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Geologic Time Scale 2020 Elsevier Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom 50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States Copyright © 2020, Felix M. Gradstein, James G. Ogg, Mark D. Schmitz and Gabi M. Ogg. Published by Elsevier BV. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress This Volume (1) ISBN: 978-0-12-824362-6 Volume 2 ISBN: 978-0-12-824363-3 Set ISBN: 978-0-12-824360-2 For Information on all Elsevier publications visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Front cover of Volume 1: Toarcian boundary stratotype section, Peniche, Portugal. Photograph by F.M. Gradstein. Publisher: Candice Janco Acquisitions Editor: Amy Shapiro Editorial Project Manager: Susan Ikeda Production Project Manager: Kiruthika Govindaraju Cover Designer: Mark Rogers Typeset by MPS Limited, Chennai, India A. Paytan, W. Yao, K.L. Faul and E.T. Gray Chapter 9 Sulfur Isotope Stratigraphy Chapter outline 9.1 Introduction 259 9.5.1 General trends 264 9.2 Mechanisms driving the variation in the S isotope record 262 9.5.2 Time boundaries 265 9.3 Isotopic fractionation of sulfur 263 9.5.3 Age resolution 265 9.4 Measurement and materials for sulfur isotope 9.5.4 Specific age intervals 267 stratigraphy 263 9.6 A database of S isotope values and their ages for the past 9.4.1 Isotope analyses 263 130 Myr using LOWESS regression 271 9.4.2 Materials for S isotope analysis 264 9.7 Use of S isotopes for correlation 271 9.5 A Geologic time scale database 264 Bibliography 275 Abstract is expected that the rate of change in either concentration The sulfur isotopic composition of dissolved sulfate in seawater or isotopic composition of sulfate will be small, thus has varied through time. Distinct variations and relatively high reducing the utility of this isotope system as a viable tool rates of change characterize certain time intervals. This allows for stratigraphic correlation or dating. for dating and correlation of sediments using sulfur isotopes. However, as seen in Figs. 9.1À9.4, the isotopic record The variation in sulfur isotopes and the potential stratigraphic shows distinct variations through time, and at certain inter- resolution of this isotope system is discussed and graphically vals, the rate of change and the unique features of the record displayed. New data are used to refine the previously published may yield a reliable numerical age. The features in the (Geologic Time Scale 2012) for the Paleocene and Eocene. recordcanalsobeusedtocorrelate between stratigraphic sections and sequences. This is particularly important for 9.1 Introduction sequences dominated by evaporites, where fossils are not abundant or have a restricted distribution range, paramag- Sulfur isotope biogeochemistry has broad applications to netic minerals are rare, and other stratigraphic tools (e.g., geological, biological, and environmental studies. Sulfur oxygen isotopes in carbonates) cannot be utilized. is an important constituent of the Earth’s lithosphere, bio- While the potential for the utility of sulfur isotope sphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere and occurs as a stratigraphy exists, this system has not been broadly major constituent or in trace amounts in various compo- applied. The examples for the application of S isotopes nents of the Earth system. Many of the characteristics of for stratigraphic correlations predominantly focus on the sulfur isotope geochemistry are analogous to those of car- Neoproterozoic and often employ other methods of correla- bon and nitrogen, as all three elements occur in reduced tion such as 87Sr/86Sr and δ13Caswell(Misi et al., 2007; and oxidized forms, and undergo an oxidation state Pokrovskii et al., 2006; Walter et al., 2000; Hurtgen et al., change as a result of biological processes. 2002; Planavsky et al., 2012; Scott et al., 2014). 22 Sulfur as sulfate (SO4 ) is the second most abundant It is important to note that the method works only for anion in modern seawater with an average present-day marine minerals containing sulfate. Moreover, it is crucial concentration of 28 mmol/kg. It has a conservative distri- that the integrity of the record be confirmed to insure the 22 bution with uniform SO4 /salinity ratios in the open pristine nature of the record and lack of postdepositional ocean and a very long residence time of close to 10 mil- alteration (Kampschulte and Strauss, 2004; Crockford lion years (Chiba and Sakai, 1985; Berner and Berner, et al., 2019). In the application of sulfur isotopes, it is 1987). Because of the large pool of sulfate in the ocean, it assumed that the oceans are homogeneous with respect to Geologic Time Scale 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-824360-2.00009-7 © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 259 260 PART | II Concepts and Methods FIGURE 9.1 Evaporite records (Claypool et al., 1980). Solid lines represent data from Claypool et al. and data he compiled from the literature plot- ted at their most probable age. Dashed lines show the range of all available few analyses for each time interval. The heavy line is the best estimate of δ34S of the ocean. The shaded area is the uncertainty related to the curve. sulfur isotopes of dissolved sulfate and that they always B0.2m) until it is diluted to salinities well below those were so. As noted, previously, uniformity is expected supportive of fully marine fauna (Crockford et al., 2019) because of the long residence time of sulfate in the ocean invalidating this assumption and limiting the utility of sul- (millions of years) compared to the oceanic mixing time fur isotopes for stratigraphic correlation during such time (thousands of years) and because of the high concentra- intervals. The main limitation to the broader application tion of sulfate in seawater compared to the concentration of this isotope system for stratigraphy and correlation is in major input sources of sulfur to the ocean (rivers, the lack of reliable, high-resolution, globally representa- hydrothermal activity, and volcanic activity). Indeed, in tive isotope records that could be assigned a numerical the present-day ocean, seawater maintains constant sulfur age scale. As such records become available the utility of isotopic composition (at an analytical precision of this system could expand considerably. Sulfur Isotope Stratigraphy Chapter | 9 261 FIGURE 9.2 Seawater sulfate S isotope curve from marine barite for 130 Ma to present. Paytan et al., 1998; Paytan et al., 2004; Turchyn et al., 2009; Markovic et al., 2015; Markovic et al., 2016; Yao et al., 2018; Yao et al., 2020. FIGURE 9.3 The Phanerozoic seawater sulfate δ34S record. Green circles 5 CAS data (Ueda et al., 1987; Strauss, 1993; Kampschulte and Strauss, 2004; Goldberg et al., 2005; Mazumdar and Strauss, 2006; Gill et al., 2007; Hurtgen et al., 2009; Turchyn et al., 2009; Wu et al., 2010, 2014; Thompson and Kah, 2012; Wotte et al., 2012; Presentetal., 2015; Sim et al., 2015; Kah et al., 2016; Schobben et al., 2017; Rennie et al., 2018); gray circles 5 evaporites data (Holser and Kaplan, 1966; Sakai, 1972; Claypool et al., 1980; Cortecci et al., 1981; Pierre and Rouchy, 1986; Das et al., 1990; Rick, 1990; Utrilla et al., 1992; Fox and Videtich, 1997; Strauss, 1997; Worden et al., 1997; Kampschulte et al., 1998; Strauss, 1993; Strauss et al., 2001; Longinelli and Flora, 2007; Orti et al., 2010; Peryt et al., 2005; Surakotra et al., 2018; Crockford et al., 2019); blue dash line 5 the modern seawater sulfate δ34S value of B21m. CAS, Carbonate-associated sulfate. 262 PART | II Concepts and Methods FIGURE 9.4 The Proterozoic seawater sulfate δ34S curve. Green circles 5 CAS data; gray circles 5 evaporites data; Black circles 5 barite data (Crockford et al., 2019 and references therein). Blue dash line 5 the modern seawater sulfate δ34S value of B21m. The blue and purple boxes denote the periods of the Great Oxygenation Event (2450À2000 Ma) and Cryogenian (635À717 Ma), respectively. CAS, Carbonate-associated sulfate. 9.2 Mechanisms driving the variation in Canfield, 1989, 1999).
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