU Laws.

For proper legal regulation and creation of conditions for the application of best practices in this feld, we now carry out a series of activities under National Programme of Adaptation of Ukraine’s Legislation to EU Laws.

Several draft resolutions of the Government on the implementation of the relevant European directives concerning the treatment of various types of wastes were prepared.

We also welcome the initiatives of enterprises, which impact the environment in their activity, on reducing emissions, waste generation.

Te national system of governance in the feld of chemical safety is based on the principles of preventive response and “polluter pays full price.” Tis will prevent environmental degradation and reduce the negative impact of hazardous chemical contaminants on the health of the citizens of our country.

16 Dear Colleagues! I am strongly convinced that only by working together and with the widest participation of representatives of academia, business and the public we can minimize the impact of modern technological civilization upon the environment and preserve our planet for future generations.

Once again I want to emphasize that our Ministry is open for new initiatives and ready to give every assistance possible.

Tank you for your attention and wish you fruitful work!

17 Message from the Minister of Environment of the Republic of Moldova, Gheorghe Șalaru

12th International HCH and Pesticides Forum 6-8 November 2013, Kiev, Ukraine Gheorghe Șalaru Minister of Environment Republic of Moldova

Gheorghe Șalaru Minister of Environment Republic of Moldova

Opening speech Dear Colleagues,

Let me greet you, participants in the 12th International HCH and Pesticides Forum and wish you success in your noble mission to reduce and eliminate the danger faced by our countries in the last decades, due to the accumulated stocks of obsolete pesticides and other hazardous chemicals and wastes.

The 12th Forum is remarkable also for the fact that after 10 years he again is held in Kiev, and this is another important point to summa- rize what has been done during this time in this area and outline the prospects for the coming years.

The problem of obsolete pesticides in Moldova started to manifest itself, as in other former soviet republics, in the 70-80s of last century, in the period of intense chemicalization of agriculture. In our country, with a predominantly agricultural industry, a relatively small area and high population density (34 thousand square km and about 4 million people), this problem has taken a very large proportion. At that time Moldova imported annually up to 40 thousand tons of pesticides, unutilized balances of which were accumulating from year to year. The frst attempt to solve this problem was made in the 70s, when in the south of Moldova was built a special landfll for pesticides wastes. During 12 years, until 1987, there had been buried about 4,000 tons of pesticides, including DDT and HCH. Currently, this object is guarded and under constant monitoring.

18 Especially acute the problem of obsolete pesticides has become in the 1990s, when as a result of changes in property relationship that have occurred in society, including in agriculture, most pesticides warehouses ownerless and began to decay. In many of them obsolete pesticides were stored. By 2000, these objects left about 350 and the quantities of pesticide waste kept in them were estimated at 1,770 tons.

To solve this problem, since 1997 several attempts have been made by the Government of Moldova, but only after special decision (No 1543), adopted in November 2002, actions began. Several ministries (Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industry, Ministry of Environ- ment, Ministry of Defense, Emergency Situations Service) and all regional and local authorities have been involved in this work. Funds for repackaging and centralized storage of obsolete pesticides have been allocated from the state budget and from the National Environ- mental Fund.

At the same time, the Republic of Moldova acceded to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, committing themselves to reduce and remove the risks associated with POPs. This fact opened up opportunities for support in addressing these issues by the international funds. Thus, all subsequent steps in this direction have been carried out on the basis of funds allocated by the government and with signifcant support from abroad (World Bank and the Global Environment Fund, NATO, UNEP, OSCE, the Governments of Canada, the Netherlands, the Czech Republic etc.).

By 2008, all known stocks of obsolete pesticides were repackaged and temporarily stored in secure conditions. In 37 warehouses were stored about 3,350 tons of pesticides waste.

Simultaneously began the process of their export abroad and destruction. From 2007 to 2013, in the framework of two projects implemented by the Ministry of Environment about 1,500 tons of pesticides have been eliminated. This process continues within the fve projects started this year, funded by the Czech Government, NATO, OSCE, FAO and the National Environmental Fund. As estimated, by the end of 2015 all stocks of obsolete pesticides stored in warehouses will have been removed.

These results have been made possible thanks to the constant attention drawn by the Government to address these problems, continuing support of the international organizations and governments of some developed countries, as well as to active participation in this process of involved ministries, local authorities and civil society.

At the same time, despite signifcant progress in addressing issues related to obsolete pesticides, there are still a lot of problems both in the region as a whole and in each country separately. Some of them require immediate actions, the other can be resolved gradually, spreading efforts and resources depending on the seriousness of the problems and priorities of each country.

19 For Moldova it is, frst of all, the removal of stocks of pesticides stored in warehouses, and we have all the chances to complete this process by the end of 2015. After that the removal of 4,000 tons of pesticides buried in the south of the country, near the borders with Ukraine and Romania should be followed. Here we intend to work closely with our neighbors.

In parallel an extensive work on updating, development and implementation of national legislation in the feld of chemical products and bring it in line with European and international standards are being conducted.

We should develop and implement a series of national programs to clean up areas contaminated by pesticides, including POP pesticides. These are mostly the former warehouses of chemicals and other objects used in the past in agriculture. Their number is about 1,600.

There are still many problems associated with other hazardous chemicals and wastes, particularly PCBs, chemical waste in scientifc and university laboratories, industrial plants, etc. All these issues also need to be assessed and solved in a single package of measures on reducing the negative impact of chemicals on the environment and human health.

In this sense, the Government of the Republic of Moldova, and in particular the Ministry of Environment, will continue to make substantial efforts to achieve the goals set out in this area, and are counting on the continued support of the international community and on enhancing the regional cooperation. Also, we consider the continuation of cooperation with our partners in the country, and primarily with the central executive authorities concerned and involved in these processes – the Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Economy, as well as with district and local authorities, and civil society.

20 Message from the State Secretary of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Slovenia Mrs. Brigita Čokl

Message from the Environment Commissioner Janez Potonik

About the International HCH and Pesticides Forum

The International HCH and Pesticides Forum represents a plat- Te Forum mission is therefore continuously to ensure that the form for discussion between stakeholders of all kinds, working elimination of obsolete pesticides is on the global agenda by on implementation of projects related to POPs, obsolete pesti- having bi- annual meetings for exchange of information and re- cides and hazardous chemical waste. It acts as a catalyst in the view of results. exchange of information for the implementation of the Stockholm Convention and other chemicals- related multilateral environ- About IHPA mental agreements, and the environmentally sound management Te International HCH & Pesticides Association (IHPA) is an of pesticides, pesticide waste and other chemicals, and has today independent and non- political network of committed indivi- developed into an important event for national as well as interna- duals that wants to draw international attention to the worldwide tional decision-makers and stakeholders problems stemming from the production and use of HCH and other obsolete pesticides and its dangers for human health and the History of the International HCH and Pesticides Forum environment. Te frst International HCH and Pesticides Forum took place in 1992 in Provincie Overijssel - Zwolle in Te Netherlands. Since Visit our website www.ihpa.info or contact IHPA, director John 1992 the Forum has been organised 12 times and creates a plat- Vijgen [email protected] for more information form for discussing the national and regional strategies, action plans and fnancial resources for elimination of obsolete pesticides with a special focus on the need for action.

Forum Mission Statement Obsolete pesticides are not only an environmental problem. Much more it stands in the way of socio-economic development, impacts both the quality of life resulting in human health problems and economic losses. Te vision of the International HCH and Pesti- cides Forum is a world free of obsolete pesticides.

EDUCATION AND WARENESS RAISING: A NEED AND A MUST

• GROUPS AT RISK FROM OBSOLETE PESTICIDES IN KYRGYZSTAN // S. Molenkamp, W. L. Pronk & I. Zhakipova...... 36

• PESTICIDES AND GENERAL PUBLIC IN CIS // V. Shevtsov ...... 41

• EDUCATION AND AWARNESS RAISING: A NEED AND A MUST // S. Molenkamp & W. L. Pronk...... 46

FIELD TRIP

• FIELD TRIP ORGANIZED BY SI GROUP: IMPRESSIONS 2ND DAY...... 49

WORKSHOP: BIOAVAILABILITY

• RESULTS OF BIOMEDIATION EXPERIMENTS FOR POPs POLLUTED SITES: (CASE STUDY: THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA) // O. Bogdevich, O. Cadocinicov, D. Izmailova & E. Culighin...... 51

• REVISION OF THE GERMAN STANDARD DIN 19738, CHALLENGE AND FIRST RESULTS OF THE EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH // K. Derz & D. Hennecke...... 60

• RISK REDUCTION OF SOIL CONTAMINATED BY OBSOLETE PESTICIDES IN AFRICA // J. Harmsen, M. Ammati & C. S. Hamallah...... 64

• MEASUREMENT OF BIOAVAILABILITY, THE ROLE OF STANDARDIZATION //J. Harmsen...... 69

• REMEDIATION OF POP PESTICIDES POLLUTED AREAS IN THE CONDITIONS OF MOLDOVA // V. Plesca, I. Barbarasa, L. Cupcea & C. Busuioc...... 74

26 • IMPACT OF BIOCHAR AND BIOCHAR SUBSTRATES AMENDMENT ON BIOAVAILABILITY AND DEGRADATION OF ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS AND PESTICIDES IN SOIL // I. Vogel & K. Terytze...... 80

• EVALUATION OF POLLUTANTS IN SOIL BASED ON BIOACCESSIBILITY - PATHWAY SOIL - HUMAN BEING // M. Machtolf, D. Barkowski & P. Günther...... 81

• SUMMARY: WORKSHOP BIO AVAILABILITY // J. Harmsen & D. Hennecke...... 86

GEF/UNEP PROJECTS DEMONSTRATING AND SCALING UP OF SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVES TO DDT FOR THE CONTOL OF VECTOR BORNE DISEASES IN SOUTHERN CAUCASUS AND CENTRAL ASIA

• THE EXPERIENCE OF IMPLEMENTATION THE STOCKHOLM CONVENTION ON PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANT AT THE REGIONAL LEVEL IN RUSSIA // A. Toropov...... 88

• SUBSTITUTING DDT IN FIGHTING AGAINST MALARIA // G. Manuweera ...... 91

• PROBLEMS OF DDT IN AZERBAIJAN // A. Eyvazov, K. Alasgarova & A. Hasanov...... 93

• INFORMATION ON DICHLORODIPHENYLTRICHLOROETHANE (DDT) IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION // M. Klimova...... 96

• PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVES TO DDT FOR THE CONTROL OF VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES IN SOUTHERN CAUCASUS AND CENTRAL ASIA // M. Ejov, M. Iosava, N. Usenbaev & S. Karimov...... 106

• SAFEGUARDING OF DDT AND ASSOCIATED WASTE IN GEORGIA, KYRGYZSTAN AND TAJIKISTAN // K. Akhalaia...... 107

• PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE LLIN DEPLOYMENT AND OTHER ALTERNATIVES TO DDT FOR THE CONTROL OF VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES IN SOUTHERN CAUCASUS AND CENTRAL ASIA // R. L. Denny...... 113

27 FAO SESSION: PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT: MORE FOOD LESS RISK

• RESULTS FROM THE LEGAL ASSESSMENT OF PESTICIDES MANAGEMENT IN THE EASTERN EUROPE CAUCASUS AND CENTRAL ASIA COUNTRIES // I. Kireeva...... 119

• EXPERIENCES IN IMPLEMENTING INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PROJECTS IN CENTRAL ASIA // H. Muminjanov, T. Asikoglu, F. Dusunceli, K. Melan, J. Breithaupt & A. Nersisyan...... 127

• THE PEST- AND PESTICIDE PERSPECTIVE OF FAO’S PESTICIDE RISK REDUCTION TEAM // J. Breithaupt...... 132

• CHALLENGES IN ASSESSING PESTICIDE LIFE-CYCLE MANAGEMENT AND KEY ARABLE FARMING PRACTICES IN SELECTED EASTERN EUROPEAN AND CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MITIGATION MEASURES // V. P. Vasileiadis & M. D. Müller...... 137

• REDUCING THE USE OF HAZARDOUS PESTICIDES IN GEORGIA // A. Samwel, M. Samwel-Mantingh, K. Kiria & R. Simonidze...... 143

• MAINSTREAMING SUSTAINABLE CHEMICALS MANAGEMENT IN AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IN THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA // A. Isac, R. Iordanov, T. Tugui, L. Marduhaeva & T. Roznerita...... 149

• FAO SESSION: PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT: MORE FOOD LESS RISK // J. Breithaupt...... 157

STATE OF THE ART AND LATEST DEVELOPMENT IN FORMER SU STATES AND CENTRAL EUROPEAN REGION

• DISPOSAL OF OBSOLETE PESTICIDES STOCK - CASE STUDY IN ROMANIA // M. C. Paun, J. Vijgen & R. Weber...... 160

• PRESENTATION ON OBSOLETE PESTICIDE REMAINDERS IN THE REPUBLIC OF AZERBAIJAN // N. Afandiyeva...... 168

• POPs FREE MOLDOVA: 10 YEARS OF EFFORTS // G. Salaru, L. Marduhaeva, V. Plesca, I. Barbarasa & L. Cupcea...... 172

• OVERVIEW OF POST-DISPOSAL PROBLEMS WITH OBSOLETE PESTICIDES IN POLAND //T. Stobiecki, S. Stobiecki & K. Waleczek...... 181

28 • HIGHLY HAZARDOUS PESTICIDES: PUBLIC OUTREACH AS AN IMPORTANT TOOL TO REDUCE EXPOSURE // O. Y. Tsittser & O. A. Speranskaya...... 187

• HISTORY AND PROBLEMS OF KANIBADAM OBSOLETE PESTICIDES BURIAL SITE IN NORTHERN TAJIKISTAN // M. Ergashev & M. Burkhanova...... 190

• STATE OF THE ART AND THE LATEST DEVELOPMENT IN FORMER SU STATES AND CENTRAL EUROPEAN REGION // T. Stobiecki & S. Stobiecki...... 194

GLOBAL EXPERIENCE ON POPS AND OBSOLETE PESTICIDES WASTE MANAGEMENT

• SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF OBSOLETE PESTICIDES IN ETHIOPIA BY THE JOINT VENTURE ‘POLYECO-TREDI’ // I. Avramikos, P. Manolopoulos, K. Sakkalis, D. Tiniakos & T. Vandenbroucque...... 197

• REGIONAL WORKSHOPS ON CONTAMINATED SITES IN MOZAMBIQUE 2011-2012 // H. Flohr...... 203

• OBSOLETE PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT IN AFRICA; THE AFRICAN STOCKPILE PROGRAMME (ASP) // M. D. Hansen...... 209

• SARDAS LANDFILL, HCH MONITORING AND REMEDIATION // J. Pérez, J. Guadaño, J. Gómez, A. Jürgen & J. Fernández...... 210

• FIELD EXPERIENCE OF POP’S MANAGEMENT IN UKRAINE // I. Marchevsky...... 218

• OBSOLETE PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT IN ETHIOPIA // H. Shimelis...... 221

• TOX-CARE PROJECT IN CENTRAL ASIA MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES AND GOODS. A SUB-REGIONAL PROJECT FOR CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES: CONSULTING, TRAINING AND DEMONSTRATION-PROJECTS // B. Fokke, J. Vijgen & M. Jutz...... 222

29 HEALTH PROBLEMS AT OBSOLETE PESTICIDES SITES (EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY OF PESTICIDES)

• PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS FOR LIVER DISEASE IN THE SANTOS AND SÃO VICENTE ESTUARY // D. P. Calvalho, M. T. Guimaraes, T. S. Ribeiro, N. N. Campina, M. R. Lobarinhas, A. L. J. Lopes, M. G. Cunha, I. B. Souza, V. L. F. Oliveira, L. C. Martins, A. Gomes, L. A. A. Pereira, A. L. F. Braga, & L. B. Braga...... 229

• EFFECT-BASED ASSESSMENT OF PERSISTENT ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS USING MAMMALIAN REPORTER ASSAYS // B. Pieterse, B. Van Vugt-Lussenburg, S.C. Van der Linden, H. Besselink, A. Brouwer & B. Van der Burg...... 235

• TO REACH OR NOT TO REACH OR: INADEQUACIES OF OUR CHEMICAL LEGISLATION // F. Bro-Rasmussen...... 241

• ENDOCRINE ACTIONS OF PESTICIDES IN THE FLEMISH ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH STUDIES (FLEHS I & II): DOSE-EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN BIOMARKER CONCENTRATIONS IN URINE AND SERUM OF FLEMISH ADOLESCENTS AND HORMONES AND SEXUAL MATURATION . // K. Croes...... 242

• ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES AND HEALTH IN CHAPAEVSK, RUSSIA TWO DECADES OF EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES // O. Sergeyev, B. Revich & R. Hauser...... 246

• HUMAN CONTAMINATION BY PERSISTANT TOXIC SUSTANCES: PROPOSALS TO IMPROVE EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT // M. Porta ...... 248

• NEUROTOXICITY OF PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO PCBS AND AUDITIVE FUNCTIONS // T. Trnovec, L. P. Murínová, R. Sisto, A. Moleti, T. Jusko & I. Hertz-Picciotto...... 254

• HEALTH PROBLEMS AT OBSOLETE PESTICIDES SITES (EXPOSURES AND TOXICITY OF PESTICIDES) // M. Schlumpf & W. Lichtensteiger...... 255

INVENTORY, MONITORING AND RISK ASSESMENT

• PESTICIDES SPREAD FROM NUBARASHEN OBSOLETE PESTICIDES BURIAL SITE (ARMENIA) (SUBMITTED PAPER) // A. Aleksandryan, A. Khachatryan, Y. Bunyatyan & V. Frangulyan...... 259

• RESIDUES OF ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES IN SURFACE WATERS OF ARMENIA (SUBMITTED PAPER) // A. Aleksandryan, A. Khachatryan, Y. Bunyatyan & B. Gabrielyan...... 265

• THE USE OF EFFECT-BASED ANALYSIS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RISK CHARACTERISATION OF POPS PESTICIDES DUMPSITES // I. J. C. Rijk, M. Van der Wijk, B. Fokke, B. Pieterse & H. Besselink...... 270

30 • CHARACTARIZATION AND MANAGEMENT OF LINDANE-CONTAINING WASTE AT AN ABANDONED LINDANE PRODUCTION FACILITY IN HUEASCA PROVINCE (SPAIN). PRIMARY EMERGENCY ACTIONS FOR ORGANOPHOSPHATE WASTE CONDITIONING AND EX SITU MANAGEMENT // R. S. Gutiérrez, J. F. Cascán, J. M. C. Cristobal & D. P. Revuelto...... 277

• EVALUATION OF SLOVENIAN LAKES FROM 2007-2012 - CONTAMINATION WITH SPECIFIC PESTICIDES // B. Druzina & L. Perharic...... 282

• INVENTORY OF POP PESTICIDES POLLUTED AREAS IN MOLDOVA // V. Plesca, I. Barbarasa, L. Cupcea & R. Melian...... 305

• CLASSIFICATION OF POPS PESTICIDE DUMPSITES // B. Fokke...... 312

NEWLY LISTED POPS AND OTHER STOCKHOLM CONVENTION ISSUES

• THE STOCKHOLM CONVENTION NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION PLAN UPDATE - THE APPROACH OF ROMANIA // M. C. Paun...... 314

• ACTUAL ECOLOGICAL AND RESOURCE PROBLEMS FOR THE TREATMENT OF PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS // S. P. Ivanyuta & Y. O. Yakovlev...... 319

• HBCD PHASE-OUT IN THE STOCKHOLM CONVENTION // T. Seppälä...... 325

• CRITICAL EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS EVALUTION OF THE STOCKHOLM CONVENTION MEASURES // I. Holoubek...... 328

• GLOBAL POPs MONITORING AND CURRENT STATE IN THE CEE COUNTRIES // I. Holoubek...... 329

• POLYGON OF TOXIC WASTE OF HEXACHLOROBENZENE NEAR KALUSH TOWN IN UKRAINE REMAINS A THREAT TO WESTERN UKRAINE AND TRANSBOUNDARY WATER BODIES // G. Lysychenko, M. Gertsiuk, V. Kovach & I. Krasnova...... 330

• PROBLEMS OF DIOXIN POLLUTION “HOT POINTS” IN RUSSIA // Z. Amirova & O. Yanchuk...... 340

• NEW LISTED POPs IN THE STOCKHOLM CONVENTION AND GUIDANCES DEVELOPED FOR THE UPDATE OF THE NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION PLAN // R. Weber...... 345

31 • THE UPDATED “TOOLKIT FOR IDENTIFICATION & QUANTIFICATION OF RELEASES OF DIOXINS, FURANS AND OTHER UNINTENTIONAL POPS UNDER ARTICLE 5 OF THE STOCKHOLM CONVENTION POPS” // R. Weber...... 347

• NEWLY LISTED POPS AND OTHER STOCKHOLM CONVENTION ISSUES // R. Weber & M. C. Paun...... 349

PCB TREATMENT

• ESM OF PCBS FROM OPEN APPLICATIONS // U. K. Wagner...... 351

• PCB PROJECTS IN EMERGING ECONOMIES: ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC BALANCE BASED ON CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBLE INNOVATIONS // D. J. Hoogendoorn...... 391

• SODIUM TECHNOLOGY – THE CHOICE FOR TREATMENT OF POP`S // E. Bilger, K. Seikel & S. Butorac...... 397

• BAT/BEF - LCM: INVENTORY, CONTROL MANAGEMENT, INTEGRATED DECONTAMINATION & DEHALOGENATION OF PCB & OIL AND TRANSFORMERS - SOME CASE HISTORIES // V. Tumiatti, M. Tumiatti, C. Roggero, R. Actis & R. Maina...... 401

• HIGH VACUUM DESORPTION PROCESS FOR DECONTAMINATION OF EQUIPMENT AND MATERIAL CONTAMINATED BY PCBs // G. Barriet...... 422

• CO-PROCESSING PCB & OTHER POP’S IN CEMENT KILNS.- A LOCAL SOLUTION // E. Verhamme...... 427

• PCB TREATMENT IN THE FUTURE // J. Ledure & T. Dawance...... 437

• PACKAGING, TRANSPORT AND DISPOSAL OF PCB AND PCB CONTAINING EQUIPMENT // C. Rittersberger & T. Vandenbroucque...... 440

• DECONTAMINATION OF PCBS (POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS)

32 - THE ITALIEN EXPERIENCE OF DELCO: THE COMBINED USE OF ASD AND ODR FOR THE TREATMENT OF CONTAMINATED ELECTRICAL CAPACITORS // M. Tonani...... 442

• SUMMERY: PCB TREATMENT // D.J. Hoogendoorn & U. K. Wagner...... 445

SILENT LAND

• SILENT LAND AT THE 12TH INTERNATIONAL HCH AND PESTICIDES FORUM // J. Van den Berg...... 450

PROGRESS AND EXPERIENCE ON POPS AND OBSOLETE PESTICIDES WASTE MANAGEMENT

• EXPERIENCE IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF GOVERNMENT CONTRACTS FOR WASTE FROM DETERIORATED PLANT PROTECTION PRODUCTS AND THEIR PACKAGING // C. Pyotr...... 453

• ECORESURS LLC EXPERIENCES IN MANAGEMENT OF WASTES OF I-V HAZARD CLASS ON THE TERRITORY OF KRASNOYARSK CITY AND KRASNOYARSK REGION // E. Shepelev...... 457

• MECHANICAL CHEMICAL DESTRUCTION (MCD) OF CONTAMINANTS IN SOILS // N. Coughlan & M. Glucina...... 460

• PROGRESS & EXPERIENCE OF POPS TREATMENT SOLUTIONS IN THE FIELD // N. Morgan...... 467

• HCB -THE DISAPPEARING POISON // D. Liszkiewicz & M. Kuciel...... 472

• ALTERNATIVE METHOD FOR THE CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF METHYL BROMIDE // W. A. Schimpf...... 477

• PESTICIDE DESTRUCTION USING SUPERCRITICAL WATER OXIDATION // J. Follin & D. Ordway...... 481

33 • TREATMENT OF ORGANIC HAZARDOUS WASTES USING TETRONICS’ PLASMA ARC TECHNOLOGY // T. Johnson, D. Deegan & S. Ismail...... 486

• IMPROVEMENTS AT PORTSERVICE INCINERATION PLANT // S. Blum & D. Naumann...... 499

• GEOMELT VITRIFICATION TECHNOLOGY ELIMINATES PERSISTANT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS AND PESTICIDE CONTAMINATION // K. S. Witwer & E. J. Dysland...... 500

• TREATMENT AND DESTRUCTION ON POPS SESSION // N. Morgan & J. Follin...... 510

BREAKING THE INFINITE ASSESSMENT CYCLE OF POPS PESTICIDES DUMPSITES

• CLASSIFICATION OF POPS PESTICIDES DUMPSITES // M. Langevoort, B. Fokke, I. J. C. Rijk & M. V. D. Wijk...... 512

• CLASSIFICATION OF POP PESTICIDES DUMPSITES // B. Fokke...... 528

AUTHOR LIST...... 529

34 EDUCATION AND AWARENESS RAISING: A NEED AND A MUST

In 2010 a group of 98 people In 2013 130 sheep pasturing in from Tashbulak fell ill after the neighborhood of Suzak A. the consumption of the meat died. Today a fence has been of poisoned cows that report- built around the site. At the edly drank standing water same time, the open pits are from pits on the site. 58 of covered and a guard house has these persons were been built for the guard that seriously sick and 35 were keeps a close watch over the hospitalized, among them 15 site. children.

35 GROUPS AT RISK FROM OBSOLETE PESTICIDES IN KYRGYZSTAN S. Molenkamp & W. L. Pronk Milieukontakt International, Amsterdam, The Netherlands I. Zhakipova NGO Ekois, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan

Abstract Stocks of obsolete pesticides pose a threat once isolated the site from its surrounding protect the environment and the villages to public health and the environmental in has been taken away by locals. Illegal close to the site are the key technical in- Kyrgyzstan. Exposure to the Persistent ‘waste miners’ come to the burial site to gredients for this project. Awareness rai- Organic Pollutants (POPs), which many dig out the pesticides and sell these on the sing activities and a social medical inter- of these stocks contain, can lead to seri- local market. They spill the pesticides, and vention to support the village of the people ous health effects. Unusable stocks piled pollution of the soil has been observed as who were poisoned will play an important up in the Soviet-time Kyrgyzstan due to a consequence of these activities. role too. The initiative is fnanced by the GEF/UNDP Small Grants Programme in over-ambitious planning and mismanage- Two years ago, 98 people fell ill and 35 ment of pesticides. Kyrgyzstan, Green Cross Switzerland, were hospitalised after the consumption of OSCE and the Milieukontakt Private Do- As a signatory to the Stockholm Conven- the meat of poisoned cows that reportedly nations Fund. tion, Kyrgyzstan aims to eliminate the drank standing water from pits on the site. obsolete stocks and reduce the release of This year, a herd of 130 sheep died after POPs into the atmosphere. Large interna- drinking from the same pits. Milieukon- Keywords tional projects will be needed for the fnal takt is convinced that the combination of Risk reduction around pesticides hot- disposal of the stocks and it will take time active stakeholder involvement and short- spots; protection of vulnerable groups. to fnd enough support to develop and term risk reduction is the most appropriate implement these projects. Today, how- way to avoid further accidents from hap- ever, the health and environmental risks pening at Suzak. ARTICLE: Obsolete pesticides in kyrgyzstan remain a signifcant concern and some- Milieukontakt, Tauw, Green Cross Swit- Obsolete pesticides (OPs) pose a signif- thing needs to be done about it. zerland, together with the Kyrgyz NGOs cant environmental and health threat in the Ekois and Green Light joined forces to Suzak A. Burial Site in Jalalabad Oblast is Central Asian region, stemming from the tackle the problems around the burial site. one of the Kyrgyz hot-spots that need di- overuse and mismanagement of pesticides Cost effective and low tech measures to rect intervention. The fencing material that during the Soviet era. Many of the chemi- 36 cals of concern are now either deregistered and other effects like infertility or gene- To really tackle the problem, large projects locally, banned internationally because tic damages that might occur over a long fnanced by international donors are need- of their massive impacts on public health period of time. This process is enhanced ed for collection, repackaging and disposal or found unusable because of their long- by the waste mining at the former depots of the stocks in state of the art destruction term storage leading to degradation. It is of obsolete and POP pesticides, by people facilities such as high temperature incine- estimated that around half of the world’s taking advantage of poor farmers buying ration plants in Western countries. To date, quantities of obsolete pesticides can be these obsolete and POP pesticides for a safe disposal facilities are not available found in the former Soviet Union, and a lower price than the price of pesticides in in the region and until a modern disposal large portion of it again in Central Asia the offcial market. capacity has been established it will be because of the massive use in agriculture necessary to export the hazardous stocks and cotton production. Safer handling of hazardous substances to Western Europe. Other proven disposal and efforts to clean up past pollution will options but incineration are currently not It has been estimated that at least 250,000 have important health and environmental available, though research is ongoing to tonnes of obsolete pesticides to date re- benefts and contribute to a green economy have ultimately a larger “toolbox” avail- main at tens of thousands of locations in that should be considered as a vital part able for disposal. 1 the countries of the former Soviet Union . of economic development of Kyrgyzstan In recent years, unprotected stocks of Per- and, therefore, a key long-term aim for the International initiatives to tackle sistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) have country. Sick population cannot contribute the problem started to enter into the environment and to a healthy economy. Milieukontakt has been active in obsolete will fnally end up in the food chain. This pesticides repackaging projects since 2005 process is globally well underway; scien- The Kyrgyz government is aware of the when the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign tists have found traces of POPs in the fat serious health and environmental risks Affairs and the Dutch Doen Foundation tissue of polar bears and Inuit in arctic posed by obsolete pesticides and other fnanced a project to repackage a total of regions where pesticides have never been unused hazardous chemicals, but as one around 400 tonnes of obsolete pesticides used. Laboratory studies show that pesti- of the less developed countries of Central in Moldova, Georgia and Kyrgyzstan2. cides can cause health problems, such Asia it lacks the legal, institutional and as birth defects, nerve damage, cancer, fnancial capacity to address the issue. 2. For the Kyrgyz part of this project Milieukon- Nevertheless, the country has signed all takt’s representative offce was responsible for the 1 This number will probably grow massively in the relevant international conventions addres- local management of the project. Today the former years to come because of the addition of lindane to sing the issues of wastes management like Milieukontakt offce is operating as an independent the chemicals forbidden by the Stockholm Con- the Stockholm, Basel and Rotterdam Con- NGO under the name Ekois. Together Milieukon- vention, but also the search for illegally buried vention. takt and Ekois are involved in the implementation pesticides in the 60s and 70s. of several pesticides projects in Kyrgyzstan.

37 More recently, Milieukontakt has been 1.Obsolete Pesticides Technical Study in The World Bank project mentioned above involved as expert in a consortium with the Kyrgyz Republic, the Republic of Ta- served as a preparatory study for the Tauw – European Consultants and En- jikistan, and the Republic of Uzbekistan, formulation of a large scale remediation gineers, Witteveen+Bos – Consulting 2009-2010, Implemented by a consortium project to dispose of, amongst others, the Engineers, the International HCH and of Tauw, Witteveen+Bos. The Interna- stocks collected at Suzak burial site in the Pesticides Association (IHPA) and Green tional HCH and Pesticides Association Jalalabad District in Kyrgyzstan. Unfortu- Cross Switzerland. The consortium works (IHPA), Green Cross Switzerland and nately, until now, the Kyrgyz government (in different constitutions) on assignments Milieu kontakt International, Financed by and partners from international donor or- of GEF/UNEP, The World Bank, UNDP the World Bank; ganisations have not been able to agree on and FAO in Egypt, in former Soviet Coun- how to fnance such a project. tries and on the Balkans, in Egypt and 2. Initiative for Pesticides and Pest in Vietnam. Currently, the consortium Management in Central Asia and Turkey, The FAO Turkish project completed a full (in dif ferent constitutions) is working in 2010-1012, Implemented by FAO, Fi- country obsolete pesticides inventory in pesticides projects in Georgia, Vietnam nanced by the FAO Turkish Partnership Kyrgyzstan. (UNDP) and Armenia (OCSE). Programme; Within the frame of the GEF/ UNEP project, 60 tonnes of DDT will be repackaged Green Cross Switzerland has been active 3. Demonstrating and Scaling Up Sustain- able Alternatives to DDT for the Control and safeguarded in an intermediate collec- since 2008 on obsolete pesticides and is tion centre. currently the Executing Agency of two of Vector Borne Diseases in Southern GEF/UNEP-funded projects on capaci- Caucasus and Central Asia (Georgia, The FAO EC project is an example of one ty building on obsolete pesticides in the Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan), Implemented of the largest projects that plans disposal former Soviet Union and West Africa. by Green Cross Switzerland, WHO and of the collected stocks by means of de- Milieu kontakt is one of the technical ex- Milieu kontakt International, Financed by struction. perts working in these projects in former the GEF through UNEP; As mentioned above, larger international Soviet republics. In recent years, policy 4. Improving capacities to eliminate and makers working at international donor projects will be needed to really solve prevent recurrence of obsolete pesticides this pressing issue, and such projects will organisations have become more and as a model for tackling unused hazardous more aware of the problem and a series be formulated and implemented in the chemicals in the former Soviet Union. Im- future. However, at the same time, there of pro jects addressing the issue have been plemented by FAO, with partners IHPA, de veloped and are currently being imple- are people at risk today. Some of them Green Cross Switzerland and Milieukon- are living close to hot spots of obsolete mented. Kyrgyz examples of such projects takt International, Financed by the EC. are as follows: and POPs pesticides. Houses are built on

38 top of buried stocks, former stores are of poisoned cows that reportedly drank as a result of eating the poisoned meat is privatised and used as food stores, market standing water from pits on the site. planned. warehouses or living facilities, children are playing at broken down former storage Milieukontakt International, Tauw, Green A strong beneft from public Cross Switzerland, together with the Kyr- sites and many of the vulnerable people participation and stakeholder (women and children) are exposed to un- gyz NGOs Ekois and Green Light joined involvement acceptable health risks. forces for risk reducing remediation of the site in early 2013. Awareness raising During a frst mission in July 2013, it activities and a social medical intervention turned out that there is strong commitment Suzak burial site to support the village of the people who to solve the health and environmental problems from the burial site in Jalal Abad Suzak burial site in Jalalabad province is were poisoned will play an important role Oblast. A Memorandum of Understand- one of the Kyrgyz hot-spots that needed in planned activities. The initiative is f- ing, designed as a Go / No Go decision direct intervention. There are two Suzak nanced by the GEF/UNDP Small Grants making instrument to measure the com- burial sites: Suzak A and Suzak B. Suzak Programme in Kyrgyzstan, Green Cross mitment of local government, was signed B is fenced and more or less looked after Switzerland, OSCE and the Milieukontakt by all relevant stakeholders even before by the local community that lives very Private Donations Fund. the mission. Moreover, the frst steps of near this site. But Suzak A, that reportedly technical implementation were already contains 3000 tonnes of obsolete pesti- In the frame of the above mentioned taken. In September, a new fence was cides, is a real environmental and health World Bank project, an inventory of the build around the site. At the same time, hazard. The fencing material that once Suzak A site was made. Furthermore, a the open pits were covered and a guard isolated the site from its surrounding has strategy was developed to eliminate the house was build. In exchange for the right been taken away by locals and illegal direct risks on the short term and contain to farm almond nuts neighboring the site, “waste miners” come on a regular basis to the remaining risks on the mid and long a guard that lives there with his family the burial site and dig out the pesticides, term. In the Goups at Risk Project, the and keeps a close watch on everything in order to sell these on the local market aim is to build on this strategy, and mainly that happens around Suzak A.These early as Dust (DDT). They spill the pesticides focus on the elimination of the direct risks results give a good perspective for further and pollution of the soil has been observed on the short term. Awareness rising among project implementation, and high hopes as a consequence of these activities. An- the groups at risk residing in the villages that the project results will be reached in other problem is local herds of sheep and around the site will be a key intervention effcient cooperation with local govern- cattle passing by the site. Two years ago, to avoid future poisoning of herds and ment and NGOs. 98 people fell ill, and 35 were hospital- people. Assistance to the medical faci- ised after the consumption of the meat lities in the village where people fell ill

39 Public participation and active stake- 3. Different organizations with different holder involvement is highly welcomed expertise are able to cooperate in a multi- by international funding organizations. disciplinary project; In many projects, implementing partners incorporate elements of participation and 4. Finances were secured by a well-orga- stakeholder involvement in the project de- nized lobby to advocate the need for ur- sign. Real implementation, however, can gent action; and be diffcult because of many reasons. In 5. All stakeholders agreed to compromise the Central Asian region it is not always and carry out a kind of postponed main- clear to local authorities that they might tenance of the burial site instead of imple- beneft from participation and stakeholder menting the fnal long-term solution for involvement for instance. Furthermore, a the problem. strong focus on the technical side of problem resolution can be encountered. Last There are more sites in the region where but not least, there is no strong tradition of there is an urgent need to solve pressing public disclosure and participation to build problems, and there are more groups at on. risk from obsolete pesticides in Central Asia. Based on the experience of this pro- The start of this small project (with a mod- ject, Milieukontakt and consortium part- est budget of 100.000 USD), right from ners Tauw and Green Cross Switzerland the start, shows exceptional results. Key are planning to form alliances with local factors for achieving these results can be NGOs, the government and funding agen- found in the following circumstances: cies to lower the risks around these hot 1. There was an urgent need to solve spots in the short term. pressing problems (people and animals The larger international projects will then were poisoned) be able to provide a fnal solution in the 2. Public administration is active and middle or longer term and take the pesti- really willing to solve the problems (a new cides away for disposal. dynamic generation of local governmental offcials and politicians took over from the older more bureaucratic generation);

40 PESTICIDES AND GENERAL PUBLIC IN CIS

V. Shevtsov Green Cross Belarus, Minsk, Belarus

Abstract The world is becoming more compli- years with raising public awareness in gradually involve all population catego- the feld of health and safety. The most ries: from infants to schoolchildren, from cated each year. The number of people effective, from our point of view, is target- students to adults. Also, it is very import- grows, just as their needs and demands ed work with population that preferably ant how the process of knowledge trans- surge. High technology creates new ma- starts with children and families. Firstly, mission goes. From our point of view, it is terials that enter everyday life. However, because young people are more open to best implemented through a combination high-tech solutions demand high level of new knowledge as well as more fexible. of theoretical and practical activities. culture both from manufacturers and con- Secondly, children easily introduce new sumers. But how can it be achieved? The information into family life and spread it This way, participants will not only get but former Soviet Union countries now go among their peers and neighbors. On the also secure their new knowledge. through transitional processes. High tech- other hand, parents are more cautious and nologies compete with primitive ones, col- pay more attention to the issues of safety. lective farms - with private, quality – with Over the last few years, we have prepared low price. Active and, at times, aggressive and published 8 issues of a brochure “How Keywords advertising confuses people. Eventually, to raise a healthy child”, a brochure on Pesticides, obsolete pesticides, POP, DDT, general public, i.e. consumers, are more healthy and safe nutrition, introductory public awareness raising, health, risk, than perplexed. How to fgure out this school course “Me and Pesticides” and a safety, garden, danger, education, training, complicated world on your own? range of other materials. At the moment, Belarus, former Soviet Union, children, in partnership with the Food and Agricul- parents, families.

There exist different approaches to public tural Organization of the UN, we are pre- Introduction awareness: TV and radio programs, news- paring an adapted for the post-Soviet area Russian-language version of the guide- Pesticide usage in agriculture is becoming paper articles, information brochures distributed at public places, etc. Green Cross lines “Schoolgarden”. This whole kit of more and more widespread. It is clear that Belarus has been working for 20 educational materials should help to this tendency is connected with further urbanization of the population and, as a

41 consequence, with increasing demand for working in agriculture as well as for the MODULE 1: international drawing cheap food production by means of inten- general public who consume a wide range contest “man on the land” sive agricultural technologies. Nowadays, of food, produced by means of new tech- The Contest rules and conditions will be chemical corporations are actively work- nologies. As experience shows, it allows distributed among the project countries ing on new generations of safer pesticides, to considerably decrease risks though still through different ways of communication. which do not have long-term implications. does not guarantee full security. As soon as all the interested parties are However, any such chemicals cannot be After the collapse of the Soviet Union, informed of the Contest, its terms and absolutely safe and demand adequate a range of new countries, which have to conditions, they will work on the draw- culture of usage. Furthermore, nobody individually create their own system of ings respecting those conditions and send knows all potential consequences of newly technologies and their security, emerged. them in for the evaluation. All the works developed pesticides on health state and Though new countries have a certain submitted to the Contest will be registered, environment, which could appear in many technological heritage from the previous sorted and prepared for consideration by years. sy stem, they most often do not have as professional jury. It can be expected that strong science and technology base as around 6,000 works will be submitted to Public awareness in CIS region their predecessor’s. Moreover, the majori- the Contest. The international jury board Any technologies, either nuclear or chem- ty of these countries are in a lingering eco- consis ting of art educators and experts ical, demand appropriate culture among nomic crisis, which does not allow spend- will evaluate all the submitted works and specialists as well as among general pub- ing adequate funds on safety assurance. lic. Otherwise, consequences may have The crisis stimulates interest in cheap choose the best ones for awarding and grave implications on local, regional or technologies and cheap products. exhibition. All the Contest winners will, international scale. As an example to this in person, through their schools/studious may serve the Chernobyl catastrophe, the Vital problem for CIS and other develop- or by post, receive diplomas purposefully tragedy in Bhopal, tens of thousands of ing countries is associated with the quality developed for the contest. A number of tons of chemical weapons at the bottom of food, which is rapidly going from worse winners selected by Jury will get spe- to bad. The majority of supermarkets se- of the Baltic Sea or the latest accident in cial awards to stimulate them for further duce wide public with not expensive and Fukushima. The consequences of the last self-development. A special award cere- cheap food, which is not natural and/or not one are (and will be) much more signif- mony with performance, where winners healthy. Lack of knowledge and experi- cant than it was foreseen in 2011. will get their awards and meet each other, ence in healthy and safe nutrition among is being planned. Their teachers, parents, ordinary people causes serious problems guests, diplomats and mass media will be Therefore, actively participating in this for their health state and even more long invited to the ceremony. An art exposition, process developed countries create a new term consequences for their children and which will be exhibited in Minsk and fur- consumer culture for the direct users grandchildren.

42 ther on used as a transportable exposition of the Program (e.g. sending out 1. Pesticides – allies and enemies: a in other project countries and various holiday greetings, networking, in- historical overview of chemical public events (including Steering Com- forming about planned events and means usage alongside with the mittee Meetings of the GCP/RER/040/ keeping close connections with defnition of POPs and important EC program), will be formed from the stakeholders); normative documents and modern winning works. All the winning works will standards for pesticide production be digitized in high resolution so that the 5. A presentation CD of the Contest and storage. that will have the electronic data- Program will beneft from produced visual 2. Pesticide classifcation: a fow materials. The following products will be base of drawings and the Contest video flm on it. chart of the most widespread types developed and, as a result of the Contest of pesticide classifcations on the run, produced the following: basis of their purpose, dates, action MODULE 2: pilot education course mechanisms, etc. 1. A video flm, representing the for schoolchildren Contest “Man on the Land” and 3. Pesticides in the environment: Nowadays, there are 6,500 tons of obso- different ways of pesticide pen- addressing topics and issues of the lete pesticides in burial sites in Belarus. Program; etration into the environment, Thousands tones of new pesticides, which migration schemes and pesticide 2. Winning works image data base, are being actively used in agriculture are infuence on the organic world, which will be used for the pur- being bought each year. alternatives to pesticide usage. poses of the visualisation of the To increase public awareness of the gen- Program. eral public, “Green Cross Belarus” devel- 4. The infuence of pesticides on oped a pilot course “Pesticides and me” human health. In this chapter, at- for schoolchildren. The course consists of 3. Transportable exposition that will tention is given to bioaccumulation 7 lessons with senior schoolchildren and be presented in project countries as of pesticides in human body, infu- is oriented at ecology, chemistry, biology well as at various public events; ence of pesticides on human beings and geography teachers. For it was devel- (direct and indirect), study of pes- 4. Desk and wall calendars for 2014 oped a methodological kit: ticide substances, major factors and 2015, which will be based on of pathologic changes under the the Contest drawings and will have 7 PowerPoint presentations, a manual with infuence of minor pesticide doses, and the English and Russian ver- an attachment, tests and questionnaires. preventive measures and reduction sions; postcards that can be used of pesticide negative infuence on for the communication purposes The material is divided into 4 sections: health.

43 Why have we chosen schoolchildren as questionnaires among adult population of available education kit into Russian and our target group? This was done because their localities. The results showed that arrange its adaptation for CIS region. The they are most open to new information unfortunately the knowledge of adults, work is planned in the framework of FAO- and also try to apply new knowledge. including specialists, is extremely low in EC Project entitled “Improving capacities Out of all existing systems of spreading this feld. Moreover, concern about the to eliminate and prevent recurrence of knowledge, school is undoubtedly the best pesticide usage among regular people is obsolete pesticides as a model for tackling one. On the other hand, this course teach- also low and exists in people’s mind rather unused hazardous chemicals in the former es youth to think and act independently, than in everyday life. With the help of this Soviet Union” for 2014. Then, the results which is very important in the modern course, we managed to increase awareness will be spread out among all project part- situation, especially in the CIS countries. in localities where the course was used ners in CIS. Schoolchildren also bring their knowledge for approbation. Moreover, extremely to the families and try to embed them their impor tant issues of people’s motivation to MODULE 4: preliminary education usually trying to overcome conservatism ensure their safety and health protection of of young parents of their parents. In fact, the older a person their families were raised. It is interesting gets, the more conservative he becomes. that the majority of population believe that “How to raise a healthy child” their health condition depends fully on the Food is one of key factors infuencing Also the idea of the course is to include sate of national health care system: clinics, human organism. Coming from outside, students of the major universities into hospitals, doctors, medicine, but not a bit the food is transformed into a number of active awareness raising process. New on their own behavior, level of knowledge internal ingredients taking part in all vital knowledge comes into existence very and culture of life, nutrition and life style. life processes. Food serves as a means rapidly, and it is necessary to be able to to support life, growth, development and reform your self and take it to practical workability of human beings. Rational nu- application. MODULE 3: education course for trition is the nutrition which fts the needs schoolchildren “schoolgarden” Before approbation, an inception work- of human organism and is adequate to its “Schoolgarden” education course for shop, in which lecturers from universities, energy consumption. The main principles schoolchildren was developed by the school teachers and a group of senior of rational nutrition combine balancing of Food and Agriculture Organisation of the schoolchildren took part, was held. During needs and effective regime. To develop United Nations for developing countries the workshop, several open lessons were and realize rational nutrition, we have to with the focus on Africa. At the same time, held and reviewed by all participating par- determine needs of organism in main food it contains basic knowledge and helpful ties. After that, the course went through substances taking into account age, pro- information, which could be successful- approbation in 4 schools of Belarus fession and climate as well as social and ly used in CIS countries. Thus, Green during one school year as a part of extra- living conditions. The man usually needs Cross Belarus will arrange translation of curricular activities. The children spread

44 7 main food components (arranged by sig- culture, the process of such education in schoolchildren – families. They should nifcance): water, proteins, carbohydrates, developing countries is usually happening become an important path along which fat, cellulose, vitamins and microelements. on its own through trial and error of con- awareness and new culture (frst of all the The world statistics calculated that 70% sumers. Such approach has the potential culture of rational nutrition and safety) of deaths are caused by cardio-vascular to be dangerous to the population of these will spread in the society. disorders, cancer and insults; 50% of those countries. Unfortunately, the majority happening as a result of poor nutrition. of foods nowadays are being produced There are many harmful and unnecessary with the aid of intensive agricultural tech- substances in our organisms while there is nologies, i.e. with the active application of lack of many needed substances. chemicals. For the majority of population, the decisive factor is the price, not the Nutrition style is coming from family. quality. Thus, Green Cross Belarus has developed a set of education brochures on “How to The question of human safety in this case raise a healthy child”. One of the most for environment and food production be- important of those brochures is focused comes more and more acute especially for on “Healthy nutrition”. It provides young the population of developing countries. parents with basic knowledge about nutri- Those who develop, and those who pro- tion and gives advice on how to arrange duce and spread pesticides and other new healthy nutrition in the ordinary life con- chemicals need to carry not only moral but ditions. also practical responsibility through active participation in the consumer culture dis- Conclusion semination. New technologies and materials are the sign and reality of our time. Nowadays, al- With these several ideas, we attempt to most every inhabitant of our planet is their step by step raise human awareness of the consumer. Modern materials and food, issue of food security, pesticides and their technologies and rules of usage demand safe application among the wide public. a competent and careful attitude to reach We suggest spreading such knowledge the desired outcome and not to infict any through an existing system of school ed- harm, i.e. they require high consumer cul- ucation and extra education of parents, ture. While in developed countries, much primarily, mothers. An emphasis is given effort is devoted to creating consumer to the link between generations: parents – children as well as between teachers –

45 EDUCATION AND AWARNESS RAISING: A NEED AND A MUST S. Molenkamp & W. L. Pronk Organized by Milieukontakt International and Green Cross Belarus

Aziz Umarbaev from the Kyrgyz from an international contest of drawings lete and POPs pesticides at this burial site, and paintings that illustrate the health and but fnding the resources to realize such NGO Green Light presenting the environmental threats from obsolete and a fnal solution will take years. Through NGO initiative to remediate Suzak POPs pesticides. active awareness raising, a consortium of A. obsolete and POPs pesticide international environmental NGOs and an burial site in Jalal Abad district Olga Tsygulyeva from the Ukrainian or- environmental consultancy frm have been ganization Mama 86 drew attention to the able to secure the modest project fnancing fact that the organization was able to fnd th from different sources needed to minimize During the 12 HCH & Pesticides Fo- extra stocks of unidentifed obsolete stocks the immediate environmental and health rum, a separate session on education and of (POPs) pesticides in a project complet- risks from the burial site, leaving the task awareness raising in obsolete and POPs ed in 2010 in cooperation with Milieu- to dispose of the stocks a goal for longer pesticides projects was organized by Mi- kontakt through an intensive awareness term planning. The project is a good ex- lieukontakt International and Green Cross raising campaign. By talking intensively ample of how to achieve important results Belarus. Three presentations introduced to different groups of people in villages, with a very modest project budget. education and awareness raising activities some additional and previously unknown implemented within the international ob- stocks of buried pesticides were uncovered As a reaction to the presentations, the par- solete and POPs projects: in the project area. ticipants concluded that awareness raising campaigns and stakeholder involvement Green Cross Belarus does a lot to involve Milieukontakt, along with the Green Light efforts need to be organized very careful- children and teachers in awareness raising Kyrgyz organization, gave a presentation ly. If awareness raising does not contain activities in its projects and, in this way, on a small project in Kyrgyzstan, where the right message formulated in the right spreads the message that people should obsolete and POPs pesticides from a burial way, it can even have a counterproductive stay away from the dangerous chemical site recently poisoned people and cattle. In effect. If organized and prepared proper- stocks among the entire population. Vlad- line with the agreements under the Stock- ly, awareness raising is a vital part of any imir Shevtsov, the director of the organi- holm Convention, Kyrgyzstan has to dis- project on POPs and obsolete pesticides zation, showed some impressive results pose of the estimated 3000 tonnes of obso-

46 and ensures that problems do not occur again. In the experience of the participants of the session, many international projects do have some elements of public participation, but often only as an obligatory part of the project. It was concluded that public participation, education and awareness raising are very important but need to be organized as a structural component of every project. There is, however, little tradition of public disclosure and participation in the region of former Soviet republics and implementation can be diffcult and will require a lot of efforts and time.

47 FIELD TRIP EXPERIECE

48 FIELD TRIP ORGANIZED BY SI GROUP: IMPRESSIONS 2ND DAY

Photo 1: Group arrival at demonstration site Photo 2: Close up of PPE Photo 3: Preparation repackaging works

49 WORKSHOP: BIOAVAILABILITY

50 RESULTS OF BIOMEDIATION EXPERIMENTS FOR POPs POLLUTED SITES: (CASE STUDY: THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA) O. Bogdevich, O. Cadocinicov, D. Izmailova & E. Culighin Laboratory “GEOLAB” Institute of Geology and Seismology, Academy of Sciences of Moldova, Chişinău, Republic of Moldova

Abstract Keywords The important pollution sources for the Soil pollution, POPs, bioremediation, phy- The remediation actions are needed for environment in the Republic of Moldova toremediation. highly polluted sites for the mitigation are old pesticides storages. The inventory of risks for the environment and human of pesticide polluted site showed a huge Introduction health. Two bioremediation technologies number of high polluted sites (near 250) The inventory of old pesticide storages (phytoremediation and DARAMEND) and large pollution spectrum. The polluted in Moldova executed by the Ministry were tested in the condition of the Re- sites with high risk for environment and of Environment and the World Bank public of Moldova last time [2,5]. These public health need effective remediation showed that a large quantity of polluted technologies are bioremediation, which actions. One of the perspective technol- sites (1589) remain after the repacking are relatively new and potentially cost-ef- ogies is a bioremediation. Some demon- and evacuation project. Nearly 16 % of fective remediation options for the remedi- stration projects on the bioremediation old storages have POPs pollution more ation of POP-contaminated sites [1,6-14]. technologies of POPs polluted soils have 50,0 mg/kg in soil (254 sites) [2,3,4]. The In-situ options are more economically been tested in the Republic of Moldova. pollution spectrum is complex and con- attractive compared with ex-situ options, DARAMEND technology and phytore- sists of fve POPs groups (DDTs, HCHs, which involve excavation and storage of mediation have been studied for the per- Toxaphene, Chlordane, and Heptachlor), excavated material before transporting spective implementation in practice. The Trifuraline, Triazines, PAHs, Metolachlor the same to ex-situ remediation facilities. aim of this article is to review the obtained and industrial chemicals, such as PCBs. Every remediation project should to be results and recommend the elaboration They are synthetic chemical substances designed to take into consideration such for the implementation of bioremediation with high toxic characteristics to wildlife aspects like soil conditions, volume of pol- technology for old pesticide polluted sites. and humans. luted soil, pollution spectrum, construction remains, groundwater level, and soil fltra- tion properties.

51 This article presents the evaluation of ing with addition of amendments - The Selected sites were sampled for more the results of the implementation of phy- DARAMEND® process by ADVENTUS detailed investigation. Based on these to- and bioremediation technologies for [6]. Sequential cycles of anaerobic (no results, one site (Balceana) was selected the remediation of POPs polluted sites in oxygen, strongly reducing conditions) for the phytoremediation trial and other Moldova. Phytoremediation is the name and aerobic (oxygen present) conditions (Bujor) - for bioremediation. Soil samples given to a set of technologies that use enhance reductive dechlorination of chlo- were taken from top soil, 0 - 20 cm. The different plants as a containment, destruc- rinated organics. samples were air-dried under laboratory tion, or an extraction technique. Phytore- conditions of about 20°C, then sieved mediation has been receiving attention as 1.Materials and methods through a 1.0 mm screen, and homoge- results from feld trials indicate potential Based on previous investigation of POPs nized. Plant samples were dried in a dry- cost savings compared to conventional polluted sites, two locations were selected ing box at 60°C. Ten gram subsamples of treatments that require soil excavation and for a more detailed investigation. soil and 1 – 2 g subsamples of plant tissue transportation (USEPA, 2000). The gen- were extracted with duplicates using a eral approaches of this technology were Soxhlet system for 14 hours. The solvent Te site location is illustrated in Figure 1. used for the design of the phytoremedi- was a mixture of hexane and dichloro- ation experiment. The phytoremediation methane in the proportion 1:1 with a total study of POPs polluted sites showed good volume of 150 ml. extraction of DDTs, HCHs, PCBs, and other chlororganic compounds from the Extracts were concentrated to 1 ml and soil by zucchini and pumpkin plants [1,8 cleaned by silica column chromatogra- and others]. The design of a phytoreme- phy and by solid phase extraction silica diation system varies according to the cartridges. All analytical determinations contaminants, conditions at the site, level of POPs content in soil, plants and other of cleanup required, and plants used. A environmental media were made by gas thorough site characterization should pro- chromatography Agilent 6890 equipped vide the needed data to design any type with micro-ECD detector and Agilent of remediation system. The source of the 6890 with mass detector 5793 (GC/MS) pollution may need to be removed if phy- using USEPA method Method 8081A. The toremediation is the chosen technology for detection limit was 0.01 mg/kg for DDTs, remediation. aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, and chlordane. The detection limit was 0.005 mg/kg for Another demonstration project is based HCHs, hexachlorbenzene, and heptachlor on in-situ bioremediation by land farm- Figure 1: The locations of polluted sites where In this paper, DDTs refers to the sum of bioremediation study was carried out 52 concentrations of all DDT metabolites var. pepo), carrot (Daucus carota L.), and site. The soil was allowed to rest for at (DDT, DDE, DDD), and HCHs refers to sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench). least 5 days during the anaerobic (reduc- the sum of concentrations of HCH isomers tive) phase. Reducing condition need to (α-, β-, and γ-HCH). Each sample was 1.2 Bioremediation be maintained during this period to induce extracted and analyzed twice (two chro- This experiment was based on in-situ reductive dechlorination of DDTs and matograms). A detailed methodology of bioremediation by land farming with the HCHs. It can be achieved by ensuring that both experiments was presented in earlier addition of amendments - DARAMEND® the moisture content is high by the cover- publication [2,3,5]. process by ADVENTUS [6]. Sequential ing the wet soil with black plastic sheet- cycles of anaerobic (no oxygen, strongly ing. The soil was tilled during the anaer- 1.1 Phytoremediation reducing conditions) and aerobic (oxygen obic (reductive phase) to provide oxygen, The Balceana site was selected for the present) conditions enhance reductive de- and then allowed to rest without any cov- phytoremediation feld experiment based chlorination of chlorinated organics. This ering or addition of water for at least two on two primary considerations: 1) a suff- solid-phase bioremediation technology days during the aerobic phase. Two phases ciently large cultivatable area surrounding employs organic and inorganic amend- (anaerobic and aerobic) were repeated for the site was polluted by obsolete pesti- ments to stimulate the decomposition of each treatment cycle. Soil sampling was cides, primarily by DDTs, and 2) there organic contaminants by indigenous soil repeated after 5 and 7 cycles. was a good potential for local community microorganisms. involvement in planning and conducting To document the treatment, a sampling the study. Situated in the lower Lapusna The contaminated building waste and soil and analytical program based on statisti- River Valley, the soil at the Balceana site adjacent to the warehouse have been iso- cal tests using the “Duplicate Method” to is classifed as a “chernozem” with a pH lated in an on-site waste deposit with bot- quantify contaminant heterogeneity during of 7.6 and an organic carbon content of tom and top protective liners (membrane), soil sampling in soil was applied, and this 3.2%. The depth to groundwater is 3.0 – and secured by a surrounding protective method demonstrated a relatively large 3.5 m. bank and a top layer of clean soil. The to- degree of soil contaminant heterogeneity 3 tal volume of waste amounted to 1.550 m . within a short distance. The experimental plot was established The remaining contaminated soil is treated using typical agricultural techniques for by in-situ bioremediation by land farming soil preparation and planting. No addition- with addition of amendments (nutrient al soil treatment or soil amendment were organic material as a microbiological used. The feld experiment was designed carbon source, and reduced iron – DARA- using fve vegetation treatments on plots MEND© process by ADVENTUS) [5,6]. planted with the following plant species: maize (Zea mays L.), zucchini (Cucurbita 5 - 10 cycles of treatment have been ap- pepo L. var. pepo), pumpkin (C. pepo L. plied to the top soil at the demonstration

53 2. Results and discussion

2.1 Pollution level All territory surrounding the Balceana site is highly polluted by DDTs with con- Balceana site. The site plan and spatial centrations more than 10 times exceeding distribution of DDTs and HCHs are the 0.10 mg/kg MAC. Two anomalous illustrated in Figure 2. samples were identifed with unusually high pesticide concentrations greater than 50,0 mg/kg. Higher soil concentrations of DDTs were observed in the lower part of the site. The pollution level of HCHs is lower in comparison with DDTs. In the two anomalous samples, high HCHs correlated with the DDTs results. The princi- B) pal problem with this site is the contamination by DDTs. The results, which provide the informa-

Figure 2: The concentration in surface soil tion to estimate the approximate area and of the Balceana site DDTs (A) and HCHs (B). volume of polluted soil, are illustrated in

Contours of equal concentration are shown in μg/kg Table 1 below. The mass of contaminated

soil with DDTs greater than 50,000 μg/kg

is estimated at 41.3 tons. This soil would

be considered toxic waste. The estimated

mass of soil with the DDTs in the interval

30,000 – 50,000 μg/kg is 141.7 tons. Other

intervals with lower concentrations have

greater volume and are also dangerous for

the environment and public health. The

area at the Balceana site with a pollution

level greater than the MAC for DDTs is

larger than 15.2 hectares. A)

54 Table 1: Spatial distribution for concentrations of total DDTs and estimated volume of polluted soil at Balceana study area

DDTs pollu- Polluted soil Weight, tons Area tion Area % volume, m3, to 0.5 m m2 mg/kg 0.5 m depth depth* 0.1 – 0.3 14,982 9.8 7491 11986 0.3 – 1.0 114,320 75.0 57160 91456 1.0 – 3.0 16,994 11.2 8497 13595 3.0 – 10.0 4,857 329 2428 3885 10.0 – 30.0 1,054 079 527 843 30.0 – 50.0 177 0.1 89 141 > 50.0 52 0.03 26 41 Figure 3: Accumulation of DDTs in zucchini by different plant parts. Each line Total 152,435 100.0 represents one of nine zucchini plants that were harvested.

Bujor site. Bujor site showed a high pollu- the construction foundation in relatively (C. pepo L. var. pepo) and pumpkin tion level of POPs in the central part of the high concentration. (C. pepo L. var. pepo). Zucchini plants storehouse territory. Soil samples had very were grown in three of the plots at studied high concentrations of DDTs, which ex- This site was divided into 5 treatment ar- site. Each plot had different initial soil ceed 50.0 mg/kg. The spatial distribution eas and a control area. Areas 1 – 4 (total pesticide concentrations with DDTs in the of pesticide contamination covers a small- area of 210 m2) and control area (total area rhizosphere varying from 0.12 to 4.02 mg/ er area in comparison with the Balceana of 25 m2). Two complex soil samples were kg. A total of nine zucchini plants were site. The contaminated soil is primarily taken from each area (each complex sam- harvested. located within the foundation of the Bujor ple was composed of 5 random soil sam- site, and all area surrounding the site is ples from the depth of 10 – 20 cm. Zucchini accumulated a high level of covered by natural vegetation that mini- DDTs and the amount of accumulation mizes pesticide migration by movement of 2.2 Results of depended on pesticide concentration in the soil, water and air. This site potential for phytoremediation experiment soil near each plant (Figure 3). Harvested phytoremediation is limited since the prin- plants were divided into roots, stems, peti- cipal pollution is located within Only two plants showed a good extraction oles, leaves and fruit. capacity for DDTs and HCHs: zucchini

55 Total accumulation of DDTs decreased from the roots to the fruit. Relatively high levels of accumulation were found in the roots and stems. Accumulation in the stem is the most important result for phytoremediation potential because it indicates translocation of DDTs from the roots to aboveground stems that are most easily harvested and removed from the site. The Bioaccumulation Factor (BAF), an important indicator of phytoremediation potential, is calculated as the ratio of pesticide concentration in plant parts to pesticide concentration in the soil. BAF values Figure 5: Accumulation of DDTs in different plant tissues of pumpkin. for all zucchini plants fuctuated from 0.6 Each line represents results from one of ten harvested plants. to 4.0 for roots and from 0.3 to 4.3 for stems (see Figure 4). Other plant parts showed lower bioaccumulation potential. A BAF greater than 1.0 shows the evidence of accumulation potential since the concentration in plant tissue is greater than the concentration in soil. The BAF for roots and stems av- eraged over 1.0 with means of 1.90 and 1.64, respectively. The pumpkin vegetation treatment also showed good phytoextraction capacity. Six plants showing higher pesticide concentrations in the roots and stems compared to the soil. Four plants showed lower DDTs Figure 4: Bioaccumulation factor for DDTs for different tissues of zucchini plants: mean and standard concentrations in roots and stems deviation of BAF.

56 Figure 6: Mean and standard deviation of the bioaccumulation factor for DDTs in different plant tissues Figure 7: HCHs concentration in soil before and from ten pumpkin plants. after bioremediation experiment

compared to soil (Figure 5). The pumpkin 2.3 Results of biomass was greater than zucchini bio- bioremediation experiment mass. Pumpkin stems reached up to 3 – 5 The principal soil pollution at this site is m in length. The stems were separated into DDTs and HCHs isomers. The bioremedi- groups by the distance from plant roots. ation of polluted soil leads to the decreas- The stems harvested near the plant roots ing of total POPs concentration in soil showed higher concentrations of DDTs in the interval from 28 to 68% for HCHs compared to stems farther from plant and from 41 to 95 % for DDTs (Figures 7 roots. Bioaccumulation factors for DDTs and 8). The same decrease is indicated for in plant tissues were very similar to obser- Heptachlor (41 – 82 %). The principal iso- vations for zucchini (Figure 6). The range mer for DDTs group is p-p-DDE and be- of BAF for stem concentration varied ta-HCH for HCHs. The individual results from 0.45 to 3.01. The average decreased for composite samples from each area from 2.05 for roots to 0.82 for leaves. The show a large variation, which is attribut- able to the feld sampling variation. The Figure 8: DDTs concentration in soil before and fruit accumulate much lower amounts of after bioremediation experiment DDTs with BAF 0.05. The weighted aver- statistical analysis demonstrated that the age value of BAF for zucchini was 1.10, sampling uncertainly due to contaminant and for pumpkin-1.42.

57 heterogeneity in the soil is much greater tillage and application of DARAMEND® sideration all advantages and limitations of than the uncertainly due to analytical sam- granulate followed by irrigation to reg- this technology. This is important for plant pling and analysis. ulate oxygen availability and moisture selection, design of optimal plant density, content. and appropriate soil fertilization for the The average POPs destruction after 10 improvement of BAFs. cycles of treatment showed a higher lev- The microbial biomass is raising up to 1,4 Time required for agricultural phytoreme- el in comparison with 5 cycle treatment. times, heterotrophic bacteria – 3,8 times, diation might be long and require utiliza- The results after 10 cycles of treatment actinomycetes – 2,6 times, and fungi – 2,5 tion of complex approaches like biotech- demonstrate appreciable reduction for times in comparison with control plot. The nology for the highest polluted soils. DDTs (from 16,3 to 2,6 mg/kg, 82%), microbiological indexes exceed regional HCHc (from 16,7 to 9,7 mg/kg, 42%), and values in local soils and were growing by The in-situ bioremediation by land farm- Heptachlor (from 6,3 to 1,5 mg/kg, 76%). the treatment process. We can simultane- ing could be implemented in Moldova The destruction of studied pesticides is ously observe the acceleration of organic and the results after 10 cycles of treatment indicated also for control area. The HCHs carbon value on test plot from 1.9 to 3,3 % demonstrate appreciable POPs reduction. concentration is going down to 84 %, and in connection with DARAMEND applica- Soil microbiological activity is growing for DDTs – to 34 %. tion. by this bioremediation process, which can lead to the abovementioned destruction The microbiological parameters of soil We can also indicate a relative high level process. The soil contamination is still community are growing by the experiment of microbiological indexes in polluted above the Moldovan soil quality criteria in all areas including and control site. The soils from the investigated site, which for agricultural land, but the risks asso- increase of the soil microbial activity is demonstrates a presence of the active in- ciated with contaminated soil have been caused by the addition of organic sub- digenous soil microorganisms. Thereby, greatly reduced. strates and can contribute to the degrada- we can explain a signifcant POPs de- tion of POPs pollutant in some soils. This struction on control plot, without DARA- effect is a basic concept of DARAMEND MEND application: 85 % for HCHs and biotechnology. This technology activates 34% for DDTs. indigenous soil microorganisms for the acceleration of POPs destruction by co-me- tabolism. Sequential cycles of anaerobic Conclusion (no oxygen, strongly reducing conditions) Phytoremediation can be used for the re- and aerobic (oxygen present) conditions mediation of polluted sites; however, it enhance the degradation of chlorinated needs to be designed based on local con- organics and are generated by mechanical ditions. Investigators must take into con-

58 Khan, F., Husain, T., and Hejazi, R. (2004). An tion technologies for remediation of persistent or- References overview and analysis of site remediation techno- ganic pollutants in stock piles and soil. Aslund, M.W., and Zeeb, B.A. (2010) A review logies. Journal of Environmental Management, of recent research developments into the potential 71:95-122. for phytoextraction of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from weathered contaminated soil. Appli- Loretta, Y. Li., Iwayemi, A., Fasheng, Li., Ko- cation of Phytotechnologies for Cleanup of Indus- mives, T., and Chakrabarti, T. (2010). Persistent trial, Agricultural, and Wastewater Contamination. Organic Pollutants: Contaminated Site Investiga- NATO Science for Peace and Security Series, C, tion and Management Toolkit. UNIDO: p. 340. Environmental Security: 35 – 60 Li, L. 2008. Remediation Treatment Technologies: Bogdevich, O., and Cadocinicov, O. (2010) Elimi- Reference Guide for Developing Countries Facing nation of Acute Risks from Obsolete Pesticides in Persistent Organic Pollutants. UNIDO. Moldova: Phytoremediation Experiment at a For- mer Pesticide Storehouse. Application of Phyto- McDowall, R., Boyle, C., and Graham, B. (2004). technologies for Cleanup of Industrial, Agricultur- Review of emerging, innovative technologies for al, and Wastewater Contamination. NATO Science the destruction and decontamination of POPs and for Peace and Security Series, C, Environmental the identifcation of promising technologies for Security: 61 – 85. use in developing countries. GF/8000-02-02-2205, United Nations. Duca, Gh., Bogdevich, O., Cadocinicov, O., and Porubin, D. (2010). The pollution spectrum of old- Nurzhanova, A., Kulakow, P., and Rubin, E. (2010) pesticides storages in Moldova. Chem. J. Mold., 5 Obsolete pesticides pollution and phytoremediation (2): 41-46. of contaminated soil in Kazakhstan. Application of Phytotechnologies for Cleanup of Industrial, Ag- Identifcation of POPs Residuals and Mapping ricultural, and Wastewater Contamination. NATO of Polluted Areas. (2010) Competition Report, Science for Peace and Security Series, C, Environ- “ECOS”, “Ttimetrica”, GEF Grant Nr. TF055875 mental Security: pp. 87 – 111. “Persistent Organic Pollutants Management and Destruction Project”. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). (2000) Innovative remediation technol- Falkenberg, J., Busuioc, C., Plesca, V., and Bar- ogies: feld-scale demonstration projects objects in barasa, I. (2010) Clean up strategies for implemen- North America. tation by local authorities at POP contaminated sites. 11th International UFZ- Deltares/TNO Con- United States Environmental Protection Agency ference on Management of Soil, Groundwater and (USEPA). (2004) Treatment technologies for site Sediment (ConSoil). cleanup: Annual status report (11th Edition). http://www.peroxychem.com/markets/environment/soil-and-groundwater/products/daramend-re- United States Environmental Protection Agency agent (USEPA). 2005. Reference guide to non-combus-

59 REVISION OF THE GERMAN STANDARD DIN 19738, CHALLENGE AND FIRST RESULTS OF THE EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH K. Derz & D. Hennecke Fraunhofer IME-AE, Schmallenberg, Germany

Abstract In Germany, an in vitro method simulat- Initial results of the research demonstrate provide an estimate of contaminant bioac- ing human gastrointestinal conditions was the impact of the application of whole cessibility: DIN 19738 (2004-07). developed in 2004 in order to provide an milk powder or concentrated milk as food surrogates on the bioaccessibility of con- Within the revised German soil protection estimate of contaminant bioaccessibility: act, the investigation of the bioaccessi- DIN 19738 (2004-07). This existing DIN taminants. The use of enzymes turns out to be a further important factor for digesting bility of contaminants was added to get a standard is currently under revision on be- more realistic exposure assessment. The half of the German Federal Environmental of those food surrogates and thus, for the results of the experiments. respective lab method is supposed to pro- Agency (UBA) in order to harmonize and vide robust and reliable data that can be optimise the current standard procedure to used in human health risk assessments. provide conservative but reasonable esti- For that reason, the existing German mates. Keywords standard DIN 19738 is currently under As the frst step, the experimental key pa- Bioaccessibility, DIN 19738, in vitro revision on behalf of the German Federal rameters were identifed, which had mayor method, polycyclic aromatic hydrocar- Environmental Agency (UBA). The target impact on the results of the method: the bons, Benzo[a]pyrene, cadmium, lead, is to harmonize and optimise the current application (or replacement) of milk pow- arsenic. standard procedure to provide conserva- der, use of enzymes and duration of the tive but reasonable estimates. intestine phase. Soils contaminated with Introduction As the frst step, the experimental key pa- Incidental soil ingestion is an important polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), rameters were identifed, which had mayor exposure pathway for assessing public including Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) as the impact on the results of the method: relevant pollutant and soils contaminated health risks associated with contaminated with cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and arsenic soils. In Germany, an in vitro method sim- 1. Duration of the intestine phase, (As) were used in the experimental phase. ulating the human gastrointestinal conditions was developed in 2004 in order to 2. Use of enzymes, and

60 3. Application (or replacement) of milk powder. The soil was chosen due to its high con- These key parameters are modifed sep- centration of PAHs (704 mg/kg soil dry arately within the experimental phase to weight) and BaP (56.6 mg/kg dry weight) determine their impact on the bioaccessi- in order to carry out all experiments with- bility data and to investigate the robust- out any additional clean-up or concentra- ness of the method. tion steps before chemical analysis and, thus, to exclude possible further analytical Methods variations. Chemical analysis was carried All experiments were carried out on the out using HPLC with fuorescence detec- basis of the German standard DIN 19738 tion. (2004-07). The existing in vitro method consists of a gastric phase (2 hours) and an Regarding inorganic pollutants soils intestinal phase (6 hours) simulating the contaminated with cadmium (Cd), lead human physiological digestive conditions. (Pb) and arsenic (As) were used in the The saliva phase is optional (30 minutes) experimental phase. Initial experiments and was not included in the current inves- were carried out using fve different soils tigations. All experiments were carried including BGS Guidance Material 102 out with and without milk powder as food of the British Geological Survey (BGS). surrogate. The details of the methods are Chemical analysis was performed using shown in Figure 1. ICP-OES. Figure 1: Procedure to investigate bioaccessibility Results simulating the human gastrointestinal conditions Organic contaminants: Benzo[a]pyrene according to DIN 19738 (2004-07) (BaP) as relevant pollutant for PAHs. The existing standard method was modi- One soil contaminated with polycyclic fed regarding the parameters (i) duration aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) including of intestinal phase, (ii) the use of enzymes Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) as the relevant pol- and (iii) the application or replacement of lutant was used for the experiments with milk powder as food surrogate. The results organic contaminants. of these experiments are summarised in Table 1.

61 Table 1: Results of the bioaccessible fration of Benzo (a) pyrene (BaP) as % of the total BaP concentration as mean values of three replicates. as solids which was carried out during Modifed parameter Bioaccessible fraction of BP Bioaccessible fraction of BP the standard procedure. Precondition- ( % of total concentration) ( % of total concentration) ing resulted in a decreased bioaccesible Without milk powder With milk powder fraction of 1.4 % without milk powder Existing standard procedure 3.6 18.8 compared to 3.6 % when enzymes used as Reduced intestinal phase 2.8 18.0 solids whereas the results with milk powder showed no impact of preconditioning Preconditioning of enzymes 1.4 17.8 (17.8 %).

0.5 x enzymes 3.2 n.a. As the second step, the concentration of enzymes was reduced: Experiments were no enzymes 4.5 2.7 carried out using half the concentration of Calv-milk powder 12.5 enzymes and no enzymes. The results for the bioaccessible fraction of BaP were Condensed milk 13.5 3.2 % and 4.5 % without milk powder and, thus, in the range of the standard proce- *n.a. was not analysed due to a non-homogeneous mobilisate. dure (3.6 %) indicating that the concentra-

tion of enzymes does not have an impact Furthermore, the conditions are varying The duration of the intestinal phase is an on the test system without food surrogates. continuously throughout the test duration essential factor for the work organisation. In the experiments with milk powder due to digestion, solution, precipitation For this reason, the duration of the intes- however, the mobilisate was found to be and complexing processes. Therefore, tine phase was reduced from 6 hours to 3 non-homogeneous (i.e. a fat phase was further experiments focused on the com- hours. Using half the time for intestinal visible) and the results of the bioaccessi- position of the synthetic digestive juices phase, the results for the bioaccessible ble fraction of the pollutant were greatly especially on the amount and activity of fraction of BaP decreased slightly from reduced (2.7 %) compared to the standard the enzymes (pepsin, trypsin, pancreatin). 3.6 % to 2.8 % without milk powder or re- procedure (18.8 %). mained stable with milk powder compared As the frst step, preparation steps were Milk is a food surrogate containing pro- to the standard procedure. The test system tested to ensure a gently dissolution of en- teins, fat and carbohydrates as an emulsion is very dynamic due the various compo- zymes and, thus, to assure a high enzymat- and is currently used in the test system as nents like proteins, fat and carbo-hydrates ic activity throughout the test. For this rea- a powder. To investigate the impact of this of the milk powder, soil, enzymes, bile son, preconditioning of enzymes overnight food surrogate, calv-milk powder and milk and their interaction. was compared to the use of enzymes in a standardised liquid form (condensed

62 milk) were used in the experiments. Bio- Non-digested milk powder (e.g. a visible References accessibility results of both calv-milk fat phase) resulted in a severe underes- DIN 19738 (2004-07): Bodenbeschaffenheit - powder and condensed milk were re- timation of the bioaccessible fraction. Resorptionsverfügbarkeit von organischen und duced (12.5 % and 13.5 %, respectively) The fat may act like a surface coating of anorganischen Schadstoffen aus kontaminiertem compared to the milk powder (18.8 %). the soil and prevent the transfer into the Bodenmaterial (translated: Soil quality - Absorp- Regarding calv-milk powder, the results aqueous mobilisate or the mobilisate is tion availability of organic and inorganic pollutants may be caused by the lower fat content. non-homogeneous resulting in non-reli- from contaminated soil material); Beuth-Verlag, Berlin, p. 20 Handling of all three options is similar, able analytical results. In this context en- but the separation of the solid phase with zymes play an important role by digesting condensed milk is more diffcult, and an the milk powder (and not the soil) during IFUA (IFUA-Projekt-GmbH) (2012): Zusammen- stellung und Bewertung vorhandener Daten zur extension of the centrifugation step is, the test. Abschätzung der Resorptionsverfügbarkeit von therefore, needed. Schadstoffen in Böden und Bodenmaterialien – A high variability of PAH results was Teil 1. Umweltamt, Dessau. Forschungskennzahl Further experiments with a reduced found despite of the high contaminant 36013018. p. 91. amount of milk powder and condensed concentration in the chosen soil, especially milk and contemporaneously halved or when the bioaccessible fraction was very Kösters, J., Rüdel, H., and Schröter-Kermani, C. doubled concentration of enzymes are on- low. The standard deviation was up to (2006) Detection of arsenic species in biological going. 57 % within 3 replicates. samples – an important tool in Environmental Monitoring; IME Annual Report: 54-55. Experiments with the inorganic contam- Conclusion inants cadmium, lead and arsenic con- Acknowledgement – This work is fnancially supported by the German Federal Environmental The robustness of the in vitro method DIN frmed the great impact of milk powder Agency (UBA). 19738 was tested using Benzo[a]pyrene on heavy metal bioaccessibility, which is as a representative of lipophilic contami- described in literature. Robustness is still nants. under investigation. Samples with addition of milk powder turned out to be robust against variation of intestinal phase duration whereas samples without milk powder are probably more sensitive against variation of this phase. The fat portion of the milk powder is an important factor for lipophilic contaminants during bioaccessibility testing.

63 RISK REDUCTION OF SOIL CONTAMINATED BY J. Harmsen Alterra, Wageningen, The Netherlands OBSOLETE PESTICIDES IN AFRICA

M. Ammati FAO, Rome, Italy

C. S. Hamallah African Stockpiles Programme-Mali, Bamako, Mali

1. Introduction The FAO Programme on the Prevention even stronger if the assessment procedure This paper presents another entry: break and Disposal of Obsolete Pesticides (FAO, is followed by the recommendations based this circle, assessment is not the primary 2013) is designed to get rid of stockpiles on too expensive or not realizable north- goal, because for most suspect depots and of obsolete pesticides and to ensure that ern technology. The result is that no real sites, a visit and expert judgment is new stockpiles do not accumulate. The actions to reduce risks are taken, nothing Africa Stockpiles Programme (ASP), be- will happen till a new assessment will be ing a part of this program, had its focus on started in future; an infnite circle Figure 1: Breaking the assessment circle (slightly Africa. Most of the pesticides have been (Figure 1). modifed from Harmsen and Naidu, 2013) shipped to Africa for locust control but did not arrive at the proper place or proper time, thereby becoming obsolete. High concentrations of pesticides (e.g. dieldrin, parathion, malathion, chlorpyrifos) can be found in soils on the stockpiles. The experience within ASP has shown that methods to assess the risks of contaminated soils are often too theoretical, diffcult to complete in the African conditions, necessary laboratory facilities are lacking, and this all results in a wait and see attitude. This wait and see attitude becomes

64 already suffcient to conclude that there including local conditions and implemented on a sustainable way, even is a potential risk for human health and sampling. under the diffcult African conditions. environment. There is a strong need for First implementations (step 5) have been immediate action and measures to reduce 4. Possibilities for site specifc and started in summer 2008 in Molodo (Mali) sustainable remediation by risk the risks of the pesticides. Regulations followed by activities on several other lo- reduction. are mostly focused on these concentra- cations. tions, but from a risk-based point of view, 5. Implementation of the risk reduc contaminations are only a risk if they tion measures. 3. Results and Discussion are or may come available, a risk-based 3.1 Results of monitoring and proposals approach. This widens the range of op- for risk reduction tions and, therefore, can facilitate more 2. Materials and methods tailor-made solutions for individual sites. Three sites in Mali and three sites in From all six sites, the following general In a risk based approach, the stimulation Mauritania were investigated in 2007 conclusions could be drawn: following steps 1-3. Most important risks of biodegradation of the pesticides and/or − On all locations, vegetated and biolog- immobilization and isolation of the con- identifed were as follows: a) inhalation ical active zones were present, in which taminant may play a role. The concept of of volatilized pesticides, b) transport to biodegradation could occur. bioavailability has shown to be a suitable groundwater, c) physical contact by hu- tool in breaking the circle. man and cattle d) run-off by rain (Mali) − The amount of precipitation is limit- and e) wind erosion (Mauritania). Based ed, accounting from 20-200 mm/year From a risk-based perspective, contami- on the results obtained and results of in Nouakshott to 250-600 mm/year in nations are only a risk if they are or may analysis of the samples taken, risk reduc- Molodo. Most rainfall falls in the period become available. This widens the range tion proposals were made and discussed from June to September. The evaporation of options and, therefore, can facilitate locally (step 4). All proposals are based is higher and if it is possible to use veg- more tailor-made solutions for individual on the use of local conditions to stimulate etation, all precipitation can be evapo- sites (Harmsen et al., 2009). The following rated, thereby, preventing leaching to the steps are necessary: biodegradation and/or to prevent rain water to transport the pesticides both vertical groundwater. 1. Investigation of the site (e.g. his as horizontal. In populated areas, a plan − In Mali, transport of contaminants by torical use, hydrology, climate, for future use was part of the solution to surface run-off caused by heavy rains may transport). prevent that houses will be built on the occur. isolated site. All plans have in common 2. Defning of the site specifc risks. that they reduce the risks for the local pop- 3. Gathering of missing information, ulation, are simple and cheap and can be

65 − In Mauretania, polluted soils can be tion that can survive under local dry con- has been degraded and dieldrin not. Part transported by wind. ditions and are not eaten by cattle (BOU- of the soil on the landfarm has been trans- MEDIANA, 2001). Vetiveria (Mafei, ported to the fnal concrete depot. The − In Mauretania, the formation of sand 2002) and Jatropha have been selected. soil on the bottom of this depot has been dunes can be used to prevent the pollution. enriched with charcoal, to increase the ad- Vegetation can be used to stabilize these 3.2 Implementation sorption capacity for dieldrin (Figure 2). A dunes and evaporate the small amount of The frst implementation started in Molo- following charge has been brought to the rain. do in June 2008. For logistical reasons, landfarm from the temporary storage. it was necessary to start with the exca- For remediation, the following strategies vation of the centre. One of the concrete has been followed: construction present on the site has been used for temporary storage. Care was − If possible, removal of the contami- taken not to break the clay layer in the nation in the source and spreaded con- contaminated area to prevent direct contamination by biological treatment using tact with the groundwater. For reflling of landfarming (Harmsen et al., 2007). Land- the excavation, bioactive surface soil has farming is an easily applicable, simple and been used. Doing this, biological activity cheap technology. was introduced at the contact layer of the − Isolation of the contaminant by evapora- contaminated soil left and the reflling soil. tion of the precipitation using vegetation It is expected that this activity will slowly decrease the residual concentration. After − Isolation of the contamination by using flling, the soil has been enriched with lo- natural covers (e.g. sand dunes in Maure- cal available compost and vegetated with tania). vetiveria and jatropha to increase evaporation. − Increasing adsorption capacity of soil by adding local available black carbon (char- A small landfarm has been constructed, coal). Organic contaminants are strongly just beside the contaminated centre. This adsorbed by black carbon (Koelmans et landfarm has been enriched with compost al., 2006) for further biological activation. The frst charge of the contaminated soil has been In the fnal situation, the areas used for spread on the landfarm. The results of this Figure 2: Application of charcoal to prevent leaching landfarming and the fnal destination have frst charge are presented in Table 1 on to be vegetated using deep-rooting vegeta- next page. As expected, parathion-ethyl

Table 1: Pesticides concentration in soil on the landfarm

4. Conclusions A lot of sites in Africa are polluted with The results of the project were shared with obsolete pesticides, which are sent to other African counties during a workshop Africa for locust control. In pilots in Mali in Bamako in 2010. This was followed and Mauretania, remediation strategies by the implementation in Botswana, and are developed that reduce risks and can in autumn 2013, activities were started to be used under diffcult African conditions. implement the approach in Benin. The remediation strategies are based on application of bioremediation using landfarming and/or isolation of the contamination. Implementation has been started in 2008 and turned out to be successful. This was followed by the implementation on the other sites in Mali and Mauretania.

67 References BOUMEDIANA, A.O.I.O., 2001. Végétation dunaire en Mauretanie. In El Moctor, A.O. (ed). Formation et migration des dunes. Actes du 2ème Atelier International Université de Nouakchott. Faculté des Sciences et Technique. 7-13 février, 2001: 118-124.

FAO,2013. http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/ obsolete-pesticides/fao-program/en/

Harmsen, J., Rulkens, W.H., Sims Rijtema, R.C., and Zweers, A.J., 2007. Theory and application of landfarming to remediate PAHs and mineral oil contaminated soils and sediments, J. Env. Quality, 36: 1112-1122.

Harmsen, J., Ammati, M., Davies, M., SYLLA C.H., SIDIBE, T., TRAORE, H.K., DIALLO, A., and Demba, A. SY., 2009. An African Approach for Risk Reduction of Soil Contaminated by Obsolete Pesticides. In: G.B. Wickramanayake and H.V. Rectanus (Chairs), In Situ and On-Site Bioreme- diation. Tenth International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium. Paper E-15.

Harmsen, J., and Naidu, R. 2013. Bioavailability as a tool in site management. J. Hazard. Mater. 261: 840– 846.

Koelmans, A.A., Jonker, M.T.O., Cornelissen, G., Buchelli, T.D., Noort, P.C.M., and van, Gustafsson, ö (2006). Black carbon: The reverse of its dark side. Chemosphere 63 (3), 365 - 377.

Mafei, M., 2002. Vetiveria, the genus Vetiveria. London:Taylor & Francis.

68 MEASUREMENT OF BIOAVAILABILITY, THE ROLE OF STANDARDIZATION J. Harmsen Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, The Netherlands

1. Introduction Contaminants only pose a risk if they Although defnitions are still being dis- have a lot of arguments to prove that their are or become, available in a form that cussed, there is a common view on bio- method is the best one. This causes con- can have impact on human or ecosystem availability. Moreover, a large number of fusion and hampers the implementation health. A risk-based approach that incor- methods that estimates the bioavailable of bioavailability within the regulation. porates the bioavailability of contaminants fraction, has become available. On the Standardization is a tool to close the gap for the identifcation of sites that require level of regulation and administration, between science and regulation. In this remediation and for setting priorities people also realize that risks are overesti- paper, we describe the way ISO working (NRC Committee, 2003), may be useful mated, but there is a long experience with groups have worked on the standardization and more cost-effective than the approach total concentration. Total concentrations of methods to establish the bioavailable based on total contaminant loading. A risk- are measured with validated, and reliable fraction. Scientifc approaches had to based approach, rather than a total con- methods are often described in both na- be translated into standardized methods centration approach, should result in the tional and international standard proce- (Harmsen, 2007). Doing this in a proper stimulation of the application of biodegra- dures. From regulatory point of view, there way, standards will play an important role dation and/or immobilisation and isolation is no direct drive to change their system. If in the implementation of bioavailability in of the contaminants as part of the solution. they change, the system should 1) be easy regulation, as shown for Germany by Kör- Local site-specifc conditions may also explainable to the public, 2) make use of del et al., 2013. play an important role and be taken into methods that others use, 3) provide clear account by risk-based approaches (Harm- results and no further discussion, and 4) be 2. To standards on Bioavailability 2.1.Guidelines sen and Naidu, 2013). cheap and straightforward. The ISO working group on bioavailability In the scientifc community, it is already For the implementation of bioavailability, started their work with the development common knowledge that the total concen- the regulation should like to have “THE” of a guideline on bioavailability. This tration of contaminants overestimates the method to measure the bioavailable frac- guideline had the function of a conceptual risks and that risk assessment should be tion. Science, however, offers a large num- framework and gave direction for use and based on available concentrations. ber of methods, and developers of test further development of methods.

69 The concept is presented in Figure 1. The specifc organisms. In soil, bioavailability 2.2 Measurement of bioavailability upper part in the fgure represents the soil, can be distinguished as follows: 2.2.1. Trace elements while the lower part- the organism, and Following the publication of the guide- both parts are separated by the cell mem- • The actual dissolved amount at ambient lines, the development of specifc stan- brane. Bioavailable compound will pass conditions, and dards to give an estimate of bioavailability the cell membrane, and the amount can be • The potentially-available amount, for has started. For trace elements (e.g. heavy predicted by chemical measurements in example, the maximum amount that can metals), a method using 0.001 M CaCl2 soil, or biological measurement using be released under (pre- was adopted to measure the actual avail- defned) worst-case ability. This method simulates the amount conditions. solved in the pore water. This method (ISO/TS 21268-part 1) is already used to An important state- predict leaching. The second method, ISO ment in the guidelines 19730, already in use for a longer period, was that methods uses 1 M NH4NO3, which physical base should have an un- is less because of the high concentration. derstandable physical The method is used to predict the uptake base. Empirical meth- by vegetation (Gryschko et al., 2005). To ods should not be the measure the potential available trace ele- basis of a standard ment, an extraction with diluted HNO3 is method. In 2008, ISO developed (ISO/DIS 17586). 17402:2008 Soil quality -- Requirements As follows from Figure 1, bioavailability and Guidance for the can also be estimated using the organ- Selection and Appli- ism. In ISO 16198, a plant-based biotest cation of Methods is described to assess the environmental for the Assessment bioavailability of trace elements to plants of Bioavailability of in contaminated soils. Trace elements are Contaminants in Soil transported through the water phase, and and Soil Materials, the accumulation using well-defned con- has been published. ditions is a measure for the availability.

Figure 1: Concept of bioavailability, from total concentration in soil to effect (From: ISO 17402)

70 For users of the standards, it is important method using a ‘receiver phase’ for an soil and also building materials. This has to know what the meaning of the mea- organic contaminant with strong sorbing been recognized in standardization and sured values is. Bioavailability has to be properties. This phase can be a complex- standards on leaching are in use. The frst combined with the word “for”. The size of ing agent (cyclodextrin) or a strong adsor- series was the ISO/TS 21268:2007 Soil the bioavailable fraction of a contaminant bent (Tenax), which maintains the mass quality -- Leaching Procedures for Sub- depends on the organism. Pathway (e.g. transfer of available organic contaminants sequent Chemical and Ecotoxicological ingestion dermal contact inhalation) and from a soil or soil-like material including Testing of Soil and Soil Materials. Hav- exposure (e.g. contact time and binding (dredged) sediments to the aqueous phase. ing more experience with this method, it to soil) are organism dependent parame- By abating solubility constraints, both became possible to predict leaching be- ters. It is necessary to calibrate a method methods give an estimation of the environ- haviour, using soil characteristics like pH, (measured bioavailable fraction against mental availability of the organic contam- clay, iron- and aluminium oxides and ther- the effect). Effects can be uptake and ac- inant, i.e. the amount of the contaminant modynamic properties. For this purpose, cumulation, but also toxicological param- with mass transfer potential to exchange the ISO 12782 series has been developed. eters like mortality, growth, reproduction from soil or soil like material into the and behavioural responses. How to use the aqueous phase and refects the fraction of In soil and site assessment, human take a measured values and limitations of this contaminant that can exert effects on biot- specifc position. Ingestion of soil, espe- use will be described in ISO/CD14858 ic systems. The method is applicable for cially by children, is considered as an im- Soil Quality — Environmental Availability organic contaminants with a log Kow> 3. portant risk. Bioaccesibility/bioavailability in Soil — Use of Soil |Extracts for the As- for human is described in ISO/TS 17924 sessment of Trace Element Bioavailability. Using this method, biodegradation and (Assessment of human exposure from effects on organisms can be predicted ingestion of soil and soil material -- Guid- 2.2.2. Organic contaminants (e.g. Cornelissen et al., Reid et al 2000, ance on the application and selection of For organic contaminants, ISO-standard- 1998, Hulcher et al, 2003, Hickman et al; physiologically based extraction methods isation is presently focused on the poten- 2008). All these “calibrations” will be de- for the estimation of the human bioacces- tially available fraction using the TENAX/ scribed later, comparable to ISO/CD14858 sibility/bioavailability of metals in soil). cyclodextrin method. In the near future, for trace elements to give the users some This standard from 2007 will be actualized this will be followed by translation of the guidance in application of the measured in the coming period. scientifc developments on the measure- results. ment of actual availability (passive sam- 4. ISO standards on bioavailability pling) into an ISO-standard. 3. Broader applications or related to bioavailability Leaching of contaminants to groundwater, 4.1. Bioavailability The standard (ISO 16751) for the potential which can also be considered available, The standards listed below are published available fraction specifes an extraction is an unwanted effect of use and reuse of or in development within ISO/TC190/Soil

71 Quality. chemical and ecotoxicological testing of 6, Guidance for the application of ISO It represents the situation of December soil and soil materials 12782, which describes the use of models. 2010 • Part 1: Batch test using a liquid to solid 4.3 Bioaccesibility/bioavailability ISO 17402:2008 Soil quality -- Require- ratio of 2 l/kg dry matter ISO/TS 17924:2007 ments and guidance for the selection and Soil quality -- Assessment of human ex- application of methods for the assessment • Part 2: Batch test using a liquid to solid posure from ingestion of soil and soil of bioavailability of contaminants in soil ratio of 10 l/kg dry matter material -- Guidance on the application and soil materials • Part 3: Up-fow percolation test and selection of physiologically based extraction methods for the estimation of ISO/DIS 16198 Soil quality -- Plant-based • Part 4: Infuence of pH on leaching with human bioaccessibility/bioavailability of biotest to assess the environmental bio- initial acid/base addition metals in soil. availability of trace elements to plants ISO 12782:2012 Soil quality -- Parameters ISO/DIS 17586 Soil quality -- Extraction for geochemical modelling of leaching of trace elements using dilute nitric acid and speciation of constituents in soils and ISO 19730:2008 Soil quality -- Extraction materials of trace elements from soil using ammoni- • Part 1: Extraction of amorphous iron ox- um nitrate solution ides and hydroxides with ascorbic acid ISO/CD14858 Soil quality — Environ- • Part 2: Extraction of crystalline iron ox- mental availability in soil — Use of soil ides and hydroxides with dithionite extracts for the assessment of trace element bioavailability • Part 3: Extraction of aluminium oxides and hydroxides with ammonium oxalate/ ISO/AWI 16751-1 Soil quality -- Environ- oxalic acid mental availability of non-polar organic compounds -- Part 1: Determination of • Part 4: Extraction of humic substances potential availability using a strong absor- from solid samples bent or complexing agent • Part 5: Extraction of humic substances 4.2 Leaching from aqueous samples ISO/TS 21268:2007 Soil quality -- Leaching procedures for subsequent These series will be completed with Part

References NRC Committee, 2003. NRC Committee on Bio- Cornelissen, G., Rigterink, H., Ferdinandy, availability of Contaminants in Soils and Sedi- M.M.A., and van Noort, P.C.M., 1998. Rapidly ments. Bioavailability of contaminants in soils and desorbing fractions of PAHs in contaminated sed- sediments: processes, tools and applications. Wash- iments as a predictor of the extent of bioremedia- ington D.C.:The National Academic Press. tion. Environ. Sci. Technol., 32(7): 966-970. Reid, B.J., Stokes, J.D., Jones, K.C., Semple, K.T., Gryschko, R., Kuhnle, R., Terytze, K., Breuer, 2000. A novel chemical extraction technique for J., and Stahr, K., 2005. Soil Extraction of Read- the evaluation of soil-associated non-polar organic ily Soluble Heavy Metals and As with 1 M pollutant bioavailability. Environmental Science NH4NO3-Solution Evaluation of DIN 19730. J and Technology, 34: 3174-3179. Soils & Sediments 5 (2): 101 – 106.

Harmsen, J., 2007. Measuring bioavailability: From a scientifc approach to standard methods. J. Env. Quality., 36: 1420-1428.

Harmsen, J., and Naidu, en R., 2013. Bioavailabil- ity as a tool in site management. J. Hazard. Mater., 261: 840– 846.

Hulscher, Th.E.M. ten, Postma, J., den Besten, P.J., Stroomberg, G.J., Belfroid, A., Wegener, J.W., Faber, J.H., van der Pol, J.C., Hendriks, A.J., and van Noort, P.C.M., 2003. Tenax extraction mimics benthic and terrestrial bioavailability of organic compounds. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 22: 214-221.

Hickman Z.A., Swindell A.L., Allan I.J., Rhodes A.H., Semple K.T., Hare R., and Reid B.J., 2008. Assessing biodegradation potential of PAHs in complex multi-contaminant matrices. Environmen- tal Pollution, 156: 1041-1045.

Kördel, W., Bernardt,C., Derz, K., Hund-Rinke, K., Harmsen, J., Peijenburg, W., Comans, R., and Terrytze, K., 2013. Incorporating availability/bioavailability in risk assessment and decision making of polluted sites, using Germany as an example, J. Hazard. Mater. (2013).

73 REMEDIATION OF POP PESTICIDES POLLUTED AREAS IN THE CONDITIONS OF MOLDOVA V. Plesca, I. Barbarasa & L. Cupcea POPs Sustainable Management Offce, the Ministry of Environment, Chisinau, the Republic of Moldova C. Busuioc NIRAS Consulting engineers and planners A/S, Aalborg, Denmark

Abstract During the last decade, pollution due to (iii) to implement appropriate remediation and when to carry out remediation mea- techniques at a few selected sites. sures on areas polluted with POP obsolete POP pesticides has been recognized by the pesticides have been prepared. Moldovan authorities as a problem of na- Based on the assessment which included tional priority, which needs to be resolved aspects of practical and economic feasi- in order to reduce/eliminate the impact of bility for implementation taking into ac- Keywords POPs on human health and the environ- count costs, performance, effciency and Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), ob- ment. As a result of national inventory car- potential impacts on the environment and solete pesticide (OP), contaminated sites, ried out in 2008-2010, about 1600 contam- human health, two techniques – isolation risk assessment, remediation, economic inated sites were identifed and described. in controlled soil stockpiles and biological evaluation This study on remediation of POP pesti- treatment with the Daramend technique have been selected and tested/validated Introduction cides polluted areas is complementary to By the early 1990s, about 1000 warehous- the actions undertaken during last years in at three pilot demonstration sites in order to identify methods most appropriate for es for pesticide storage had been built in the feld of sustainable POPs management the collective farms. During the period and has as specifc objectives: (i) to identi- Moldova with a view to recommendation from 1991 to 2003, most warehouses were fy Best Available Technologies (BAT) for of remediation strategies for other OP sites destroyed or dismantled and only about of POP pesticides polluted areas, taking throughout the country pending the avail- 20% were maintained in a satisfactory into account technical, fnancial and eco- able fnancial resources. condition. Signifcant amounts of obso- nomic aspects; (ii) to assess their potential Based on practical results, the Guidelines environmental/health benefts and impacts; lete pesticides were stored in the open for local environmental authorities on how inadequate containers and areas adjacent

74 to warehouses were contaminated as a options for clean-up of obsolete pesticide throughout the country pending the avail- result of improper management of OP residues and remediation of contaminated able fnancial resources. storage. As some storage facilities are sit- sites. It was conducted within the CIDA/ uated close to residential areas and water WB Project “Remediation of POP pesti- 1. Approach courses, the risk of harmful effects on the cide polluted areas and inventory of PCB To achieve the objectives set, addressing environment and people’s health is thereby contaminated oil in power equipment” the issue included several stages: (i) clas- greatly increased. by the NIRAS Consulting Engineers and sifcation of POP pesticides polluted sites; Planners A/S, and managed by POPs Sus- (ii) selection of demonstration sites; (iii) As a result of actions on repackaging and tainable Management Offce evaluation and selection of appropriate centralized storage of OP carried out in (www.moldovapops.md). BATs for remediation; (iv) application 2003-2008, about 340 warehouses have of selected remediation techniques at the been fully emptied, ensuring the elimina- The specifc objectives of this study were demonstration sites; (v) economic evaluation of the most direct threats to human as follows: tion of the methods applied. More detailed health and the environment. At the same description is presented in /2/. time, these warehouses remain a signif- – To identify Best Available Technologies cant pollution source because their walls, (BAT) for of POPs pesticides polluted foors, and adjacent territories are contam- areas, taking into account technical, fnan- Classifcation of pop pesticides inated. cial and economic aspects; polluted sites

– To assess their potential environmental/ During the initial project phase, data Tackling this problem requires a detailed health benefts and impacts; collection to identify site characteristics inventory and risk assessment of those was initiated. Criteria for pre-selection and sites, along with development of appro- – To implement appropriate remediation fnal selection of demonstration sites to priate remediation measures. Such studies techniques at a few selected sites. were conducted in parallel in 2008-2010 test remediation technologies were defned by the Ministry of Environment within The remediation techniques had to be tai- based on the following considerations: site two projects supported by the World Bank. lored to best ft local characteristics like conditions affecting choice of remediation As a result of the frst study about 1600 soil type, hydrogeology, contamination de- technique; and the need for remediation contaminated sites were identifed, degree, and pesticide category. The identifed i.e. risk to human health and environment. scribed and included in an integrated data- techniques had to be tested/validated at base: http://pops.mediu.gov.md /1/. selected pilot demonstration sites in order Based on the data available concerning to identify methods most appropriate for the former OP warehouse, the main crite- The second study, presented below, was Moldova with a view to recommendation ria for classifying the sites have been as carried out to satisfy the urgent need for of remediation strategies for other OP sites follows: soil pollution levels and potential selecting suitable and affordable technical

75 for pollution in foors and walls; physical • Step-Soci: demolition of foundation and approved by international organizations /3, state of warehouse; threat to human health cofferdam with both soil and demolition 4, 5, 6/; dependent on the proximity to sensitive waste. Amounts: contaminated soil – 30 human and ecological targets; type of soil m³; demolition waste – 120 m³. Excava- – Economics, based on techniques that are under and around the warehouse classifed tion and backfll the site with clean soil – low cost, also for low volumes of soil to either as permeable to rain water. 150 m³. Cofferdam built on site. be treated;

Selection of demonstration sites Evaluation and selection of appro- – Performance and effciency – it is important that the selected technique is not Based on above mentioned criteria, three priate BATs for remediation contaminated sites for demonstration, sensitive to variation in the type and na- The applicability of BAT Remediation of the 386 records for former OP ware- ture of the contamination or require many Technologies for clean-up of sites polluted houses, have been selected and proposed fne adjustments of the process in order to with pesticides (contaminated soil) was clean-up actions for each particular site as achieve the required effect. identifed and assessed. The assessment well as approximately amounts of soil to included aspects such as practical and be treated are: – Time-frame and need for post clean-up economic feasibility for implementation monitoring – the selected technique can in Moldova and took into account costs, • Bujor: combination of bioremediation complete clean-up to the required criteria performance and effciency as well as and isolation in cofferdam of demolished within a reasonably time frame, and it is treatment time in full-scale feld trials; foundation. Amounts: bioremediation – also desirable that there are no long-term and potential impacts on the environment 170 tons soil, cofferdam – 340 m³ soil, requirements to monitor clean-up levels or and human health. The evaluation criteria demolition wastes – 449 m³. Excavation control integrity of clean-up measures; included: and backfll the site with clean soil – 550 m³. Cofferdam built on site. – Risk management based on ability of – Environmental effects – it is import- different kinds of remedial options to ant that the selected technique does not • Congaz: demolition of building and prevent risks in relation to the conceptual produce residues, wastewater and gaseous cofferdam with both soil and demolition model describing the source of contamina- emissions that can contaminate the envi- waste. Amounts: soil – 780 m³; demolition tion and spreading to the environment and ronment and requiring special treatment. waste – 1030 m³. Excavation and backfll human targets; the site with clean soil – 1020 m³. Coffer- Two remediation (BAT) techniques have dam built 3 km south-west off site. – Identifcation of available potential been chosen for the three demonstration techniques to clean-up soil contaminated sites and tested with a view to possible by pesticides and POPs, already tested and further implementation in Moldova:

76 isolation in controlled soil stockpile (cof- to the ground water is secured by a bottom Bioremediation ferdam) and bioremediation. and top liner (membrane) and the soil is Daramend is an advanced biological treat- secured against surface water and rain- ment technology for soil, sediment and water by a bank around the pile and a top solid wastes contaminated with recalci- 2. Remediation at the liner. The top liner is secured with a layer trant organic compounds /7/. demonstration sites of clean soil topped with grass and a fence Remediation activities at the demonstra- with warning signs are placed around the tion site works have been preceded by a cofferdam. The bioremediation test at the Bujor site preparation process involving the devel- included 10 cycles of Daramend applica- opment of the documentation legally re- Since the main function of a cofferdam is tion. The total surface of the test area was quired before starting the works. isolation the requirements toward this kind about 200 m2. The depth of tilling was 25-30 cm. The concentration of HCH, DDT and Heptaclor in the soil has been determined after 5 and after 10 cycles of treatment, and compared with data for the baseline analyses /2/.

As the mean concentrations after 5 cycles of treatment were still well above the Figure 1: Constructive scheme of controlled POPs contaminated soil stockpile (cofferdam): 1 - polyethylene Moldovan soil quality criterion of 0.1 mg/ flm covering the bed of cofferdam (buttom membrane), 2 - contaminated soil and rubble placed in layers and kg, the soil treatment in all areas has been compacted, 3 - polyethylene flm covering cofferdam (top membrane), 4 - layer of topsoil, 5 - sown grass, 6 - extended to 10 cycles of treatment. The fence made of concrete pillars and barbed wire (mesh). results after 10 cycles of treatment demonstrate appreciable reduction of up to 84% for sum of DDT, 42% for sum of HCH and Controlled soil stockpile (cofferdam) of construction consist of respecting/con- 76% of Heptachlor. The scheme illustrating principle construc- sidering a number of factors which could tion of a cofferdam is shown in Figure 1. affect its function/purpose: the right topo- graphical location; the right design and its The soil contamination is still above the The cofferdam is a constructed controlled diligent execution in order; the content of Moldovan soil quality criteria for agricul- pile where contamination from the content the cofferdam; the access to cofferdam is tural land (0.1 mg/kg), but the risks asso- stored inside it (in our case - contaminated denied /2/. ciated with contaminated soil have been soil and contaminated demolition wastes) greatly reduced. The contaminated area at

77 Bujor will not be used for agricultural or residential land use and the residual contamination is less than soil quality criteria for industrial land as defned in some EU countries. Furthermore, the site is usually covered by fairly dense vegetation, which prevents spreading of the low-level contamination in soil dust. No further actions are therefore recommended. 3. Economic evaluation The economic evaluation of the BAT applicability – the direct and total costs as well as the unit price (effciency) of both methods achieved during the remediation activities are presented in the table below (1 Euro = 16 Moldovan Leis). Conclusions The conclusions concerning the appropriate remediation techniques that can be implemented by local authorities in Moldova can be summarized as follows: Priority for clean up activities: Risks should be reduced immediately as a top priority if there is risk to human health due Table 1: Comparison of Economic Aspects to close proximity of the OP site to resi- Good detailed site investigations: The Start planning in good time: The plan- dential areas or vulnerable drinking water site investigation is the basis for decisions ning process takes time, and the imple- wells, and if the soil pollution and/or con- on the need for remediation and on the mentation is not possible in the winter taminated building materials are present at extent of remediation required. months. the OP site.

78 Getting Works Permit: The demonstra- choice is to excavate the contaminated soil References tion projects experienced a number of and rubble to a controlled soil stockpile /1/ V.Plesca et al, “Inventory of POP pesticides pol- delays due to the need for clarifcation on (Cofferdam). However this method is not luted areas in Moldova” //12th International HCH a number of legislative aspects concerning a permanent method since the contamina- and Pesticides Forum. Proceedings. 6-8 November permits to start the work. Some of these tion is not treated, but isolated. Risks to 2013, Kiev, Ukraine. problems are solved by the descriptions human health are prevented, but mainte- /2/ V.Plesca et al, “Remediation of POP pesticides provided in the guidelines and the tem- nance is required to ensure the integrity of polluted areas in the conditions of Moldova” // plate for the Technical Design of Works the protective isolation measures. If there International Conference “Contaminated Sites. used for the demonstration projects. Bratislava 2013”, Proceedings, p.p. 96-104 // 29-31 are a number of smaller sites, there might May 2013, Bratislava, Slovak Republic. be economical and management advantag- Establish a local advisory facility: From es to excavate the soil and waste materials /3/ United States Environmental Protection Agen- the workshops and dissemination seminar, and transport these to a local controlled cy. Reference guide to Non-combustion technol- it is learned that the “site owners” needs soil stockpile site, so that maintenance ogies for Remediation of persistent Organic Pol- lutants in Stockpiles and Soil.EPA-542-R-05-006 a back up advisory facility from e.g. the costs can be reduced. PMT offce or a local consultant attached December 2005. to the PMT offce. The Guidelines should Enhanced biological degradation is not /4/ NATO/CCMS Pilot Study. Evaluation of be used by the “site owners”, but anyhow directly applicable: The biological meth- Demonstrated and Emerging Technologies for the some backup advisory is needed especially od by land farming whereby excavation Treatment of Contaminated Land and Groundwater in the frst remediation projects regarding; is avoided is assessed not to be directly (Phase III). New, emerging and/or less expensive solutions for the destruction of land contaminated site investigations, planning, work per- applicable in Moldova at former OP ware- with pesticides. John Vijgen. State of the art De- mits, use of PPE and training of site super- houses due to uncertainty about the clean cember 2002. vision managers etc. up levels that can be achieved for the investment involved and due to the pres- /5/ Survey of currently available Non-incineration Use of PPE: Occupation health aspects PCB destruction technologies. UNEP Chemicals. ence of contaminated rubble. Permanent August 2000. involving use of Personal Protective reduction of risk is however achieved, Equipment (PPE) are easier to enforce if a and the land is most probably suitable for /6/ Review of emerging, innovative technologies short-term intensive construction project is industrial purposes especially if combined for the destruction and decontamination of POPS initiated immediately after training in the with an addition step to cover residual soil and the Identifcation of promising technologies use of PPE. for use in developing countries. The scientifc and pollution with a clean soil layer. Technical Advisory Panel of the GEF United Na- Recommended remediation method is tions Environment Programme. January 2004. a controlled soil stockpile (cofferdam): /7/ Grace Bioremeditaion Technologies Daramend As many sites have both contaminated Bioremediation Technology. Inovative Technology soil and building rubble, the method of Evaluation Report. EPA/540/R-95/536. July 1996.

79 IMPACT OF BIOCHAR AND BIOCHAR SUBSTRATES AMENDMENT ON BIOAVAILABILITY AND DEGRADATION OF ORGANIC I. Vogel & K. Terytze Freie Universität Berlin, CONTAMINANTS AND PESTICIDES IN SOIL Department of Earth Sciences, Germany

At the end of the last century, the famous New results concerning biochars infuence Terra-Preta soils, which are very rich an- on bioavailability and decomposing of thropogenic black earth with high contents pesticides summarizing the current status of stable organic carbon, were rediscov- quo of scientifc work will be presented as ered in the Amazon area. The Terra-Pre- well as own results regarding to the impact ta-soils provide high adsorption capacity, of biochar on bioavailability and decom- very effective microbial activity, excellent posing of organic pollutants in pot, lysim- nutrient and water supply. The central ele- eter and feld experiments. ment seems to be biochar or charcoal that was composted or fermented together with organic waste. In the last 10 years, a lot of scientifc work was done to decode the properties, impacts and possibilities of the amendment of biochar to soil. Concerning the reduction of negative impacts of contaminants in soil biochar provides to chances, especially polar organic substances have a huge potential to adsorb at the huge surface of biochar; on the other hand, site biochar improves the soil microbial activity including the ability to decompose organic pollutants.

80 EVALUATION OF POLLUTANTS IN SOIL BASED ON BIOACCESSIBILITY - PATHWAY SOIL - HUMAN BEING M. Machtolf, D. Barkowski & P. Günther IFUA-Projekt-GmbH, Germany

Abstract In Germany, the evaluation of pollutants started to prove the ruggedness of the stan- risks, the regulations look at specifc path- in soil is regulated. If measured concentra- dard. More specifc results can be expect- ways, which are defned as routes from the tions of pollutants (total contents) in soil ed in 2014. source of pollution to the place of poten- exceed the trigger values, detailed investi- tial effect on a resource to be protected. gations are required. Therefore, an exam- To look at environmental impacts on the ination of the exposure conditions as well Keywords health of human beings, it is indispensi- ble to concentrate on possible exposure as of the mobile or mobilizable content Bioaccessibility, DIN 19738, in vitro, lab- pathways and the routes of exposure (oral, of the pollutants might be useful. Since oratory standard, oral route of exposure; inhalative, percutanous). The following 2004, an in vitro method (DIN 19738), detail investigation, Soil protection act. which is based on a physiological model contribution describes the background of of the digestive procedures in the upper Introduction soil evaluation of sensitive landuse with digestive tract, has been applied. The re- The investigation and evaluation of sus- the focus on the protection of the health of sults of these measurements allow the fnal pected sites, suspected contaminated sites, human beings and on an applied method assessment of pollutants in soil showing harmful soil changes and contaminated of detailed investigation in the process of the most sensitive effects on human health sites requires normative regulations. the fnal evaluation. after oral uptake. Meanwhile, in Germany, Therefore, in Germany, the Federal Soil Evaluation of harmful soil changes more than a thousand data sets are gained Protection Act (BBodSchG) as well as the In Germany, trigger values have been de- in practical appliance, assessing different Federal Soil Protection and Contaminated rived for inorganics (arsenic, lead, cadmi- cases and settings. In fact, the possibili- Sites Ordinance (BBodSchV) were ad- um, chromim, cyanide, nickel, mercury) ties and limits of the method in practical opted in 1998/1999. In the focus of these and some organic pollutants (PAH, PCB, use are known. Therefore, a review of the regulations, the objects of protection are HCH, DDT, aldrin, hexachlorobenzene, standards as well as a ring-test is being the soil, the groundwater and the health of pentachlorophenol) considering their toxi- planned. Current scientifc work has been human beings. To describe potential cological profle (toxic or carcinogenic)

Figure 1: Procedure of deriving trigger values in Figure 2: Procedures of investigation according to the Federal Soil Protection and Contaminated Germany Sites Ordinance (Germany) and their most sensitive mode of action -dure, the ADI is combined with a factor playgrounds, residential areas, back and as well as the possible conditions of ex- (2-10) according to the defned level of small gardens, parks and recreational fa- posure. The assessment of the toxicity of protection (averting danger). The resulting cilities and industrial and commercial real pollutants is based on toxicological studies so called “danger-related ADI” is used to properties. After comparing the derived and case reports and results in a proposed assess the possible uptake of the pollutant trigger value drafts with background con- ADI (Acceptable Daily Intake) for hu- assumed for defned exposure conditions. tents or other information, epidemiologi- mans. In the next step of the proce Standardised scenarios are defned for cal data (check of plausibility)

82 the trigger values can be proposed (see Figure 1). When a trigger value is exceeded at the sampling site, it shall be ascertained in the particular case whether the suspected danger resulting from the pollutant has to be confrmed. The fow chart (see Figure 2) gives an overview of the different steps in the procedures of investigation according to the Federal Soil Protection and Contaminated Sites Ordinance (Germany) Detailed investigation Figure 3: General evaluation of bioaccessible concentrations (Assesment in ability can be determined by in vivo stud- A rapid and much less expensive method particular cases) ies (for example, mini-pigs), the results is to determine the amount of contami- As regulated in the ordinance, detailed cannot be extrapolated directly to humans. nants that can be released from contami- investigation shall be the comprehensive nated soil by digestive juices of the upper further examination for the fnal hazard assessment which particularly serves the determination of amount on spatial distribution of pollutants, their mobile or mobilizable components, possibilities for their spreading in soil, water and air, as well as the posibility of their intake by human beings, animals and plants. If humans (for example children who are playing on the ground) ingest pollutants bound to soil, it is not only the total contents that are of relevance to their health, but also the bioaccessibility of the pollutants in the gastrointestinal system. Although the bioaccessibilty and bioavail-

Figure 4: Bioaccessibility of substances bound to soil (oral pathway) – for example cadmium 83 digestive tract. For that, a standard (DIN So, the experimental set-up and the com- trial estates, large-area contaminations as 19738 (2004-07) has been developed, position of the synthetic digestive juices a consequence of i.g. industrial emissions which provides the data for assessing the are described in detail. To take account of or fooding areas along rivers. However, in pathway soil-human being (see Figure 3). the infuence of food components on the the daily routine it turned out that several If the measured bioaccessible content mobilization of contaminants, whole milk methodological issues regarding repro- exceed the trigger value, the hazard sus- powder is proposed to be added to the test ducibility, conclusive results as well as the picions are confrmed, whereas hazard system. effciency of the method came up. There- suspicions are ruled out when the trigger fore, it appears to be expedient and prom- value i satisfed. The standardised model shall be suitable for testing the mobilization of PAH, ising to streamline the introduced DIN In vitro test system PCBs, HCB, PCDs, PCDFs, HCH, DDT, within the scope of a multidisciplinary endosulfan, propham, chloropham, aldrin, approach to work. To achieve this aim, the (DIN 19738) durability of the data basis for risk quan- Since it was thought that pollutants ingest- dieldrin, toxaphene and brominated and tifcation techniques should be increased ed with soil particles would become avail- chlorinated diphenyl ethers. The mobili- further. able to the gastrointestinal tract by 100 % zation capacity of inorganic substances as arsenic, lead, cadmium, chromium, mer- (bioaccessibility = 100 %) regarding the Outlook analysed total content, DIN 19738 should cury, thallium, antimony or radionuclides Currently, the workgroup “bioavailability” verify this assumption. As far as is known, can also be examined. of the DIN-standards committee is review- only a certain part of the pollutants adhering to soil particles can be set free by Scope ing DIN 19738. Objectives of this study mobilization or desorption in the digestive For more than ten years, this method are to verify the assumption described tract. In case of release, these pollutants aimed at examining bioaccessibility by above and, therefore, DIN 19738 will be can be absorbed into the systemic circula- detailed analyses (DIN 19738 2004-07) used to validate the hypothesis by several tion (see Figure 4). has been applied in the laboratory success- examinations. Furthermore, a complete fully. In Germany, a few thousand data are revision and specifcation of DIN 19738 This standard describes a test system for available, especially for arsenic, antimony, will be carried out. mobilizing contaminants from soil using lead, cadmium, thallium as well as for or- The intention of this study is to operation- synthetic digestive juices. Digestive juices alise the over-all scheme into fve working are complex solutions of electrolytes, en- ganic pollutants as PAH and, in some cas- aspects: zymes and digestion aids, whose composi- es, PCB. In the course of the fnal risk, this method has been used to gain data basis tions vary with type, quality and quantity A1: Assessment of the shortcoming of the for fnal assessments in different cases as amount depending on exogenous and en- study technique and proposal for priority dogenous factors, a major being the food. former waste disposal sites, former indus- pollutants.

84 A2: Sampling and preparation of contam- References Umweltbundesamt (UBA) (2011) Evaluierung inated soils as well as testing the rugged- DIN 19738 (2004-07): Resorptionsverfügbarkeit ness of the technique. vorhandener Bewertungsansätze und Entwicklung von organischen und anorganischen Schadstof- eines Konzeptes zur integrierten Wirkungsbewer- fen aus kontaminiertem Bodenmaterial; Berlin: tung prioritärer Schadstoffe über alle Pfade auf der A3: Preparation of the ring test to show Beuth-Verlag:1-20. Grundlage der Bioverfügbarkeit; Forschungskenn- the bioaccessibility. zahl 3708 72 200 Texte 59:1-397. Ertel, H. (2006) In vitro-Resorptionsverfügbarkeit A4: Execution and statistical evaluation of von Bioziden und PCB aus Hausstaub bei Auf- nahme über den Magen-Darm-Trakt bzw. durch die the ring test to display the bioaccessibility. Haut. Von der Fakultät für Mathematik und Natur- wissenschaften der Carl von Ossietzky Universität A5: Updating and presentation of DIN Oldenburg zur Erlangung des Grades und Titels standard 19738. eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) angenommene Dissertation:1-155. Currently, the following examinations have been taken to gain further insights on IFUA (IFUA-Projekt-GmbH) (2003) Untersuchun- the ruggedness: gen zur Resorptionsverfügbarkeit von Schadstoffen in der Einzelfallprüfung zur Gefahrenbeurteilung – Praxistest zur Vollzugshilfe und Kostenreduzierung • impact of food (milk powder , tinned am Beispiel Osnabrück-Wüste. F+E-Vorhaben im milk, etc.); Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Bildung und Forschung und der Stadt Osnabrück:1-159. • impact of synthetic digestive juices (amount and activity of enyzyms); and IFUA (IFUA-Projekt-GmbH) (2012) Zusammen- stellung und Bewertung vorhandener Daten zur • duration of the simulation of the intesti- Abschätzung der Resorptionsverfügbarkeit von nal phase. Schadstoffen in Böden und Bodenmaterialien – Teil 1. Umweltamt, Dessau. Forschungskennzahl 36013018:1-91. As a result, a draft of the revised standard method shall be used for comparative in- Landesamt für Umwelt, Landwirtschaft und Geol- terlaboratory tests as well as a basis for the ogie (LfULG) (2010) Evaluierung Resorptionsver- ring test. There will be several examina- fügbarkeit; Schriftenreihe, 3:1-80. tions to attain more knowledge about rug- Terytze, R., Wagner, R., Schatten, R., Vogel, I., gedness of the procedural steps, affecting Hund-Rinke, D., and Kaiser, B. (2011) Hand- the results distinctly and simultaneously lungsanleitung - Untersuchung der Verfügbarkeit/ affecting the additional work steps as well. Bioverfügbarkeit von organischen Schadstoffen zur Bewertung kontaminierter Flächen. Berichte More specifc results can be expected in aus der Umweltwissenschaft, Shaker Verlag, 2014. Aachen:1-86. 85 SUMMARY: WORKSHOP BIO AVAILABILITY J. Harmsen & D. Hennecke Chaired by Konstantin Terytze & Dieter Hennecke

In risk assessment it is already common The work in Germany will lead to a more However, to remove all pesticides from a knowledge that total concentrations mea- robust method that can also be internation- contaminated site will need a long period, sured in soil often over estimate risks. The ally applied. which was subject of the discussion after available concentration is a better predic- his presentation. tor of risks and can often be correlated Joop Harmsen summarized the develop- with effects. Decreasing of the bioavail- ments in International Standardization Contaminated sites can also be found in ability is considered as a proper tool to (ISO) on the subject of bioavailability. Africa. Joop Harmsen presented the Af- reduce the risks on a contaminated site. Besides a guideline on the application of rican Approach to reduce the risks on the methods, specifc methods become or are site. Important methods are stimulation For the estimation of risks it is important already available. All ISO-methods must of biodegradation using landfarming or to have suitable methods. In Germany in- have an understandable chemical-physical reduction of the availability by isolation cidental ingestion of soil is considered as base, which is an important aspect for the of the pesticides. This can be a physical an important pathway that affects human acceptation of the concept of bioavailabili- isolation or using of adsorbing material health. Since 2004 an in vitro method is in ty within regulation. (charcoal). use that simulates the human gastrointestinal conditions (DIN 19738). This method The presentation of Oleg Bogdevich The use of adsorbing materials (biochar) is in revision in order to improve the ex- showed that using a remediation process was further explained by Ines Vogel. She perimental procedure to give more reliable based on biodegradation should be mon- also mentioned the effect on decomposi- results. Dieter Hennecke and Monica itored by an experienced and accredited tion. Machtold focussed on their presentation laboratory. For an assessment of the pros- In the fnal discussion Konstantin Terytze on the aspects that needed improvement. pects it is necessary to identify the com- focussed on the future of bioavailability. Well defning of additives in the tests (e.g. plete spectrum of contaminants and also He stressed the necessity of possibilities milkpowder), the use of enzymes and get information on the geotechnical condi- to measure bioavailability and the impor- incubation time has been shown to have tions of the site. tance of international standard methods. If effect on the results. Ion Barbarasa showed that bioavailable we do it on the proper way it will become pesticides are available for uptake by an important tool to better understand the vegetation as a low tech approach which risks on contaminated sites. can easily applied in developing areas.

86 GEF/UNEP PROJECTS DEMONSTRATING AND SCALING UP OF SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVES FOR DDT FOR THE CONTROL OF VECTOR BORNE DISEASES IN SOUTHERN CAUCASUS AND CENTRAL ASIA

87 THE EXPERIENCE OF IMPLEMENTATION THE STOCKHOLM CONVENTION ON PERSISTENT A. Toropov Tomsk Green Cross, “ SibEcoAgency“ ORGANIC POLLUTANTS AT THE REGIONAL LEVEL IN RUSSIA

After Russian ratifcation of the Stock- region. Our partners in this respect are the We started our work in 2012 from coach- holm Convention on Persistent Organic Russian Green Cross and Swiss Green ing the prospective specialists in the Pollutants (POPs) made in 31.06.2011 Cross. sphere of banned pesticides use accord- Tomsk Public Organization “Siberian En- ing to the standards of FAO. The experts vironmental Agency” and Tomsk Green chosen for this purpose were experienced Cross initiated the work on the complete professionals from Georgia and Moldova elimination of the pesticides use, which who already dealt successfully with the are banned but still exist in the Tomsk pesticides problem in their regions. As a result, 10 experts were trained (e.g. government representatives, nonproft institutions and enterprises dealing with waste management) according to the programme of banned pesticides use based on the FAO standards. There was also the project of regional level on implementation of the Stockholm Convention created and passed to the local Government of Tomsk region. The plan includes the preparation and implementation of a complete inventory of warehouses and burial banned for use and obsolete pesticides.

Figure 1: Location of the Tomsk Oblast in the Russian Federation

88 Figure 2: Inventory Work during training During a training inventory of the pesticide DDT burial ground in Teguldet village of Tomsk region soil contamination of vegetable gardens was discovered. The Figure 3: The joint inventory with Green Cross Switzerland vegetable gardens belonged to the residents of Teguldet village and were close In general, the implementation of the to the pesticide burial ground. The level Stockholm Convention at the regional of contamination of cultivated soil comes level is hampered by lack of the National up to 11 mg / kg or 110 MPC. Due to our Plan of Action for the implementation of requests, Government began to eliminate the convention. Also obstacle is the strong DDT burial ground in Teguldet, which differences in the approaches of the in- approximately contains about 180 tons of ventory and repackaging of toxic waste DDT and about 14,000 tons of contami- between national legislation and Russian nated soil according to the estimation of standards FAO. Tomsk Polytechnic University. 89 Figure 4: Overview of gardens where samples have been taken Figure 5: Sampling works in the vegetable gardens belonging to the residents of Teguldet village close to the pesticide burial

90 SUBSTITUTING DDT IN FIGHTING AGAINST MALARIA G. Manuweera Scientifc Support Branch, Secretariat of the Basel, Stockholm and Rotterdam Conventions

The uses in disease vector control in all persons at risk should be protected by that the decisions, both at national and lo- accordance with the World Health Orga- Insecticide Treated Nets (ITNs) or Indoor cal level, are taken on scientifcally sound nization (WHO) recommendations and Residual Spray (IRS). The choice of ITNs basis with adequate knowledge of the guidelines are the only acceptable purpos- or IRS depends on entomological, epi- local data for effcient control and man- es available for DDT under the Stockholm demiological, and operational factors in- agement of vector resistance. Assurance Convention. Except when locally safe, cluding seasonality of transmission, vector of desired standards in product quality and effective and affordable alternatives are survival and behavior, and insecticide sus- IRS operations are the key factors of suc- not available for Parties, production and ceptibility of anopheline vectors1 . There cessful vector control programmes found use of DDT be to eliminate. The Conven- are 14 insecticide formulations from four challenging in certain settings. tion also invites, with the goal of reducing different chemical classes are recommend- and ultimately eliminating, the Conference ed by the WHO for IRS. There are seven Substitution of DDT with another safer of the Parties to encourage Parties using pyrethroid based insecticide formulations alternative product requires adjustments DDT to develop and implement an action recommended for ITN. to the programme that entail the need for plan including the development of regula- supplementary resources. It would include tory and other mechanisms to ensure that Among major challenges in effective con- human and physical resources, knowledge, DDT use is restricted to disease vector trol of vector, accessibility to effective additional data and related technical and control and implementation of suitable al- alternatives and capacity for their eff- scientifc information. Unless the vector in ternative products, methods and strategies, cient implementation towards sustainable question has developed resistance to DDT, including resistance management strate- control are common in many developing from the operational point of view, there gies to ensure the continuing effectiveness countries. Safer and more effcient vector is no immediate economic incentive to of these alternatives. It also invites Parties control interventions are generally associ- switch to a new product. Instead, it should to take measures to strengthen health care ated with high operational cost to maintain be seen and implemented as an alternate and to reduce the incidence of diseases. the disease transmission. It is important management strategy of the vector for long term health and environmental bene- Currently WHO recommends that in ar- fts. Integrated Vector Management (IVM), 1 World Malaria Report: 2012, World Health Orga- eas targeted for malaria vector control, nization. is a “rational decision-making for optimal

91 use of resources” (Source-WHO). Once adapted to the local situation, the IVM approach should provides a way forward for a sustainable solution to the programme managers. For successful implementation of IVM, among others, it requires an effcient inter agency coordination mechanism with a system in place for the collection of vital feld data.

There are many new researches into testing and validation of the effectiveness and role of innovative new approaches as well as traditional pest control methods in vector control. While some are of bio and botanical origin, others range from molec- ular biology to environmental engineering. Some of the techniques and approaches currently being developed could potentially play an effective role within IVM approach. The limitations in deploying them under varying conditions, the demand of knowledge-intensive operations and poor statistical power of the existing results are some of the challenges to overcome. However, case studies from different parts of the world are available on successful employment of some of those techniques, along with conventional vector control interventions, both for the control of malaria as well as towards its elimination.

92 A. Eyvazov & K. Alasgarova Ministry of Agriculture, Azerbaijan PROBLEMS OF DDT IN AZERBAIJAN A. Hasanov Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources, Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan has always been an agricultur- In 1975, the usage of DDT in agriculture distribution, and pesticide demand reduc- al republic; it was supplying the country’s was forbidden; nevertheless, the product tion due to their ineffectiveness and large population and big cities of the former was used until 1990 as there were no al- volumes of cheap products being deliv- Soviet Union with fresh vegetables, fruits, ternative products against cotton pests. ered. grapes, and other products. The country’s strategic crop- cotton was grown on large In 1980, huge pesticides residues were In 1985-1995, the remaining residues of areas, in more than 20 regions. The crops formed in the Republic of Azerbaijan, pesticides, including DDT, were buried needed to be protected from pests and dis- which went out due to usage prohibition, in Dzhangin landflls. During this period, eases, and many pesticides had to be used ineffective purchase planning, products about eight thousand tons of different for that purpose. chemical pesticides were buried in 183 Until 1958, to fght cotton pests, a product DDT was being imported to the Republic of Azerbaijan from different countries. After the start of the DDT production in Sumgait plant “Himprom”, import from other countries stopped and it should be noted that Azerbaijan was sending DDT production to other regions of the former Soviet Union. Though the plant capacity was 60,000 tons per year, about 20,000- 35,000 tons were produced annually.

Figur 1: DDT production in Sumgait Himprom (1958-1980) in tons 93 landfll bunkers; more than half of them data was received. During the inventory, The initial target of the Comprehensive was DDT. Prior to the reorganization of different residues of obsolete and POPs Plan was Dzhalangin landfll transmission “Azerselhozhimii”, the site was secured, pesticides were found; many of them were at use of the public service and its compre- and, from 1996 till 2005, due to the lack mixed (DDT, granozan, izofen, dalapon, hensive reconstruction. of protection, almost half of the products trefan, Zineb, hexachloran, hometsin, sul- were taken out/stolen from the bunkers. fur mixed with izofenom, etc.). Besided Currently, landfll acts as industrial struc- In Azerbaijan, there is only one landfll barrels of polidofen that contain 20% of ture, funded by the state, which has its (Dzhangin landfll) for pesticide disposal DDT were detected in Salyan and Ganja. director, chemists, workers and other (there is also a landfll for hazardous waste Large areas of land contaminated with personnel. The entire territory of the poly- of the Ministry of Ecology and a landfll pesticide residues were revealed. gon perimeter is fenced with a metal lath; of Emergency Situations Ministry, but nei- gates, water tank and fre safety system ther of them contain pesticide waste). By the end of the inventory, the National were installed. During the period 2008- Implementation Plan under the Stockholm 2010, the landfll has been completely ren- In December 9th, 2003, the Republic of Convention was prepared and submitted ovated, and more than 4,000 tons of solid Azerbaijan ratifed the Stockholm Conven- to the Government for approval, but so far residues of pesticide and contaminated tion “Persistent Organic Pollutants”. To the plan has not been approved. soil from different regions of the country solve the problem arising from the Stock- were transported and disposed of. Filled holm Convention, Presidential Decree of In September 2006, the problem of obso- bunkers were tightly closed with concrete July 29th, 2004, the National Coordinating lete, banned and unusable pesticides by slabs. Up to date, the volume of buried Center under the Ministry of Ecology and the Order of the President of the Republic pesticides at Dzhalangin landfll is about Natural Resources was established. of Azerbaijan “Comprehensive Action 9,000 tons of banned, obsolete pesticides Plan for ecological improvement of the and POPs and heavily contaminated soil. For the frst time, in Azerbaijan, the in- Republic of Azerbaijan in 2006-2010” ventory of obsolete, banned and unusable was approved. Paragraph 5.11 of the Com- In the framework of “Comprehensive Ac- pesticides balances began in August 2006. prehensive Plan is entirely devoted to the tion Plan for ecological improvement of Specialists of the State Phytosanitary Con- inventory, collection and disposal of obso- the Republic of Azerbaijan in 2006-2010”, trol Service together with the specialists lete, banned from using toxic substances a warehouse for storage of liquid pesti- from the Ministry of Ecology and Natural and the reconstruction of the landfll for cides was built in 2010, 60 bins for solid Resources in the framework of National pesticides. The realization of the targets of pesticides were built, half of which had Implementation Plan under the Stockholm the Comprehensive Plan item was entrust- already been flled. Convention on Persistent Organic Pollut- ed directly to the State Phytosanitary Con- ants, held a joint work to identify them. trol Service at the Ministry of Agriculture Besides DDT, a liquid preparation Po- of the Republic of Azerbaijan. lidofen 60 %, which contained 20% of Based on the monitors held, the original DDT + 40 % of polychlorocamphene

94 against pest of different crops was used in had been repackaged in Ganja in 2010, are the Republic. This preparation had been already showing leaks. lying in one of the warehouses in the city of Ganja until 2010. In 2010, after the allocation of funds from the “Compre- hensive Action Plan for ecological improvement of the Republic of Azerbaijan in 2006-2010”, around 1180 barrels of polidofen were repackaged and 200 pallets were transported to the Dzhalangin landfll (for storage of liquid pesticides a new warehouse was built in 2010) for storage until complete disposal. The site in Salyan region is in a critical condition now. Liquid polidofen has leaked on the ground from old rusted barrels. It should be noted that close to it living quarters, warehouses for food storage are located; the warehouse is located within the district center. In this region, the groundwater is shallow, and the Kura River, which falls into the Caspian Sea, fows nearby. At the site of Daykend Salyan district, polidofen residues were buried in the ground. During recent inventory, while excavating, rusty pesticides barrels were found. There is a big problem with repackaging and disposal of the existing liquid pesticides at the landfll. Some barrels, which

95 INFORMATION ON DICHLORODIPHENYLTRICHLOROETHANE M. Klimova (DDT) IN RUSSIAN FEDERATION Head of NGO “Centre for International Projects,” deputy, Head of the Regional Centre of the Basel and Stockholm Conventions

Currently, the use of DDT is banned in most countries. The sequence of introduc- ing the ban was as follows: New Zealand, the USSR, Hungary, Sweden, Denmark, and Finland, followed by some other countries. However, the ban on the use of DDT does not exist in all countries. Be- sides, many countries have solid stocks of DDT.

In the USSR, active production and use of DDT began in 1946-1947, when the plants were built in Moscow, Dzerzhinsk and Cheboksary. During 1950-1970, about 20 tons of herbicide was used per year, resulting in a huge amount of contaminated land across the whole area of former Soviet Union. Table 1: Amount of DDT used in different regions of Russia

The frst country where DDT was banned USSR. Even then, the production and use was New Zealand, and the second - the alitis, which can effectively be dealt with of DDT has not stopped. Even in 1986, USSR. However, this prohibition had by means of DDT. 16 years after the offcial ban, DDT pro- some exceptions: the use of DDT was duction volume accounted for10 thousand allowed in cases of malaria in the taiga In 1969-1970, DDT was excluded from tons per year. Until the late 80s, DDT was regions, in the foci of tick-borne enceph- the offcial list of pesticides used in the used “as an exception” in Uzbekistan and

96 in many regions of Russia. after the ban of DDT, “temporary” MPC boys in Chapaevsk city happened to be 3 As a result, about 20% of the fertile soils value (mg / kg) for milk in children’s diet to 20 times higher than the similar levels in the former USSR are contaminated accounted for 0.05, 0.1- for eggs and meat of pesticides in the blood of their peers in for many years. With normal care for the and 0.2-for canned fsh. America. soil, 0.5-1 ppm in 1960-70 and 0.1 ppm in 1981, respectively, in many places the Although the use of DDT and other or- If boys drank milk of local production, amount of DDT in soils was 5-10 times ganochlorine pesticides was banned in the concentration of DDE, hexachloro- higher, and in the cotton growing regions Russia in the 1980s, they still remain in benzene and beta-hexachlorocyclohexane of Uzbekistan, the excessive amount of the environment and continue to accumu- was 14 - 21 percent higher in the blood of DDT reached 85 times. late in the food chains. Studies indicate boys who were breastfed for more than 13 that these chemicals are endocrine disrup- weeks, the concentration of organochlo- DDT treatment of gardens and woodland tors and can cause cancer. Some studies rine pesticides was at 16-81% higher than many years ago led to the fact that its con- suggest that they are associated with an that of boys who drank breast milk for tent in the soil in these areas is very high. increased risk of lymphoma. less than 13 weeks. (Source: http://www. Now, in many places, instead of fruit trees, environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/new- other crops that can accumulate DDT from In early September 2013, an article about science/2013/09/russian-boys). the soil are being grown, which causes it the effects of banned and obsolete pesti- Considering the fact that about four getting into the food of animals and hu- cides on boys who live in Russia near the children die from malaria every minute, mans. closed factories, which produce pesticides mostly in sub-Saharan Africa, most of the (Chapayevsk city, Samara region), or doctors insisted that DDT remains the best In 1975, DDT was contained in 8% of drink local milk. The article was published weapon in the fght against this disease. meat samples, 5-10% of root crops and in Environmental Health News by the However, there are a number of objections potato samples. In 1988, 30% of the sam- researchers from Russia and Harvard Uni- in this respect. ples of milk powder for baby food and, versity in the USA. The aim of this study was to understand why the children’s bod- in 1989, 52% of dietary oil samples - the There are ongoing international initiatives ies contain extremely high concentration amount of DDT exceeded the permitted to promote the development of alternative of such hazardous chemicals as DDE, limit 5 times. insecticidal compounds and technologies hexachlorobenzene and beta-hexachloro- to use in the fght against malaria. Offcially, in the former USSR, the con- cyclohexane. tent of DDT in meat, butter, milk and eggs Only in those areas where alternative In Chapaevsk, between 2003 and 2005, in general was “not allowed”. However, methods of malaria vector control are not the blood of 350 boys aged 8 to 9 years some “temporary” rules have always been widely available, the use of DDT may was investigated. The average levels of introduced. So, over a period of 15 years, be justifed. In some regions of India and pesticide concentrations in the blood of

97 South America, mosquitoes are resistant to Siberia, there are natural foci of plague be carried out at the sites of toxic waste DDT. In some countries, impregnation in- (Transbaikalia, Tuva and Gorno-Altai by dumping or destruction by inciner- secticide-treated bed nets help in the fght foci). There is some data on other, smaller ation at high temperature incinerators. against malaria. outbreaks in Russia (Southern Urals, south Disposal practices must be carried out in of the European part). accordance with the requirements of san- The main objective for today is to elim- itary legislation, destruction technologies inate the use of DDT in agriculture, Upon the ratifcation of the Stockholm should be allowed in the prescribed man- keeping it as a reliable tool when fghting Convention, the Russian Federation in ac- ner. against malaria, which, however, can be cordance with Part II of Annex B entered used only under certain conditions until in the DDT Register maintained by the 3. The Federal Law “On Production they become publicly available alterna- Secretariat and notifed the World Health and Consumption Waste” (№ 89-FZ of tives. Organization about that. 24.06.1998, as amended on 30.12.2008); organization of activities in the feld of DDT was produced in the USSR, both Regulation of POPs waste management, including banned in the form of technical product, and in a Pesticides and DDT pesticides, the territories of municipalities series of formulations, i.e. 5.5% and 10% 1. The Federal Law “On the safe han- formations carried out by the local govern- of dry powder, 30% and 75% of wettable dling of pesticides and agrochemicals” ment. powders, mineral-oil emulsion,” insec- (№ 109-FZ of 19.07.1997, as amended on ticidal” formulation, polidofen (mixture 04.10.2010), approved by the Ministry of 4. The FTP “National System of chemical made of 20% to 40% of DDT and toxa- Agriculture, provides the legal framework and biological security of the Russian Fed- phene) and several others. for the safe handling of pesticides, includ- eration (2009 - 2013)”, approved by the ing their storage, destruction and disposal. Government of the Russian Federation on Currently, the production of DDT in Rus- 27th October 2008, № 791. “Develop- sia (Dzerzhinsk) is inhibited, but one can Under the Federal Law, any kind of treatment from pesticides and agrochemicals, ment of technologies for destruction (recy- make a product with the special permis- cling) of PCBs stockpiles of pesticides and sion for disease vector control. which are not included in the “State cata- logue of pesticides and agrochemicals”. agro-not sought after in the industry and agro industry” project is being implement- Today and in the short term, DDT is used ed. The development of technologies is to as a means of combating infectious dis- 2. Rospotrebnadzor Letter from be completed in 2013 with the creation of eases. This is explained by the danger 22.05.2009 № 01-6985-9-32 “On the a technological complex in technological of such natural focal diseases as plague burial of unusable and banned pesticides,” development test center in Shihany city and zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis. It reads as follows: recycle worn-out and and testing a prototype plant. should be noted that in the Russian Fed- (or) banned pesticides and agrochemicals (waste hazard classes 1-2), should eration in the three regions of Southern 5. The subjects of the Russian Federation

98 implement special programs or legislation Measures to ensure the disposal of acts so as to destroy obsolete and banned pesticides. The amount of funding for stockpiles of POPs pesticides SPP, including POPs-containing, are large- these programs in 2008 was estimated as ly represented by multicomponential mix- 340 million rubles. tures of organic and inorganic compounds. Activities on Inventory There are various methods of neutralization of SPP, including POPs pesticides. of POP pesticides These include thermal methods (high The priority objectives with regard to the temperature combustion in stationary and solution of the POPs pesticides problem mobile applications, combustion in cement are as follows: conducting a full-scale de- plants, plasma pyrolysis and others), phys- tailed inventory and registration of stocks ico-chemical methods (hydrolysis, ozona- of pesticides, their locations, their contain- tion, etc.) and some others. ers and contaminated land. The inventory It should be noted that so far there is no should be accompanied by efforts to iden- allowed for practical use method of pesti- tify unallocated drugs and mixtures. cides elimination in the country. Measures to ensure the security of stockpiles of POPs pesticides Activities on Environmental Designated storage of obsolete pesticides, Monitoring of storage and as well as their place of burial represent a destruction of POPs pesticides potential danger to the environment and Monitoring of the technological state of human health because of the migration of burials, as well as periodic monitoring of pesticide residues due to leaching, volatil- ecological and toxicological areas adjacent ization, and other processes beyond these to these graves is extremely important. locations and the subsequent circulation Similar ecotoxicological monitoring is of toxicants in ecosystems and the food also needed in those facilities that store chain. These objects are a typical exam- obsolete pesticides (warehouses, adapted ple of point sources (in some cases very premises, etc.). In the latter case, the area intense) of the environmental pollution by adjacent to such facilities, and often has a obsolete and POPs pesticides. high level of contamination, even after the removal of these pesticide products, for a long time, can serve as a source of secondary pollution by pesticides.

99 In-depth inventory of the Project ACAP / ANO “CIP” on “Environmentally sound management of obsolete pesticides stockpiles in the Russian Federation”

Figure 1: Ruined warehouse on the territory of MUP DSOK “Taiga” Figure 3: Warehouse number 3 with an extension; village Beryozovka

Figure 2: Contents of the iron container with pesticides in the former Figure 4: Iron container in the Kiai village; inside view SUE “Krasnoyarsk” 100 The results of in-depth inventory of the Project ACAP / ANO “CIP” on “Environmentally sound management of obsolete pesticides stockpiles in the Russian Federation”

Table 2 The status of stocks of obsolete pesticides (in tons) in the northern pilot regions of the Russian Federation in June 2012

101 102 This table has been prepared based on the information of the regional offces of the Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance, the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Policy of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), the Committee of industrial development, ecology and nature of the Murmansk region in the ACAP project “Environmentally sound management of stocks of obsolete pesticides Russia “ on 27.07.2012.

103 Preparation of SPP storage

Figure 5: The former hangar for Rockets Poplar, Altai region Figure 8: Ruined central warehouse for the storage of pesticides in Syktyvkar

Figure 7: Hangar flled repacked SPP, Altai region

Figure 6: Hangar equipped for storage of SPP, Altai Figure 9: Warehouse Renovated region

104 In the Baikal natural territory (BPT), the boundary movements of hazardous wastes Unfortunately, the issues of environmen- presence of residual amounts of obsolete and their disposal) and the Rotterdam tal safety, when handling pesticides at the POPs pesticides has also been noted. The Convention (on the prior informed consent state level, have not received suffcient soil contaminated by DDT was detected procedure for certain hazardous chemi- attention in the last few years. The Federal in all the surveyed areas of the Irkutsk cals and pesticides in international trade, Law “On the safe handling of pesticides region in 2011, which are located in the which are interrelated. and agrochemicals” (Article 24) identifed basin of the Angara River. The analysis the need to recycle and dispose of pesti- results showed that the average content In connection with the adoption of the cides, but bylaws provisions establishing of total DDT in the soils studied all kinds Law on “On technical regulation”, it the realization of this problem have not yet of areas under crops was 0.15 and 0.14 in seems that the prime direction of harmoni- emerged. Until now, Russia does not have the spring of MPC autumn. Exceeding the zation (unifcation) of national legislation, any existing plant for the destruction of maximum allowable concentration level because of the ratifcation of the Stock- POPs waste. of total DDT in the soils found in the ter- holm Convention, is the development and ritory of the Irkutsk region in the felds of adoption of appropriate technical regula- Even without a full analysis of the current “Khomutovskaya” and JSC “Shiryaevo” tions. situation, there is no reason to believe Where in the watershed of the river (“Na- that it is necessary to urgently conduct an tional Report on the State and the Environ- Prohibited and obsolete pesticides and inventory of obsolete pesticides and their mental Protection of the Irkutsk region” waste generated during production or use, placement of objects, providing optimal in 2011). pose a signifcant threat to the environ- storage conditions, increasing responsi- ment, and their destruction is one of the bility for the complete safety of all sub- Improvement of Legislation most important tasks in terms of the envi- sequent accounted range and deployment One of the most convenient operating ronmental protection. of the technologies, on the destruction of mechanisms is currently amending the rel- POPs pesticides, existing in Russia. evant federal laws and regulations. However, there is no generic method to solve this problem. The most common As a basic principle of the new system ways to dispose of hazardous waste, which of regulation, the transition to the best can be rightly classifed as pesticides, are available technology (BAT concept) must burning and burial on specially engineered be implemented. To bring the legislation landflls. The biological, chemical and in line with the Stockholm Convention physical treatment methods are also used, on persistent organic pollutants, the which leads either to the complete destruc- work should be is carried out taking into tion of toxic components, or to the sub- account the provisions laid down in the stantial reduction of their hazards. Basel Convention (on the control of trans-

105 M. Ejov PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVES TO DDT WHO Regional Offce for Europe, FOR THE CONTROL OF VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES Copenhagen, Denmark

IN SOUTHERN CAUCASUS AND CENTRAL ASIA M. Iosava The Ministry of Health, Georgia

N. Usenbaev The Ministry of Health, Kyrgyzstan

S. Karimov The Ministry of Health, Tajikistan

The “Demonstrating and Scaling up effciency and cost-effectiveness of the capacities for planning and implementing sustainable alternatives to DDT for the sustainable alternatives to persistent insec- vector control activities based on the IVM control of vector-borne diseases in South- ticides, including DDT, in pilot areas of principles at central, intermediate and ern Caucasus and Central Asia” project, the participating countries, to build capac- peripheral levels. A regional approach on funded by GEF and executed by UNEP, ity to plan and implement vector control IVM is extended within the countries of WHO, Green Cross Switzerland and Mi- interventions based on principles of Inte- South Caucasus and Central Asia to in- lieukontakt International and participating grated Vector Management (IVM) and to volve non-project countries. It is expected countries is being presently implemented share the project lessons learnt and expe- that a fnal project report with conclusions in Georgia, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, and rience accumulated within and beyond the and recommendations will be published by the WHO Regional Offce for Europe is European Region. the middle of 2015. responsible for the health part of this Proj- ect. During 2011-2013, different alternative vector control methods and techniques The Project is built on the existing efforts were monitored and evaluated in demon- of countries, WHO and other partners to stration sites, and outcomes of these promote cost-effective and environmental- studies are being currently processed and ly sound national vector control policies analysed. Promoting such alternatives for and strategies aimed at reducing the reli- vector control heavily depends upon active ance on persistent insecticides. community participation and intersectoral collaboration. In recent years, a particular The main objectives of the health part of attention has been paid to strengthening of the Project is to demonstrate the viability, the national institutional and management

106

SAFEGUARDING OF DDT AND ASSOCIATED WASTE IN GEORGIA, KYRGYZSTAN AND TAJIKISTAN K. Akhalaia FAO Consulatamt

Besides certain limitations, current POPs 2); (c) identify and manage DDT stocks re-packaging, safe interim storage and stocks dating from the Soviet times are and waste (outcome 3), and (d) coordinate development of plans for fnal disposal unoffcially still available to the gener- dissemination and sharing of country’s of DDT-containing stockpiles, taking into al public through illegal repackaging of experiences among the other countries and account respective country needs, avail- abandoned stocks and/or cross-border regions concerned (outcome 4). ability of disposal facilities in the country smuggling. Although offcial statistics do and region, and more broad work in the not show the use of DDT, environmental In relation to outcome 3, the Project aims area of obsolete pesticides and other rele- monitoring activities by the governmental at: vant initiatives. institutions in some countries of the region show indiscriminate use of DDT, largely • undertaking an integrated management Georgia in the sector of agriculture, but also in approach for the participatory safeguard- In February 2011, the Inception Meeting disease control (typhus) resulting in in- ing of (on average) 60 tonnes of prior- for the DDT-project was organised in creased health and environmental risks. In itised POPs stockpiles per country and Tbilisi. The Ministry of Environmen- response to this challenge, the GEF-UNEP the development of participatory disposal tal Protection (MoEP) of Georgia was Project, entitled Demonstrating and Scal- concepts (mainly DDT) as an example for represented at this meeting by Khatuna ing up Sustainable Alternatives to DDT similar projects in other countries of the Chikviladze, and the discussions about for the Control of Vector Borne Diseases region; how to set up the Environmental Part in Southern Caucasus and Central Asia of the Project in Georgia were initiated. • presenting measures to safeguard stock- (in short: the DDT-project), aims to: (a) Additional meetings took place during piles; and demonstrate the applicability and cost-ef- the HCH Forum in Gabala, Azerbaijan fectiveness of alternatives to DDT for vec- • communicating on the hazards of DDT (September 2011) between MKI, Green tor control in the selected demonstration to specifc target groups. Cross and a representative of the MoEP sites (outcome 1); (b) develop national and the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA). capacity for planning and implementation The Environmental part of the DDT proj- At the Steering Committee meeting in of vector control in the context of integrat- ect will assist participating countries with Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan), in November 2011, ed vector management (IVM) (outcome identifcation, inventory, priority setting, the MoEP was not represented, but the

107 National Environmental Agency from ing Agency of the DDT Project) to provide and agreed upon by MKI and the MoEP in Georgia participated in the meeting upon support to fnalising a nation-wide inven- consultation with GC/UNEP, and agreed at request of the MoEP. The last meeting tory of obsolete pesticides in Georgia with the national level. then took place in June 2012 in Tbilisi the support by the DDT project; with Ekaterine Imerlishvili, the successor For defning the scope of the inventory in to Khatuna Chikviladze. Despite the nu- 2. Based on a positive response, MKI, in Georgia, the MoEP needs to inform the merous discussions, no fnal joint view on close cooperation with the MoEP, will DDT-Project about the inventories that al- the roles and responsibilities between the prepare the scope of the inventory, Terms ready have been undertaken in the country, different project partners could be reached of References, a fnancial plan and a time the amount inventoried as well as an esti- and as a result no activities have been car- plan; mation of how many sites still need to be ried out within the DDT-Project in Geor- inventoried. The Ministry of Agriculture 3. These documents will, after review by gia so far. has recently inventoried 15 sites within the GC/UNEP, be approved on the level of the FAO GEF project on Capacity Building During the SC meeting (September 2012) Georgian National Steering Committee; on Obsolete and POPs Pesticides in East- in Chisinau (Moldova) of the EU FAO ern European Caucasus and Central Asian 4. Execution of the inventory is planned Project on Improving capacities to elim- Countries (EECCA project). It can be that for early 2013. The national inventory will inate and prevent recurrence of obsolete no or few additional sites for inventory include analytical laboratory identifcation pesticides as a model for tackling unused will be found. In that case, the scope for of samples (especially for DDT, as the hazardous chemicals in the former Soviet fnalizing the national inventory in Geor- DDT project plans to repack DDT or asso- Union, the UNEP representative Martin gia can focus on consolidation of existing ciated waste); Murin, MKI, Green Cross and MoEP rep- inventory data (into PSMS), on checks of resentative Ekaterine Imerlishvili had an- 5. Based on the inventory data and project existing inventory data when deemed nec- other meeting and decided on the follow- results from the UNDP project at the La- essary and possibly research into smaller ing steps to be taken (see also the e-mail gluja landfll, the priorities will be agreed stocks of obsolete pesticides (establish if sent by UNEP representative Martin Marin upon between the DDT Project partners such smaller amounts exist and estimation on 25.09.2012 to Ekaterine Imerlishvili and the Georgian National Steering of amounts). In the last case, it can be that and Project partners): Committee on repackaging. These prior- such an inventory is a part of an NGO ities should whenever possible allow the information campaign; individual farmers DDT-project to reach its goal of repackag- and citizens will have to be approached 1. The MoEP has several times expressed ing 60 tonnes of DDT or associated waste; as often individuals own smaller amounts the wish to complete a nation-wide inven- of obsolete pesticides. The people already tory in Georgia. Therefore, the MoEP will 6. The awareness raising campaign, which trained on inventory and PSMS from pre- send a request to Green Cross (as Execut- is part of the DDT project, will be planned vious projects (e.g. EECCA-project) are

108 expected to be involved in the fnalisation overlap. Persons trained in one project are phase of a full nation-wide inventory. involved in other projects where possible. When there is a need additional persons As funds for POPs inventory and safe- will be trained in the country in order to guarding are very limited, the DDT Proj- establish or broaden local capacity. The ect looks at coordinating efforts between DDT project agreed to cooperate with projects (e.g. EU FAO, EECCA, FAO-TPP the FAO/Turkey Partnership Programme projects) and tries to support countries Initiative for Pesticides and Pest Manage- on issues that have not been or will not ment in Central Asia and Turkey, 2010- be addressed by the other projects. The 1012 (FAO-TPP project), that is active in idea is that projects will do follow-on Kyrgyzstan as well. The overall objective steps and do not overlap. Persons trained of this project is to assist the countries in one project are involved in other proj- of Central Asia, with a specifc focus on ects where possible. When there is a need Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan additional persons will be trained in the and Uzbekistan, to reduce risks to health country in order to establish or broaden and environment from obsolete pesticide local capacity. For Georgia this means that stockpiles and from pesticides in current the EECCA project has trained persons on and future use. The project outputs will inventory, PSMS, repackaging and aware- be: a) a detailed inventory of obsolete pes- ness raising and supported the country in ticides b) technical capacity building to executing an inventory of 15 sites. The strengthen pesticides management, and c) DDT project will - as discussed above - implementing proven methodologies for support the country with further inventory Where possible cooperation will be estab- obsolete pesticide management and pesti- (with a special interest in DDT stocks and lished with the ongoing UNDP project at cide risk reduction. associated waste) and with a pilot project the Iagluja dumpsite in Georgia. on repackaging (again of DDT or associ- Within the FAO TPP project, a training on inventory was held 19-29 June 2011 in ated waste) of approximately 60 metric Kyrgyzstan Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. Several participants tonnes. Finally the above mentioned EU The DDT Project looks at establishing from Kyrgyzstan attended this training: FAO project will support the country with synergy between projects and tries to sup- disposal of these stocks. A schematic report countries on issues that have not been 1. Janybek Derbishaliev - Head of the fection of cooperation between projects in done or will not be done in other projects Department of Chemicalisation and Plant the case of Georgia is as follows: on obsolete pesticides. The idea is that Protection, Ministry of Agriculture; projects will do follow-on steps and do not

109 2. Vladimir Pak – Deputy Head of Depart- Bank project (2008-2009). Currently a tonnes of DDT or DDT containing waste ment of Chemicalisation and Plant Protec- nation-wide inventory in Kyrgyzstan has from priority sites. This plan will be sent tion, Ministry of Agriculture; been fnalised. to the NSC for endorsement. 3. Almaz Alakunov – Chief Specialist of In December 2012, a training on FAO’s Based on the FAO TPP project’s fnalisa- Department of Chemicalisation and Plant Pesticides Stock Management System is tion of the nation-wide inventory in Ta- Protection, Ministry of Agriculture; planned to be organised. This will provide jikistan and the risk priorities endorsed by the country with the tool to have all in- the NSC, the DDT project will then take 4. Keneshbek Jumabekov - Senior Spe- ventory data consolidated and to have an the next step and use the inventory data cialist, State Ecological Control Depart- overview of which sites pose the largest to make a repackaging plan for approx- ment, Ministry of Environment; risk with regard to pesticides and environ- imately 60 tonnes of DDT or DDT con- ment. taining waste. The EU FAO-project will 5. Gulnara Saryeva - Sanitary Inspector, follow up with disposal of the 60 tonnes State Sanitary Epidemiological Depart- In early November 2012, MKI represen- of repacked DDT and DDT containing ment, Ministry of Health; tative Wouter Pronk will visit both Tajik- waste, and will also research possibilities istan and Kyrgyzstan. One of the aims of 6. Indira Zhakipova – NGO EKOIS and of disposal of approximately 90 tonnes of this mission is to meet with the structures local MKI coordinator DDT project repacked obsolete pesticides that is cur- that can serve as the coming National rently stored in Osh Oblast. A schematic Steering Committee for the DDT project After this training, between 11-16 March refection of cooperation between projects and also other projects (such as the EU 2012, FAO consultant Khatuna Akhalaia is as follows: FAO-project Improving capacities to guided the inventory team (in which all eliminate and prevent recurrence of ob- above mentioned persons took part) during solete pesticides as a model for tackling the frst phase of the inventory. Khatuna unused hazardous chemicals in the former Akhalia visited Kyrgyzstan again between Soviet Union, that has started in Kyr- 17-23 September 2012 at the start of the gyzstan already and is expected to start second phase of inventory. The FAO TPP in Tajikistan in the near future). UNEP project conducted inventories at 119 sites representative Martin Murin has visited in Ysyk-Kul Oblast, Narin Oblast, Talas Kyrgyzstan in July 2012, amongst others Oblast and Batken Oblast. Jalalabad and to communicate the necessity of the NSC Osh Oblasts were not inventoried in the to the country and to discuss the set-up frame work of the FAO TPP project be- of such an NSC. After the PSMS data are cause it was done already within a MKI clear, MKI will make a repackaging plan project (2006-2008) and TAUW World and budget plan and will look to repack 60

110 ever to repack only once it is clear that the obsolete pesticide management and pesti- repacked waste can be transported imme- cide risk reduction. diately within the EU FAO project. Within the FAO TPP project, a training on Tajikistan inventory was held on the 19-29th June The DDT Project looks at establishing 2011 in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. Several synergy between projects and tries to sup- participants from Tajikistan attended this port countries on issues that have not been training: done or will not be done in other projects 1. Vohidov Abdumavlon - The Deputy on obsolete pesticides. The idea is that Head of the State Institute on Plant Protec- projects will do follow-on steps and do not tion and Agricultural Chemicalisation, the overlap. Persons trained in one project are Ministry of Agriculture; involved in other projects where possible. When there is a need additional persons 2. Alimardonov Qayumars - The main will be trained in the country in order to specialist of the Department on Control of establish or broaden local capacity. The Land Use and Protection, the Ministry of DDT project agreed to cooperate with Environment; the FAO/Turkey Partnership Programme Initiative for Pesticides and Pest Manage- 3. Alijonov Kholmurod - The Head of the ment in Central Asia and Turkey, 2010- Environmental Sanitation Department of 1012 (FAO-TPP project), that is active in the State Sanitary Epidemiological Ser- Tajikistan as well. The overall objective vices, the Ministry of Health; of this project is to assist the countries A point of concern at this moment for of Central Asia, with a specifc focus on After this training, between 8th and 11th Kyrgyzstan is the fact that cross border Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan May 2012, FAO consultant, Khatuna transport of hazardous waste may be prob- and Uzbekistan, to reduce risks to health Akhalaia, led the inventory team (in which lematic and therefore it may take time and environment from obsolete pesticide all above mentioned persons took part) before the repacked waste can be disposed stockpiles and from pesticides in current during the frst phase of the inventory. of. This may mean that the DDT project and future use. The project outputs will During this phase, the inventory team vis- will look into possibilities of supporting be: a) a detailed inventory of obsolete pes- ited the Khatlonski Region and the Kur- the country with interim storage of the ticides b) technical capacity building to gantubinskaia Zone. In total, 22 sites were repacked 60 tonnes of DDT and DDT con- strengthen pesticides management, and c) inventoried. It is planned that the second taining waste. A preferred solution is how- implementing proven methodologies for phase of the inventory will take place in

111 November 2012; the Sogdiiskii Region (7 the set-up of such an NSC. After risk pri- rayons) and the Regions of the Republican oritisation has been done with the help of Subordination (5 regions) will be inven- the PSMS, MKI will make a repackaging toried. After the second phase is over, it is plan and associated budget to repack 60 expected that the nation-wide inventory of tonnes of DDT or associated waste from the country is completed. The DDT plans priority sites. This plan will be sent to the to provide fnancial support to eventual NSC for endorsement. lab analysis of the samples. In December 2012, a training on FAO’s Pesticides Stock One of the results of the FAO TPP project Management System will be organised. will be a nation-wide inventory in Tajik- This will provide the country with the tool istan. The DDT project will then take the to have all inventory data consolidated and next step and use the inventory data to to have an overview of which sites pose make a repackaging plan for approximate- the largest risk with regard to pesticides ly 60 tonnes of DDT or DDT containing and the environment. waste. The EU FAO project will follow up with the disposal of the repacked obsolete In early November 2012, MKI represen- pesticides. A schematic refection of coop- tative, Wouter Pronk, will visit both Ta- eration between the projects is as follows: jikistan and Kyrgyzstan. One of the aims At this moment, a point of concern for Ta- of this mission is to meet with the struc- jikistan is the fact that cross border trans- tures that can serve as National Steering port of hazardous waste may be problem- Committees for the DDT project and also atic; therefore, it may take time before the other projects (such as the EU FAO proj- repacked waste can be disposed of. This ect Improving capacities to eliminate and may mean that the DDT project will look prevent recurrence of obsolete pesticides into possibilities of supporting the coun- as a model for tackling unused hazardous try with interim storage of the repacked chemicals in the former Soviet Union, 60 tonnes of DDT and DDT containing which has already started in Kyrgyzstan, waste. A preferred solution is, however, and is expected to start in Tajikistan in the to repack only once it is clear that the re- near future). UNEP representative, Martin packed waste can be transported immedi- Murin, amongst others, visited Tajikistan ately within the EU FAO project. in July 2012, to communicate the necessity of the NSC to the country and to discuss

112 PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE LLIN DEPLOYMENT AND R. L. Denny OTHER ALTERNATIVES TO DDT FOR THE CONTROL International Consultant OF VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES on Pesticide Risk Reduction IN SOUTHERN CAUCASUS AND CENTRAL ASIA Vilnius, Lithuania

Abstract fectively ended the use of DDT in agricul- Thus, DDT gained favour for some of the In the frst years of the new millennium, ture, it did leave the door open for indoor reasons that the insecticide frst attracted uses for disease vector control. Five years attention in the 1940’s and 1950’s: applications of DDT (dichlorodiphenyl- later, the World Health Organization re- trichloroethane) for all purposes ebbed to leased a position statement advocating the • Broad spectrum of effcacy; its lowest use-rate since World War II. The use of DDT for indoor residual spraying • Low mammalian toxicity; 3 nations in the Americas that reported (IRS) (Sadasivaiah 2007). The trigger for continued use of the insecticide curtained this recommendation appears to be that • Wide spectrum of uses or applications; their applications to almost zero by the the world public health community was year 2000 due to free trade agreements. In not making suffcient progress on the Roll • Low cost (a signifcant motivation); 2001, the Stockholm convention targeted Back Malaria Partnership’s goal of Mil- DDT and 11 other persistent organic pol- lennium Development Goal of achieving • Long duration (persistence). lutants for severe restrictions. The provi- near zero deaths from malaria by the year And of course, health offcials felt that the sion was approved without dissent by all 2015. By the middle of the frst decade of public beneft of using DDT outweighed of the approximately 150 convention del- the new century, it was clear that the goal environmental concerns due to the fact egations. It appeared that the long life of would be diffcult to achieve in less than that the DDT was not intended for outdoor the once ubiquitous pesticide had come to ten years, especially in the southern tropi- use (Blankespoor 2012; Meiners 2014). an end. In fact, this supposed demise may cal regions of Africa. By mortality impact, have been misleading, since the WHOPES malaria was the 5th leading infectious If the entire region of Central Asia, Trans- database1 showing a steady decline in disease worldwide. There were, and per- caucasia and the Middle East are taken global DDT use did not include the data haps still are, approximately 270 million into consideration as a unit, the risky side from India and Sub-Saharan nations other people, or 8% of the world’s population, of the equation is quite different from the than South Africa (Sadasivaiah 2007). at risk from malaria. In 2012, there were human vulnerability in Sub-Saharan Afri- 207 million diagnosed cases of malaria ca. In these Mid Eastern, Caucasian, and Although the Stockholm Convention ef- worldwide, but most (80%) of those were Asian regions, there are approximately 56, 1WHO Pesticides Evaluation Scheme in Sub-Saharan Africa(Observatory 2012). 000 deaths annually, which accounts for

113 only 3% of the global total. In this region, impact of malaria is particularly great. In put in place. Unfortunately, pesticides are the Plasmodium vivax is the predominant the regions outside of southern Africa, often used in lieu of sound physical pest malarial disease; however, there are oc- such as the Caucuses or Central Asia, management measures. Physical controls currences of the more deadly Plasmodium where the number of cases and mortality include: falciparum found in Yemen, Saudi Arabia, subside, the societal costs of malaria will • Empty any standing or stagnant water Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan, and southern go down. But if IRS uses DDT, then the from old tires, pots, tarps and any other Tajikistan (Dasgupta 2012, Observatory health costs from DDT spraying will replace where water accumulates; 2012). The disease risks are different in main constant (Blankespoor 2012) the Caucasusian-Asian region from those • Change the water in animal troughs at in Sub-Saharan Africa. The control strat- least 2 times per week; egies may also need different risk-beneft analyses. Alternatives to DDT IRS • Recycle any unused containers of any If DDT sprays for IRS are eliminated, kind; In 2012, the team of Blankespoor, there are still some alternatives that do not Dasgupta and Lagnoou developed tools to favour increased risks in either the bio- • Clear water from low places on roofs or analyse these relative risks and benefts. sphere or the humans living and working gutters; They began with a detailed global malaria in close proximity to regions where there • Screen cisterns or water barrels; map (Oxford University), overlaid it with are some malaria risks. Alternative con- Global Population Data (Landscan) and trols include: • Improve drainage wherever there are estimated economic losses due to the prev- low-lying places where water collects. alence of malaria in a population versus • Physical controls; the increase disease caused by IRS DDT • Other pesticide choices for IRS; Other pesticides could be used for IRS. exposures. From a global perspective, This is not always a good solution. The and certainly from a Sub-Saharan Africa • Space sprays; problem is that pyrethrum insecticides are one, the use of DDT IRS does positively the next logical choice, and although less • Biological controls; impact the $69 billion (2010 USD) in lost persistent, insect resistance to pyrethroids is now well documented and this class of productivity of all afficted populations. • Mosquito nets; However, the IRS spray also adds $28 pesticide would better serve as the pesti- billion USD from the burden of new DDT • Integrated vector management (IVM). cide of choice in Long Lasting Insecticidal spawned diseases and heath effects. This Nets (LLINs) for as long as possible. Oth- Physical Controls, the fundamental tools er chemicals are not as desirable due to risk beneft equation seems more justifed that eliminate habitat for breeding of mos- possible health effects. in Sub-Saharan Africa, where the negative quitos, should be the frst control measure

114 Space sprays are non-residual pesticides, (LLINs) are a product of the twenty-frst a populace may beneft from intervention often sprayed in an outdoor environment. century. These LLINs are a subset of the schemes that target geographical distribu- These applications are recommended for broad category of Insecticide Treated tion of LLINs addressing an uneven dis- urban areas where people congregate out- Nets (ITNs). Both the parent ITNs and ease pattern. doors. Space sprays are recommended for the subset LLINs are treated with insecti- epidemic malarial outbreaks only. cides designed to kill or repel mosquitoes. There are advantages to using ITNs in LLIN manufacturers bind or incorporate general and LLINs in particular. Five Biological controls consist of using or synthetic pyrethrum insecticides by one of studies show that ITNs reduced child mor- enhancing any living organisms to control four technologies into or onto fbres wo- tality by 18% (GlobalMalariaProgamme water borne larvae or disrupt the mating ven from 3 types of resins. Impregnation undated). Clinical incidence of malaria in process of the mosquitos. Larvivorous fsh or coating of the pyrethroid minimises the all age groups was reduced by 50%. The have been successfully used to depress the necessity for retreatment (Dobson 2011). benefts of using bed nets is not limited to numbers of maturing mosquitoes in aquat- the incidence of malaria but show reduc- ic environments. Two examples are Tila- In a recent position statement, the WHO tions to a range of other disease vectors: pia nilotica and Gambusa affnis. Cultured Global Malaria Programme (GMP) de- against nuisance mosquitoes, head lice and larvicides that are effective and the most scribes a shift in guidance for malaria pre- bed bugs. The use of LLINs have been widely used are: vention by recommending that “national found signifcantly less expensive than malaria control programmes and their the use of ITNs (less than 50%) and 4-5 Azadirachta indica (neem), Bacillus partners purchase only LLINs designed times less expensive than Indoor Residual thuringiensis israelensis, and Bacillus to maintain their biological effcacy for at Spraying (IRS) (GlobalMalariaProgamme sphaericus. More recently, public health least against vector mosquitoes for at least undated). offcials have released sterile male mos- three years in the feld (and this is key) quitos and have effectively disrupted a under recommended conditions of use, The universal success of employing signifcant portion of the reproductive obviating the need for regular insecticide LLINs for Integrated Vector Management cycle (CEAGAfrica 2006, PANGermany treatment.” The WHO GMP acknowl- (IVM) is not assured, despite these hope- undated). edges that Interior Residual Spraying ful statistical gains. Bednets are distribut- (IRS), combined with LLINs, may not ed globally by a number of mechanisms: Mosquito Nets alone or as a part of In- be completely effective in areas of ha- mass campaigns, routine distributions at tegrated Vector Management where nets lo-endemic malaria infestations in for in- clinics, and subsidy vouchers allowing are used in conjunction with any of the stance, sub-Saharan Africa.(GlobalMalar- lower cost purchases at retail vendors. other previously mentioned intervention iaProgamme undated) In low transmission Recent studies have looked at the societal measures are another alternative. Al- areas where all age groups are vulnerable, conditions that promote longevity in the though developed some years earlier, e.g. the southern tier of the CIS nations, intended use of LLINs. The studies show affordable Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets that if the value of the netting material is

115 greater than the perceived risk for malaria, to the End-of-Life management. Not only and distribution can protect a local popula- then adaptive uses for the LLINs/ITNs should most adaptive uses be discour- tion as well as the environment. result: fsh nets, garden barriers, privacy aged, but also a managed disposal plan screens, and more. Impregnated nets have will beneft the environment. The physical dossiers on acceptable risks only if em- condition of most LLINs reaches a critical ployed for interior uses. There are few, stage usually long before the insecticide is if any, comprehensive studies to support depleted. The shards of often dirty, ripped low level leaching into the environment net material, left in the open, may contrib- outdoors. Pyrethroids show acceptable ute to aquatic invertebrate suppression and exposure and risk assessment for humans, the now documented resistance of anoph- but are toxic in low levels to, for exam- eles mosquitoes to synthetic pyrethrums. ple: aquatic species. Recent sociological Managed collection and recycling/ investigations have found that distribution waste-to-energy are feasible as long as the techniques that utilize a cadre of trained health workers that go into the home and controls are similar to those imposed on hang the nets for the frst time and de- recovered pesticide containers (Dobson scribe care and maintenance are the most 2011) (Ng 2011). likely methods to assure longevity for LLINs’ intended purpose: sleep protec- Conclusion tion. The governments that employ these Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets are one of public health workers are also more likely the best tools available for Integrated Vec- to have a feedback system that identifes tor Management for the protection of low- local taboos, sleeping patterns and other er risk populations from malaria. Coupled needs that impact longevity of use. Dis- with physical and possibly biological con- ease intervention efforts have been found trols, the LLIN based strategy could re- less effective if the donors, and national public health agencies insisted in purchas- duce the need to employ high-risk controls ing only one type or size of net, perhaps, that include DDT interior spraying. Nets, in a colour that had a negative association like every other public heath intervention, (Study 2013). are not without risks. For longevity of use and maximum protection for humans and As a part of deploying thousands of nets in the environment, proper planning, educa- a given area, consideration must be given tion of the users, and careful net selection

116 Observatory, G. H. (2012). “Number of Malaria References Cases.” Global Health Observatory. 2014, from Blankespoor, B. S. D. A. L., S. Roy (2012). Health http://www.who.int/gho/malaria/epidemic/cases/en/. Costs and Benefts of DDT Use in Malaria Control and Prevention. D. R. Group. Washington, World PANGermany (undated). Environmental Strategies Bank: 32. to Replace DDT and Control Malaria. P. A. N. DE. CEAGAfrica (2006). Approaches to Effective Hamburg. Malaria Control that Avoid DDT in Kenya: Use of Sadasivaiah, S. Y. T. J. B. (2007). “Dichlorodi- Baccillus Thuringiensis israelensis (BTi). Interna- phenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual tional POPs Elimination Project. Nairobi, African Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Ma- Center for Environmental Advocacy and Gover- laria Control.” American Society of Tropical Medi- nance (CEAG Africa). cine and Hygiene NBK1724. Dasgupta, S. (2012). Health Costs of DDT Use in Study, W. P. (2013). Recycling or Disposal of Malaria Control and Prevention. Let’s Talk Devel- Insecticide Treated Nets used for Disease Vector opment. Control, WHO. Dobson, H., et al. (2011). Technical Working Group Report on Pilot Study in KE, MG, TZ. Greenwich,UK, Natural Resources Institute.

GlobalMalariaProgamme (undated). Insecti- cidal-Treated Mosquito Nets: A WHO Position Statement. G. M. Programme. Geneva, World Health Organization.

Meiners, R. A. M. (2014). “Pesticides & Property Rights.” PERC Policy Series 22. 2014.

Ng, C., A. B. Acuna (2011). Environmental Risk Assessment for Repurposing and Uncontrolled Disposal of Long-Lasting Insectidie-Treated (LLIN) Bednets. Zurich CH, ETH.

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FAO SESSION: PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT:

MORE FOOD LESS RISK

118 RESULTS FROM THE LEGAL ASSESSMENT OF PESTICIDES I. Kireeva MANAGEMENT IN THE EASTERN EUROPE, CAUCASUS FAO International AND CENTRAL ASIA COUNTRIES Legal Consultant

GCP/RER/040/EC

Background and objective of the involved for the transportation of waste • revised, made comments on the Nation- legal assignment from CACs to incineration facilities in al Reports with assessment of the legal Europe make that option very unattractive frameworks for the management of pesti- The current project is aimed at developing and urge fnding a possible local solution. cides and waste, including POPs and obso- capacity for management of hazardous Under this project, a study of capacity to lete pesticides waste prepared by the NC. wastes through the example of obsolete treat these hazardous materials is pre- pesticides and persistent organic pollutants scribed. The International Legal Expert also sup- (POPs). There is an estimated 200,000 ported the identifcation, recruitment and tonnes of these materials known to be af- The idea of the Legal Component of this briefng of the National Legal Consultants. fecting the Russian Federation, EC near project is to review legal frameworks for neighbour countries (such as Armenia, pesticides and waste management for each On the basis of the received National Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova of the 12 listed countries. This review was Country Reports, the International Legal and the Ukraine) and the Central Asian made by National Consultants (hereinafter Consultant will do the following: Countries (CACs) - Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz- referred as NC) and International Legal • Prepare a Comprehensive Legal Report stan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbeki- Consultant. with the results of the reviews from 12 stan. countries, including conclusions and rec- Some previous work on disposal of waste In order to ensure the uniform approach ommendations to strengthen the national from these countries was focused on to the analyses of legislation, the Inter- legal frameworks and meet the interna- exports of thousands of tones of pesticide national Legal Consultant carried out the tional requirements; stockpiles to high temperature incinera- following: • Prepare a corresponding Comparative tors operated commercially in EU Mem- • coordinated and organized the work of Matrix to illustrate the situation in relation ber States. Whilst this strategy meets all the National Consultants; to pesticides and waste management in 12 international environmental compliance • prepared guidelines and provided guid- countries on the basis of the information requirements, at the same time it is pro- ance in relation to what is expected by the provided from the National Legal Consul- hibitively expensive. The vast distances ToR from the NC; tants.

119 Key activities completed so far with In relation to institutional frameworks es- tance in the implementation and enforce- tablished in these countries the following ment of the law; the legal component can be suggested in order to strengthen The ToR of the FAO International Legal and improve the work of the governmental • Charging the authority with collecting Consultant clearly indicated that the fol- agencies / bodies: and sharing the information on pesticides lowing activities should be organised: management in general and pesticides in- • support in reviewing CVs of the candi- For Azerbaijan: cidents in particular; • In order to bring together all the relevant dates from the 12 countries and selection • Ensure smooth information exchange of the National Consultants; actors, an establishment of the Pesticides Board or Commission; across sectors, as well as regions (particu- • coordination of work of the recruited Na- larly, in the situation when such a number tional Consultants; • Involvement of other governmental units of agencies is involved in licensing vari- for assistance in the implementation and ous activities in relation to pesticides). • preparation of the Guidelines on relation enforcement of the Law; to what is expected by the ToR from the Kyrgyzstan: NC; • Collection of information on pesticides It is clear that the major challenge of Kyr- incidents, assessment of data on the use of gyzstan in relation to pesticides is coordi- • revision, making comments on the Na- pesticides, etc. nation of work of various agencies and de- tional Reports with assessment of the legal partments. The frst steps have been made frameworks for the management of pesti- For Kazakhstan: and the Coordination Commission for the cides and waste, including POPs and obso- Considering the multiplicity of various correct and proper management of chemi- lete pesticides waste prepared by the NC. agencies: cals has been established. It is too prema- ture to evaluate the activities of the Coor- • Identifying the primary competent au- So far, only three National Consultants dination Commission, but there are hopes thority to deal with the control of pes- were recruited – from Armenia, Kyr- that it will bring together all the relevant ticides (to be the coordinator of all the gyzstan and Tajikistan. The following actors and government units for assistance activities in relation to pesticides manage- countries have been assessed by the Inter- in the implementation and enforcement of ment, including disposal); national Legal Consultant: Azerbaijan, Ka- the legal provisions on pesticides manage- zakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, • Assigning the head of that authority to ment as well as control functions. Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan (Matrix in take responsibility for implementing pesti- Russia: Excel format was completed for each of cides law; these countries). It should be noted that the issues of pes- • Authorizing the competent authority to ticides and waste management are within call on other governmental units for assis- the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Fed-

120 eration and the subjects of the Russian are no new legal acts regulating manage- • Identify the primary competent authority Fderation. In accordance with Article ments of pesticides and it looks that de to deal with the control of pesticides (to be 76(2) of the Constitution: “On the issues facto SanPin of the former Soviet Union the coordinator of all the activities in rela- under the joint jurisdiction of the Russian is still in force - Sanitary rules on storage, tion to pesticides management, including Federation and subjects of the Russian transportation and use of pesticides (in- disposal); Federation federal laws shall be issued secticides) in agriculture, approved by the and laws and other normative acts of the Chief Medical Offcer of the USSR Sep- • Assign the head of that authority to take subjects of the Russian Federation shall tember 20, 1973 N 1123-73. the responsibility for implementing pesti- be adopted according to them”. So, legal cides law; framework is a combination of the Federal Ukraine: • Authorize the competent authority to call Laws, regulations and normative acts, as In October 1993, the Cabinet of Minis- on other government units for assistance well as laws of the subjects of the Russian ters of Ukraine has established the State in the implementation and enforcement of Federation (in total 83, consisting of re- Interdepartmental Commission for the the law; publics, regions, oblasts, cities of federal Testing and Registration of pesticides and signifcance, an autonomous oblast and agrochemicals (“Ukrgoskhimkomissiya”). • Charge the authority with collecting and autonomous okrugs, which have equal In November 1993, this Commission has sharing information on pesticides manage- rights as constituent entities of the Russian approved a temporary position on the pro- ment in general and pesticides incidents in Federation). So, for effective pesticides cedure for state testing and registration of particular; management, better coordination between pesticides. This Commission has no con- the Federal and Regional (subjects of trolling functions in relation to pesticides. • Ensure smooth information exchange the Russian Federation) authorities is re- According to statistics in the Ukraine, over across sectors, as well as regions (particu- quired. the period from 1940-1980, crop losses larly, in the situation when such a number due to pests and weeds have doubled, of agencies is involved in licensing vari- Tajikistan: while the use of pesticides has increased ous activities in relation to pesticides). In the light of the absence of information by 10 times. on the specially authorized state body for The Final Phase of the project will be the production and safe handling of pes- Uzbekistan: the completion of the remaining country ticides and agrochemicals in Tajikistan, it It is clear that the Interdepartmental Com- reports and preparation of the Comprehen- is not possible to provide legal analyses of mission of Uzbekistan does not carry out sive Legal Report (with the results of the the control functions of that body or any any controlling functions in relation to reviews from 12 countries, including con- concrete recommendations. pesticides. clusions and recommendations to strengthen the national legal frameworks and meet Turkmenistan: In the light of that, it can be recommended the international requirements), as well For Turkmenistan, it appears that there to:

121 as Corresponding Comparative Matrix by the FAO Legal Department. It presents identical in relation to pesticides manage- can only be completed on the basis of the in a concise manner all the work conduct- ment, but certain common trends and sim- National Reports as well as supporting ed by the International Legal Expert and ilarities of particular problems have been information received from the National National Experts of the countries during identifed during the legal analyses. This Consultants. the execution of this project. The Final is why some recommendations and sug- Report consists of four major parts: gestions are given to particular countries There is an apparent risk that recruitment – for example, in relation to Institutional of the National Consultants (for Moldova 1) Introduction with links to the Interna- Framework and Administrative Structures and Belarus) will be delayed and that will tional Context in relation to pesticides, set up by the Governments. In relation to have a negative impact on the analyses participation of the counties under exam- assessment of certain aspects of the na- and preparation of the Comprehensive Fi- ination in international treaties; tional legislation, it was more appropriate nal Report by the International Legal Con- 2) Overview of Institutional and Legal to conduct analyses and provide comments sultant in due time. However, at the mo- referring to the substance of the provisions ment, everything is being done to facilitate Frameworks in relation to pesticides management prepared by the National Experts and defciencies found in a number of the timely commencement of the work and countries. all the necessary preparations have been and International Legal Expert; completed. 3) Comparative Analyses of National The Final Recommendations of the Report Legislation with major outcomes of the will be presented in Section “Conclu- As part of the ToR, the FAO International sions”. These recommendations concern Legal Expert took part in the Regional assessment, which briefy outlines the differences and similarities of legal aspects general aspects of pesticides management Workshop on 8th of October 2013 (origin the reviewed countries and specifc sug- inally planned to take place in Armenia, in pesticides management in ten countries (if there will be no National Experts for gestions to particular countries in relation Yerevan and further moved to Kvarali to the established legal frameworks. – Georgia). The presentation on Legal As- Moldova and Belarus), and provides rec- sessment of the Pesticides Management in ommendations and suggestions; The legal analyses of the national legis- the Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central 4) Recommendations and suggestions lation form the bases for the following Asian countries has been made. from the International Legal Expert in recommendations to improve the legal relation to improvement of regulatory framework on pesticides management in Major legal fndings in relations to framework of pesticide management in ten the reviewed countries. It should be also pesticides management countries. highlighted that the major diffculty in the assessment of the national laws on pesti- The Final Report will be prepared in line The situation in the Eastern Europe, Cau- cides management was in their multiplici- with the Terms of Reference and specifc casus and Central Asia countries is not ty and overlapping scopes of various nor- Guidelines for the Structure as requested mative legal acts. Another typical feature

122 for all 6 countries - to fnd fundamental as recommended by the Code of Conduct secondary legislation and therefore most and essential provisions and principles of (Article 1.7). of the details concerning particularities safe use of pesticides not in the laws, but of registration were not assessed by these in secondary legislation: regulations, stan- Therefore, the recommendation in light analyses (among them confdentiality of dards, rules, etc. of that will be to consider the importance trade secrets, types of fnal decisions of of the international treaties and participa- the registration body, etc). At the same Structure of the national legal acts tion of the courtiers in these international time, it is clear that registration is always The structure of the legal acts on pesti- instruments more seriously and actively based on the conclusion of the scientifc cides depends on the general legal system, and overall policy objective to reduction results of trials. the legal context, the Constitution of the of the pesticides use and dependency on country and existing legislation, priorities pesticides. Import / Export of the Government, applicable policies All countries under review have similar and resources available for implementa- Defnitions of the terms provisions with requirements to import / tion. For this reason all 6 countries can It can be generally recommended in rela- export only those plant protection products be divided into 2 unequal categories – 5 tion to defnitions and interpretations of and agrochemicals that have been regis- countries of the former Soviet Union and 1 the terms used in the national legislation tered. However, in case of Tajikistan it is country, which closely followed in the past to align them with the international defni- not clear which Governmental Body con- few years the EU model of food safety and tions and include all the terms in relation ducts the registration. Moreover, consider- controls and achieved considerable prog- to pesticides management. ing that out of 6 reviewed countries only ress in pesticides management. one ratifed the Rotterdam Convention Registration of pesticides (Kyrgyzstan) there are no national provi- In relation to registration of pesticides all Scope and coverage of the national laws sions in relation to notifcation of the sec- countries under review have provided in It can be concluded that an important retariat of the Convention on the imported their legislation for mandatory registra- drawback of all the reviewed nation- chemicals. Also, it is not clear how the tion system, however, it is not clear what al legal acts is in the fact that although border inspection control is conducted to is the body responsible for registration in they cover various aspects of pesticides enforce the provisions of the national laws Tajikistan. In relation to all 6 countries management, however, these acts do not in relation to import and expert (however, it can be noted that it is not clear wheth- mention that they have been developed in the issue of controls will be addressed by er the designed systems encourage the order to assist the country in meeting its the specifc section of this Report). international obligations. There is also no use of fewer or less toxic pesticides, and reference to the need of reduction of risks discourage the contrary – at least no spe- Licensing of activities in relation to due to the pesticide use or the importance cifc legal provisions are found during pesticides of reducing overall dependency on pesti- these legal analyses. The application and cides, registration process is set out by national • This sector seems to be the weakest point

123 in the national legal systems. In Azerbai- transportation of pesticides can be con- Transportation and distribution jan, the law does not require legal entities ducted without a licence. General conclusion in relation to trans- to have a license for production of pesti- portation and distribution of pesticides cides or biological preparations. It is now • No secondary legislation of Tajikistan is that national legislation of most of the clear if licensing of activities in relation on licensing was found. It is also not clear countries under review does not follow to pesticides is covered by other legisla- who issues such licences. international standards for the transport of tion of Azerbaijan. If that is not the case, dangerous goods. There are no clear pro- • It appears that, frst of all, no specif- absence of licensing can be considered as visions that prohibit the transport of pesti- ic legislation in relation to licensing of a serious problem and a drawback in rela- cides in the same vehicles as passengers, activities in relation to plant protection tion to management of pesticides in gener- animals, food and animal feed. In Tajiki- products / pesticides exists in Uzbekistan. al in the country. stan, there is a principle of free circulation There is a Decree in relation to explo- of pesticides (like any other goods) estab- sives and toxic substances, materials and • It appears that not all the activities in lished and confrmed by the law. There are products with their applications, which relation to pesticides management are no licences required for transport activities indirectly covers pesticides. However, not subject to licensing in Kazakhstan – for with pesticides. The distribution of regis- all the activities in relation to pesticides example, it is not clear whether storage, tered pesticides is also permitted without management are subject to licensing in labelling, packing, re-packing and trans- a licence (with the exception of Kazakh- Uzbekistan – for example, it is not clear portation of pesticides can be conducted stan). So, it can be recommended to follow whether packing, re-packing, labelling and without a licence. international standards for the transport of transportation of pesticides can be con- dangerous goods, set out requirements for • It appears that not all the activities in ducted without a licence. vehicles and containers, introduce licens- relation to pesticides management are sub- ing and inspections of the vehicles and ject to licensing in Kyrgyzstan – for exam- It seems that there are no provisions in the operators that conduct transport activities. ple, it is not clear whether manufacturing, national legislation of the countries under review backing up the licensing scheme storage, packing, re-packing, labelling and Labelling with inspections. This undermines the transportation of pesticides can be con- The overall recommendations in relation entire idea of licensing, as the competent ducted without a licence. to legal assessment of national provisions authority should have the power to revoke on labelling of pesticides can be summa- a licence if inspections reveal that prereq- rized as follows: • It appears that not all the activities in uisites are not met, if there is a violation relation to pesticides management are sub- of any conditions on which a licence •The national legislation should clearly ject to licensing in Kyrgyzstan – for exam- was granted or if new facts come to light state that labelling requirements apply ple, it is not clear whether manufacturing, which would have led to the denial of the equally to domestically manufactures or storage, packing, re-packing, labelling and application in the frst instance. imported pesticides and be in the lan-

124 guages of the country and include pictoral Packaging and re-packaging quire that packaging or re-packaging only representations adequate to the national In light of the above presented analyses of take place on licensed premises, where literacy level. the national legal provisions in relation to staff is adequately protected. packaging of pesticide products and evi- • In addition, national technical norms dent gaps in safe management, the follow- Storage should address the issue of physical re- ing can be recommended: In the light of the above-mentioned gener- quirements for the label and rules for af- al legal provisions in relation to storage of fxing labels on packages. • Specifc technical requirements for pack- pesticides, it can be recommended to: aging and re-packaging should be adopted • There should be requirements that labels or clearly presented in the national legal • Differentiate between private, end-user are subject to pre-approval at the regis- framework in line with the detailed FAO or home storage and bulk / commercial tration authority during the registration International Guidelines for Packaging storage (no such differentiation is found in process. and Storage of Pesticides; the assessed national provisions); • For countries, parties to the Rotterdam • Such technical requirements for packag- • Impose record-keeping requirements on Convention (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and ing and re-packaging should be incorpo- those storing pesticides (again national Tajikistan) requirements that labels in- rated into the registration process; provisions are too general and even this clude the appropriate WCO customs code important principle of record-keeping is should be adopted. • Specifc national technical requirements not mentioned); for packaging and re-packaging should It is also appropriate to note that nation- require packaging that is safe, will not de- • Prohibit the reuse of a pesticide contain- al legislation of the reviewed countries grade under normal conditions, does not er for any non-pesticide storage reason, does not mention or refer to safety data resemble common packaging of consum- unless authorized; sheets (SDS). An SDS is a specifc form able goods, has a child safety mechanism, • Indicate the type of containers required containing information on the hazard po- prominently displays the approved label and set out the rules for construction of tential of the pesticide product. There are and is diffcult or unattractive for re-use; specifc obligations in relation to contents storage buildings; of the SDS and in order to comply with • Specifc national technical requirements • Establish special requirements for stor- the Rotterdam Convention, an SDS must for packaging and re-packaging should age of obsolete pesticide stocks. be sent to each importer. So, it can be rec- prohibit the re-packaging or decanting of ommended to follow these international pesticide into food or drink containers; Advertising standards, too. In the absence of any specifc provisions • It can be considered to ban re-packing if on advertising of pesticides in Kazakhstan, effective controls are not possible and re- it can be recommended to set out specifc

125 requirements for pesticides advertising in posal obligations in line with the interna- • There should be increased trainings and line with international guidelines and pro- tional guidelines. education sessions for strengthening the hibit the advertising of unregistered and il- political commitment to reduce the risks legal pesticides, false or misleading adver- Record-keeping and controls associated with pesticides and overall re- tising of pesticides or advertising contrary It can be recommended very strongly to duction of the use of pesticides. to approved uses or label instructions. strengthen the system of controls in rela- National legislation of other countries in tion to management of pesticides in the • It is necessary to promote regional and relation to advertising of pesticides can be reviewed countries. sub-regional cooperation, exchange of in- also updated and amended in line with the formation and experience in felds related WHO and FAO Guidelines on Pesticide Way forward – Suggestions from to pesticides (including border inspection protection and overall control experience). Advertising (adopted in March 2010). legal assesment Disposal The role of the government and competent • Further support for capacity building in National provisions in relation to disposal authorities in the management of pesti- the feld of rational use of pesticides at the of pesticides contained in the presented cides is different in different countries, but national and regional levels, including the above legal acts appear to be too general, needs to be strengthened in almost all the mobilization of fnancial resources. not complete or fragmented. Assessment countries represented at this project. Inter- • From the practical side, it can be recom- of specifc provisions was not possible governmental / interagency cooperation is mended to provide support for the analysis for Turkey, Tajikistan, and Azerbaijan. a key factor for achieving the sustainable of the country and the needs of the assess- However, according to the FAO Contact use of pesticides and reduction of risk. The ment programmes to strengthen the capac- Persons in these countries, the storage Final Report provides the following gen- ity to manage the use of pesticides on the rules have been developed in line with the eral suggestions in relation to management basis of inter-sectoral and multi-stakehold- international requirements and the Code of pesticides at the national levels: er approaches. of Conduct. Situation with disposal in • The need for workshops to discuss the Uzbekistan appears to be not very clear outcomes of the legal assessment with the • Crucial for safe pesticides management – since manufacturers of plant protection national competent authorities responsible is monitoring of all steps after the reg- products are responsible for developing for registration and pesticides manage- istration of pesticides, including quality methods of disposal, there are no controls ment (preferably with participation of the control and surveillance systems for coun- foreseen over these activates and this does national representatives in the areas of terfeiting and drug traffcking and use. not follow international guidelines for dis- health, agriculture, transport and the envi- • Overall awareness raising in relation to posal of empty pesticide containers, relat- ronment) for the development of policies, the use of pesticides and possible adverse ed waste and unused or obsolete pesticide updating and modifying the legislation, effects. stocks. It can be recommended to develop strengthening registration process and con- and adopt specifc rules in relation to dis- trol methods associated with pesticides. 126 EXPERIENCES IN IMPLEMENTING INTEGRATED H. Muminjanov, T. Asikoglu, F. Dusunceli PEST MANAGEMENT PROJECTS IN CENTRAL ASIA K. Melan, J. Breithaupt, A. Nersisyan

Abstract

Many farmers do not have adequate of FFS to promote modern crop manage- knowledge of disease and pest control, Conference on Promotion of IPM in Tur- ment and pest control technologies, TCP/ key were conducted. crop and land management and also ani- KYR/3305 and TCP/TAJ/3401 - Assis- mal husbandry in Central Asia (CA) due to tance for Capacity Development in Locust the specialisation during the Soviet times. Control and GCP/INT/193/IFA - Reducing FAO provides assistance in strengthening Keywords risks of wheat rusts threatening livelihood FAO, FFS, IPM, Pest Control, Central capacity of the National Plant Protection of resource-poor farmers through moni- Asia. Organizations and strengthening national toring and early warning. In addition to frameworks for pesticide management to the projects, activities such as technical Introduction respond to the challenges regarding pests assistance in conducting monitoring and and pesticide control in CA. FAO is pro- Trends on population growth in the coun- surveillance of cereals pests and diseases tries of SEC sub-region demonstrate that moting adoption of Integrated Pest Man- is provided in the sub-region including agement (IPM) in the sub-region by im- the sub-regional challenges compared to Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Ta- the global one are more serious. During plementing a number of projects and using jikistan and Uzbekistan. Regional Training the tool of Farmer Field Schools (FFS), the last 50 years, the population increased Workshop on the Methods of Pest Sur- 2.5 times, and birth rate in the most of the which is a comparative advantage of FAO veillance, Survey and Control, Regional being implemented in different countries countries still remains high. With the pur- Expert Consultation on Cereals Diseases, pose of responding to the food demand, around the world. The projects under Pests, Weeds Monitoring and Cereals implementation by FAO in CA related to the intensive land reclamation has been Disease Resistance Breeding, Regional taking place, which resulted in the expan- IPM are as follows: TCP/TUR/3301- Pro- Workshop on Save and Grow: Promotion motion of Integrated Crop and Pest Man- sion of irrigated area up to 3 times and of Conservation Agriculture and Modern led to environmental problems. However, agement in vegetables, fruit orchards and Plant Protection Methods and National grapes, TCP/KYR/3403 - Development the area is limited, further expansion of irrigated lands is not possible and the area

127 under arable land per capita is declining, about 200,000 tones or 40% of world FAO response to the challenges in competition and conficts for land and wa- reserves that requires proper management Central Asia ter are raising. and elimination. To respond to the global challenges, the Based on the offcial statistics report, crop FAO has developed a paradigm Save & production in general, but let’s focus on Current and emerging challenges Grow (FAO, 2011) promoting growing production of wheat that is slowly grow- in SEC more with less spending. This book serves ing. Wheat is the main staple crop in all After collapse of the Soviet Union, farm- as a guideline for policymakers using a countries in the sub-region; thus, its con- ers faced with the knowledge defciency holistic approach for solving the problems, sumption rate is the highest in the world and access problem on training in crop and effcient and sustainable utilization of eco- – over 200 kg/year/capita. On the other land management, disease and pest control system services and inputs with conserv- hand, the production of wheat per capita as well as animal husbandry. The exten- ing and enhancing natural resources that is slightly declining, and wheat yields are sion services, credit and markets are also remaining very low. reduced environmental pollution. Save & poor. Therefore, capacity improvement is Grow provides the systems that are adapt- In addition, the serious infestation of quar- prerequisite for further development of ag- able to specifc conditions, locations and antine and transboundary pests and dis- riculture and improving livelihood of rural scales. population. The current main challenges in eases severely damage crop yields. Every With the purpose of responding to the CA can be summarized as follows: year, the farmers observe damages caused challenges on crop production and pro- by locust, wheat rusts, nematodes, gypsy - Rising prices of inputs (fuel, fertilizer, tection in the sub-region, Save & Grow mouth, American white fy and other dan- seed, pesticides, etc.) is translated in four priority areas, two of gerous pests and diseases. which are focusing on pests and pesticide - Yield of main crops is declining due to management; To control pests and diseases, the farmers climate change and lack of superior apply the pesticides, but the registration varieties - Strengthening capacity of the National and quality control system of pesticides Plant Protection Organizations - Lack of institution capacity and and pesticide applying equipment is not FAO is promoting adoption of Integrated legislation in place that put the environment and hu- Pest Management (IPM) to reduce pes- man health under serious risks. Thus, very - Generation gap and lack of qualifed ticide usage by developing Farmer Field often illegal and low quality pesticides Schools (FFS), which is being implement- are used. Another problem is obsolete experts ed in different countries around the world. pesticides. The countries in the sub-region FAO cooperates with the countries and mostly inherited from the Soviet Union - Lack of modern knowledge and technology provides support in strengthening policies a huge amount of obsolete pesticides – on plant protection, implementation of

128 international conventions and standards biodiversity in the agricultural landscape. and capacity building (development of (e.g. ISPM) and harmonization of regional Thus, in recent years, FAO has been pro- guidelines, trainings on IPM, introduction phytosanitary legislations. FAO provides moting the adoption and implementation of FFS, etc.). The outputs of the project support in improving capacities to control of IPM programs by projects, workshops, are as follows: development of experts’ transboundary pests and diseases (locust, conferences and studies. FAO-SEC, in data base (Entomologists, Plant patholo- wheat rusts) and carrying out the moni- cooperation with CIMMYT and ICARDA, gists, Pesticide management, Soil, Plant toring, surveillance and control of wheat conducted a study on the status of plant immunity, Bio-methods), introduction of rusts (e.g. SMS monitoring) and supports protection and conservation of agriculture entomophages, landscaping development, training of young researchers from the re- in Central Asian countries. The study de- guidelines for trainers, brochures, pocket gion on plant. fned the gaps and bottlenecks for promo- books, posters and agro Entomological - Strengthening national frameworks tion of modern plant protection techniques cartogram, promotion of IPM on wheat for pesticide management and crop management in the countries of (Tajikistan), tomato (Uzbekistan) and po- Cooperation and support in this area cov- the sub-region. On that basis, the guide- tato (Tajikistan) and training abroad (MSc, ers improving registration of pesticides lines for policymakers and strategies on PhD and season long term courses) (Mare- and pesticide applying equipment, provid- promotion of IPM techniques through FFS dia and Baributsa 2007). ing the guidelines/manuals on pesticide approach are to be developed. To ensure the supply of reliable and registration, specifcation and quality healthy foods from farm to table in Tur- control, improving pesticide and obsolete Projects on adoption and key, the project TCP/TUR/3301 on Pro- pesticide management, ratifcation and promotion of IPM in CA motion of Integrated Crop and Pest Man- implementation of Rotterdam Convention The Central Asia Regional Integrated agement in vegetables, fruit orchards and to assure safeguard of pesticide use. Pest Management Project, funded by the grapes is under implementation. United States Department of Agriculture, Adoption and Promotion of IPM was initiated through IPM Collaborative The outputs of the projects are in SEC countries Research Support Program by Michigan as follows: Due to being a strategic crop for CA, IPM State University in collaboration with - Review of the problems on pests and research was started on cotton in 1980’s the University of California-Davis, Inter- possibilities of using safe biological and focused specifcally on mass rearing national Center for Dry Areas and other agents. and release of bio-control agents by a net- institutions in CA. Components of the work of insectaries. However, there were projects are enhancing the effciency and - Review of the national legislation on neither any other special IPM programs product lines of bio laboratories, enhanc- plant protection and certifcation system nor conservation of natural enemies and ing biological control of pests through and developing proposals for improve- landscape ecology/habitat management ment of legislation.

129 - Review of the procedures on pesticide - Review the dangerous pest and diseases The outputs are as follows: residue analysis and control, enforcement of main crops. - National capacities of the technical staff of certifcation and introduction of Blue of responsible Ministries improved in par- Flag. - Establish per three FFS in three project ticular on: a- locust survey and forecast; sites. b- control techniques and operations using - Capacity building on application of IPM Ultra-Low Volume (ULV) technology and - Conduct an economic analysis of intro- (ToT, FFS, Technical Days, Study Tour, c- mitigation and monitoring of the impact ducing IPM. etc.) of pesticide use on human health and the environment. - Publication of project results, informa- - Develop training modules and materials for FFS on IPM. tion dissemination. - Locust campaigns well-prepared, implemented and monitored. - Formulation of a fve-year project on - Carry out a set of a season long ToTs for facilitators on IPM FFS. IPM and ICM for Turkey fnanced by the Early warning systems are an important government and/or donor. - Organize Field Days and farmers’ ex- component of the IPM approach for coun- trywide applications. To reduce pesticide - National Conference on IPM. change visits. usage and have more effcient results on In Kyrgyzstan, the promotion of IPM is - Create IPM data base and information plant protection, pesticides should be supported by the project TCP/KYR/3403 network. applied in the right time. Due to the high on Development of FFS to promote mod- risky character of the wheat rust diseases - Publish guidelines and brochures for ern crop management and pest control that can cause epidemics and result in big farmers. technologies. The objective of the project food loss, the project GCP/INT/193/IFA is to improve farmers’ capacity in adoption In Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, to protect on Reducing Risks of Wheat Rusts Threat- and promotion of modern crop and pest the plants from locusts in a sustainable and ening Livelihood of Resource-poor Farm- management techniques and the outputs environmentally safe manner the projects ers through Monitoring and Early Warning are as follows: TCP/KYR/3305 and TCP/TAJ/3401 on has an important role. Assistance for Capacity Development in - Development of appropriate technical The outputs are as follows: Locust Control are under implementation. co-operation between researchers, exten- - Establishment of an effective monitoring The objectives of the projects consist sion specialists, NGOs and farmers. and early warning system. in reducing locust damage on crops and - Providing technical assistance in formu- rangelands to preserve food security and - Upgrading of regional laboratories; es- lation of the national strategies on adop- livelihoods, in particular of the most vul- tablishment and assessment of internation- tion of IPM and development of FFS. nerable rural households. al trap nurseries.

130 - Regional information exchange and net- References working enhancement. FAO, (2011) Save and grow: A policymaker’s guide to the sustainable intensifcation of small- - National and regional distribution of holder crop production Food And Agriculture Or- wheat cultivated areas surveyed and GIS ganization Of The United Nations Rome, Italy. maps development. Maredia, M. K., and Baributsa, N.D., (2007) Inte- grated Pest Management in Central Asia, Proceed- Conclusions ings of the Central Asia Region Integrated Pest Management Stakeholders Forum, Tajikistan 2007. To use the natural resources in a sustainable manner and to ensure food supply for people in Central Asia, adoption and promotion of IPM is important, and FAO will provide assistance and has a comparative advantage in implementing IPM using the participatory FFS approach.

131 THE PEST-AND PESTICIDE PERSPECTIVE OF

FAO’S PESTICIDE RISK REDUCTION TEAM J. Breithaupt Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Abstract Farmers want to avoid losing crops to to them, are often older types that tend to approach to sustainable production inten- pests, diseases or competition with weeds. be more hazardous and less selective than sifcation. newer ones. The prescribed protective gear When problems arise, farmers need the access to effective and appropriate solu- or spraying equipment is often not readily tions. Good agronomic practices, includ- available. Oversupply of pesticides and Keywords ing Integrated Pest Management, are key poor stock management can lead to cre- FAO; Pesticide Risk Reduction; Pesticide to preventing and managing pest prob- ation of obsolete stock threatening health, management; HHPs; IPM; GAP; Sus- lems. Pesticides are designed to kill living the environment and act as a barrier to tainable production intensifcation; Food organisms and are intentionally dispersed sustainable development in most develop- safety. in the environment, applied to food and ing countries. Pesticides need to be man- often used by unskilled and untrained peo- aged well to reduce the risks and to be of Pesticide Management – ple. They are often not needed, and even help to farmers in protecting their crops. Using the right product in the correct way More Food Less Risk when they do serve a useful purpose, they (www.fao.org/agriculture/pesticides) and at a recommended dose signifcantly may be applied on the wrong crop, in the Field crops, particularly those stressed lessens their negative impact on health, wrong doses, at the wrong time, or with through drought, temperature extremes, environment and food safety. FAO’s Pes- wrong equipment. Poor practice in the poor nutrition or other factors, are also feld means higher risks to farmers, unsus- ticide Risk Reduction Group helps the susceptible to damage from pests and dis- tainable production and pesticide residues government, farmers and the private sector eases. Applying the methodologies advo- in food and in the environment. Many to produce and protect crops sustainably, cated through the Save and Grow (FAO, of these problems exist in industrialized while minimising the risks involved. This 2011) approach should produce healthy countries, but in developing countries, the paper explores examples of how the work and less stressed crops that can resist pests problems are even worse. Pesticides avail- by FAO’s Pesticide Risk Reduction Team and disease attack and that are grown in able to farmers, or most affordable is related to pest and pesticide manage- ecosystems that prevent pest and disease ment and contributing to an integrated proliferation.

132 Crop protection can be achieved through these risks as much as possible and there- that are used internationally (FAO/WHO, cultural, mechanical, biological or chemi- by make crop production more sustain- 2010) cal means. In an Integrated Pest Manage- able. ment (IPM) regime, efforts are made to • Field projects to help countries estab- manage the cropping ecosystem in a way Effective management is achieved through lish or strengthen legislation, policies and that ensures plant health and naturally a combination of both education and reg- strategies for pest management (IPM) and controlled or suppressed pest populations. ulation (which includes legislation and pesticides management When an agricultural ecosystem is stressed other processes, like monitoring and en- • Tools to assist countries (e.g. databases, by poor management practices and pest forcement). Appropriate legislation and process guides, toolkits) problems emerge, a combination of con- establishment of technical and administrative infrastructures will support life cycle trol measures are used, with an emphasis • Farmer Field School (FFS) programmes management and monitoring of pesticide on those that are least damaging to the to raise awareness of risks and to help pro- use and impacts. ecosystem as a whole. vide effective, low-toxicity alternatives Education of end users is equally neces- FAO’s Pesticide Risk Reduction Team Reduced reliance on chemical pesticides, sary to help bring needed changes at the (AGPMC), promotes IPM, within a sus- use of less hazardous pesticides and ap- feld level. tainable crop production intensifcation propriate use of pesticides protects the (SCPI) context, as the most suitable strat- AGPMC provides the policy and technical health of farmers, rural communities and egy for crop production and protection, tools to help countries to do that through food consumers; protects ecosystems, particularly for smallholder, resource poor (Fig. 1): reduces input costs for farmers and im- farmers. proves trading opportunities for farm pro- • The International Code of Conduct on duce because pesticide residue limits are Pesticides are nevertheless used extensive- Pesticide Management – a guiding frame- observed. ly in crop protection throughout the world. work for life cycle management of pesti- These chemicals are almost uniquely de- cides (FAO, 2013) signed to be toxic to living organisms and Producing and protecting are intentionally dispersed in the environ- • Technical guidelines expanding on spe- crops sustainably ment, including directly on food, by large- cifc recommendations of the Code of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is ly unskilled people. Conduct and other technical aspects of the key to the sustainable intensifcation pesticide management (FAO/AGPMC, Pesticide use presents risks to health and of crop production. Through the partici- 2013) environment through direct and indirect patory approach of Farmer Field Schools, millions of farmers have learnt to manage exposure. It is therefore crucial to manage • Standard setting for pesticide residue pests and diseases using ecological meth- pesticides effectively in order to reduce in food and pesticide quality standards

133 ods. They gain better understanding of how soil systems, water management, crop seeds and varieties, growing systems, pest/ disease ecology, harvest and post-harvest strategies and market access are all interlinked. This helps farmers to maximize yields, reduce the use of pesticides and other inputs and improve livelihoods. Making the right tools available Farmers must have access to crop protection information and tools when they need them. FAO’s Pesticide Risk Reduc- tion Group works with governments and the private sector to promote ecologically-compatible pest management. This may include the use of natural enemies and microbial control agents, traps and behavior disruptants, plant extracts, mechanical devices and low risk chemicals. Some of these can be produced locally, generating new business opportunities for farmers.

Assisting policy makers FAO’s Pesticide Risk Reduction Group Figure 1: A mind-map showing the working and linking of the FAO Pesticide Risk Reduction Group provides several tools to help govern- (AGP:AGPMC) ments, the private sector and others man- Legislation supporting countries to bring age pesticides better: other stakeholders on pesticide life cycle their pesticide laws and regulations up to management; date; The International Code of Conduct on Pes- ticide Management - a voluntary frame- Pesticide Specifcations to check pesticide Disposal of obsolete pesticides and Phas- work backed by many technical guidelines quality against internationally accepted ing out of Highly Hazardous Products to advise the governments, industry and standards; (HHPs) is actively supported by FAO in

134 order to reduce risks to farmers, consum- that have residues above the accepted vice and training help countries realize ers and the environment. MRL, causing farmers to lose income. these good practices. Consumers have the right to eat safe food, The tools include the following: Highly Hazardous Pesticides cause great so systems must ensure that farmers use harm to health and the environment. Mil- pesticides properly. Adoption of Good Pesticide Stock Management System lions of people are poisoned by pesticides Agricultural Practices helps avoid trouble (PSMS), an on-line database for countries each year, mostly in developing countries. with residues and hygiene and meet other to use in managing pesticide registries, AGPM assists governments to replace trade requirements. High standard labo- new and old pesticide stocks and storage such pesticides with less hazardous alter- ratories are needed to monitor residues in sites; natives. food and produce for export. FAO’s Pesti- Registration Toolkit being developed to cide Risk Reduction Group helps countries After pesticides are used, empty contain- help countries evaluate and make deci- to access or establish suitable facilities. ers must be disposed of safely and not be sions about which pesticides to permit; When agricultural products are traded, used for storage of water and food or for any other purposes. AGPM helps countries Pesticide Risk Mitigation Engine to rank there is a risk that pests and diseases will to set up container management schemes. pesticides according to risks to health and be transferred with shipments. Effective the environment and help make decision pest management should ensure that only International bans, oversupply and mis- on pest management strategies; and un-infested produce is exported. We col- management of pesticides have resulted in laborate with the International Plant Pro- the accumulation of over 500,000 metric Field Projects helping countries to solve tection Convention to protect farmers and tonnes of obsolete stockpiles globally. complex problems the environment and to facilitate trade. Since 1994, FAO’s feld programme part- nered with bilateral donors, the European Protecting Consumers and Reducing Risks to Farmers and Commission, national governments, the Facilitating Trade the Environment Global Environment Facility, NGOs, the Pesticides can pass into plants or stay on FAO’s Pesticide Risk Reduction Group private sector and other UN agencies to their surface leaving residues. This can helps governments build capacity to ed- reduce the risks to public health and the affect human health. FAO and WHO work ucate farmers. Farmers learn to identify environment from these highly toxic ma- to set Maximum Residue Limits (MRL) and apply alternative options to the use terials. for pesticides in all foods. They also ad- of chemical pesticides. Or, when there is vise on how to minimize the risk that ex- no alternative, to apply low risk products cessive residues are left on a crop. work with skilled people and use the right Importing countries may reject products equipment. Our guidelines, projects, ad-

135 References List of acronyms AGDF (CODEX): Food Safety unit AGPMC, 2013: Annotated List of Guidelines for FAO divisions and department/groups as shown in ES:Economic and Social Development department the implementation of the International Code of Figure 1: Conduct on Pesticide Management ESW: The Gender, Equity and Rural Employment http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/thematic-site- AGP: Plant Production and Protection division division map/theme/pests/code/list-guide-new/en/ AGPMC: AGP – Pest and Pesticide Management LEGN: The Development Law service unit FAO, 2013: International Code of Conduct on Pes- Group NRL: Land and Water division ticide Management AGPME: Ecosystem Approach to Crop Production http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/thematic-site- Intensifcation group NRLA: Land Tenure Management unit map/theme/pests/code/en/ AGPMG: Plant Genetic Resources and Seeds TCE: FAO’s Emergency division FAO, 2011: Save and Grow - A policymaker’s group guide to the sustainable intensifcation of small- TCI: FAO Investment Centre division holder crop production. ISBN 978-92-5-106871-7. AGPMI: The International Plant Protection Con- 112 pp. vention (FAO IPPC secretariat) group TCS: Policy and Programme Development Sup- http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/save-and-grow/ port division AGPMM: Locust and transboundary plant pest FAO/WHO, 2010: Specifcation Manual - Manual and diseases (EMPRES) group on development and use of FAO and WHO specifcations of pesticides AGPMR: Rotterdam Convention (FAO RC Secre- http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/thematic-site- tariat) group map/theme/pests/jmps/manual/en/ AGPMT: The International Treaty on Plant Genet- ic Resources (ITPGRFA) group

AGA: Animal Production and Health division

AGS:Rural Infrastructure and Agro-Industries division

AGDC: Advisory Group for Data Communica- tions unit

136 CHALLENGES IN ASSESSING PESTICIDE LIFE-CYCLE V. P. Vasileiadis National Research Council (CNR), MANAGEMENT AND KEY ARABLE FARMING PRACTICES Institute of Agro-Environmental IN SELECTED EASTERN EUROPEAN AND CENTRAL ASIAN and Forest Biology, Italy COUNTRIES AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MITIGATION MEASURES M. D. Müller c/o Agroscope Changins-Waedenswil, Switzerland Abstract In the context of a regional FAO project dations eventually endorsed by National Governments and stakeholders. These (GCP/RER/040/EC) covering a wide Keywords range of possible issues regarding pes- recommendations are to be converted into projects specifcally addressing the most FAO; Pesticide Risk Reduction; Pesticide ticide management (i.e. from a survey Management; HHPs; IPM; GAP; Sustain- on legal aspects of pesticide registration urgent needs of these countries. Signifcant differences in the profles of the countries able production intensifcation; Implemen- to management of obsolete stocks), the tation of the Code of Conduct. authors, both in their capacities as inter- were identifed. Numerous challenges were encountered – starting with the selec- national consultants (IC) of FAO, report Introduction on the frst results on the sustainability of tion and recruiting of national experts, and Pesticides are products designed for the selected key arable crop scenarios based the communication between the ICs with control of pests, pathogens and weeds in on a model (DEXiPM®) and on the im- NCs in a multilingual and multicultural crop production with the aim of higher plementation of the International Code environment. As an example, the term yields and better quality of crops. How- of Conduct on Pesticide Management “cropping system” is used to describe crop ever, the improper use of pesticides may (the Code) and regulatory status of high- rotation. In some countries, this term and pose risks to users, lead to residues in ly hazardous pesticides in three eastern its translations into national languages is crops and have adverse effects on the en- European (Armenia, Georgia, Moldova) neither known nor practiced (e.g. wheat is vironment. Most countries have therefore and in some central Asian (Kyrgyzstan, often grown year after year). These contin- implemented a risk-beneft evaluation Tajikistan) countries. The methodology uous cropping systems show low sustain- in registering pesticides in combination chosen included the use of templates and ability as judged by unbalanced nitrogen with a pesticide life-cycle management to control and, if necessary, reduce the risks questionnaires which were then flled by fertilizer use and high herbicide/fungicide associated with the use of these products. national consultants (NC), analysing the use and comparatively low yields. Specifc The Code (FAO and WHO, 2013) is the data obtained, identifying the needs for recommendations to strengthen pesticide global benchmark with recommendations each country and providing recommen- management and the sustainability of arable land use are given. on the life-cycle management of pesti-

137 cides. In the context of a regional project, The economic assessment showed that all tween systems per country for various en- FAO has initiated a survey on pesticide cropping systems in all countries are not vironmental indicators as impacted by the life-cycle and arable crop farming prac- economically sustainable. These weak- pesticide load can be seen in Figure 1. tices to assess the current situation in se- nesses were mainly linked to the lack of lected Eastern European and Central Asian potent cultivars (i.e. more productive and Evaluation of the social sustainability of countries. The objective is to identify the less sensitive to pathogens) due to under- the systems indicated that all cropping strengths and weaknesses of the imple- developed seed industry or seed quality systems are not sustainable. Overall, the mentation of the Code and of current ar- control system, unbalanced fertilization weaknesses in these systems stemmed able farming practices to better be able to use that does not cover the crop require- from 1) the signifcant health-related risk respond to the needs of these countries. ments, high production costs (i.e. cost of for the farmer (i.e. high pesticide use risk), fuel due to deep tillage and use of outdat- 2) the low ‘access to knowledge’ (i.e. lack ed equipment, cost of pesticides) and low of farmers’ knowledge and skills, no affl- Sustainability of selected key arable iation to a farm support network, and low cropping systems fnancial security of the farms that restricts them to no investments. availability of relevant advice for the strat- in eastern European countries egy), and 3) the limited ‘access to inputs’ DEXiPM® (Pelzer et al. 2012) was used Overall, the environmental sustainability especially for seed material of good quali- as the tool to assess sustainability of key of the cropping systems assessed received ty but mainly due to fnancial reasons. The arable systems of the different countries a “very low” score and was linked to the only exception was the continuous potato involved in this project. This is a model high frequency of pesticide applications, system in Armenia that received a “medi- that assesses all the dimensions of sus- doses of application (i.e. use of maximum um” score due to the high interaction of tainability (economic, environmental and recommended doses for pesticides), pes- this system with the society in terms of social) through a qualitative multi-criteria ticide eco-toxicity (i.e. use of products contribution to employment, an existing assessment, based on the DEXI soft- known to have adverse effects on health affliation to a farm support network (e.g. ware (Bohanec 2009), and identifes the and on the environment) and lack of ap- cooperatives) and the easy ‘access to out- propriate pest monitoring that leads to put market’ (market fexibility and product strengths and weaknesses of cropping unnecessary interventions increasing pro- quality compliance with health require- systems. This tool was developed by the duction costs and the impact on the envi- ments). French National Institute for Agricultur- ronment and farmers’ health. These results al Research (INRA) and within the EU ranged from the highest pesticide-input Recommendations to improve sustainabil- project ENDURE (European Network for systems for both systems in Georgia to ity of cropping systems – The need for Durable Exploitation of Crop Protection the low-input systems (CS1 and CS2) in development of IPM is sound especially Strategies;) Armenia that had a “high” environmental for both systems in Georgia and the con- (http://www.endure-network.eu.). sustainability score. The differences be- tinuous potato system in Armenia as crop protection is mostly pesticide-based. More

138 diverse crop rotations using winter and crop protection management is overall weeds and disease incidence together with spring-summer crops that provide vary- recommended. The introduction of moni- related economic thresholds that help in ing patterns of resource competition and toring systems for pests, and scouting for the decisions ‘if’, ‘when’ and ‘what’ to

139 spray or control mechanically depending where answers to specifc questions on of pesticides. However, the offcial qual- on the pest, weed and disease infestation actual situation on pesticide management ity control of pesticides, labelling and each year is strongly recommended. All could be given as “defnitely yes” or “def- packaging and also monitoring of product the above issues are linked with the lack nitely no”. All questions had the same stewardship by industry are the serious of farmer knowledge and skills when it direction so that in a theoretical complete challenges for the majority of the coun- comes to crop production issues (i.e. avail- implementation of the Code in a country, tries for several reasons, such as budget- ability of alternatives to pesticides, crop all questions would have been answered capacity and expertise-wise. requirements) that certainly need to be as “defnitely yes”. Answers were graded tackled. Farmer training programmes are from a 4 for “defnitely yes” to a 0 for For example, for packaging and labelling, strongly recommended to provide them “defnitely no”. Answers were coded in ac- the National authorities in the registra- with knowledge on crop specifc guide- cordance with the grades, inserted in excel tion process, are expected to conduct an lines, IPM principles and the sustainable spreadsheets and the degree of implemen- evaluation of the data package and have use of pesticides. tation was calculated by the average for to make instructed decisions on pesticide each individual article. In addition, weak packaging (size, leak- and children-proof, points (0 and 1 for “defnitely no” and compatibility of the packaging with the Implementation of Pesticide pesticide formulation, labels, instructions Management according to the “rather no” respectively) could be easily identifed. for use etc. hazard warnings) which then Code and Status of Highly have to be implemented by pesticide in- Hazardous Pesticides Thus, degrees of implementation of the dustry. Most of these points are risk-as- The “International Code of Conduct on Code were determined, where percentages sessment and risk-reduction decision Pesticide Management” is structured in 12 ranged from 40 % to 80 %. These values making where agronomists, chemists, toxicologists, legal and administrative Articles, each of which contains several allow to defne a kind of country profle staff have to work together to achieve an sub-articles. The Code defnes an entire with strengths and weaknesses and to formulate specifc recommendations for adequate implementation of the regula- landscape of pesticide management. Each strengthening pesticide management in the tions. Unfortunately, the survey clearly Article gives detailed guidance for all country in agreement with available FAO shows that both the number of staff and its stakeholders involved – governments, and WHO Guidelines addressing specifc expertise in national authorities as well as industry, farmers, public interest groups issues in pesticide life cycle management. in the industry is lacking to carry out these and international organizations – how their activities in these countries. role in pesticide management can best be Article 3: flled. Management of pesticides The Articles 3 to 11 with their sub-articles Essentially, all countries in the survey had been transformed into a questionnaire have the competence to regulate the use

140 Article 4: good practice in using feld sprayers and more, technical recommendations are Testing of pesticides of alternative control measures and IPM either not available or outdated, providing strategies. A number of other issues were inadequate guidance to pesticide industry The access to unbiased test results on in- trinsic properties of pesticides in terms of identifed, like weak product stewardship preparing the dossiers for registration. from the side of industry and lack of sys- physical-chemical, environmental, residue Article 7: forming and toxicological properties is a tematic re-examination of pesticides on prerequisite for a sound and transparent the market and risk reduction measures Availability and use & highly risk assessment and, if possible, risk man- like replacement of more hazardous for- hazardous pesticides (HHP) agement. The answers to the questions ad- mulations with the same active ingredient Restricting or withdrawing the registra- dressing the status in the countries point to with a less toxic and hazardous formulation of HHP and risk reduction are the some shortcomings: the strongly felt need tion (e.g. replacement of an insecticide two sides of a medal. Whereas HHP are is the lack of residue studies covering the emulsifable concentrate with a product withdrawn from sale in most countries actual use and climatic conditions in these formulated as capsule suspension). (HHP questionnaire) and less harmful al- countries. As use rates, pre-harvest inter- ternatives had been found, the limitation vals, cultivars, epidemiology of pests and Article 6: to availability and use restrictions is an climatic conditions may not be adequately Regulatory and technical on-going task in most countries. refected in the residue studies submitted, requirements a proper evaluation of residue formation This article deals with regulatory require- Article 8: is not possible. This may lead to excessive ments – often met in most countries – and Distribution and trade exposure of the general population to resi- technical requirements like inspection The points under Article 8 bundle a range dues of pesticides. services and laboratories for quality con- of activities where the focus is mainly trol of pesticides and for monitoring of on licensing of pesticide distributors and Article 5: pesticide residues in food, signifcantly product stewardship from the side of Reducing health and more challenging to establish and maintain industry. In most countries, there is lit- environmental risks in good working order. Here again, there tle or no pesticide industry – therefore, The majority of responding countries re- is a general lack of expertise and funding. traders and subsidiaries of multinational port on the lack of a systematic evaluation Equally important is the managerial as- companies are the major stakeholders. of worker exposure and integration of suit- pect – to make best use of the information Apparently, the cooperation and exchange able personal protective equipment (PPE) gained in the laboratory work to create a of information on the import and sale of into the leafet. Equally important is the positive feedback loop to the registration pesticides is considered as having room lack of maintenance of spray equipment, committee taking the decisions. Further- for improvement.

141 Article 9: Article 11: monitor the progress achieved by means of these activities. Information exchange Advertising

The due information exchange on regional Wrong or misleading advertising does not and sub-regional level, between the gov- seem to be considered a major issue in References ernment, international organizations and most countries. Bohanec, M. (2009). DEXi: Program for Multi-at- other stakeholders is essential for taking tribute Decision Making. Version 3.02. adequate measures to control and reduce the risks associated with pesticide storage, FAO and WHO (2013) International Code of Con- Conclusions duct on Pesticide Management. use and disposal. In conclusion, the self-evaluation revealed degrees of implementation of the Code of Pelzer, E., Fortino, G., Bockstaller, C., Angevin, F., Article 10: conduct between typically 40 % and 80 %. Lamine, C., Moonen, C., Vasileiadis, V., Guérin, Labelling, packaging, storage D., Guichard, L., Reau, R., and Messéan, A. (2012) The questionnaire was transformed into Assessing innovative cropping systems with DEX- and disposal a country profle in the form of a status iPM, a qualitative multi-criteria assessment tool The accumulation of obsolete stocks is a and needs assessment and was provided derived from DEXi. Ecological indicators 18, 171- major concern in the countries covered by to national authorities for endorsement 182. the survey. In the last years, considerable during national stakeholder meetings. The effort has been invested by the internation- needs were translated into recommenda- al organizations to inventorize and dispose tions based on available FAO- and WHO of obsolete stocks. Equally important, Guidelines and serve as a basis for tech- however, is the routine use and disposal of nical notes for future activities by FAO to small amounts of pesticides and packag- specifcally address the most urgent needs ing. The apparent lack of a collection and of the countries. disposal system for used containers leads to dispersion of these containers to the In that way, the project team is convinced environment and leaching of signifcant to best assist these countries to strengthen amounts of remaining pesticides to soil pesticide management in these countries and water. with optimal targeted activities addressing short, medium and long term needs. Ideal- ly, the present survey serves as a baseline assessment that could be followed by an impact assessment in a couple of years to

142 REDUCING THE USE OF HAZARDOUS A. Samwel Women in Europe for a Common Future-WECF, PESTICIDES IN GEORGIA Tbilisi, Georgia

M. Samwel-Mantingh WECF, Utrecht/Munich, The Netherlands/Germany

K. Kiria & R. Simonidze Greens Movement, Tbilisi, Georgia Abstract In Georgia, approximately 4 kg of pes- done through a very simplistic approach, step undertaken by the project team was and in many cases, the only action to be the responsibility to develop a handbook ticides on average are yearly applied on taken was the elimination of this or that with a pesticide database in Georgian lan- tilled soil, whereas various used pesticides law. At the same time, Georgia became guage. Besides developing information are produced in Europe and their analogue party to a number of international conven- materials on substitution of harmful pes- pesticides in China, India, Turkey or Bul- tions and treaties and country made im- ticides, the project established a demon- garia. From August 2010 to July 2012, the portant commitments on proper chemicals stration plot on organic farming and a safe project entitled Reducing the use of haz- management. One of the fndings of the pest management for the cultivation of ardous chemicals in developing countries: project was that pesticides available on the crops and vegetables. potential of implementing safer chemicals Georgian market are partly not authorised, including non-chemical alternatives - tools most of them being low quality chemicals. for Georgia and the EECCA region, was Packaging and marking of pesticides are implemented by WECF and its Georgian neither regulated nor controlled. Distri- Keywords partners. One of the core aims of the proj- bution networks, users and consumers are Legislative regulation, authorisation, pesti- ect was to invest the usage of pesticides unaware of the risks related to pesticides cides, agriculture. in agriculture in Georgia, its legislative application. Interventions are indispens- regulation and to identify and demonstrate able, such as awareness raising, establish- Introduction the usage of non-hazardous bio pesticides ment and implementation of strict regula- Georgia is situated in the South Cauca- in agriculture. tions on marking, packaging and labelling sus region, bordered by Armenia, Azer- of harmful chemicals. Current regulations As found by means of the project, in Geor- baijan, Russia and Turkey. Georgia had related to harmful chemicals and chemical gia, the liberalisation of legislation in the 4.4 million inhabitants in 2011, 49% of substances should be reviewed. The frst feld of hazardous chemicals has been which lived in rural areas. According to

143 statistical data, total area of tilled soil in Legal aspects of hazardous Permits for their Export/Import, as well Georgia is 472 thousand ha, with 100.215 as for Import and Transit of Phytogenous chemicals ha under perennial crops. Up to 370.000 Products Subject to Control; the Law on Before 2003, the legislation of Georgia ha of this area (excluding the farms with Hazardous Chemicals and the Georgian was mainly based on the approaches and small parcels up to 0.2 ha) is potential Sanitary Code. norms remaining from the Soviet period, user of pesticides. From August 2010 which made the requirements for produc- At the same time, Georgia became party to to July 2012, the project Reducing the tion, use and disposal of hazardous chemi- number of international conventions and use of hazardous chemicals in develop- cals stricter than in following period. After treaties, and country-made important coming countries: potential of implementing 2003, in line with general liberalisation mitments, including those in the feld of safer chemicals including non-chemical of the legislation, the laws in the feld of hazardous chemicals. These international alternatives - tools for Georgia and the production, use and disposal of hazardous conventions, including 2001 Stockholm EECCA region was implemented by the chemicals were also liberalised, which Convention on Persistent Organic Pollut- Georgian NGO Greens Movement Geor- had a negative infuence on the issues of ants that obliges Georgia to ban 9 most gia, SEMA, the Georgian Environmental protection of human life, health and eco- hazardous for the environment pesticides and Biological Monitoring Association (endrin, toxaphene, aldrin, dieldrin, hep- nomic interests. The project observed that (GEBMA) and coordinated by WECF. The tachlor, chlordane, mirex, DDT and ben- liberalisation of legislation in the feld of project received fnancial support from zachlor) and extremely hazardous chemi- hazardous chemicals in Georgia has been the SAICM Quick Start Programme Trust cal group (polychlorinated biphenyls). done through a very simplistic approach, Fund. The aim of the project was amongst and, in many cases, the only action was others to invest the usage of pesticides Despite the fact that in Georgia issues eliminating a certain law without provid- in agriculture in Georgia (Caucasus), its covered by the Stockholm Convention ing a substitution. The following laws are regulated by not less then 4 ministries legislative regulation and to identify and were abolished: and many lower level state authorities, demonstrate the usage of non-hazardous there still is not any legal act in place that bio pesticides in agriculture. The presented The Law on Licensing of Activities in the Field of Production of Agrochemicals, corresponds to the obligations outlined in project was based on 2 approaches: Firstly, the convention. For example there is no investigation of the legal aspects of haz- Trade with Agrochemicals, Laboratory Activities in the Field of Agro-chemistry regulating relation between these struc- ardous chemicals and its implementation; tures, and the rights and responsibilities of secondly, providing recommendations and and Soil Protection and Detecting the Quality of Agrochemicals and on Issuance the Focal Point are not defned, neither the information, accompanied by awareness requirements for accountability and cre- raising, demonstration on substitution of of Import and Export Permits for Agro- chemicals; the Law on Licensing Pro- ation of unifed national database. Since hazardous chemicals in agriculture. duction of and Trade with Pesticides and 2004, Georgia is a party to 1998 Rotter- dam Convention on the Prior Informed

144 Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous To summarise, at the current stage, the No 133/n (26.03.2001) of the Minister of Chemicals and Pesticides in International level of compliance of Georgia with the Labour, health and Social Security are not Trade, which regulates international trade regulation of hazardous chemicals is far coded at all. procedures for 37 hazardous chemicals. from satisfactory. Serious defciencies in Amongst others the Rotterdam Conven- the feld of informing the consumers have Georgian pesticide market tion sets out the following: been identifed. According to the offcial state statistical data, the total area of tilled soil in Geor- • Procedures for including new chemicals gia is 472.000 ha, with 100.215 ha under into the list of chemicals controlled by the Status of enforcement of the perennial crops. Up to 370.000 ha of this Convention; hazardous chemical import regulations area (excluding the farms with small parcels up to 0.2 ha) are potential users of • Measures for raising public awareness, It was observed from the obtained doc- pesticides (approx. 4 kg/ha) educating and informing the population of uments that despite the legal ban, large the countries on hazardous chemicals and quantities of the chemicals included in the Currently, in such a small country as Geor- cooperation between the countries in this list of the banned materials of the Ordi- gia, up to 190 active substances and about area; nance No 133/n (26.03.2001) of the Min- 400 of their various derivative complex preparations are being registered. The total • Measures for improving effciency of ister of Labour, Health and Social Security annual quantity of imported pesticides is hazardous chemical monitoring and stud- are still being imported to Georgia. The in- about 1300-1500 tons, whereas in 2010, ies. vestigation demonstrated that a number of chemicals banned are represented just by a approximately 8000 kg of chemicals regulated by Rotterdam and Stockholm Con- Convention also allows for exemptions: generalised code; for instance, code 3808 ventions were imported to Georgia (based 50 000 00 includes the list of banned pes- • Upon request of the country, it can use on the Customs Offce data). one of the banned pesticides for a certain ticides. Despite the ban, those chemicals period of time; are being imported under the general code and it is impossible to identify which sub- • If the country registers its intention, it stances in particular and for which purpos- can produce or use DDT within the strict- es have been imported. In the period from est framework of WHO requirements and January to March 2011, a total amount of only in cases when the purposes are local 563 kg chemicals with the code 3808 50 and the substance cannot be replaced by 000 00 were imported mainly from Turkey other accessible, effcient and allowable and China. Further, some of the chemicals alternative means. included into the list of the Ordinance

145 Table 1: Overview of import of pesticides in 2010 into Georgia by types. (Source: web page of the Ministry of Finance) Various pesticides from Europe produced of the widely used preparation “dust” is established, providing maximum infor- by the companies like BASF, Syngenta, Deltamethrin is registered in veterinary, mation about harmful properties of such Bayer, Newfarm or Dupont, and their ana- but applied for plants protection as well, substances; logue pesticides produced in China, India, against various sucking mites and gnawing • Current regulations of storage, packag- Turkey and Bulgaria, are being sold at bugs. Though there are about 150 spe- ing, distribution and application of harm- Georgian market. In the experts’ opinion, cialized pesticide shops, farmers’ houses, ful chemicals and chemical substances the European products are of higher quali- and distribution networks, consumers are should be reviewed; ty, technologically purifed and respective- unaware of the risks related to pesticides’ ly expensive. As for Chinese, Indian and application, storage and disposal. Further • Mechanisms necessary for implemen- Turkish products, both, in terms of their packaging and marking (Georgian text and tation of monitoring of turnover of the price and purity and affectivity, the quality application instructions on the labels) of harmful chemicals within the country is relatively low; hence, their reliability is pesticides are neither regulated nor con- should urgently be introduced ; doubtful and their impact on the environ- trolled. ment and human health due to unfltered • To achieve full transparency of turnover of the harmful chemicals, the codifcation additional substances even more adverse. Adequate measures are needed system and mechanisms should be im- For the purpose of importing cheap chem- To mitigate the risks of harmful envi- proved; icals, some importers register several ana- ronmental impacts of the pesticides, the logues of one and the same chemical pro- project identifed the following required • Extensive campaign should be arranged duced. For example, Fungicide “Acrobat” measures: to improve the awareness of population of produced in China is much cheaper and pesticides’ application safety rules; its quality is much lower compared with • The strictest regulations of marking and labelling the harmful chemicals should be its European analogue. Active substance • Personal protection means should be

146 available at all specialized shops, and such ical and chemical properties, preventive The impact of crop rotation, intercropping personal protection equipment should be and frst aid measures, etc. It is intended and features of permaculture were made offered along with the application instruc- for practitioners, agricultural workers, visible. tions, and their use should be compulsory; toxicologists, health physicians, teachers • One Georgian company has developed and students of universities, scientists and • A reliable data base on the properties successfully certifed bio-pesticides others. Synonyms and trade names of pes- of authorized pesticides should be made against mildew, false mildew and phytoph- ticides are arranged in alphabetical order. available in Georgian language to import- tora and were launched on the market. ers, retailers, authorities and farmers; Steps moving forwards: • The project has inventoried the policy • A campaign on the substitution of harm- Substitution of harmful pesticides vacuum on chemicals management and ful pesticides should be initiated. Unlike artifcial technologies, currently brought together stakeholders. A document ecologically clean production is being with policy recommendations in cooper- Steps moving forwards: signifcantly promoted and demand for ation with a wide range of stakeholders Set up of a pesticide database them grows annually all over the world. was produced and presented to all relevant policy-makers. in Georgian language Adaption and implementation of the regulations on pesticides, dissemination of Due to the observed illegal import, the • The project raised awareness with the information on substitution of harmful low awareness on the risks of pesticides European Commission on chemical safety. pesticides should be the main task for a among authorities, users and other stake- The European Commission is negotiating safer agriculture in Georgia. Therefore, the holders, the project took the responsibility the accession contract with the Georgian project started with providing the informa- to develop a handbook with a pesticide Government, where Georgia has to adapt tion about the alternative pesticides, their database in Georgian language. The Hand- its legislation to the EU legislation. This reliability and effectiveness in order to book presents the basic principles on pes- includes a proper legislation on harmful mobilise decision makers: ticides toxicity and safe use, and on safe chemicals. alternatives of hazardous pesticides. For • A booklet with practical instructions on each in Georgia registered pesticide of the how to prepare plant tinctures for crop Conclusions main groups, namely organo-chlorines, or- protection, as safe crop protection was de- The project has been a major advance in gano-phosphorus compounds, carbamates, veloped for farmers, NGOs, training and promoting chemical safety in Georgia. organic mercury compounds, copper and extension services. The vacuum in policy created by political arsenic contained compounds and pyre- • The effectiveness of local-made prepara- and economic transitions in recent years, throids, information is given on its chemi- tions of bio-pesticides was demonstrated has created a situation in which there is cal formula, CAS, IUPAC numbers, phys- little awareness of chemical safety issues,

147 and public ability to regulate chemical use References and protect workers and the public has Exploring Alternatives for Pesticides in Georgia, declined. WECF 2011, http://www.wecf.eu/english/arti- The project has raised awareness both cles/2012/02/pesticides_alternatives-georgia.php among policy makers and the public, built Inventory report - WECF project on Chemical alliances among government, private sec- Safety in Georgia fnalised, WECF 2013, http:// tor, and non-governmental staff, demon- www.wecf.eu/english/articles/2013/02/saicm_re- strated viable alternatives to the most haz- port.php ardous chemicals in the agricultural sector, Pesticides in Georgia – no knowledge, no regula- and raised the capacity of public offcials tion, no protection, WECF 2011. http://www.wecf. and NGO staff to continue dealing with eu/english/articles/2011/09/pesticides-georgia.php the daunting issues of chemical safety across the country Reducing the use of hazardous chemicals in developing countries, WECF 2010. http://www.wecf.eu/ Though this project was an extremely im- english/about-wecf/issues-projects/projects/reduc- ing_hazardouschemicals.php portant frst step, it created political will in several departments of the ministries. Rotterdam Convention on the prior informed con- However, there is still a limited number sent procedure for certain hazardous chemicals and of people, organizations, companies, and pesticides in international trade, 1998. http://www. opbw.org/int_inst/env_docs/rotterdam-text.pdf government offcials who recognize the scope of the problem and the urgency of Stockholm Convention On Persistent Organic Pol- alternatives. So work like this will need to lutants. http://www.pops.int/documents/convtext/ continue to raise awareness and introduce convtext_en.pdf new solutions, policies and practices.

148 A. Isac MAINSTREAMING SUSTAINABLE CHEMICALS MANAGEMENT Environmental expert, Chisinau, Moldova IN AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IN THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA R. Iordanov PhD, Executive Director, EcoContact, Chisinau, Moldova

T. Tugui PhD, Manager, EPPO Offce, the Ministry of Environment,

L. Marduhaeva Senior Consultant, the Ministry of Environment

T. Roznerita Head of Division, the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industry

Integration of environmental requirements in the agricultural policies major institutional strengthening, legal • Application of the provision of the FAO With the goal of reduction of risks for enforcement and practical actions: Guides (Guidance on Pest and Pesticide public health and environment, improve- Management Policy Development (2010), • Transposition of the provisions of the ment of state of agricultural ecosystems, Guidelines for the Registration of Pesti- Directive 2009/128/EC on sound use increasing of the quality of agricultural cides (2010) etc (http://www.fao.org/ag- of pesticides and of the EC Regulation products and solving the problems of riculture/crops/core-themes/theme/pests/ 1107/2009 in the Law on the phytosani- prior pollution are among the priorities code/list-guide-new/en/); try products and fertilizers nr. 119 of of the sustainable development of the 22.06.2004; • Organization and continuous conduction agro-industrial sector of the Republic of of repackaging, transportation, elimina- Moldova. These measures will have at • Development of the Guide on the im- tion of the remaining obsolete pesticides their background the principles of Sound plementation of the International Code of and clean up/remediate the contaminated Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Chemicals Management. The goals of sites, with an action plan for 2014-2020, Pesticides, FAO, 2002 (http://www.fao. SCM in the agricultural sector of the coun- based on the ongoing projects, fnanced org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/ try have to be oriented at the following by the development partners and the Gov- pests/code/en/); ernment. Dissemination at country level

149 of the available experience of the 6 pilot • stimulation of treatment and trade of • using agricultural vehicles with Euro cleaned-up sites. primary agricultural products with the standards on emission; support of investments, which have the The article describes the current state and following goal: encourage agricultural • sustainable management of the agricul- specifc elements which could be taken in products which protect the environment, tural wastes; consideration during the process of main- which deliver useful goods for the society • fnalizing the process of elimination of streaming the environmental requirements and promote the rational use of natural re- POPs stockpiles and remediation of con- into agricultural policy and legislation in sources, development of new technologies taminated sites. the Republic of Moldova. and promote innovations, compensate the owners of lands from the state protected In addition, the following EU require- areas; Recommendations on the ments will be applied: integration of sustainable chemicals • carrying out training programmes and – Integration of environmental objectives management (scm) in agriculture awareness campaigns for the farmers (de- in agricultural policies; velopment of the necessary infrastructure Integration of environmental require- for the application of sustainable agricul- – Reduction of the risks of degradation ments in agricultural policy, with the ture, support of small and medium scale and ensure the sustainability of agricultur- goal of reduction of risks of environ- models in the North, Centre and South of al ecosystems; mental degradation and improving the Moldova); quality of agricultural ecosystems – is – Reduction of water pollution, of soil and one of the priority directions in the Development of the environmentally in- air pollution, chemicals and waste man- framework of promotion of sustain- offensive agricultural technologies and agement; able development of the country and infrastructure: strengthening of the agricultural com- – Conservation of agricultural plex. These measures have to be based • establishment of the mechanisms for biodiversity; on SCM provisions. checking of the quality of water, used for irrigation; – Rural Development. The Objective of promotion of SCM in ag- For 2007-2013, the EU planed the alloca- riculture included the following: • ensuring an integrated plant protection process against pests and diseases; tion of 20 milliards Euro for agroecologi- • promotion of the effcient production, cal measures (22 % from the total alloca- treatment and management of ecologi- • applying conservative agriculture tech- tions for the rural development). cal agricultural products in such a away, niques; which will increase the income and life Among the inaction costs, we could men- conditions of the farmers; tion the following:

150 - Use of chemicals was justifed by the The Benefts of implementation will cov- quality in the rural area, by increasing the higher volumes of harvest; er the following: competitiveness and productivity of the - Increase in quality and less harmful agri- sector. - At a global level, up to 97% of river and cultural products; lakes pollution is a result of using chemi- The Strategic Program of Actions of the cals in agriculture; - Increase of exports of fresh and treated Ministry of Agriculture for 2011-2015 products; - According to WHO, 2 million poisoning The Ministry of Agriculture and Food In- cases from pesticides are registered annu- - Protection of water, soil and air from dustry, based on the current state, internal ally in the world; contamination with chemicals; and external factors in agriculture, developed the following mid-term priorities: - The chemical substances are present not - Improvement of the public health and only in vegetal, but also in animal produc- reduction of health care costs as a results • Implementation of the reform in the food tion; of exposure to agricultural chemicals; security sector; - Lack of knowledge of the appropriate - Increase of the incomes of the farmers • Restructuring in the wine making sector; techniques of application of chemicals, and of the economic agents, which will taking into consideration the security increase the trade of agricultural products • Support the development of a modern norms; at the local and regional level; market infrastructure; - Lack of control from state authorities on - Creation of new jobs and increase of lo- • Implementation of the conservative agri- the import of chemicals and their appli- cal budgets. culture; cation according to the international stan- • Reform of the meat and milk sector; dards; Brief Assessment of the policy • Support of the added value agriculture; - Not corresponding condition for the documents in the sector storage of the obsolete pesticides, with the The National Strategy for the sustainable • Support for recycling of agricultural risks of soil and surface water pollution; development of the agro-industrial secotr wastes; of Moldova for 2008-2015 was approved - No deposit-refund and recycle schemes by the Governmental Decision nr. 282 on • Restructuring of the education and re- in place for the pesticides packaging 11 March 2008. search capacities in the domain. - Pesticides wastes, including packaging The General objective of the Strategy is to The Food Safety Strategy for 2011-2015, are placed on landflls and serve as an ad- ensure a sustainable growth of the sector, approved by GD nr. 747 on 03.10.2011 ditional risk for animals and people. as well for the improvement of the life have the general objective to protect hu-

151 man health and ensure the interests of responsible for the coordination of the entire life cycle, to avoid, prevent or mini- consumers related to the food safety. It is implementation of the provisions of the mize their release into the environment. planned to carry out the following specifc convention. actions: Existing regulatory gaps have to be flled- The strategic directions on the reduction in and legislation has to be amended to a) Improvement of the legal base; of the negative impact of POPs, regulated ensure cross-sectoral and media consis- by the Stockholm Convention and other tency and timely transposition of inter- b) Establishment of a national authority; POPs related treaties on the environment national obligations. The legislation shall and human health in Moldova, are refect- address specifc POPs issues, which are c) Strengthening the control procedures. ed in the National strategy for the reduc- not currently covered by existing legal and tion and elimination of POPs approved Program for the promotion of the pro- regulatory framework, both at the national by Government Decision No. 1155 as of duction and trade of ecological products and sectoral levels. 20 October 2004. In order to implement (HVA) the Article 7 of the Convention a National Implementation regulations, procedures, For the Republic of Moldova, the ecologic Implementation Plan for the Stockholm standards and guidelines shall be drafted agricultural production is a real chance for Convention on POPs was developed and in an integrated manner, clarifying moni- the access to external markets. Thus, this approved by the above Decision as well. toring, reporting, control, implementation is an new priority element, which, for the The facilitation of the ratifcation of the and enforcement responsibilities of the next 5 years, is including the following Convention and the development of the respective ministries and agencies, and three years of conversion (with certifca- Strategy and NIP was possible due to the creating a unifed and integrated comput- tion) and three years of support (with mar- support obtained from the GEF through erized system of tracking regulated POPs, ket access and export). the WB. dangerous and toxic substances throughout their life cycle. The Strategy is oriented at the establish- Legal and regulatory base ment of a nation-wide chemicals safety As a part of administrative management, The adoption of the Law on the ratifcation management system and solving of the a possibility of establishment of the cen- of the Stockholm Convention on POPs POPs priority problems. The national tralized database should be explored. This (as of 19 February 2004) concluded and policy is calling for phased approach and should be based on the upgrade of cen- strongly supported the preparatory work, well-developed implementation plans of tralized monitoring and laboratory capa- performed in Moldova for the evaluation signifcant treaties related to the POPs bilities and complemented by the focused of the existing situation and development risks. The policy has two key management training of selected staff. Coordination, of planning and normative documents objectives: 1) remediation and elimina- compatibility and integration of monitor- in this domain. By this law, the MoE tion of POPs from the environment and ing, laboratory and control capabilities was nominated as the national authority 2) management of POPs throughout their shall be enhanced, in order to improve

152 POPs cycle information and data manage- for the management of POPs with the goal The National Program on Sustainable ment and facilitate more effective and eff- of eliminating the negative impact of these Chemicals Management has the following cient national programming, planning and substances on environment and public provisions in the feld of information man- decision making in this domain. health at the local, national and global lev- agement and monitoring: els, as well as a ban, taking out of use as The NIP priority provisions on informa- soon as possible, limitation of production, 1. Establishment of the Information tion and monitoring foresees the following import or use of these substances. Among System includes the following: actions: the responsibilities of the central envi- • Providing equipment to the central pub- ronmental authority in this domain is the lic authorities for the access to the interna- • To prepare realistic and needs oriented implementation of the monitoring mecha- tional databases on chemical substances, research, development and monitoring nisms for PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs. in order to improve the effciency of the programmes; actions to eliminate the consequences of An important institutional strengthening, the chemical accidents. • To improve the institutional and techni- proposed by the draft Law on environmen- cal capacity for monitoring of POPs and tal protection was the establishment of the • Creation of a database on accidents and related priority sources/major releases; Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). fres with the involvement of the chemical substances, which will serve for the devel- • To monitor reduction of releases as an Among other functions, the EPA, which opment of the measures for the elimination indicator of NIP implementation success. will be subordinated to the MoE, will be responsible for the organisation and coor- of risk and of the impacts on environment The NIP underlines the need for establish- dination of the Integrated Environmental and human health. ing an adequate information dissemination Information System and of the Integrated • Revision, adjusting or development of mechanism, ensuring public participation, Environmental Monitoring System. The the statistical forms for the management development of specifc awareness pro- EPA will carry out the centralised develop- of chemicals and wastes in order to report grams and involvement of industry and ment of databases and additional informa- within the international conventions. other users. tion, will develop national reports and will transmit them to the central environmental 2. Development of the research and For the frst time, the defnition of POPs authority. monitoring capacities includes the fol- was included in the draft Law on environ- lowing: mental protection in 2010 (based on the According to the National Program on the • Improving the capacities of ESS and proposal from the Sustainable POPs Man- Sustainable Chemicals Management (GD other institutions for the management of agement Offce and Pollution Prevention No. 973 as of 18 October 2010) the estab- accidents with chemical substances, which Division of the MoE). The law included lishment of the Chemicals Management will ensure the elimination of their im- and special Chapter on the Management Agency (hereafter “CMA”) is planned for pacts. of POPs, which introduced the conditions the 2010-2015 period.

153 • Development of the integrated monitor- grammes for POPs in environment, drink- • POPs in the atmospheric air and precipi- ing programme of chemical substances in ing water, food, air and human body; tations (trans-boundary air pollution); the environmental components, which will allow for planning and ensure measures • Strengthening of the capacities of the • PCBs in soil and oils (electro-energy of supervision and control of the potential IES laboratory; equipment). toxic substances, including POPs, other • Promotion of the standards for sampling; In the period when the Law on environ- dangerous substances and heavy metals mental protection will enter into force, for the monitoring of emissions and trans- • Update of the inventory of POPs emis- by mandate of the MoE the EPA will be fer of pollutants; improving the laboratory sions. responsible for fulflling environmental capacities. POPs reporting obligations to the Secretar- iat of Conventions Stockholm, Rotterdam, • Development of a database on the emis- At the time of writing this report, all pro- Basel Convention and UNECE Protocol sions of chemicals and provision of the posed drafts, laws and regulations were on POPs and UNECE PRTR Protocol. online access to the database, which will completed, and the MoE was working to eliminate the gaps in distribution and ex- put these documents in the procedure for change of the information. coordination and approval. Conclusion of fnding on POPs in Moldova: • Development of a programme of mon- The requirements of the POPs monitoring Priority actions needed: itoring and research of the impact of the are included in the draft Regulation on the chemical substances on the public health, Development and Functioning of the Na- • Adoption of the new legislation on chem- which will be used to plan actions for the tional System of Integrated Environmental icals and wastes; determination of the effects of the pollut- Monitoring in the Republic of Moldova • Strengthen institutional capacities in the ants, including POPs, on environment and and Programme on Environmental Mon- feld of POPs (in the MoE, EPA (planned), public health. itoring for 2010-2015, developed by the SEI); SHS in 2010. The Annex II to the Programme, Action • Repackaging, transportation for elimina- Plan for the implementation of the Stock- In the feld of POPs, monitoring these tion of the remained obsolete pesticides; holm Convention for 2010-2015 foresees draft documents are focused on: the following actions: • Remediation of POPs contaminated sites • POPs in surface water and sediments (as (warehouses, solution preparation points • Strengthening of the national monitoring a part of water monitoring); capacities in the feld of POPs; and contaminated soil); • POPs in soil; • Development of the monitoring pro- • Protection and monitoring of the pesticides landfll site in Vulcancesit;

154 • Improvement of POPs and PCBs moni- lishment of registry of chemical substanc- chemicals used in industry are not subject toring capacities; es/products, is mentioned in the Law on to supervision by the central public policy the regime of dangerous products and bodies with the exception of hazardous • Improve capacities for international re- substances, and will be an important com- chemical substances; porting; ponent in the management of chemicals; - Legislation specifc to the issue of chem- • Awareness and information for popula- - The existing control system, including icals management, including strategies and tion. the procedures for licensing of chemical national policies do not include provisions imports (does not regulate the spectrum vis-a-vis promotion of SAICM initiatives Major issues within the need for improved and quantity of imported substances) for sustainable chemicals management, legislation for chemicals management in doesn’t comply with the principles of including achievements of the Millennium Moldova Globally Harmonized System of Classif- Development Goals, including education include the following: cation and Labelling of Chemicals which and public awareness activities. - Insuffcient application of the Law on the sets out the basis for a global security Considered through the concept of sus- administration of hazardous substances programme for chemical products and tainable development and the perspective and products (lack of a register of chem- substances; of adhering to EU legislation the new ap- icals, lack of evidence of their use etc), - Issues raised at the international level re- proach for chemicals management in con- incompatibility of these with the interna- lated to management of waste, specifc to formity with ratifed agreements and con- tional initiatives and actual requirements substances such as asbestos from construc- ventions is required. European legislation essential for chemicals management vis- tion and demolition waste, the content of is the starting point for a number of states avis production, trade, packaging, classif- heavy metals in diverse products such as for the elaboration of national legislation cation and labelling of chemical substanc- batteries, paints, mercury, etc., are not in and successfully represents a cooperative es; the focus of central public administrative model between states. - Even though the procedure for imports authorities; One of the most important strategies for is authorized by the Chamber of License - Sectoral management of chemicals (by the achievement of sustainable develop- and approved by some relevant Ministries branches of the economy) does not cor- ment is the promotion of a legislative sys- according to the requirements, a re-exam- respond with agreements of international tem coherent with current requirements at ination of procedures is needed. Establish- conventions ratifed by Moldova (there are the international level. ing a database which would register the no restrictions on the use of some chemi- quantities of imported and used chemicals cals (POPs, heavy metals, etc) and use of should be a signifcant step in estimating chemicals is not regulated in accordance- risk associated with their use. The estab- with accepted international standards;

155 Proposals for the promotion of • Development of the Guidelines – on • Transposition of the provisions of the the base of FAO International Code of Directive 2009/128/EC on sound use SCM in the agricultural sector: Conduct on the Distribution and Use of of pesticides and of the EC Regulation For the strategic documents till 2020 there Pesticides, FAO, 2002 (http://www.fao. 1107/2009 in the Law on the phytosani- are proposed the following objectives and org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/ try products and fertilizers nr. 119 of actions: pests/code/en/); 22.06.2004; • Introduction of SCM in action plans in • Clean-up of the POPs contaminated • Development of the Guide on the im- force and which will be developed; sites, with an action plan for 2014-2020, plementation of the International Code of and total elimination till 2025, inventory Conduct on the Distribution and Use of • Implementation of the provisions of the and mapping of contaminated and cleaned Pesticides, FAO, 2002 (http://www.fao. Law on chemicals and of its regulations; sites. Replication of clean-up pilot proj- org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/ • Integration of pesticides classifcation ects. pests/code/en/); provisions and implementation of the CLP • Inventory of the new POPs, in the Annex • Application of the provision of the FAO Regulation; A to the Stockholm Convention (http:// Guides (Guidance on Pest and Pesticide • Information and training on classif- chm.pops.int/Implementation/NewPOPs/ Management Policy Development (2010), cation requirements of all companies, TheNewPOPs/tabid/672/Default.aspx); Guidelines for the Registration of Pesti- cides (2010) etc (http://www.fao.org/ag- involved in import and trade of pesticides • Strengthening institutional capacities of and fertilizers in Moldova; riculture/crops/core-themes/theme/pests/ the institutions involved in the agricultural code/list-guide-new/en/); • Harmonisation with Directive 2009/128/ secor in SCM. • Organization and continuous conduction EC on sustainable use of pesticides and • Transposition of requirements of Guid- of the Regulation 1107/2009 on the plant of repackaging, transportation, elimina- ance on Pest and Pesticide Management tion of the remained obsolete pesticides protection products trade in the Law on Policy Development [2010], Guidelines phytosanitary products and fertilizers, nr. and clean up/remediate the contaminated for the Registration of Pesticides [2010], sites, with an action plan for 2014-2020, 119 din 22.06.2004, and relevant regula- Guidelines for quality control of pesticides tions; based on the ongoing projects, fnanced [2011], Guidelines on good practice for by the development partners and the Gov- • Proposals for the development of an ground application of pesticides [2001], ernment. Disseminate at country level action plan for the implementation of the Guidelines on management options for the available experience of the 6 pilot National Program for the sustainable man- empty containers [2008], Guidelines on cleaned-up sites. agement of the chemicals for 2016-2020, Prevention and Management of Pesticide in the agricultural sector; Resistance [2012]);

156 FAO SESSION: PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT: MORE FOOD LESS RISK CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION J. Breithaupt FAO

The six presentations at the FAO session lenges the countries face. One goal is to the same time, improving the state of agri- explored different examples of successful establish a regional forum geared towards cultural ecosystems, increasing the quality pesticide risk reduction and demonstrated providing resources for full-scale clean-up of agricultural products and solving the how the risk mitigation measures are con- and a region-wide system capable of deal- problems of pollution in the past. nected to pest and pesticide management ing with challenges posed by pesticides. and contributing to an integrated approach Activities will include the disposal of In Georgia, the project entitled Reducing to a sustainable production intensifcation. stockpiles, but the priority lies in building the use of hazardous chemicals in devel- capacities from passing legislative reform, oping countries: potential of implementing Different aspects of successful pesticide implementing awareness-raising pro- safer chemicals including non-chemical risk reduction approaches are document- grammes, improving pesticide registration alternatives - tools for Georgia and the ed, focusing on numerous stages and as- and regulatory processes, to the promo- EECCA region (implementing agencies pects throughout the pesticide life cycle tion of alternatives to the most hazardous WECF, Greens Movement and GEBMA) and contributing to reducing the adverse chemicals in use. conducted a pesticide life cycle assess- effects of the use of pesticides to health ment, identifed the weaknesses and im- and the environment. Recommendations to improve the legal plemented or anticipates pesticide risk and regulatory framework on pesticide mitigation measures. The project activities Initial results of an ongoing regional proj- management in Eastern European and and results could serve as a success story ect (GCP/RER/040/EC) entitled Improv- Central Asian countries are presented and for the wider region in Eastern Europe and ing capacities to eliminate and prevent re- suggestions for future actions are provided Central Asia. currence of obsolete pesticides as a model by the experts. for tackling unused hazardous chemicals in the former Soviet Union identifed the The importance of integrating environ- The Presentations underline that is es- strengths and weaknesses of the countries mental requirements in the agricultural sential that farmers should gain a better within the pesticide life cycle management policies in Moldova is documented in understanding of how water management, and made some recommendations with order to reduce risks for public health and soil systems, farming/growing systems, regard to addressing key issues and chal- environment posed by pesticides, while, at crop seeds and varieties, pest/disease ecol-

157 ogy, harvest and post-harvest strategies and market access are all interlinked. It becomes evident that only a holistic approach to pest- and pesticide management will help farmers to maximize yields, reduce the use of pesticides and other inputs and improve livelihoods.

All the presented examples and recommendations, tools, guidance documents and policies contributing to a successful pesticide risk reduction can help countries develop their own action plans towards a sustainable production while preventing adverse effects on human health and on the environment.

158

STATE OF THE ART AND LATEST DEVELOPMENT IN FORMER SU STATES AND CENTRAL EUROPEAN REGIONS

159 DISPOSAL OF OBSOLETE PESTICIDE STOCKS M. C. Paun Adviser, Impact Assessment and Pollution Control Directorate, - CASE STUDY IN ROMANIA Ministry of Environment and Climate Change J. Vijgen International HCH and Pesticide Association R. Weber POPs Environmental Consulting & International HCH and Pesticide Association

Abstract Over the last decades, Romania has been ROs, the difference between the EU grant implementation of its National Strategy and the total project cost was provided by and Action Plan. dealing with the legacy of the obsolete the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural De- pesticide stocks due to the extensive pro- velopment. Activities like campaigns on awareness duction and use of especially organochlo- raising and training of farmers for sustain- rine pesticides. The PHARE Project carried out over the able and safely use of pesticides currently Determined to stop the negative effects period from December 2004 to November placed on the market, establishment of of over-usage of pesticides, in 2001, Ro- 2005 collected and transported about 1735 container management system, implemen- mania joined the Stockholm Convention, tonnes of obsolete pesticides for destruc- tation of the safe use of crop protection which, at that time, included nine POPs tion to Germany spread over 114 locations products initiative, combating counterfeit- pesticides. The Convention became effec- in Romania. To date, it is one of the larg- ing of plant protection products, devel- tive starting from the 17th of May 2004. est cleanup projects of its kind in Europe, opment of the Code of Best Agricultural National Implementation Plan and its based on a professional project team and Practices contributed to the successful im- strategy of implementation was one of the high-quality implementation routines. plementation of the National Strategy and frst policies dealing with obsolete pesti- Action Plan at the national level. cide stockpile management and elimina- Beside the stockpiles disposal, another tion in Romania. important outcome of the project was the Moreover, the best way to ensure that no setting up a National Strategy and Action pesticide stocks are built up and human In supporting the elimination of obsolete Plan for preventing new build-up of pesti- and wildlife are not exposed to pesticides pesticide stocks, EU provided Romania cides waste stocks in future. is organic farming1, the amount of organ- with a grant of 3.5 million EUROs through the PHARE-program to implement a proj- Therefore, for the period 2007 to 2012 the Romanian Government focused on the 1 http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/ac116e/ac116e02. ect aimed to dispose the pesticides stocks. htm The total project cost was 4.8 million EU

160 ic farms in Romania has increased from rochemical plant in Borzesti. They have ROs, the difference between EU grant and 50 farms in 2000 to 9691 farms in 2011 been used on large agricultural areas, on the total project cost (1, 3 million EUROs) with a total area of approximately 250,000 meadows and alpha-alpha cultures (also being provided by the Ministry of Agricul- hectars.2 The National Sustainable De- called lucern).3 For seed treatments in ture and Rural Development. velopment Strategy Romania 2013-2020- particular, Dieldrin based pesticides were 2013 highlights the potential of organic used in Romania4 between 1965 and 1970. farming as a comparative advantage of Among the persistent chlorinated pesti- The project “Disposal of pesticides Romania with regard to increased agricul- cides, one of the most used products were (re-packing, collection and elimination tural production. the ones based on heptachlor. After 1988, of pesticide residues on the Romanian these types of products have not been con- territory) EUROPEAID/115815/D/SV/ The establishment of organic farming is sented in Romania . Concerning lindane, RO – Obsolete pesticides” comprised of the most comprehensive approach for the signifcant quantities were produced and two distinct components: supervision of reduction of pesticide exposure to human used as insecticide on a wide range of obsolete pesticides clean-up action and, and the environment which also guarantee plants, for foliage treatment, for trees and technical assistance to the Government that no pesticide stock are generated for wood treatment and against ecto-parasites in policy and strategy development in or- these farms. This approach is, at the same in human and veterinary treatment8 in der to prevent new pesticide stocks from time, a cornerstone in the development of Romania. After 2006, the production and developing. The project was also linked sustainable production and consumption in use of lindane was banned on the Roma- to the elimination of pesticides stockpiles Romania. nian territory according to the provisions and waste which was identifed as the Key of EU Regulation (EC) No. 850/2004 on Objective 1 in the Romanian National Im- persistent organic pollutants.5 plementation Plan. The project implementation implied following the steps, which Approach, Achievements In supporting the elimination of obsolete are described below. and Results pesticide stocks, EU provided Romania Since 1948, OCPs have been used in Ro- with a grant of 3.5 million EUROs through mania. Products were mainly based on the PHARE-program to implement a proj- Step 1 aldrin, chlordane, dieldrin, endrin, hepta- ect aimed to dispose the pesticides stocks. – update of the pesticide inventory chlor and toxafene as active ingredients. The total project cost was 4, 8 million EU- As the international experience shows, All these products were imported, except inventories often underestimating the size those based on DDT and heptachlor, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfalfa; of stocks - or other chemicals than record- which were produced at the integrated pet- 3 4 http://chm.pops.int/Implementation/NIPs/NIP- ed are present at the site. This was also the Submissions/tabid/253/Default.aspx case of Romania, where the reassessment 2 EkoConnect (2012) Organic agriculture moving 5 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ. provided up-dated information and were East. Länderbericht Rumänien do?uri=CONSLEG:2004R0850:20120710:EN:PDF

161 additionally identifed amounts of obsolete SAVA Brunsbüttel (BRD), as Contractor; 2. Repackaging, weighing, temporary pesticides which needed to be disposed. Ramboll (DK) in consortium with Tauw storage: The project ensured that the (NL) and UBA-Austria, as Supervisor, pesticide waste was repackaged in UN Step 2 with IHPA as Sub-consultant. approved packaging materials, under strict – remediation of the pesticide occupational health and safety measures. Sound project management and supervi- An on-site laboratory for identifcation stockpiles sion was obtained on the basis of a good of waste composition was set up. The Initially, the contract covered the elimina- contracting framework, as well as good transport of the waste was done according tion of 1409 tonnes of obsolete pesticides partnership and cooperation between the to ADR rules, and the disposal was per- as it was provided by the existent national Contractor, the Supervisor, and the Imple- formed in a licensed incineration facility inventory. After the reassessment of the menting and Contracting Authorities. The (SAVA in Brunsbüttel, Germany). The f- inventory due to the additionally identifed implementation routine contributed to a nal proof of destruction has been issued by amounts, another 1107 tonnes were dis- large extent to the successful implemen- SAVA to the Ministry of Agriculture and posed. tation of the project. It consisted of the Rural Development. following: Therefore, the PHARE Project carried out over the period December 2004 – Novem- 1. Re-assessment of the inventory: ber 2005 collected and transported for de- The re-assessment provided up-dated in- struction to Germany about 2516 tonnes of formation for the Contractor’s take-over obsolete pesticides spread over 227 loca- of the site (logistics, contents) and gave a tions in Romania. It was one of the largest clear picture of the situation at take-over, cleanup projects of its kind in Europe to making possible for the Contractor to im- date, based on a professional project team prove the planning and the supervision’s and high-quality implementation routines. cost control. The new inventory was managed by Waste Information Management The project team comprised of: the Min- (WIM) System of Tauw (NL). The site istry of Agriculture, the Forest and Rural take-over from the Authority to Contractor Development, as PHARE Project Imple- (Site Takeover Document) required the mentation Unit; the Ministry of Agricul- agreement on re-assessed amounts, the ture, the Forest and Rural Development, agreement on Contractor’s liability, signa- Phytosanitary Units and local branch of- ture of parties involved (legal representa- fces; the Ministry of Finance, as Central tive of the Ministry of Agriculture – local Finance and Contracts Unit; European Pesticide store and repacking in Romanian PHARE phyto-sanitary Director, Contractor - Site Commission Delegation to Romania; project (Source: John Vijgen, IHPA) Manager, Supervision - Engineer).

162 3. The site hand-over from Contractor Step 3 above-mentioned project. The stakehold- to Authority/Owner: The Hand-over doc- ers involved in the development and im- ument required an agreement of repack- – prevention of build-up plementation of the National Strategy and aged amounts, returning into Authority’s of new Pesticide stocks Action Plan implementation were the fol- liability, signature of parties involved (le- Besides the stockpiles disposal, another lowing: the Ministry of Environment and gal representative of the Ministry of Ag- important outcome of the project was the its subsidiary bodies such as the National riculture – local Phyto-sanitary Director, setting up a National Strategy and Action Environmental Protection Agency and the Contractor - Site Manager, Supervision Plan for preventing new build-up of pesti- National Environmental Guard, the Min- – Engineer). The Contractor’s payment is cides waste stocks in future. This included istry of Agriculture and its Phytosanitary based on Site Take-over and Hand-over 5 dedicated tiers: Units, the National Agency for Agricul- forms (Euro/tonnes), as well as on the ex- tural Consultancy, the Ministry of Health, 1. Tier 1 - Further development of the le- port lists. plant protection industry, farmers and Ro- gal framework in terms of Government’s manian Crop Protection Association. Role in sustainable use of pesticides and in hazardous waste management; Tier 1 2. Tier 2 - Establishing of a national stake- – further development of a legal holders platform and ensuring maximum framework participation; One of the important step was the consolidation of the legal framework in terms of 3. Tier 3 - Campaigns on awareness rais- Government’s role in sustainable use of ing and training of farmers; pesticides and in hazardous waste man- 4. Tier 4 – Empty Container Management agement (e.g. approximation of the EU System; Directive on plant protection products, the Directive on sustainable use of pesticides, 5. Tier 5 – Follow up activities for good the Waste Framework Directive, the Haz- agriculture practices among Romanian ardous Waste Directive, Directive on the farmers. incineration of waste, the National Strat- egy and National Action Plan for Waste Accession within the EU, starting with Management, etc.). Pesticide store and repacking in Romanian PHARE 2007, made an outstanding contribution to project (Source: John Vijgen, IHPA) the implementation of the measures and actions included in the National Strate- gy and Action Plan developed under the

163 Tier 2 fair use of plant protection products, the and counterfeiting based approach to plant use of protective equipment certifed and protection products to both distributors

– National stakeholder platform and farmers plant protection products and National stakeholder’s platforms/working to comply with the rules of transportation, the authorities, under the slogan “Toward groups to ensure maximum participation storage and application. One of the frst zero tolerance for plant protection coun- in the feld of pesticides (National Com- actions was the development of a study terfeit products”; sustainable development mittee on Plant Protection Products Per- of marketing at farm level in Romania, of agriculture by reducing adverse effects mitting, national working groups on waste, followed by a site visit to examine the on human health and the environment; im- etc.) were developed. situation in detail. Taking into account the proving national phytosanitary legislation differences between farms on technology by proposing specifc anti-counterfeiting Tier 3 in Romania, were determined the critical measures. – Campaigns on awareness rais- points and farming segments were the action plan of the project, which had to be In order to achieve these objectives, sever- ing and training of farmers focused (i.e. labeling, using only the prod- al activities took place at the national lev- In order to prevent the occurrence of obso- ucts approved and from reliable sources, el, such as: running sustainable campaigns lete pesticides, the Ministry of Agriculture storage and transport of products, applica- in order to inform and educate the public, and Rural Development together with tion equipment, protective equipment and particularly distributors and farmers; Romanian Crop Protection Association not least triple rinsing and delivery of used providing customized anti-counterfeiting (AIPROM) periodically runs awareness packaging). training to control agencies, distributors raising and farmers’ training campaigns on and farmers; providing expertise and how to use the pesticides that are currently Romanian Crop Protection Association training materials on anti-counterfeiting placed on the market in a sustainable and took the initiative to combat counterfeit practices with attention to parallel trade safe way. For example, the European Crop products used for plant protection by a and repackaging; changing the relevant Protection Association (ECPA) began im- 3-year project, supported by the ECPA. legislation in this feld; preventing and plementing the safe use of crop protection The project aims to address the distribu- reducing illegal trade of counterfeit plant products initiative since 2002 (so called tors and users of plant protection products protection products by educational proj- “SUI”). In Romania, the project started in particular, but also the farmers and au- ects and developing an open market alert in September 2010 with the support of thorities. The project was entitled “SCUT” system. ECPA, with the initiative of the AIPROM (eng. SHIELD) signifying the effect hoped and the relevant authorities and in con- against counterfeiting expansion of plant sultation with other key partners in the protection products, trade and usage. industry. The project aims to protect the health of farmers and the environment by Among the project objectives, we can in- improving knowledge of the principles of clude the followings: changing attitudes

164 6 Tier 4 the application of plant protection prod- hectares. The National Sustainable De- ucts, empty container management system velopment Strategy Romania 2013-2020- – Empty Container Management settlement and combating plant protection 2013 highlights the potential of organic System products counterfeit. farming7 as a comparative advantage of Concerning the management of empty Romania with regard to increased agricul- packages and containers, as proposed by Moreover, to support the farmers, the tural production. the National Strategy, several actions have Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Devel- been taken. Romanian Crop Protection opment has developed the Code of Best Conclusions and Lessons Learnt Association (AIPROM) took the lead and Agricultural Practices, which is periodical- The conclusions and lessons learnt from developed the empty container manage- ly updated. the Romanian experience can be sum- ment programme, so called “SCAPA”, marised as follows: which is currently running. All services, This all together ensures that pesticide such as collection of the empty containers stocks are not build up again and that the and packages from farmers as well as dis- overall pesticide management is devel- • A comprehensive strategy and action tributors, are free of charge provided by oped to the extent possible including the plan at the national level is the key for the SCAPA. Implementation of SCAPA management of empty containers. Howev- an effcient implementation of relevant is organized and fnancially supported by er, still pesticide use is associated with the policies and for providing the appropriate AIPROM member companies and compa- threat to human health and the environ- funding resources. nies participating in the system. ment trying to balance external costs and benefts. • A key to success is the cooperation and Tier 5 communication among the relevant stake- The best way to ensure that no pesticide – Follow up activities for good agri- holders (ministries, agencies, producers, stocks are built up and human and wildlife retailers, private owners, control bodies) culture practices among Romanian are not exposed to pesticides is organic involved in the pesticides and obsolete farmers farming . Within the last ten years, organic pesticides management. All three initiatives, i.e. “SCAPA”,”SUI” farming has gained momentum in Roma- and “SCUT”, support the implementation nia. According to the data report of the Eu- • A comprehensive assessment and estab- of the EU Directive 2009/128/EC on sus- rostat and the Ministry of Agriculture and lishment of a detailed inventory is essen- tainable use of plant protection products. Rural Development, the amount of organic tial to have a control over the pesticides The most important measures taken were farms in Romania has increased from 50 stocks. related to the certifcation of users, defn- farms in 2000 to 9691 farms in 2011 with ing the professional users of plant protec- a total area of approximately 250,000 6 http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/ac116e/ac116e02. tion products, verifcation and certifcation htm; 7 EkoConnect (2012) Organic agriculture moving of protective equipment, best practice in East. Länderbericht Rumänien;

165 • Streamlining of the existing policies sustainable production and consumption in ticides, Volume 1, ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/011/ in the feld of pesticides and POPs man- Romania. i0473e/i0473e.pdf agement and development of subsequent Food and Agriculture Organization (2009), Envi- legislation is essential for ensuring the ef- ronmental Management Tool Kit for Obsolete Pes- fectiveness of the implementation. ticides, Volume 2, ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/011/ i0473e/i0473e.pdf • Awareness raising activities are crucial both in the clean-up activities as well as References Food and Agriculture Organization (2010), The Preparation of Inventories of Pesticides and Con- in the prevention of re-occurrence of ob- Strategies and plans Romania (2007), National Strategy and National taminated Materials, Volume 1 Planning, ftp://ftp. solete pesticides. It can act as a driver for Action Plan for Waste Management, http://www. fao.org/docrep/fao/011/i0474e/i0474e.pdf these change progresses. anpm.ro/articole/cadrul_general-140 Food and Agriculture Organization (2011), Envi- • During the clean-up activities, it is im- Romania (2008), National Sustainable Develop- ronmental Management Tool Kit for Obsolete Pes- portant to get the local authorities’ com- ment Strategy Romania 2013-2020-2013, http:// ticides, Volume 3, http://www.fao.org/fleadmin/ strategia.ncsd.ro/docs/sndd-fnal-en.pdf templates/obsolete_pesticides/Guidelines/EMTK- mitment and participation in facilitating of 3web_nov_small.pdf works execution. United Nation Environment Programme, Stock- holm Convention National Implementation Plans, Food and Agriculture Organization (2011), Envi- • Clean-up activities are only sustainable http://chm.pops.int/Implementation/NIPs/NIPSub- ronmental Management Tool Kit for Obsolete Pes- if they are combined with a strategy for missions/tabid/253/Default.aspx ticides, Volume 4, http://www.fao.org/fleadmin/ avoidance of the re-occurrence of obsolete templates/obsolete_pesticides/Guidelines/EMT- Guidance documents K4xweb_nov_small.pdf pesticides. Crop Life International (2011), Trainee Manual: Introduction to integrated pest management, 2011, Food and Agriculture Organization (1995), Preven- • It is necessary to establish an empty con- http://www.croplife.org/crop-protection/steardship/ tion of accumulation of obsolete pesticide stocks, tainer management scheme/system as part integrated-pest-management/ ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/v7460e/v7460e.pdf of the “life-cycle concept” to minimize the Food and Agriculture Organization (1996), Pes- risks to both humans and the environment. European Crop Protection Association (2005), Container Management Guidelines, http://www. ticide Storage and Stock Control Manual, http:// www.fao.org/docrep/v8966e/v8966e00.htm • The establishment of organic farming ecpa.eu/fles/gavin/14227_Container%20Manage- ment%20Guidelines.pdf is the most comprehensive approach for Food and Agriculture Organization (1996), Dispos- reduction of pesticide exposure to human European Crop Protection Association (2000), al of bulk quantities of obsolete pesticides in de- and the environment which also guarantee Guidelines on the sustainable use of crop protec- veloping countries, http://www.fao.org/fleadmin/ that no pesticide stock are generated for tion products, http://www22.sede.embrapa.br/ user_upload/obsolete_pesticides/docs/w1604e.pdf these farms. This approach is at the same Food and Agriculture Organization (2009), Envi- Food and Agriculture Organization (1999), Guide- time a cornerstone in the development of ronmental Management Tool Kit for Obsolete Pes- lines for the management of small quantities of

166 unwanted and obsolete pesticides, http://www.fao. europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=O- Change [Website],http://mmediu.ro/ org/fleadmin/user_upload/obsolete_pesticides/ J:L:2008:312:0003:0030:en:PDF docs/small_qties.pdf Vijgen, J., Egenhofer, C (2009), Lethal Obsolete European Commission (1991), Council Directive Pesticides. A ticking time bomb and why we have Food and Agriculture Organization (2000), Assess- 91/689/EEC of 12 December 1991 on hazardous to act now, Taw Group, 2009, http://www.ihpa. ing soil contamination - A reference manual, http:// waste, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/Lex- info/resources/library/obsolete-lethal-pesticides/ www.fao.org/docrep/003/X2570E/X2570E00. UriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31991L0689:EN:HTML HTM Vijgen J, Aliyeva G, Weber R (2013) The Forum European Commission (2000), Directive 2000/76/ of the International HCH and Pesticides Associa- Food and Agriculture Organization (2000), Train- EC of the European Parliament and of the Council tion—a platform for international cooperation. Env ing Manual for inventory taking obsolete pesti- of 4 December 2000 on the incineration of waste, Sci Pollut Res. 20, 2081-2086. http://rd.springer. cides, http://www.fao.org/fleadmin/user_upload/ http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ. com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs11356-012-1170-z. obsolete_pesticides/docs/train_man_e.pdf do?uri=OJ:L:2000:332:0091:0111:EN:PDF pdf

Legislation Romania (2005), Ministerial Order no Weber R, Aliyeva G, Vijgen J. (2013) The need European Commission (2004), Regulation (EC) No 1182/1270/2005 for the approval of the Code of for an integrated approach to the global challenge 850/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Good Agricultural Practices, http://www.mmediu. of POPs management. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. Council of 29 April 2004 on persistent organic pol- ro/legislatie/acte_normative/gospodarirea_apelor/ 20, 1901-1906, http://link.springer.com/content/ lutants and amending Directive 79/117/EEC, http:// Cod_Bune_Practici_Agricole.pdf pdf/10.1007%2Fs11356-012-1247-8.pdf eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=- CONSLEG:2004R0850:20120710:EN:PDF Other materials Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, Alfalfa, EkoConnect (2012) Organic agriculture moving http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfalfa European Commission (1991), Council Directive East. Länderbericht Rumänien; 91/414/EEC of 15 July 1991 concerning the plac- ing of plant protection products on the market, Food and Agriculture Organization, Defning Or- http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ. ganic Agriculture [Online], http://www.fao.org/ do?uri=CONSLEG:2004R0850:20120710:EN:PDF docrep/003/ac116e/ac116e02.htm

European Commission (2009), Directive Romanian Crop Protection Association, Empty 2009/128/EC of the European Parliament and Container Management System Project [Online], of the Council Of 21 October 2009 establishing http://www.aiprom.ro/SCAPA/scapa.html a framework for community action to achieve the sustainable use of pesticides, http://eur-lex. Romanian Crop Protection Association, Combating europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=O- Counterfeit of Plant Protection Products Project J:L:2009:309:0071:0086:EN:PDF [Online], http://www.aiprom.ro/SCUT/scut.html

European Commission (2008), Directive Romanian Crop Protection Association, Safe Use 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and Initiative Project [Online], http://www.aiprom.ro/ of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste SUI/sui.html and repealing certain Directives, http://eur-lex. Romania, Ministry of Environment and Climate

167 PRESENTATION ON OBSOLETE PESTICIDE REMAINDERS IN AZERBAIJAN REPUBLIC N. Afandiyeva Ministry of Emergency situations of Azerbaijan Republic

According to the order of the Cabinet of 357 from November 2, 1999, the potential and since 1982 the use of it was suspended Ministers of Azerbaijan Republic from threat to the safety of objects is under state and was prohibited. May 7, 2012, the Ministry of Emergency control, and according to Law Fire Safety Situations, the Ministry of Ecology and approved by decree No. 313-IQ from June In 1989-1990, considering that a lot of ob- Natural Resource and the Ministry of 10, 1997, fre safety control of these obsolete pesticide remnants were still in the Agriculture established a working group jects is carried out by the relevant bodies areas, there was a need to build the Jangi consisting of representatives involved in of the Ministry of Emergency Situations Pesticide Disposal Polygon in the frame- developing proposals for disposal of pesti- of Azerbaijan. work of the former “Azerkandkimya”. For cide remnants. construction of such polygon, a special Technical and fre safety inspections of area was allocated in the foothills 53 km According to the decision of Cabinet of pesticides and agro-chemical storage tanks away from Baku, 4 km away from Jangi Ministers of Azerbaijan Republic from in the Republic are carried out by the State village in the Absheron district. December 3, 2012, the Ministry of Emer- Agency for the safe conduct of work in gency Situations became involved in pesti- industry and mining control, and State Fire Till the closure of the former “Azərkənd- cide remnants removal. Control Service of Ministry of Emergency kimya” Scientifc Production Association, Situations. 8,000 tonnes of obsolete and prohibited According to Regulation 8.48.1 approved pesticide waste (DDT, calcium arsenate, by Presidential Decree No. 394 from April calcium Cyanamid, hexachloran, grana- 19, 2006 the Ministry of Emergency Situ- By the Law No. 554-II from December 09, zone, xomesin, sineb, etc.) were collected ations and other relevant state authorities 2003, on accession of Azerbaijan Republic from different regions of Azerbaijan and are involved in the implementation of state to the Stockholm Convention on “Per- buried. control over the protection and mainte- sistent Organic Pollutants” from May 22, nance of pesticide and biological agent 2010, among the 12 basic substances are After closure of “Azerkendkimya”, due to production plants: only DDT, PCB and Dioxin/Furan present the lack of control until 2005, the con- in Azerbaijan. From these substances only crete covers of the concrete containers According to the Law on Technical Safety the DDT was produced in our Republic were illegally opened and more than 4,000 of Azerbaijan, approved by Decree No. tonnes pesticide waste was carried out

168 to the markets and sold to the people as buried unknown pesticide, 1,000 drums • Jalilabad district Uzuntapasettlement fertilizers, and the rest was kept without with liquid pesticide, 73,116 m² soil con- area -The former “Azərkəndkimya” Pesti- using. taminated with toxic substances, 28,428 cide warehouse approximately 40 tonnes m² contaminated warehouse foor surface and 10 tonnes unspecifed powder pecti- In 2006, when the initial inventory was were determined. cide remainders were found. Besides that implemented, it was found that pesticides approximately 450-500 pieces 20 litre were scattered in the land fll and approx- The absence of information on small un- -200 litre of liquid dalapone (herbicide) imately 3,500-3,700 tonnes of pesticide known landflls does not mean that in the drums corroded in different parts of the waste were still present in the bunkers. future during excavations these substances territory. 2,350 m² plots of land, at the still have to be found. same time around 4 storage building areas, According to the Decree No170 of Cabi- approximately 5840 m² contaminated area net of Ministers from July 25,2007 Jangi • Salyan district center: In the storage of by a variety of chemical products; Pesticide Landfll was given to the State supply base of chemical products in the Phytosanitary Control Service under the former “Azərkəndkimya” Unity – 200 • In Aghjabadi district Hindarkh settle- Ministry of Agriculture, and measures tonnes mixed pulverized pesticide. 500 ment area- Approximately 2500 m² area were taken into consideration to improve rotten polidofen (20%DDT) drums scat- of the storage of the former district village storage conditions, some of pesticide tered around the area of 13,975 m² con- chemistry union contaminated with pesti- waste was gathered from the regions and taminated with liquid pesticide. 300m³ cide, in other part approximately 40 tonnes buried in Jangi landfll. However, the - unknown pesticide remnants buried in unspecifed pesticide mixture was found; problem is not yet solved so far: consid- the soil; erable amounts of pesticide waste are still • Beylagan district Khalaj village ar- present under dangerous conditions which • Salyan district Dayikend settlement area ea-During collapse of the pesticide storage can harm people and environment. - Some of unknown pesticide remnants of the Former “Azərkəndkimya” Union, and the polidofen (20% DDT) drums from some remainders of the pesticide left un- According to the order of the Cabinet of the former “Azərkəndkimya” pesticide der the destroyed storage, other part left Ministers, a working group was estab- storage were buried in the well. 9,800 m² under the soil layer and dispersed nearby lished consisting of the representatives of area was contaminated with unknown pes- areas. Some part of the area was dug and the Ministries of Emergency Situations, ticide remnants; approximately 900 m² area was contami- Ecology and Natural Resources and Agri- nated with mixture of pesticide. There are • Neftchala district area–Lower Garamanli culture, in order to discuss current situa- approximately 60 tonnes of a mixture pes- area- Half ruined fertilizer storage of the tion. Following materials were discovered ticide in the area; in the country: former “Azərkəndkimya” 5 tonnes natri- um propinat herbicide was found; • Füzul idistrict Horadiz city area - After 1,520 tonnes dust illustrated, 1,064 m³ the collapse of the storage of the chemistry

169 products of the former “Azərkəndkimya” • Aghdash district Laki settlement area-In three pesticide storages of the former Union pesticide remainders contaminated the destroyed storage 100 tonnes pesticide wine-growing factory were highly con- 16,100 m² area. There are more than 500 mixture (mainly butifos and fentiuram) taminated by pesticide remainders; tonnes pesticide remainders (DDT, hexa- were spread in and outside of the storage. • Kolayır village –in the storage of the for- chloran, izofen etc.); 100 tonnes pesticide mixture were carried to another nearby area, where an area of mer “Azərkendkimya” Union of Samukh district chemistry union an area of 98 m³ • Goranboy district Dalimammadli set- 5600 m² was fully contaminated with pesticides; was excavated: izofen, chlorofos, hexo- tlement area-3,600 m² area of the half chloran were buried - Near the houses 100 destroyed fertilizer storage of the former • Khachmaz district Lajat village area (10 tonnes of the hexochloran pesticide mixed “Azərkəndkimya” Union was contaminat- km far from Khudat) - In the storage of the with fertilizer are in the open air. ed with pesticide remainders to a depth pf former “Azərkəndkimya” Union pesticide 15-20 cm. Outside of the storage an area remainders were buried in an area of 168 • Shamkir district Dallar settlement area - of 4,800 m² and 2,100 m² soil was con- m³ and covered with soil. Entering this In the half destroyed storage of the former taminated with pesticide remainders; area a strong smell of pesticides can be “Azərkəndkimya” Union 90 tonnes in the observed. Black spots on the soil can be form of a ball. There is a 20-30 cm thick • Ujar district central area-3450 m²2 area clearly seen; layer of pesticide on the bottom. Outside of the storage of the former “Azərkənd- of the storage, in the open air approxi- kimya”was contaminated with the mixture • Siyazan district area - 876 m² area in- mately 30 tonnes pesticide remains were of pesticide soil. 50 t sharp smell pesticide cluding storage of the former “Azərkənd- found. mixture (the main part –izofen) was found. kimya” Union, the entrance of the city on Ujar district Mususlu settlement area-Fully the side of the railway was contaminated • Aghstafa district–half destroyed fertil- with the pesticide remainders. Outside of destroyed pesticide storage of the former izer and pesticide storage of the former the storage 5 tonnes of unknown pulver- “Azərkəndkimya” Union pesticide remain- “Azərkəndkimya” union. Approximately ized pesticide mixture was found ders were spread around and contaminated 35 tonnes of pesticide remains and 25 2400m²2area. • Sumgayıt city “Azərikimya”Union area tonnes of fertilizer mixed with pesticides • Yevlakh district area-In the area of the of SOCAR – In the factory of Sumgayt, were found. The contaminated area around fully destroyed storage of the former DDT, lindane and hexachloran were pro- the storage is approximately 600 m². “Azərkəndkimya” Union 5 places approxi- duced from 1958-1980. Besides the use in mately with 100 t unknown pesticide mix- the Republic these products were also was ture and 1000 m²2 area was contaminated sent to other cities in the Soviet Union; with the spread of pesticide remainders. • Samukh district area - 300 m² area of

170 Activities that have been implemented to improve the situation of the pesticides during 2008-2011: As the result of the monitoring: • 3,084 tonnes obsolete, highly toxic and prohibited pesticide powder was found and repackaged between 2008 and 2010 (In 2008 from the districts: Aghjabadi, Yevlax, Ujar, Zardab-2,048 tonnes, in 2010 – from Aghjabadi district 1,036 tonnes) they were carried to Jangi pesticide range; • Liquid polidofen (1,180 drums and 200 pieces contaminated poddon) in Ganja city was re-packed and carried to the storage The project included training and supervi- built on the same site; sion by an international expert. • In Zardab 1,143 m³ area was contaminated with different types of chemical substances around the building for the dis- abled people. The contaminated area was excavated and the material was carried to the range; • In November, 2011 the EECCA GEF- pilot project “Re-pack of obsolete, highly toxic and prohibited pesticide remains” was implemented in Azerbaijan Republic. From 3 regions of the Republic 70 tonnes pesticide waste was repacked and carried to the range according to FAO standards.

171 G. Salaru & L. Marduhaeva POPs FREE MOLDOVA: 10 YEARS OF EFFORTS The Ministry of Environment, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova

V. Plesca, I. Barbarasa, L. Cupcea POPs Sustainable Management Offce, the Ministry of Environment, Chisinau, the Republic of Moldova Abstract The article presents the actions undertaken maining stocks from warehouses will have All these actions have a continuous and been eliminated. More than 930 tons of sustainable character and aim at achiev- by Moldova and the results obtained in the PCB containing capacitors were removed. ing European and international standards last 10 years in POPs stockpiles manage- The national inventory and mapping of on safe management of POPs, hazardous ment and elimination of the risks caused POPs contaminated areas (cca.1,600 sites) chemicals and wastes in general. by them in relation to the environment and and inventory of PCB in transformer oils human health. of approximately 30,000 units of electric Practical measures in this regard began in power equipment were conducted. Keywords 2003, following a special decision of the Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), POPs Government, and concur with signing and Progress is being made in the moderniza- management, obsolete pesticides (OP), ratifcation of the Stockholm Convention tion of the legal framework on chemicals polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), contam- on Persistent Organic Pollutants by the and waste management. As a result of inated sites, POPs database, Stockholm Republic of Moldova. These actions have extensive information and awareness cam- Convention on POPs been funded by the Government, but they paigns on POPs, the level of education and have been substantially supported by inter- awareness at all levels increased substan- Introduction national organizations and Governments tially. Moldova has never produced pesticides, of development partner countries. including POP pesticides, but has a long In achieving these objectives, the Ministry tradition in agricultural production and During that period, all known stockpiles of Environment, Ministry of Agriculture hence used large amounts of pesticides in of obsolete pesticides including POP pes- and Food Industry, Ministry of Defense, the past. It is estimated that between the ticides were collected and approximately Ministry of Economy, local authorities, 1950s and 1990s about 560,000 tons of 3,350 tons of waste was stored. Of these, research institutes, international and local pesticides were used in the Moldovan ag- 1,500 tons were evacuated abroad and de- consulting companies and experts, NGOs ricultural sector, including 22,000 tons of stroyed. These activities are still continu- are involved. Over 20 projects have been organochlorine pesticides. In the absence ing and in the next two years almost all re implemented in this area. of an adequate pesticides management

172 strategy, like the prevention of new stock- sources by approving a special decision on these purposes up to now is approximately piles accumulation, more than 3,000 tons additional measures for centralized storage US$18 million. of now banned and useless pesticides have and neutralization of obsolete pesticides been accumulated over the years in storage /1/. Having signed the Stockholm Conven- The Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources (now: the Ministry of Environ- facilities all over the country. The number tion on Persistent Organic Pollutants on ment) was the central national environ- of those facilities stood at about 1,000 May 23, 2001, the Republic of Moldova mental authority designated as the Stock- in 1990. Subsequently, the warehouses became eligible for international support have been dilapidated in many cases. The holm Convention competent authority and in solving these problems. In the follow- as such is responsible for coordinating the passage of time and exposure has resulting period, all the actions in this area were ed in the deterioration of the packaging POPs-related activities of all government based on cooperation with international bodies involved in chemicals management material. Studies have shown conclusively institutions and experts, fnanced from the that these materials have contaminated issues. Such responsibilities are borne national budget, but with strong support the sites and surrounding soils and nearby also the Ministry of Agriculture and Food from the international organizations. Over surface waters. When obsolete pesticides Industry (MAFI), the Ministry of Econo- were placed in storage, they were gen- the last 12 years more than 20 projects in my, the Ministry of Defense (MoD), the erally indiscriminately mixed with each the area of management and elimination of Ministry of Health, the Department of other in bags and drums. This resulted in a POPs and other dangerous chemicals and Emergency Situations (DES), the Customs mixture of POPs pesticides and non-POPs wastes have been or are currently imple- Service, other central public authorities, pesticides and there is no economically mented. as well as the local authorities. A Na- viable way of determining the composi- tional Coordination Committee (NCC) tions of all the resultant mixtures in the The main objectives of the implemented for the implementation of the Stockholm repackaged plastic and steel drums. Repre- projects were to protect human health and Convention, bringing together senior sentative sampling/analysis indicated that the environment by safely managing and offcials from the key ministries and led the average amount of POP pesticides in disposing of POPs contaminated pesti- by the Ministry of Environment (MoE), the obsolete pesticide stock in Moldova is cides and PCB stockpiles, establishing was established in July 2002 to provide about 20-30%. sustainable POPs stockpiles management overall guidance and coordination for NIP and strengthening the regulatory and in- development and implementation. An inter-ministerial group for the repackaging, Main stages and results of POPs s¬titutional arrange¬ments for long term control of POPs and other toxic substanc- collection and centralized storage of obso- management and elimination lete pesticides, led by the MAFI, has been The Moldovan Government initiated a es in line with the requirements of the Stockholm Convention and related other in action since November 2002 strategy to address POPs issues in 2002 conventions and protocols ratifed by (See also /1/). based on its own fnancial and human re- Moldova. The amount of funds used for

173 All actions taken in the area of manage- stitutional arrangements for long term ter-ministerial group for the repackaging, ment and destruction of obsolete pesticide control of POPs and other toxic substanc- collection and centralized storage of obso- stockpiles can be divided into the follow- es in line with the requirements of the lete pesticides, led by the MAFI, has been ing stages: Stockholm Convention and related other in action since November 2002 (See also conventions and protocols ratifed by /1/). The Moldovan Government initiated a Moldova. The amount of funds used for strategy to address POPs issues in 2002 these purposes up to now is approximately All actions taken in the area of manage- based on its own fnancial and human re- US$18 million. ment and destruction of obsolete pesticide sources by approving a special decision on stockpiles can be divided into the follow- additional measures for centralized storage The Ministry of Ecology and Natural ing stages: and neutralization of obsolete pesticides Resources (now: the Ministry of Environ- /1/. Having signed the Stockholm Conven- ment) was the central national environ- Stage 1 – Inventory of Obsolete Pesti- tion on Persistent Organic Pollutants on mental authority designated as the Stock- cide stockpiles and development of NIP May 23, 2001, the Republic of Moldova holm Convention competent authority and for the Stockholm Convention became eligible for international support as such is responsible for coordinating the The frst inventory of OP stocks in Mol- in solving these problems. In the follow- POPs-related activities of all government dova had been made between 2002 and ing period, all the actions in this area were bodies involved in chemicals management 2004 with the support of a GEF/WB based on cooperation with international issues. Such responsibilities are borne grant for enabling activities regarding the institutions and experts, fnanced from the also the Ministry of Agriculture and Food implementation of the Stockholm Con- national budget, but with strong support Industry (MAFI), the Ministry of Econo- vention and was based on the documents from the international organizations. Over my, the Ministry of Defense (MoD), the available at that time to the Ministry of the last 12 years more than 20 projects in Ministry of Health, the Department of Agriculture and Food Industry. The in- the area of management and elimination of Emergency Situations (DES), the Customs ventory results revealed 1,700 tons in 350 POPs and other dangerous chemicals and Service, other central public authorities, poorly equipped warehouses, and approx. wastes have been or are currently imple- as well as the local authorities. A Na- 4,000 tons that were buried in a landfll mented. tional Coordination Committee (NCC) in the South of the country, most of them for the implementation of the Stockholm mixed or of unknown composition. After The main objectives of the implemented Convention, bringing together senior the completion of the repackaging and projects were to protect human health and offcials from the key ministries and led storage measures of OP, it was found that the environment by safely managing and by the Ministry of Environment (MoE), the amount collected from the various disposing of POPs contaminated pesti- was established in July 2002 to provide warehouses was twice as large as expected cides and PCB stockpiles, establishing overall guidance and coordination for NIP because of their inadvertent mixing with sustainable POPs stockpiles management development and implementation. An in- and strengthening the regulatory and in- fertilizers due to inadequate storage condi-

174 tions and damaged packaging materials. The expenditures for these measures were agement Offce, was established under covered initially by the National Environ- the MoE, based on the team which was Also, under this grant the National Strat- mental Fund (NEF) and the national bud- working in the feld of POPs since 2002, egy on the reduction and elimination of get. Starting from 2005, they have been ensuring that use is being made of capaci- POPs and the National Implementation funded within the NATO/OSCE “Project ty once it’s built. Plan for the Stockholm Convention on for the destruction of pesticides and dan- POPs have been developed and approved gerous chemicals” implemented by MoD. This project was the cornerstone in by the Government on October 20th, 2004 In one district, these activities have been strengthening the policy and regulato- and later on, on February 19th, 2005, the carried out within the Regional Project ry framework for POPs management Moldovan Parliament ratifed the Conven- „Elimination of Acute Risks of Obsolete and control in the Republic of Moldova. tion. Pesticides in Moldova, Georgia and Kyr- Through his project the main objectives of gyzstan”, implemented by Milieukontakt the NIP have been achieved. The project Stage 2 – Repackaging and temporary International. assisted the Government of Moldova in storage of OP stockpiles confning stockpiles of pesticides in such In November 2003, the Ministry of De- As a result, by the end of 2008, approxi- a way that harm to the environment or hu- fense (MoD) and the Department of Emer- mately 3,350 tons of obsolete pesticides man health is largely prevented. Further- gency Situations started the repackaging had been relocated to 37 guarded central more, the regulatory framework and insti- and transportation of the obsolete pesticide district warehouses. tutional capacity to address POPs related stockpiles from about 350 warehouses issues has been strengthened. scattered across the country to the newly Stage 3 – Strengthening the regulatory selected centralized district storage facil- framework and capacity building for The major results achieved in these activi- ities, one in each administrative districts. POPs management ties are as follows: These warehouses were chosen based on a Between 2006 and 2010, a GEF/WB number of criteria to ensure safe storage. “Persistent Organic Pollutants Stockpiles • New or revised national policies and Each of the warehouses was examined Mana¬ge-ment and Destruction Project” regulations, like the National Programme during the environmental assessment was implemented by the Ministry of En- on Sound Chemicals Management, Law of the project to evaluate their integri- vironment in Moldova, based on a GEF on environmental protection, Law regard- ty. While this system of centralizing the grant of $6.35 million and a counterpart ing the regime of harmful substances and storage of obsolete stockpiles is an im- contribution of $3.72 million from the products, Law on plant protection, Law on provement, it is not a long term solution. Moldovan state’s budget and National production and domestic waste, Law on Centralizing the hazardous matter allows Ecological Fund, including $1.6 million payment for environmental pollution as for improved security and monitoring and allocated for disposal of obsolete pesti- well as guidelines have been developed. will facilitate ultimate disposal, which has cides. To facilitate project implementation, Among the materials published are the to remain the goal. a special team, POPs Sustainable Man- Handbook on inventory and mapping of

175 POPs contaminated sites and the Hand- • A public awareness and information book on remediation of POPs contaminat- campaign has been conducted trough lo- ed sites. Over 12 packages of draft legal cal, regional and national seminars and and regulatory documents, including a conferences, radio and TV programs, Law on Environment Protection, a Law on documentary movies and TV ads, articles Chemicals and a Law on Waste, have been in local and national newspapers, project completed and are in the process of coor- website www.moldovapops.md, etc. The dination and approval; special surveys showed a signifcant increase of public awareness in the feld of • A National Concept of the Information POPs; Manage¬ment and Reporting System on POPs has been developed; • Results obtained have been presented within more than 70 local, national and • Two modern laboratories have been international workshops and conferences, equipped with high resolution equipment including the last six International HCH used for monitoring and identifcation of and Pesticides Forums. POPs in environment components;

• Environmental, plant protection and en- Stage 4 – Elimination of POPs ergetic inspectors have been trained in en- stockpiles forcement and compliance with the POPs Elimination of POPs stockpiles in Mol- convention requirements based on the new dova began in 2006 under the POPs legal documents on POPs management; Stockpiles Management and Destruction mediation works at the biggest transformer Project. At that time, the priorities were • Organic farming has increased after the station have been carried out, too. established on the evacuation and de- introduction of a regulation on organic struction of over 3000 tons of OP from 37 farming in 2005. While in 2003 there were In parallel with elimination of PCB, 1292 central district warehouses and of approx. only 11 certifed farms practicing organic tons of pesticides and contaminated pack- 1000 tons of PCB-containing electrical farming, this number has increased to 253 aging from 11 districts were exported and capacitors from 13 transformer stations. farms and 35,000 hectares in 2010, thus incinerated. These activities were taken up again in 2011 within the projects imple- avoiding the pesticide use on this land. In the following two years, all 18,660 The National Strategy for Sustainable De- mented or coordinated by the MoE, MoD electrical capacitors containing PCB found and MAFI, with fnancial support from velopment highlighted organic farming as in the country (934 tons, including highly one of the priorities for R&D of the Mol- the national budget and from international polluted soil) have been dismantled/exca- organizations such as Czech Develop- dova. vated, shipped and destroyed abroad. Re- 176 ment Agency (CzDA), NATO, OSCE, the European Commission (EC) and FAO. At the moment, the amount of pesticides destroyed stands at about 1500 tons. The details can be found in Table 1. Thus, presuming a successful completion of all projects that are now under implement-tation, all stocks of pesticides stored in warehouses will be eliminated by the end of 2015. Stage 5 – Inventory and mapping of POP pesticide polluted areas and PCBs in transformer oils One of the tasks of the POPs Stockpiles Management and Destruction Project ref- ered on a national inventory and mapping of POPs polluted sites. The objective of this study was to identify the POPs polluted areas posing the highest environmental and health risks, as well as mapping of those areas using a GIS tool. These activities were carried out in 2008-2010. An original methodology of POPs pollution study and hazards assessment was developed aiming at: (i) identifcation and assessment of potentially POPs contaminated sites all over the country; (ii) creation and completing of the POPs database as well as mapping and visualization of acquired data; and (iii) establishing common reporting formats and assuring data- Table 1: Elimination of OP stocks in Moldova, source: POP’s Sustanaible Management Offce, Moldova base support. 177 All potentially contaminated sites iden- ducted in 2008-2011 with the fnancial and ticide-polluted areas was carried out as a tifed were described based on a unifed technical support of the Global Environ- complementary measure to the actions un- questionnaire; the coordinates of the POPs mental Facility and Canadian International dertaken in the feld of sustainable POPs sites were determined using GPS; photo Development Agency through the World management and has the following specif- images and composite soil samples were Bank and the Moldovan National Environ- ic objectives: (i) to identify Best Available taken at each site before being further an- mental Fund. Technologies (BAT) for of POP pesticide alyzed for POPs in a certifed laboratory. polluted areas, taking into account techni- About 1600 contaminated sites were iden- Oil samples were taken and analysis made cal, fnancial and ecological aspects; (ii) to tifed and described. on the PCB content from about 30,000 assess their potential environmental/health units of power equipment, owned by eight benefts and impacts; (iii) to implement An integrated GIS system for POPs data companies of generation, transmission and appropriate remediation techniques at a mapping and analysis has been developed distribution of electricity, as well as by few selected sites. allowing effective storing, managing and consumers /4/. presenting of POPs-related information, Based on the assessment, which included such as the geographic locations of the An inventory registration system and na- aspects of practical and economic feasibil- sites, concentrations and other related pa- tional database for electrical equipment ity of implementation, taking into account rameters, as well as distribution of health containing or contaminated with PCBs costs, expected performance, effciency and environmental hazards. The database above a concentration of 50 ppm have and potential impacts on the environment is available on the Ministry of Environ- been developed and will serve for its fur- and human health, two techniques – isola- ment website: http://pops.mediu.gov.md. ther management and gradual elimination, tion in controlled soil stockpiles and bio- The information on POPs-polluted sites as required by the international agree- logical treatment with the Daramend tech- gets periodically updated by environmen- ments and national legislation. nique – were selected and tested/validated tal authorities. at three pilot demonstration sites in order Stage 6 – Remediation of POPs to identify the most appropriate methods polluted site With the POPs database, the central and for Moldova with a view to recommenda- In parallel with the inventory of contam- local authorities got a new tool which sig- tion of remediation strategies for other OP inated sites, in 2008-2009, within the nifcantly improved the management of sites throughout the country pending the CIDA/WB Project “Remediation of POP contaminated sites. It effectively supports availability of fnancial resources /5/. the policy and decision making process pesticide polluted areas and inventory of in the feld of contaminated sites manage- PCB contaminated oil in power equip- Based on practical experiences, the Guide- ment /3/. ment”, several pilot remediation activities lines for local environmental authorities had been carried out. were compiled on how and when to carry A national inventory of PCBs in dielectric out remediation measures on areas pollut- This study on the remediation of POP-pes- oils from power equipment had been con- ed with POP pesticides.

178 Conclusions and lessons learnt and complete their tasks within the set • Compliance of and contribution from The conclusions and lessons learnt over time frame; the government and the partners who have agreed to support projects are non-nego- more than one decade of experience in the • A comprehensive assessment and es- management and disposal of POPs in Mol- tiable for the successful implementation of tablishment of a detailed inventory is activities. dova can be summarized as follows: essential to have a control over the POPs stockpiles; • Awareness raising activities at all levels of society are crucial throughout the en- • A comprehensive strategy and action • Streamlining of the existing policies in plan at the national level is the key for tire process of approaching and solving of the feld of POPs management and devel- POPs issues; an effcient implementation of relevant opment of subsequent legislation is essen- policies and for providing the appropriate tial for ensuring the effectiveness of the • Based on the results obtained, the inter- funding resources; implementation; national institutions and experts involved in POPs management consider Moldovan • A key to success is the cooperation • From a practical implementation point and communication among the relevant projects a success in that most objectives of view, one of the important decisions were achieved as planned. As a result, the stakeholders (ministries, agencies, control was the establishment and maintenance of bodies, local authorities, retailers, private experience and the knowledge gained has the project management team (e.g. POPs been analyzed and taken as a blueprint by owners) involved in the POPs manage- Sustainable Management Offce under ment; other governments in the region, as they the Ministry of Environment) that, once follow the approaches developed and part- • The establishment of a reliable coopera- established, continued to work in order to ly hire the trained experts as consultants. tion with the donors at an early stage was ensure the sustainability and effectiveness important. Due to this fact, transparency of Stockholm Convention implementation. This unit is responsible for fduciary activ- and better planning of project activities in terms of fnance and procurement have to ities of POPs projects and additionally has be established; been involved in the implementation of other environment projects; • The approaches and decisions that led to successful achievement of the objectives • The selection and contracting of qualifed were based on the fact that all initiated consultants, both local and international, facilitated the successful implementation projects and measures carried out had con- tinuity in time and trained personal. All of planned activities and transferring parties have to respect their commitments knowledge to personnel; and activities and complement each other

179 References /1/ Government Decision no 1543 from 29.11.2002 on additional measures for centralized storage and disposal of obsolete pesticides.

/2/ V.Plesca et al, “Persistent organic pollutants stockpiles management and destruction in Mol- dova” // 11th International HCH and Pesticides Forum, Proceedings, 7-9 September 2011, Gabala, Republic of Azerbaijan.

/3/ V.Plesca et al, “Inventory of POP pesticides polluted areas in Moldova” //12th International HCH and Pesticides Forum. Proceedings. 6-8 November 2013, Kiev, Ukraine.

/4/ I.Barbarasa et al, “Environmental sound PCB management in Moldova” // 11th International HCH and Pesticides Forum, Proceedings, 7-9 Sep- tember 2011, Gabala, Republic of Azerbaijan.

/5/ V.Plesca et al, “Remediation of POP pesticides polluted areas in the conditions of Moldova” // 12th International HCH and Pesticides Forum. Proceedings. 6-8 November 2013, Kiev, Ukraine.

180 OVERVIEW OF POST-DISPOSAL PROBLEMS T. Stobiecki, K. Waleczek & S. Stobiecki WITH OBSOLETE PESTICIDES IN POLAND Institute of Plant Protection National Research Institute Sosnicowice Branch, Poland

Abstract Completion of the pesticide tomb disposal sentation involves a stunning case of im- tombs. The process of removing the tombs porting from Ukraine to Poland over a took many years and during the last HCH program in Poland is defnitely a mile- dozen thousand tons of HCB in the form Forum we presented the problems en- stone in the process of eliminating envi- of soil mixed with HCB waste for thermal countered along the way and what was ronmental risks caused by pesticide waste. disposal. Due to violations of offcial pro- accomplished as of June 2011 [1]. But can But can we consider the case closed? cedures and standards for safe transporta- we consider that enough was done to end This presentation discusses current issues tion, storage and utilization of this type of the problem with obsolete pesticides in related to pesticide waste and how far we waste, the case ended up being prosecuted Poland? We might think so, judging from have come in solving them. It specifcally by the authorities and was widely reported the “National Waste Management Plan for describes the effectiveness of the tomb in the media. 2014”, where we fnd no mention that any disposal program in Poland, which is now further actions in this respect are neces- complete with the exception of a few sites. sary. The plan does not indicate the need This presentation also reviews efforts be- Key words to complete the tomb removal process, ing taken to eliminate risks caused by the Pesticide waste disposal, unwanted pesti- neither does it recognize the Rudna Gora “Rudna Gora” pesticide landfll in Jaworz- cide, pesticide landfll, tombs, Rudna Góra site in Jaworzno, which is the EU’s larg- no, Poland and the stage of work on devel- landfll, HCH and HCB waste, expired est landfll of pesticide post-production oping regulations dealing with the historic pesticides, testing of pesticides, biobed. waste. The issue of tombs was formally contamination of the ground. Currently, considered closed and the problem of the lack of clear legislation regarding the Introduction “historic waste”, including reducing the issue and disputes over the responsible From 2009-2011 Poland made a huge environmental impact of the Rudna Góra authority hamper taking any restorative progress in disposing of its pesticide waste landfll, was ignored. But how does it look measures around the landfll even more stockpiled over many years when it used in reality? than the lack of funds. thermal incineration as a major method of disposing of pesticides contained in under- A separate issue discussed in the pre ground storage tanks, the so-called

181 Tombs named “Remediation of environmentally but also questions the reasons for not mak- degraded areas and removal of contamina- ing a good use of EU grants.

– historical pesticide dump sites tion sources that have particularly adverse In the beginning of March 2012, the Of- effect on the environment” that was car- Rudna Góra Landfll fce of Inspector General in Poland issued ried out in 2011 - 2016. According to the The situation is very different for the Rud- a report on the outcomes of the National information received from the Ministry of na Gora industrial landfll in Jaworzno, Waste Management Plan for 2010. The Environmental Protection, in the end of which for years has remained Poland’s Plan envisioned that the tomb removal October 2013 there were still fve tombs most serious problem when it comes to process would have been completed in to be disposed of with around 50 tons of pesticide waste. The site, which was men- 2010. The report gives specifc data on waste (plus contaminated rubble and soil), tioned on numerous occasions during the the stage of completion as of 30.06.2011, out of which three are located on privately past HCH Forums [2, 3] contains over which indicate that as of the date,18 516 owned land. There are some tombs which 160 000 tons of mixed hazardous waste tons of pesticide waste were disposed were not found, and the search is still run- and takes up an area of around 20 ha. The of, 890 tons were undergoing disposal ning. Some tombs, whose location could landfll site belongs to the Organika-Azot and for 11 out of 242 registered tombs not be confrmed, were crossed out from Chemical Plant, SA, and in part to the the removal process have not yet started. offcial lists - it is possible that in the fu- City of Jaworzno. Cleanup of the landfll The amount of waste still to be disposed ture they will be found and will need their is extremely diffcult not only because of was estimated at 305 tons. The report disposal. Removal of those tombs might of the high costs expected with a project underscores that the disposal process pose a problem, because it is diffcult for of this magnitude, but also because of a conformed to all substantive and legal private individuals to get public funding complicated ownership status and insuf- requirements, but it alerts to some serious and support for remediation projects. Nev- fcient legislation. For the past two years, shortcomings in monitoring of the sites ertheless, we can say that despite the many there has not been any breakthroughs that from which tombs were removed and a shortcomings and diffculties, the tomb would allow for an optimistic look into failure to include a plan for the disposal disposal program has progressed success- the future, nevertheless we can report on a of the remaining tombs in the National fully and is coming to an end. It is worth few facts that might be of interest to those Waste Management Plan for 2014. The mentioning that close to 100% of funds following the history of the site. The im- latter shortcoming was partially taken care used for tomb removal and site remedia- portant, but not the best news, is about the of by putting the tombs located on areas tion projects came from Poland’s resourc- results of FOKS (Focus on Key Sources) owned by the National Treasury on a list es and the National Fund for Environmen- international research project which was of so-called “ecological bombs”, which tal Protection and Water Management. carried out in different locations including are disposed of with the support of the Na- Poland spent close to 50 million euros Jaworzno and ended in the frst quarter tional Fund for Environmental Protection (including VAT) on the cleanup projects, of 2012. The project failed to meet its and Water Management under the program which on one hand speaks well of Poland, expectations with respect to developing a

182 comprehensive technical solution for clos- Province Marshall’s Offce to change its Environmental Protection is working on ing the landfll. The results were limited so called “Restorative Decision”, which a bill replacing the current Environmental to a general conclusion that an optimal made the Plant solely responsible for the Protection Law. Amendments being pro- solution would involve erecting a vertical, problem. The Offce is currently in the posed right now do not include language impervious, bentonite barrier to prevent process of deciding whether to dismiss that would be satisfactory for the problem the contaminated underground water from or modify its “Restorative Decision” in at hand. Recently, as a result of the work fowing towards the Przemsza valley, a way that would allocate responsibili- done by the Plant’s Hazardous Waste Task covering the landfll with an impervious ties with respects to further actions. The Force, a decision was taken that the Mar- mineral liner (geomembrane) to protect process receives support from the Plant’s shall’s Offce would petition the Ministry the waste stockpiles against precipitation, Hazardous Waste Task Force, established of Environmental Protection to introduce and regular collection and treatment of by the Silesian Province Marshall’s Offce. the desired language into the bill. Right waste water coming from the landfll. This The situation is made more diffcult by the now, it is hard to say when, and if at all, very perfunctory idea makes it diffcult to lack of progress in passing amendments the proposed amendments will become set the required conditions of tender to to the legislation on the so called histor- law. develop a technical design for the proj- ic contamination caused by state-owned ect and makes it impossible to estimate enterprises before Poland transitioned Newly-generated pesticide waste costs of the project, even in very rough to the free market economy. The inter- Beside the problems with the historical fgures. On a positive note, we also have pretation applied to current regulations contamination, there are some other is- information that in mid-2013 the National makes it impossible for the country to sues with the disposal of pesticide waste. Fund for Environmental Protection and provide fnancial assistance to successors The use of chemicals for the protection of Water Management provided funds to the of state-owned enterprises because of the crops in agricultural practice always re- President of the City of Jaworzno that limitations imposed on public funding. sults in small amounts of pesticide waste. would allow to continue testing around According to this interpretation, involving This fact cannot be ignored in the national the Rudna Gora landfll and other places the state in solving the problem would action plans for sustainable use of pesti- of pesticide storage, as well as develop necessitate the Plant to fle for bankruptcy. cides. The waste can be divided into four project designs and perform legal analysis. The bankruptcy, not without its undesir- groups: Currently the City is working on the ten- able social impact, would only worsen the der specifcations for contracts involving situation with respect to the environment − expired crop protection products, further feld studies and case reports. Since since the Plant monitors contamination it was impossible for the Organika Azot around the site, maintains the technical in- − products that do not conform to formal Chemical Plant to independently reduce frastructure of the landfll and through its requirements and technical specifcations, the environmental impact of the landfll, treatment facility treats waste water from − pesticide-contaminated materials (water, the Plant fled a request with the Silesian the landfll site. Presently the Ministry of soil, plants, items of clothing),

183 − leachates from flling and rinsing of the dozen cases related to complaints fled by Filling of a sprayer and washing it down sprayers. pesticide users, inspections by the Plant are processes posing potential risk for the Health and Seed Inspection Services or environment from the use of pesticides, Expired pesticides are the result of er- investigations by the authorities (police, both being a source of the so called point- rors in their distribution and planning of customs offces, prosecutor’s offce and source pollution. The aim is to introduce treatments. Until 2013, Poland was using border patrol). Products included in this an environmentally safe procedure for fll- a system for expanding the expiration group have insuffcient usability (e.g. a ing and washing sprayers and to evaluate date, based on testing the active substance lower level of active substance or pres- the effciency of pesticide decomposition content and the most important physical ence of non-standard impurities) or cannot in the biobed mix. The project realized at and chemical properties that ensure the be approved for use on the market (e.g. Plant Protection Institute intended to intro- proper use and action of the product. The products with labels in a foreign language, duce an organized and orderly procedure system was a long tradition, with over one products with missing labels, counterfeit to be followed during flling and washing thousand samples analyzed every year, products). of sprayers and it was necessitated by both some of them representing commodity of Polish regulations and the European Par- substantial amount and value. Products Waste in the form of contaminated mate- liament’s Directive on the sustainable use which lost their usability due to prolonged rials is generated incidentally, mainly due of pesticides. The project resulted in con- storage were about 1-2% of all tested to failing to take precautions recommend- struction and start-up of a sprayer flling samples. The new Act on plant protection ed by the plant protection good practice and washing station. The station serves a products of March 8 [4], 2013 introduced guidelines [5]. Waste generated this way practical as well as experimental purpose: a provision that an expired plant protec- can be quite dangerous due to potential it meets the IPP needs for sprayer washing tion product must be withdrawn from the risks for humans, animals and the environ- and allows to conduct a study on the rates market with a decision by the Plant Health ment. of decomposition of active substances. It and Seed Inspection Service. The product also has an eco-friendly effect in terms Management of the above mentioned must also be treated as waste. This created of protecting the environment against the groups of pesticide waste must be very a situation, where waste is being generated point-source pollution of soil and under- orderly. Its key element is ensuring their since not every batch of expired products ground water. is picked up by the manufacturer to be proper security, pickup by a special li- further reprocessed or disposed of at the censed company and disposal at a proper HCB waste import to Poland production plant. incineration plant. Poland has a good sys- Beside the problems with the historical tem that provides a solution to the prob- contamination and newly-generated pesti- The second group of products, which lem. There are a number of companies cide waste there are some other incidental results from all sorts of irregularities or authorized to pick up pesticide waste and events, as exemplifed by the stunning fraudulent activity needs to be addressed, some hazardous waste incineration plants case of importing over a dozen thousand since every year in Poland there are a few adapted to dispose of this type of waste.

184 tons of HCB waste from Ukraine to Po- the information from the Environmental plants. A solution was also found for the land. In 2011, around 15 thousand tons Inspection Service there is still around so-called point-source pollution caused of waste containing HCB was imported 4500 tons of waste to be disposed of and during rinsing and flling of sprayers - all to Poland. Import declaration documents the disposal will continue until the end of we need to do is to implement it into the stated that the waste was supposed to be 2014. Within a period of two years, the common practice. HCB-contaminated soil with HCB concen- Environmental Inspection Service fned tration of around 1.5%. The waste ended the incineration plant several times and The outstanding problem is the Rudna up at a hazardous waste incineration plant. performed a number of inspections and the Gora landfll, which the largest site of this The waste was stored in damaged and plant is still under investigation with mul- kind in Europe. According to many ex- leaking big-bags all over the plant’s area tiple leads. perts it is Poland’s major task in the area instead of the designated locations and it of eliminating the risks posed by hazardous waste landflls. Much is being done in produced foul smell around the incinera- Summary this case, but we need to break an impasse, tor, located close to the Baltic Sea, which Polish tombs with pesticide waste were which is in the way of the real remediation alarmed local residents and the media. An frst named “ecological bombs” in 1992. activities. The impasse is connected to investigative report by a newspaper lead to Back then experts from the Institute of Rudna Gora’s legal status and the com- the prosecutor looking into irregularities in Plant Protection defned the risk for hu- plicated nature of future restorative mea- administrative decisions issued in connec- mans, animals and the environment caused sures. tion with the import and storage of waste. by the emission of toxic substances from There were also questions about the way those sites. Since then, Poland, using its The case of importing to Poland large waste was stored and incinerated. Prosecu- own funds, closed most of the tombs, dis- quantities of HCB to be disposed of shows tor’s investigation revealed that the plant posed of their content in hazardous waste how important it is to be aware of the risks violated operating requirements by burn- incinerators and placed contaminated soil associated with improper handling of pes- ing amounts of waste that exceeded the on suffciently secured landflls. We took ticide waste. A valid purpose of hazardous permit limit, which resulted in HCB resi- an important step towards eliminating the waste disposal should be achieved in a dues found in incinerator ashes. Indepen- risks, but the accomplishments were not way that ensures safety on each and every dent reports indicated multiple violations error-free. step of the process. of the daily capacity and emission limits for the incinerator. Moreover, it turned out The problem of pesticide waste generated that post-incineration cinders and ashes as a result of crop protection is also solved were not stored at a hazardous waste land- from its technical and organizational side. fll, instead they were illegally stored in a The waste can be disposed of through con- gravel pit, contaminating the ground and tracting with companies picking up waste surface water. Right now, according to at Polish hazardous waste incineration

185 References 1. Stobiecki T., Stobiecki S., Waleczek K., 2011: Technical and organizational conditions of the process of disposing of obsolete pesticides. 16 years of Polish experience. Proceedings 11th International HCH and Pesticides Forum, 2011. Gabala, Azer- baijan: pp. 40-46.

2. Stobiecki S., Waleczek K., Stobiecki T., Stad- niczuk M., 2009: The biggest P.O.P. cleanup problem in Poland – „Rudna Góra” industrial landfll for hazardous waste. Proceedings 10th Internation- al HCH and Pesticides Forum, 2009. Masaryk Uni- versity, Brno, Czech Republic: pp. 72-77.

3. Stobiecki T., Stobiecki S., 2011: „Rudna Góra” landfll in Jaworzno. The present legal and organizational situation. Proceedings 11th International HCH and Pesticides Forum, 2011. Gabala, Azer- baijan: pp. 259-263.

4. Act of March 8, 2013: Plant Protection Act, Dai- ly Legal Publication of Poland of April 12, 2013, item 455.

5. Pruszynski S., Wolny S. 2009. Plant Protection Good Practice Guidelines Plant Protection Institute - NRI Poznan: 90 pages.

186 HIGHLY HAZARDOUS PESTICIDES:

PUBLIC OUTREACH AS AN IMPORTANT TOOL O. Y. Tsittser & O. A. Speranskaya TO REDUCE EXPOSURE Eco-Accord/IPEN/PAN

1. The international community well rec- 2. Pesticides in developing and transition 3. There are several key activities that ognizes environmental and health-related countries have signifcant impacts on hu- could advance chemical safety and the risks caused by exposure to highly haz- man health and economics. WHO experts SAICM goal. These activities could be ardous pesticides (HHPs). HHPs emerged estimate, that there are possibly one mil- implemented in the intersessional period as a topic of great concern by many coun- lion cases of serious unintentional pesti- between ICCM4 and ICCM5. tries at the Third International Conference cide poisonings each yeari . However, this on Chemicals Management (ICCM3) in is just a fraction of the real problem. Ex- These activities include the following: September 2001 when a large number of perts state that in reality there could be as 1. FAO paper on alternatives to HHPs many as 25 million agricultural workers in countries from all UN regions supported Safer alternatives, particularly ecosys- the developing world suffering from some actions on HHPs, including developing a tem-based approaches to pest manage- form of occupational pesticide poisoning priority list of substances for a progressive ment, are a key part of phasing-out HHPs. each year. Many of these cases are not ban and substitution with safer alterna- Countries would beneft a great deal from registered. These health outcomes have tives. Countries of Eastern Europe, Cauca- an information paper on replacing HHPs, economic impacts. sus and Central Asia face serious problems prepared by FAO. At the very least, the pa- caused by exposure to HHPs because of A recent UNEP report noted that the cost per should include HHPs used in the high- the large volume of agricultural chemicals est volume, or that are otherwise a priority including pesticides used in the region of inaction related to pesticide use in Afri- ca is greater than the total Offcial Devel- for replacement. One source of informa- and large number of workers employed in tion for ecosystem-based alternatives has agriculture. These countries are also faced opment Assistance to general health care in Africa, excluding HIV/AIDs1 already been approved by the Stockholm with problems related to huge amounts of Convention COP6 for work on alternatives obsolete pesticide stockpiles accumulated to endosulfan.2 in the region as a toxic legacy from the i Acute Pesticide Poisoning: A Major Global Soviet times. Health Problem, J. Jeyaratnam, World Health Statistics Quarterly, Vol. 43, No. 3, 1990, pages 1 UNEP. 2013. Costs of Inaction on the Sound 139-44, http://www.communityipm.org/toxictrail/ Management of Chemicals. Documents/Jeryaratnam-WHO1990.pdf 2 UNEP/POPS/POPRC.8/INF/14/Rev.1; 187 2. Surveys of HHP registrations, uses, ligated to phase-out endosulfan, an HHP. II. restrictions, and prohibitions Experiences with this process could be Tackling HHPs requires knowledge of collected by the regional focal point and Russian NGO Outreach Cam- which HHPs are used in the country. then re-distributed to national focal points paigns on HHPs A simple survey would help to identify and personnel from the Ministries of Ag- Starting from 1997 NGOs from Eastern HHPs among current registration lists and/ riculture to permit more effcient actions Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia (EEC- or patterns of pesticide use in the country, in the substitution process. These success CA) have been successfully working on and those which have been estimated as stories could also be added to the clearing- addressing chemical safety problem in the particularly hazardous for use under their house described above. region. Being a Hub of the International conditions. The regional coordination POPs Elimination Network (IPEN) Rus- group could develop a simple question- 4. Clearinghouse of HHP registration, sian based NGO Eco-Accord coordinat- naire, which would be sent to all national bans, and restrictions from surveys ed and supported more than 90 EECCA SAICM focal points in the region. Nation- It would very helpful to countries if the NGO projects in the region focused on al SAICM focal points could work with results of the surveys could be organized POPs and other toxic chemicals including personnel from the Ministry of Agricul- and made available on-line. Regulators mercury, lead, and endocrine disrupting ture to examine pesticide registration lists would beneft from knowing which sub- chemicals directly linked to. Eco-Accord to determine which potential HHPs are stances have been banned in other coun- also conducted a frst of its kind review present and which pesticides have been tries, particularly neighbouring countries on persistent organic pollutants (POPs), banned in the country. If no registration or countries growing the same crops. More including obsolete pesticide stockpiles in information exists, then the information on importantly, the clearinghouse would help Russia. pesticide use could substitute. defne future activities on HHPs by out- lining country experiences. For example, EECCA NGOs organize press-events, out- the need to defne alternatives for certain reach campaigns, awareness and capacity 3. Collection of success crops might be informed by clearinghouse building workshops and trainings obsolete stories on HHP phase-outs information that indicates widespread reg- pesticides and other POPs and toxic chem- Countries can beneft a great deal from the istration or use of a substance. Overall, the icals. experience of other countries. A successful clearinghouse would provide a sensible HHP phase-out could provide some useful one-stop location for the survey results 1. In 2004, Eco-Accord together with information on substitutes and processes and pave the way for further solutions. Women Network in the Urals conducted a for phase-out in the region. For example, project on public participation in primary Stockholm Convention Parties will be ob- inventory of obsolete pesticide stockpiles. A workshop in Cheliabinsk with partici- http://synergies.pops.int/2013COPsExCOPs/Docu- pation of local authorities, NGOs, experts ments/tabid/2915/language/en-US/Default.aspx

188 and local community groups helped to ini- piles were further approved and used by sustainable development of agriculture: tiate a dialogue between decision makers many regional state environmental control WTO requirements”, August 2013. and civil society groups on pesticide man- bodies in different parts of Russia and oth- agement, including the following: er EECCA countries. 4. A draft resolution on Highly Hazardous Pesticides was prepared by NGOs and - offcial obsolete pesticide inventory in 2. Information and educational projects presented at the ffth regional meeting of Cheliabinsk region; on pesticides health and environmental the Strategic Approach to International hazards were conducted in 11 out of 12 Chemicals Management (SAICM) held in - public involvement into identifcation of EECCA countries. Since 2004, numerous Macedonia in September, 2013. illegal obsolete pesticide storage and use; materials, which are a valuable source of information for civil society groups and 5. At a meeting of the leading environ- - discussion of the Methodological rec- governmental agencies working on pesti- mental organizations in Russia (more than ommendation on public participation in cide management in EECCA, have been 100 organizations from all regions of Rus- primary inventory of obsolete and banned prepared. sia) - Conference “Ecology, Politics and pesticide stockpiles (Eco-Accord, Moscow Civil Society in Contemporary Russia” 2003 http://www.ecoaccord.org/pop/mr/ 3. EECCA NGOs cooperate a lot with the (“Yablokovskie Debates 2013”) held on index.htm) ; scientifc community in the region. This October 5th in Moscow, also discussed cooperation helps to produce education the problem of reducing the risks of for - identifcation of pilot regions for the materials for institutes and universities man and the environment from pesticide implementation of the methodological rec- on issues of pesticide health and environ- pollution and the problem of management ommendations ; mental risks, including inter alia ”Global of stocks UP in light of the performance of - elaboration of recommendations for fur- agro-ecological problems: security of the Russian and international legislation. ther public involvement into primary in- agricultural products”, “How to produce ventory of obsolete and banned pesticides. environmentally safe food products on contaminated sites”, etc. Later Cheliabinsk NGOs conducted activities that resulted in the identifcation of the NGOs participate in the discussions and additional amount of obsolete and banned round tables on pesticides, including inter pesticides and pesticide contaminated sites alia “Agro-2012” round table and interna- in the region. tional exhibition “International chemical assembly – ICA 2012. Green chemistry”, Methodological recommendations on pub- workshop on «Green Chemistry – Global lic participation in the primary inventory challenges – request for innovations », of obsolete and banned pesticide stock- Moscow 2012, round table on “Future of

189 HISTORY AND PROBLEMS OF KANIBADAM OBSOLETE M. Ergashev & M. Burkhanova PESTICIDES BURIAL SITE IN NORTHERN TAJIKISTAN Ecological organization “Foundation to support civil initiatives” (FSCI, Tajikistan)

The development of agriculture in Tajiki- Problems Kanibadam burial sites for the dispos- stan is closely related to a history of wide- al of the republic’s stocks of obsolete spread use of pesticides for the control of • A serious problem is the fact that peo- pesticides. plant diseases and unwanted feld weeds. ple in Tajikistan still use the prohibited Tajik agro-climatic conditions are favour- and obsolete pesticides and also its Kanibadam burial site able for rapid development of different containers. Pesticide residues are a pests. It was even found that the potential source of environmental pollution and • Kanibadam burial site is located at crop losses in case of low effectiveness of can cause negative health effects. 275 meters above Kanibadam city and protective measures can account for about at a distance of almost 6 kilometres 30% of Tajik harvests. • Particularly dangerous are the stocks from the frst houses. From the burial Pesticides were never produced in Ta- of POPs pesticides in warehouses, site the felds slope towards the city jikistan. Plant protection products were former agricultural airfelds and burial in north-west direction carved by two always imported from abroad and by the sites. There is, however, little reliable main canals the Isfarinka canal and end of the 1980s import and distribution information available on the state of Great Fergana irrigation canal (GFC). of pesticides was carried out in a central- the different obsolete and POPs pesti- There are numerous wells in between ized manner through a network of state cide sites in Tajikistan. the burial site and the city that have organizations under the name of “Tadjik- been constructed for different purpos- • In order to prevent the negative impact selhozkhimiya”(literally translated:“Ta- es. The total area of the burial site is of obsolete and POPs pesticides on jikagrichemistry”). This organization had 1.4 hectares. The area relief consists of human health and the environment, the full responsibility for ensuring proper branching dry ravines. This area can and the fact that DDT was offcially storage, effcient use and stock adminis- be considered as a territory with possi- banned in 1969/1970 by the Soviet tration of pesticides waste. In the period ble rains, mudslides and other natural government, the Government of the 1965 – 1990 imports of pesticides into Ta- phenomena that cover the part of the Soviet Republic of Tajikistan adopted jikistan ranged between 7 and 14 thousand city territory to the GFC and Isfarinka resolution №104 on 13 March1970 tons annually (calculations based on 100% canals. The Kanibadam burial site lies for the construction of the Vakhsh and active substance). within the territory of a natural pro-

190 tected area, the Kayrakkum Reservoir also a large number of biological intense solar radiation contribute to which is internationally protected by preparations. evaporation and decomposition of pes- the Ramsar Convention. ticides. Repetitive winds of local ori- • Disposal of toxic chemicals at Tajik gin and often storms lead to the trans- The burial area for toxic wastes is a burial sites was mainly carried out fer of harmful substances from burial trench of 3-4 meters depth, and is not by dumping. Sometimes stocks were sites for considerable distances. waterproof and without any cover. Ac- burned on the location. At the Vakhsh cording to data provided by JSC “Kan- burial site about 7,500 tonnes of pes- GEF/UNEP Project”Implementation ibadam-Kimiyo” this burial site was ticides (including about 3,000 tonnes of theActivitiesfor the Preparation ofa in use from 1973 to 1990 and had a na- of DDT) were buried between 1973 National Implementation Planon Per- tional importance. The main pesticides and 1991. At the Kanibadam burial site sistentOrganic Pollutantsinthe Republic buried are calcium arsenate, HCH, 4,000 tonnes, including 1,000 tonnes of Tajikistan” (2006-2007) DDT, butiphos, CCC (Chlorocholine of biological preparations were bur- chloride), copper trichlorophenolate, ied. A signifcant amount of the toxic • Within the frame of this project the nitrophen, ground sulphur, microbio- chemicals that were buried contain soil at Kanibadam burial site was an- logical preparations and many other POPs, especially DDT. alysed. A presence of pesticides in the substances used in the Sughd Region soil mixtures was reported at 2,195 and the Gorno-Badakhshan Autono- • A serious concern is the extremely mg/kg to 31,831 mg/kg, including mous Region. poor state of maintenance of the sites. POPs from 327 mg/kg to 8,024 mg/kg. In recent years they were virtually The percentage of DDT and its metab- • From its construction on in 1973 until not guarded and there was no control olites was reported to be between 17 to 1989, the Kanibadam burial was op- whatsoever at the sites. Lack of prop- 35%, and isomers of HCH – between erated without any compliance with er fencing around sites makes them 3 to 13% of the total amount of toxic sanitary norms of health and environ- still today accessible to local people chemicals. In the majority of samples mental safety. A project design for the and animals. Water runoff drainage (85%) dieldrin was found at 0.05 to burial site has never been found. systems built previously on the burial 1.14 mg/kg. Presence of HCB and sites territories to counteract rains and eptam (thiocarbamate), ovex, aсrex, • According to data provided by the JSC mudslides, were not maintained and dinoseb and dursban was reported. “Kanibadam-Kimiyo” the total amount have been completely destroyed. As a of pesticides received before the burial result, there is a considerable risk for site was closed in 1990 was around human health and the environment on 4,000 tonnes of pesticides and more and around the sites. than 3,000 empty pesticide containers. The burial site is reported to contain • High temperature in summer and

191 University of Applied Sciences of North-western Switzerland Tox- Care-Project: “Management of Hazard- ous Substances and Goods in Central Asia, Tajik working programme” (2012 – 2015)

In the frame this project a risk assessment training was carried out In cooperation with the Dutch engineering companies Tauw and Witteveen+Bos and the Inter- national HCH and Pesticides Association (IHPA) in 2012.

• The Kanibadam burial risk assessment shows that the level of soil contamination decreases with the distance from the site. At 100 m distance, concentrations of DDT and BHC exceeded the maximum permissible concentration Field Activities during risk assessment in 2012 at the Kanibadam site. (MPC) by 8 times, at a distance of 1,200 m DDT exceeded the MPC by for short term risk reduction and long- 3.5 times, and the BHC content – by term disposal were made based on the 0.5 m soil from nearby slopes in order to 1.3 times. At a 2 km distance only the 2012 risk assessment. stop the major odours and dust emissions. presence of DDT has been detected in amounts that are not exceeding the GEF Small Grants Programme project MPC. implemented by the Tajik NGO Bono to construct a temporary cover at Kani- • In cooperation with the Committee for badam burial site (2013) Environmental Protection under the Government of the Republic of Ta- In 2013 as part of a GEF small grant proj- jikistan, IHPA and Milieukontakt In- ect, the Tajik NGO Bono organised a frst ternational in 2015 recommendations action to cover the landfll with a layer of

192 This created a temporary but no permanent 5. to fence the burial site off with barbed solution. The work of Bono can be used as wire and make sure that the territory is a good starting point to fnd international guarded; donors that would be interested in fnancing a long-term solution for Kanibadam 6. to cover the burial site temporarily to burial site. prevent spreading of pesticides to air, water, surface water and groundwater; Recommendations to mitigate the im- 7. alternatively it could be possible to pact of the burial site on the environ- cover the surface temporarily by bentonite ment and possible next steps: clay, as deposits are located in the village 1. to organize local permanent monitoring of “Kim”, in the nearby Isfara district; at the burial site for the toxic chemicals; 8. to construct a drainage basin for rain- 2. to put warning signs on all sides with water and surface meltwater collection to brief information about the burial site and prevent the water from entering into natu- its risks for public health and the environ- ral water bodies and groundwater; ment. 9. to determine the contamination level of 3. to raise public awareness about health surface soil (there is no vegetation at the and environmental risks (seminars, train- surface of the burial site, which could be ings, meetings, articles, speeches on ra- an indicator of the soil contamination); dio and television, publishing brochures, 10. to clarify the exact dimensions of buri- booklets, leafets, etc.); al site. When these steps are fulflled and the basic structure for actions has been created the following steps are proposed 4. to develop and implement effective measures to reduce negative impacts on public health and the environment;

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STATE OF THE ART AND THE LATEST DEVELOPMENT IN FORMER SU STATES AND CENTRAL EUROPEAN REGION T. Stobiecki & S. Stobiecki Institute of Plant Protection National Research Institute Sosnicowice Branch, Poland

This session took place during the last day stockpile disposal, starting from inventory 4. The Republic of Tajikistan: “Kani- of the 12-th HCH and Pesticides Forum. through remediation, re-inventory, repack- badam burial site of obsolete pesticides: The Session was chaired by Tomasz Stob- aging, fnal destruction and fnal steps of History and problems” presented by Mur- iecki and Stanislaw Stobiecki (Institute of prevention of build-up of new pesticide odjon Ergashev from the Foundation to Plant Protection – National Research Insti- stocks are described and discussed in this support civil initiatives (FSCI, Tajikistan). tute Sosnicowice Branch – POLAND). We presentation. The presentation describes the storage of had six presentations from fve different obsolete PPP in the biggest such a place in countries: Tajikistan. It also provides the information 3. The Republic of Poland: “An overview on the origin of the landfll, the quantity of 1. The Republic of Moldova: “POPs free on obsolete pesticides problems in Poland waste disposed of and the measures taken Moldova – 10 years of efforts: results, after completion of main disposal actions” to inventory waste and diagnose the prob- continuations and plans” presented by Li- presented by Tomasz Stobiecki from the lem. udmila Marduhaeva from the Ministry of Institute of Plant Protection – National Environment. The presentation summariz- Research Institute Sosnicowice Branch. es the achievements and presents current This presentation discusses current issues 5. The Russian Federation: “The current activities related to the liquidation of in- related to pesticide waste: newly generat- situation of environmental pollution by ventories of POPs in Moldova. ed pesticides waste, Rudna Gora landfll, pesticides in the Russian Federation and import of HCB from the Ukraine to Po- measures to resolve it” and “Extremely land and the problem with leachates from dangerous and obsolete pesticides: what 2. Romania: “Disposal of obsolete pes- rinsing of the agricultural sprayers. It also the public need to know?” both presented ticide stocks - case study Romania” pre- specifcally describes the effectiveness by Oxana Tsittser from the Ministry of sented by Mihaela Claudia Paun - Policy of the tomb disposal program in Poland, Natural Resources and Environment of the Adviser for Impact Assessment and Pol- which is now complete, with the exception Russian Federation. The frst presentation lution Control Directorate Ministry of of a few sites. describes the results of environmental Environment and Climate Change. Big monitoring for contamination of PPP in clean-up activity for obsolete pesticides the territory of the Russian Federation.

194 The another one describes the risks posed by the storage of hazardous waste, the possible solutions and the steps taken by various organizations in the Russian Fed- eration.

The presentations provide a picture of the activities undertaken in the region in order to eliminate the old inventories of POPs. In some presentations, the methods for treatment of waste currently generated as well as the activities aimed at preventing the formation of new waste, are described. The information presented give the oppor- tunity for an optimistic view on the possibility to solve the problem in the former SU states and Central European Region.

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