Molecular Analyses Confirming the Introduction of Nile Crocodiles, Crocodylus Niloticus Laurenti 1768
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Nile Crocodile (Crocodylus Niloticus) Genetic Diversity and Population Structure, Within the Lower Kunene and Okavango Rivers of Northern Namibia
Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) genetic diversity and population structure, within the lower Kunene and Okavango Rivers of northern Namibia by William F. Versfeld Thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the Faculty of Natural Science at Stellenbosch University Supervisor: Dr Ruhan Slabbert Co-Supervisor: Dr Clint Rhode and Dr Alison Leslie Department of Genetics Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Declaration By submitting this thesis electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. Date: March 2016 Copyright © 2016 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved i Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Abstract The Nile crocodile has experienced numerous stages of illegal hunting pressures in the mid-20th- century across most of the species’ distribution. The reduced Nile crocodile populations have shown partial recovery and it is currently considered as a “lower risk” / “least concern” species on the Red List of International Union for Conservation of Nature. In Namibia, however, the Nile crocodile is recognised as a protected game species under the Nature Conservation Ordinance No 4 of 1975, allowing trophy hunting of the species only with the issuing of a hunting licence. Census and genetic data of the Nile crocodile is limited or non-existing in Namibia and the country has recently developed a species management plan to conserve the wild populations. -
A White Paper on the Status and Needs of Largemouth Bass Culture in the North Central Region
A WHITE PAPER ON THE STATUS AND NEEDS OF LARGEMOUTH BASS CULTURE IN THE NORTH CENTRAL REGION Prepared by Roy C. Heidinger Fisheries and Illinois Aquaculture Center Southern Illinois University-Carbondale for the North Central Regional Aquaculture Center Current Draft as of March 29, 2000 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION AND JUSTIFICATION OF THE DOCUMENT ....................2 CURRENT STATUS OF THE INDUSTRY ........................................2 Markets ...................................................................2 Supply/Demand ..........................................................2 Legality ...................................................................3 BIOLOGY/AQUACULTURE TECHNOLOGY .....................................3 Biology ...................................................................4 Culture ....................................................................4 Brood Stock ............................................................4 Fry and Fingerling Production ................................................5 Diseases and Pests ........................................................6 Water Quality, Handling, and Transport ........................................7 CRITICAL LIMITING FACTORS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ....................7 Nutrition ..................................................................7 Production Densities ..........................................................8 Marketing .................................................................8 Diseases ..................................................................8 -
Crocodiles As a Resource For" the Tropics
SF Managing 7topical Animal Resources .C7S ~~~3 'Ocodiles as aResource for the 'Ilopics 1 l:oogk - .'. ~ d ..Nationa[ Acadt11!..~ Press The National Academy Preu was created by the National Academy of Sciences to publish the reports issued by the Academy and by the National Academy of Engineering, the Institute of Medicine, and the National Research Council, all operating under the charter granted to the National Academy of Sciel\ces by the Congress of the United States. REFERENCE COpy .FOR LIBRARY USE ONi.Y Managing Tropical Animal Resources Crocodiles as a Resource for" the Tropics : Report of an Ad Hoc Panel ~f the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation Board on Science and Technology for International Development Office of International Affairs National Research Council In Cooperation with the Division ofWildlife, Department of Lands and Environment, Papua New Guinea .', ;''': .~ " I : PROPERTY OF NAS-NA~ JUL ti 1983 LIBRARY: NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington, D.C. 1983 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the Councils of the National Academy ofSciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the commillee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors acc;ording to the pro cedures approved by a Report Review Commillee consisting of members of the National Academy ofSciences, the National Academy ofEngineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was established by the National Academy of SCiences in 1916to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's pur poses of furthering knowledge and of advising the federal government. -
American Alligator Alligator Mississippiensis
American Alligator Alligator mississippiensis Class: Reptilia Order: Crocodylia Family: Alligatoridae Characteristics: The average size of an adult female American alligator is 8 feet while a male averages 11 feet. They can weigh up to 1,000 pounds. They have a long snout and the eyes and nostrils are located on top so they can see and breathe while their body remains under water. The easiest way to distinguish between a crocodile and an alligator is to look at the jaw. In an alligator, the fourth tooth on the lower jaw fits perfectly into a socket in the upper jaw and is NOT visible when the mouth is closed. This is not the case in crocodiles. They have incredibly powerful jaws and the teeth are replaced as Range & Habitat: they wear down. Alligators can go through 2,000-3,000 teeth in a lifetime. Found in slow-moving freshwater Behavior: Female alligators usually remain in a small area while males can rivers from North Carolina to the have territories up to two square miles. The young will remain in their Rio Grande in Texas mothers’ areas until they are three years old and then will leave in search of food or are driven out by the large males. Alligators undergo a sort of dormancy when they weather is cold. They will excavate a “gator hole” along a waterway or dig tunnels in areas where water fluctuates. These hollows provide them protection against hot and cold weather and are often used by other animals once the gator has left. Alligators do not have salt glands so they can only tolerate salt water for a brief time (National Zoo). -
Caiman Crocodilus Fuscus
Facultad de Ciencias ACTA BIOLÓGICA COLOMBIANA Departamento de Biología http://www.revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/actabiol Sede Bogotá ARTÍCULO DE INVESTIGACIÓN / RESEARCH ARTICLE ZOOLOGIA DETERMINATION OF HEMATOLOGICAL VALUES OF COMMON CROCODILE (Caiman crocodilus fuscus) IN CAPTIVITY IN THE MAGDALENA MEDIO OF COLOMBIA Determinación de valores hematológicos de caimán común (Caiman crocodilus fuscus) en cautiverio en el Magdalena Medio de Colombia Juana GRIJALBA O1 , Elkin FORERO1 , Angie CONTRERAS1 , Julio VARGAS1 , Roy ANDRADE1 1Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Avenida Central del Norte 39-115, 150003 Tunja, Tunja, Boyacá, Colombia *For correspondence: [email protected] Received: 04th December 2018 , Returned for revision: 03rd March 2019, Accepted: 08th May 2019. Associate Editor: Nubia E. Matta. Citation/Citar este artículo como: Grijalba J, Forero E, Contreras A, Vargas J, Andrade R. Determination of hematological values of common crocodile (Caiman crocodilus fuscus) in captivity in the Magdalena Medio of Colombia. Acta biol. Colomb. 2020;25(1):75-81. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ abc.v25n1.76045 ABSTRACT Caiman zoo breeding (Caiman crocodilus fuscus) has been developing with greater force in Colombia since the 90s. It is essential to evaluate the physiological ranges of the species to be able to assess those situations in which their health is threatened. The objective of the present study was to determine the typical hematological values of the Caiman (Caiman crocodilus fuscus) with the aid of the microhematocrit, the cyanmethemoglobin technique, and a hematological analyzer. The blood samples were taken from 120 young animals of both sexes in good health apparently (males 44 and females 76). -
Unprovoked Mouth Gaping Behavior in Extant Crocodylia
Journal of Herpetology, Vol. 54, No. 4, 418–426, 2020 Copyright 2020 Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles Unprovoked Mouth Gaping Behavior in Extant Crocodylia 1,2 3 4 NOAH J. CARL, HEATHER A. STEWART, AND JENNY S. PAUL 1Reptile Department, St. Augustine Alligator Farm Zoological Park, St. Augustine, Florida, 32080, USA 3Department of Biology, McGill University, Montre´al, Que´bec, Canada H3A 1B1 4Greg A. Vital Center for Natural Resources and Conservation, Cleveland State Community College, Cleveland, Tennessee, 37320, USA ABSTRACT.—Unprovoked mouth gaping behavior is ubiquitous throughout 24 extant members of Crocodylia, yet information on gaping Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/journal-of-herpetology/article-pdf/54/4/418/2696499/i0022-1511-54-4-418.pdf by guest on 25 September 2021 is limited. Proposed hypotheses for gaping include thermoregulation and the evaluation of potential environmental conditions. To determine temperature effects, we tracked head surface (Tsh), body surface (Tsb), and ambient (Ta) temperatures with insolation utilization and positions. To evaluate potential environmental stimuli, we tested behavioral effects (i.e., open-eye frequency) and recorded conspecific presence, day and night events, and interaction with flies and fish. We included 24 extant species representatives, with detailed assessments of American Alligators (Alligator mississippiensis), Crocodylus siamensis, Crocodylus intermedius, Crocodylus rhombifer, and Crocodylus halli. Observations occurred during a range of Ta (3.89–32.228C) with mean Tsh consistently higher than both Tsb and Ta across all crocodilians. Differences in Tsh and Ta were most pronounced with head in the sun. However, no significant differences in Tsh and Tsb were detected for A. -
Lecture 6 – Integument ‐ Scale • a Scale Is a Small Rigid Plate That Grows out of an Animal’ S Skin to Provide Protection
Lecture 6 – Integument ‐ Scale • A scale is a small rigid plate that grows out of an animal’s skin to provide protection. • Scales are quite common and have evolved multiple times with varying structure and function. • Scales are generally classified as part of an organism's integumentary system. • There are various types of scales according to shape and to class of animal. • Although the meat and organs of some species of fish are edible by humans, the scales are usually not eaten. Scale structure • Fish scales Fish scales are dermally derived, specifically in the mesoderm. This fact distinguishes them from reptile scales paleontologically. Genetically, the same genes involved in tooth and hair development in mammals are also involved in scale development. Earliest scales – heavily armoured thought to be like Chondrichthyans • Fossil fishes • ion reservoir • osmotic control • protection • Weighting Scale function • Primary function is protection (armor plating) • Hydrodynamics Scales are composed of four basic compounds: ((gmoving from inside to outside in that order) • Lamellar bone • Vascular or spongy bone • Dentine (dermis) and is always associated with enamel. • Acellular enamel (epidermis) • The scales of fish lie in pockets in the dermis and are embeded in connective tissue. • Scales do not stick out of a fish but are covered by the Epithelial layer. • The scales overlap and so form a protective flexible armor capable of withstanding blows and bumping. • In some catfishes and seahorses, scales are replaced by bony plates. • In some other species there are no scales at all. Evolution of scales Placoid scale – (Chondricthyes – cartilagenous fishes) develop in dermis but protrude through epidermis. -
Schneider's Smooth-Fronted Caiman Paleosuchus Trigonatus
Schneider’s Smooth-fronted Caiman Paleosuchus trigonatus Zilca Campos1, William E. Magnusson2 and Fábio Muniz3 1Embrapa Pantanal, CP 109, Corumbá, MS, Brazil 79320-900 ([email protected]) 2Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia/CPEC, CP 478, Manaus, Amazonas 69011-970, Brazil ([email protected]) 3Laboratório de Evolução e Genética Animal, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil ([email protected]) Common Names: Smooth-fronted caiman, Schneider’s 2018 IUCN Red List: Lower Risk/Least Concern. Widespread smooth-fronted caiman, Cachirre, Jacaré-coroa, Jacaré-curuá and remains locally abundant, although quantitative data are una lacking (last assessed in March 2018; Campos et al. 2019). Range: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Principal threats: Habitat destruction, local subsistence Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela hunting, pollution, urbanization, dams Figure 2. Paleosuchus trigonatus. Photograph: Zilca Campos. Ecology and Natural History Paleosuchus trigonatus has a maximum length of around 2.3 m (Medem 1952, 1981). It is well adapted to a terrestrial mode of life and in swift-running waters (Medem 1958). It has a similar distribution to P. palpebrosus, but does not enter the Brazilian shield region or the Paraguay River drainage. In Brazil P. trigonatus is found principally in the rivers and streams of heavily-forested habitats (Magnusson 1992; Villamarím et al. 2017), in igapó forest in the Central Amazon (Mazurek-Souza 2001), and open water or near Figure 1. Distribution of Paleosuchus trigonatus (based on waterfalls in the large rivers such as the Mamoré, Madeira, Campos et al. 2013, 2017). Abunã (Vasconcelos and Campos 2007) and Beni Rivers (Z. Campos, unpublished data). -
Nile Crocodile Fact Sheet 2017
NILE CROCODILE FACT SHEET 2017 Common Name: Nile crocodile Order: Crocodylia Family: Crocodylidae Genus & Species: Crocodylus niloticus Status: IUCN Least Concern; CITES Appendix I and II depending on country Range: The Nile crocodile is found along the Nile River Valley in Egypt and Sudan and distributed throughout most of sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar. Habitat: Nile crocodiles occupy a variety of aquatic habitats including large freshwater lakes, rivers, freshwater swamps, coastal estuaries, and mangrove swamps. In Gorongosa, Lake Urema and its network of rivers are home to a large crocodile population. Description: Crocodylus niloticus means "pebble worm of the Nile” referring to the long, bumpy appearance of a crocodile. Juvenile Nile crocodiles tend to be darker green to dark olive-brown in color, with blackish cross-banding on the body and tail. As they age, the banding fades. As adults, Nile crocodiles are a grey-olive color with a yellow belly. Their build is adapted for life in the water, having a streamlined body with a long, powerful tail, webbed hind feet and a long, narrow jaw. The eyes, ears, and nostrils are located on the top of the head so that they can submerge themselves under water, but still have sensing acuity when hunting. Crocodiles do not have lips to keep water out of their mouth, but rather a palatal valve at the back of their throat to prevent water from being swallowed. Nile crocodiles also have integumentary sense organs which appear as small pits all over their body. Organs located around the head help detect prey, while those located in other areas of the body may help detect changes in pressure or salinity. -
Crocodiles Alter Skin Color in Response to Environmental Color Conditions
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Crocodiles Alter Skin Color in Response to Environmental Color Conditions Received: 3 January 2018 Mark Merchant1, Amber Hale2, Jen Brueggen3, Curt Harbsmeier4 & Colette Adams5 Accepted: 6 April 2018 Many species alter skin color to varying degrees and by diferent mechanisms. Here, we show that Published: xx xx xxxx some crocodylians modify skin coloration in response to changing light and environmental conditions. Within the Family, Crocodylidae, all members of the genus Crocodylus lightened substantially when transitioned from dark enclosure to white enclosures, whereas Mecistops and Osteolaemus showed little/no change. The two members of the Family Gavialidae showed an opposite response, lightening under darker conditions, while all member of the Family Alligatoridae showed no changes. Observed color changes were rapid and reversible, occurring within 60–90 minutes. The response is visually- mediated and modulated by serum α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), resulting in redistribution of melanosomes within melanophores. Injection of crocodiles with α-MSH caused the skin to lighten. These results represent a novel description of color change in crocodylians, and have important phylogenetic implications. The data support the inclusion of the Malayan gharial in the Family Gavialidae, and the shift of the African slender-snouted crocodile from the genus Crocodylus to the monophyletic genus Mecistops. Te rapid alteration of skin color is well known among a wide assortment of ectothermic vertebrates and inver- tebrates1. Adaptive skin color changes may occur for a variety of reasons, including communication, thermal regulation, and crypsis1. Te modifcation of skin pigmentation is achieved by either physiological or morpho- logical mechanisms1. -
Master of the Marsh Information for Cart
Mighty MikeMighty Mike:Mike: The Master of the Marsh A story of when humans and predators meet Alligators are magnificent predators that have lived for millions of years and demonstrate amazing adaptations for survival. Their “recent” interaction with us demonstrates the importance of these animals and that we have a vital role to play in their survival. Primary Exhibit Themes: 1. American Alligators are an apex predator and a keystone species of wetland ecosystems throughout the southern US, such as the Everglades. 2. Alligators are an example of a conservation success story. 3. The wetlands that alligators call home are important ecosystems that are in need of protection. Primary Themes and Supporting Facts 1. Alligators are an apex predator and, thus, a keystone species of wetland ecosystems throughout the southern US, such as the Everglades. a. The American Alligator is known as the “Master of the Marsh” or “King of the Everglades” b. What makes a great predator? Muscles, Teeth, Strength & Speed i. Muscles 1. An alligator has the strongest known bite of any land animal – up to 2,100 pounds of pressure. 2. Most of the muscle in an alligators jaw is intended for biting and gripping prey. The muscles for opening their jaws are relatively weak. This is why an adult man can hold an alligators jaw shut with his bare hands. Don’t try this at home! ii. Teeth 1. Alligators have up to 80 teeth. 2. Their conical teeth are used for catching the prey, not tearing it apart. 3. They replace their teeth as they get worn and fall out. -
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