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Agronomists, Nomads, and the Settler Colony on the Kazakh Steppe, 1881-1917

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Agronomists, Nomads, and the Settler Colony on the Kazakh Steppe, 1881-1917 Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2019 Science and the steppe: Agronomists, nomads, and the settler colony on the Kazakh steppe, 1881-1917 John Britton Seitz Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine Commons, Slavic Languages and Societies Commons, and the Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies Commons Recommended Citation Seitz, John Britton, "Science and the steppe: Agronomists, nomads, and the settler colony on the Kazakh steppe, 1881-1917" (2019). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 17777. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/17777 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Science and the steppe: Agronomists, nomads, and the settler colony on the Kazakh steppe, 1881-1917 by John Britton Seitz A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Rural, Agricultural, Technological, and Environmental History Program of Study Committee: James T. Andrews, Major Professor Julie Courtwright Kathleen Hilliard Michael Christopher Low John Warne Monroe Pamela Riney-Kehrberg The student author, whose presentation of the scholarship herein was approved by the program of study committee, is solely responsible for the content of this dissertation. The Graduate College will ensure this dissertation is globally accessible and will not permit alterations after a degree is conferred. Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2019 Copyright © John Britton Seitz, 2019. All rights reserved. ii DEDICATION To my father Jacob Raymond Seitz and my wife Savanna May Lyons iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………………………iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………………………….v ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………………...ix CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………..1 CHAPTER TWO: STEPPE SCHOOLS…………………………………………………………21 CHAPTER THREE: EXPERIMENTAL FIELDS………………………………………………67 CHAPTER FOUR: GRAZING THE STEPPE…………………………………………………112 CHAPTER FIVE: PLANTING THE STEPPE………………………………………………...145 CHAPTER SIX: THE ‘PLAGUE’ OF ARIDITY……………………………………………...174 CHAPTER SEVEN: THE TECHNO-SETTLER COLONY VERSUS THE LOCUST……….219 CHAPTER EIGHT: CONCLUSION: “WE ALL HAVE ENOUGH, AND THERE IS NO REASON FOR THEFT”………………..260 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………………271 iv LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 5.1. Snezhniki with Well and Pond Illustrated and Described…………………180 Figure 5.2. An Animal Powered “Chigir” on the Kazakh Steppe……………………...190 Figure 5.3. Well with Filter and Supply Pond in the Background Built by the Resettlement Administration…………………………………………………………...205 Figure 5.4. Advert for Norton’s Abyssinian Wells……………………………………..208 v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I have incurred a great number of debts while completing this project, which is to be expected for a project that in some ways began over a decade and a half ago. Certainly, the help and patience I have been given is worth more than a few words here, however, I hope they will suffice for now. I firmly believe no one writes a dissertation alone, therefore the strengths of this project lie in the communal effort, kindness, and wisdom I have been given along the way. I have received significant financial support to complete this work, for which I am grateful. Though there are no citations or immediate examples from my time on a Fulbright in Kazakhstan 2005-6, I cannot imagine this dissertation being written or even conceived of without that support. Perhaps, it is the foundational piece, for it was while I was in Kostanay researching the Virgin Lands Campaign, that I realized that I had no idea what I was doing, because I had not really thought much about Kazakhstan before Khrushchev. In many ways, this dissertation is an attempt to fill that gap in my own knowledge. In addition, I received summer research support from the Iowa State Department of History’s “Anonymous Donor,” and also the Garst Dissertation Fellowship. In 2016-2017, I was grateful to be supported by the ASEEES Cohen- Tucker Dissertation Completion Fellowship for research in Russia and Kazakhstan. Finally, the Mellon/ACLS Dissertation Completion Fellowship gave me generous support while writing. I have a number of academic debts whose work and guidance is in these pages, albeit in sometimes hidden ways. I am eternally grateful to Elena Duzs, Christopher Lemelin, and Fillipova for their patience and excellence in the Russian Department during my time Dickinson College. Also at Dickinson, my introduction to Russian history by Karl Qualls as well as his constant support and advice has been invaluable. In addition, I must express my deep appreciation to my host family during my time in Moscow, 2003-4. Irina and Elena vi Alexandrovna not only taught me much, but Elena Alexandrovna’s stories about evacuation to Tashkent during the war were my first firsthand introduction to Central Asia. At Indiana University, thanks to my patient and dedicated Kazakh teachers Aigerim Turlybekova, Dana Ziyabekova, and Marzhan Arenova. In addition, Devin DeWeese, Ron Sela, Bill Johnston, and Kevin Martin are challenging teachers, and supportive advisors. I am also grateful to Michael Hancock-Parmer and Kristoffer Rees for their insights and encouragement. Of course, I must also thank “the gang” without whom I cannot imagine my time in Bloomington being so warm, fun, and intellectually stimulating. Elizabeth Geballe, Holly Schreiber, Sally and Hess Yntema, Michael Young, Hubert Izienicki, and Meg Arenberg, thank you for taking in this poor orphan. I count myself very lucky to have ended up completing my PhD at Iowa State University. The History Department, with its focus on rural, environmental, and technological history has allowed me to explore this topic and develop as a thinker through a strong thematic lens rather than simply a geographic or chronological one. The highest praise must go to my advisor, James T. Andrews, he is a brilliant scholar and a supportive yet critical reader. I cannot say enough about how lucky I am to have had his support, guidance, and insight over the years, and I am truly thankful. In addition, Kathy Hilliard has been a crucial supporter and careful reader whose questions often cut right to the heart of my own questions, sometimes without me fully realizing. Her kind and generous spirit is a real gift to the academy. Pam Riney-Kehrberg and Julie Courtwright have been wonderfully supportive mentors and incisive critics, your insights into the American experience of rurality and your deep love of the places you study has been invaluable and inspiring. Jana Byars, your support, insights, and friendship was crucial to bringing this project to fruition, thank you. John Monroe, Larry McDonnell, and Michael Bailey have also been supportive and inspiring teachers and mentors. Of course, the highest praise goes to vii Jennifer Rivera whose wisdom and generosity is both legendary and well-deserved. Finally, although he came quite late in my time in Ames, Chris Low’s fingerprints are all over this work and his friendship, advice, and generosity have kept me going and inspired me to aim higher countless times during this project and beyond. Beyond Iowa State I have benefitted from the advice and encouragement from several scholars including Ian Campbell, Willard Sunderland, Virginia Martin, Matthew Payne, and Sam Dolbee, thank you. I was fortunate to find myself with a group of wonderful and incredibly clever graduate students at Iowa State. Your conversations, camaraderie, and challenges have made me grow as a scholar and a person in countless ways. Most especially thank you to Maria Howe, Kelly Wenig, and Rachel Kleinschmidt for convincing me while surveying the metropolis of Manhattan that there really was a place for me in Ames, you were not wrong. Thanks also to my comrade Caroline Schoonover for her ability to mix humor with an inspiring spirit to fight for what is right, to Katherine Warming, whose mind is like a steel trap, yet who has a kind and clever heart, and Mickey Belding for your incisiveness and helping this Appalachian begin to understand the Midwest. Thanks also to Lindsay Bell for showing what true generosity and friendship look like, to Brandon Duxbury for your quiet yet profound insights, and to Nick Waldrop, Matt Margis, Aimee Burch, and Mark Howe for your friendship and intellects. To the entire Lloyd family, especially Fred, thank you for making me feel at home in far Iowa. Finally, thank you to my dear friend, intellectual sparring partner, and devoted scholar Margret Weber, your friendship and kindness as well as your challenges and insights have helped me grow and I am grateful to you. During my time abroad, I have also incurred several debts. In Kostanay I cannot thank enough Gaukhar Galikhan, my first Kazakh tutor and an invaluable guide and friend who helped show me just how wondrous and proud Kazakh history is, and how great its future can be. Also viii in Kostanay, Kristina Prokhorova and Timur Khassanov, thank you so much for your kindness and friendship, and for your wonderful souls. Finally, the Peace Corps crew in Kostanay, Tommy Elwood, Dan Wienecke, Abby Schmidt, and Nicole Stivaletta Contini, thank you for your friendship during some difficult times. In Moscow 2016, and since then, thank you to Susan Grunewald, Erin Hutchinson, and Kelsey Norris for your camaraderie. My time in St. Petersburg was wonderfully improved by the hospitality and friendship of my fellow kommunalka roommates Olga, Anton, and Snezhanka, thank you for the adventures. In Almaty, I am grateful to the help, guidance, and continued support of Gulmira Sultangalieva and the staff and students at Al-Farabi Kazakh National University. Also, Saule Sateyeva is a true friend and staunch ally, thank you for your kindness and support.
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