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La Batalla De Mabila Y Hernando De Soto En La Historia De América

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La Batalla De Mabila Y Hernando De Soto En La Historia De América REVISTA HISPANO AMERICANA. Publicación digital de la Real Academia Hispano Americana de Ciencias, Artes y Letras. 2018. Nº8 DISCURSOS ___________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ La batalla de Mabila y Hernando de Soto en la historia de América LAWRENCE A. CLAYTON (Discurso de ingreso como Académico Correspondiente) España ocupa un espacio muy grande en los primeros años de la historia americana. Para estudiar la historia temprana nos dirigimos a los siglos XVI y XVII, porque abarcan las épocas del descubrimiento, conquista y colonización de gran parte del Nuevo Mundo por los europeos, principalmente los españoles, aunque los portugueses, franceses e ingleses también contribuyeron con fuertes corrientes de inmigrantes y con sus aportes culturales.1 Ningún otro español ocupa más importancia en este período de la historiografía norteamericana que Hernando de Soto (1496-1542), dejando aparte a Cristóbal Colon porque realmente fue oriundo de Génova. De Soto dejó un rastro de triunfos y fracasos entre 1539 y 1543 en su odisea a través de la parte norteamericana del continente. Marchó y exploró a lo largo de al menos diez de los actuales estados en los territorios del sur y el suroeste de los Estados Unidos, y descubrió lo grandes que eran las extensiones que se encontraban al norte de Cuba y de la Nueva España.2 Llegó a Norteamérica para conquistar, al igual que lo había hecho cuando acompañó la entrada de Francisco Pizarro en Perú en el año 1532. Pero derribar el Imperio Inca, que fue sin duda un triunfo de las armas y la estrategia para la tropa de Pizarro, no era lo mismo que invadir el continente norteamericano, conocido como La Florida o tierra incógnita del Norte, como de Soto y su ejército de cerca de 600 aventureros descubrieron en el transcurso de cuatro años. 1 Para el mejor estudio general de esta expansión de la frontera española en América del Norte, ver: David J. WEBER, The Spanish Frontier in North America (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1992). 2 Soto, por supuesto, no es el primer español que visita, o viaja a través de, o trata de plantar un asentamiento en los Estados Unidos. Quizás la más famosa de las experiencias anteriores fue la entrada de Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, uno de los cuatro supervivientes de una expedición fallida ‒dirigida por Pánfilo de Narváez‒ que había desembarcado en la costa de Florida en 1528. Cabeza de Vaca publicó sus memorias, llamadas Naufragios, y en estas contó siete años de ambular por el “desierto” de lo que es hoy va desde la Florida a Texas y el norte de México, antes de encontrar su camino de regreso al extremo norte de la Nueva España en 1537. Ver Rolena ADORNO, Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca: His Account, His Life and the Expedition of Pánfilo de Narváez (Lincoln, Nebraska, University of Nebraska Press, 1999). También traducido: Álvaro Núñez Cabeza de Vaca: sus logros, su vida y la expedición de Pánfilo de Narváez. REVISTA HISPANO AMERICANA. Publicación digital de la Real Academia Hispano Americana de Ciencias, Artes y Letras. 2018. Nº8 DISCURSOS _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Fig. 1. La mejor reconstrucción de la ruta de Soto es la de Charles Hudson, Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun, Hernando de Soto and the South’s Ancient Chiefdoms. 3 El Imperio Inca fue un imperio bien organizado que, desde su capital en Cuzco, se extendía sobre grandes porciones del Perú, Bolivia, Ecuador y Chile. Era conocido como Tahuantinsuyo, o ‘reunión de los cuatro ángulos de la tierra’ en el Cuzco, que era el centro. Cuando el emperador Atahualpa fue ejecutado por Pizarro en Cajamarca, se decapitó la cabeza del cuerpo político y religioso del Imperio Inca. Mientras que algunos incas resistieron, Pizarro se abrió camino casi en línea recta hacia el corazón del imperio en el Cuzco. Y cuando cayó Cuzco, también cayó el Inca, abriendo las puertas al nuevo y creciente imperio español.4 De Soto regresó a España con riquezas en virtud del oro y la plata que recibió como principal lugarteniente del ejército de Pizarro. Sin embargo, no estaba satisfecho con sus nuevas riquezas y deseaba los honores y títulos que quería recibir en su país, por lo que solicitó a la corona española que le otorgara los derechos y la autoridad de un Adelantado. De esa forma él también podría liderar una expedición de conquista, al igual que Francisco Pizarro en el Perú y Hernán Cortés en México. De Soto no quería compartir la gloria con otros, como lo había hecho en el Perú. Pensaba que su destino estaba en otro lugar. Se le concedió el gobierno de Cuba y La Florida, recibió el título de Adelantado, y se embarcó para su nuevo destino en 1537. En su hazaña de 1537-1542, Hernando de Soto entró en la historia de los Estados Unidos y se hizo parte importante del tejido y la cultura de Norteamérica. Llegó como un héroe en la historiografía del siglo XIX y pasó a ser, a finales del siglo XX y como consecuencia de los nuevos rumbos del Quinto Centenario, un destructor depravado e impulsado por la codicia, insensible ante los pueblos amerindios y culturas amerindias, y un ejemplo flagrante de los invasores y saqueadores de la Europa en el Nuevo Mundo.5 2 3 Charles HUDSON, Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun, Hernando de Soto and the South’s Ancient Chiefdoms (Athens, Georgia, University of Georgia Press, 1997). 4 Para una buena historia de esta conquista, donde Soto marchó con Pizarro, cf. John HEMMING, The Conuest of the Incas (Nueva York, Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1970). Para más detalles sobre la vida de Soto, véase James LOCKHART, Men of Cajamarca, a Social and Biographical Study of the First Conquerors of Peru (Austin, University of Texas Press, 1972). 5 Ver Kirkpatrick SALE, The Conquest of Paradise: Christopher Columbus and the Columbian Legacy (Nueva York, Knopf, 1990) y David E. STANNARD, American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World (Nueva Página / A. Lawrence Clayton REVISTA HISPANO AMERICANA. Publicación digital de la Real Academia Hispano Americana de Ciencias, Artes y Letras. 2018. Nº8 DISCURSOS _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Entonces, tenemos que preguntarnos: ¿quién era de Soto, y por qué la Batalla de Mabila ocupa un lugar importante en la fabricación del mito americano? Fig. 2. Hernando de Soto. Retrato de José Maea (1791). Fig. 3. Cubierta de la monografía sobre Bartolomé de las Casas de L. A. Clayton. Para empezar, nadie sabe dónde se encuentra el campo de batalla de Mabila (a veces escrito como Mavilla). Lo que sí sabemos es que en algún lugar en el moderno estado de Alabama, de Soto y su ejército fueron emboscados el día 18 de octubre de 1540 por los indios al mando de un jefe llamado Tuskaloosa. Más de 2.000 indios, por lo menos, murieron en el combate, al igual que veinte españoles, al tiempo que cientos resultaron heridos. Para resolver el enigma del sitio donde tuvo lugar la batalla de Mabila, se celebró un congreso en Tuscaloosa, Alabama (sí, el nombre del famoso jefe indio) en 2006, y las actas se publicaron posteriormente en 2009 en un libro titulado La búsqueda de Mabila.6 De Soto y Mabila son, de hecho, elementos importantes en la construcción de la historia americana temprana y se encuentran entre los primeros hitos históricos de la larga relación entre los Estados Unidos y España. Al considerar a De Soto, su entrada en la historia y sus hazañas a través del Nuevo Mundo, encontré, a primera vista, poco más que avaricia, codicia y brutalidad en el trato a los nativos americanos, así como una ferocidad que todavía nos horroriza cuando leemos los relatos documentales de la conquista de América.7 Llegado a este punto, debo admitir un prejuicio. En los últimos años terminé de escribir una biografía del padre Bartolomé de las Casas (1485-1566) que fue publicada en 2012.8 Las Casas fue el defensor y protector por excelencia de los indios de América, el autor de la York, Oxford University Press, 1993). Ambos constituyen dos ejemplos de este género de historiografía que 3 condena casi uniformemente la conquista y colonización del Nuevo Mundo por los europeos. 6 Vernon James Knight (Ed.), The Search for Mabila: The Decisive Battle between Hernando Soto and Chief Tascalusa (Tuscaloosa, Alabama, University of Alabama Press, 2009). 7 Para la mejor colección de las relaciones originales y crónicas de la expedición Soto en los Estados Unidos ‒ todo anotado y con nuevas traducciones‒ véase The De Soto Chronicles, Ed. Lawrence A. CLAYTON & Vernon James KNIGHT, Jr., & Edward MOORE (Tuscaloosa, Alabama, Universidad de Alabama Press, 1993, 2 vols.). 8 Lawrence A. CLAYTON, Bartolomé de las Casas: A Biography (New York, Cambridge University Press, 2012). Página / A. Lawrence Clayton REVISTA HISPANO AMERICANA. Publicación digital de la Real Academia Hispano Americana de Ciencias, Artes y Letras. 2018. Nº8 DISCURSOS _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Leyenda Negra, el hombre más asociado con las acusaciones a los españoles de los mismos delitos que atribuye a De Soto. Las Casas fue, de hecho, y como tal lo llamé, el “anti- conquistador” que defendió los derechos y las libertades de los pueblos indígenas ante la irrupción de los españoles, incluso con todos los defectos que tenía el fraile, que eran considerables. Las Casas y De Soto estaban en extremos opuestos del espectro de la conquista española del Nuevo Mundo. Es posible que se hayan cruzado en algún momento en las Américas, pero no hay evidencias de esto. Si lo hubieran hecho, estoy seguro de que Las Casas hubiera agrupado a De Soto en la misma banda de criminales dirigidos por Francisco Pizarro, que asoló el Imperio Inca en la década de 1530 y mató al Inca Atahualpa a cambio de un inmenso rescate en oro y plata.
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