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Transnational Spaces and Communal Land Tenure in a Caribbean Place: "Barbuda Is for Barbudans" Amy E

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Transnational Spaces and Communal Land Tenure in a Caribbean Place: Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2011 Transnational spaces and communal land tenure in a Caribbean place: "Barbuda is for Barbudans" Amy E. Potter Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Potter, Amy E., "Transnational spaces and communal land tenure in a Caribbean place: "Barbuda is for Barbudans"" (2011). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 2575. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/2575 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. TRANSNATIONAL SPACES AND COMMUNAL LAND TENURE IN A CARIBBEAN PLACE: “BARBUDA IS FOR BARBUDANS” A dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In The Department of Geography & Anthropology by Amy E. Potter B.S., University of Kansas, 2004 M.A., University of Kansas, 2006 December 2011 For Mom and Dad ii Acknowledgments They say it takes a village to raise a child; well the same is certainly true for the research and writing of this dissertation. While my name stands as the lone author, this work would not have been possible without the input, collaboration, contribution, and support of so many. First, and foremost I would like to thank the people of Barbuda and those Barbudans living abroad for opening their home, hearts, and often their kitchens for the sake of this research project. Without their support and participation, this work simply would not have been possible. I am daily encouraged by your stories of strength and resistance. There are a number of individual Barbudans that deserve special recognition. Thank you to Maureen Lee who is both a friend and colleague. She graciously gave me permission to use her poem ―Barbuda‖ as the Forward to this work. She continues to inspire me and teach me, and I am thankful to call her friend. Maureen, you are my Maya Angelou! Thank you also to Hildina Gore and family for housing my messy self for two months. In addition, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude to Claudina Desouza, Ruthlynn Nedd (thank you for the tacos), Sir Hilbourne Frank, Sir Eric Burton, Elvis Burton, Kelly Burton, Lynton Thomas, Moses John, Faith John, Goldine John, and the Smiley Nedd family. My sincerest gratitude also goes to the Russell John family for permission to reprint images from The Voice and for taking the time to let me get to know them on a hot August morning in the Bronx, New York in 2009. It is an honor to have met you and write about your 20-year ―labor of love.‖ Thank you to three very special Guyanese women who took care of me in 2009 and then again in 2010: Chandra, Pammy, and Nursey, your laughter is contagious. Next, I would like to thank my advisor Dr. Andrew Sluyter. You gave me an incredible opportunity to assist you on the Bowman Expedition for the Leeward Islands of the Lesser iii Antilles in 2007, without which none of this would have been possible. We truly had some unforgettable ―Carl Sauer moments‖ trekking in the Barbudan bush together. Thank you for allowing me to always stay true to my research interests, while pushing me beyond what I ever thought possible for myself. Thank you for the countless hours of feedback and time you have devoted to my geographic education, professional development, and to this scholarly work. I want to thank my committee, whom I have unending admiration and respect. Dr. Dydia DeLyser, your wisdom from class instruction and one-on-one conversations I will carry with me for the rest of my career. You are a gift to this department and to the discipline. Dr. Kent Mathewson your knowledge of geography is astounding and I want to thank you for always pushing your students to look back in order to move forward. You are a Sankofa Geographer! Dr. Helen Regis, your Race and Racism course changed the way I see the world. Thank you for your valuable feedback on this project. Thank you to my external committee member Dr. Eldon Birthwright for your esteemed insights at my proposal defense. Dr. DeLyser once told me when writing a literature review, ―We stand on the shoulders of giants.‖ Thank you particularly to Riva Berleant-Schiller, David Lowenthal, and David Harris. You are MY giants. Louisiana State University Graduate School and the Department of Geography and Anthropology have funded nearly all of my graduate education through the Evelyn L. Pruitt Ph.D. Fellowship and the LSU Dissertation Writing Fellowship. Evelyn L. Pruitt left a tremendous legacy for female geographers and I hope to bring honor to her name. This research project was funded in part by the American Geographical Society Bowman Expedition (Foreign Military Service Office) and the Association of American Geographers Dissertation Grant. Thank you to Dr. Craig Colten for the opportunity to work at the Geographical Review in iv addition to John Anderson for the opportunity to work in the Cartographic Information Center. Thank you to the office staff, which included Dana Sanders, Nedda Taylor, Vicki Terry, and Linda Strain for all your behind the scenes assistance. Thank you to the Land Office in Codrington, the National Archive of Antigua and Barbuda in St. Johns, and the National Anthropological Archive in Washington D.C. for your assistance. Other faculty not on my committee with whom I have relied upon and learned much from include: Dr. Joyce M. Jackson, Dr. David Brown, Dr. Craig Colten, Dr. Robert Rohli, Dr. Patrick Hesp, Dr. Miles Richardson, and John Anderson. I cherish the graduate school camaraderie at LSU and the number of students with whom I have leaned upon over these last few years. Thank you for the encouraging words, the journal article you just happen to stumble across and send my way, and the constructive criticism: Paul Watts, E. Arnold Modlin , Richard Hunter, Russell Fielding, Jim Chaney, Corey Sills, Katherine Renken, Ryan Orgera, Alexandra Giancarlo, Jörn Seemann, Cory David Hotard, Annemarie Galeucia, Jamie Worms, and Case Watkins. Finally, I would not be the person I am today without the loving support of my parents who always pushed me to follow my dreams. I am also thankful for the Schmutz family, whom alongside my parents, have been a tremendous encouragement on this final leg of the graduate school journey. My husband Phillip (a human geographer in hiding) is my rock and partner on this life-long geographical journey. v Forward BARBUDA You may negotiate as freedom dictates to no avail But Barbuda is no Longer for sale. What can I say? Should I put it another way? How about – the fat sheep mentality Is no longer our reality. For a people, we revisited our past And at last Reclaimed our identity, Re-defined our vision – now we can clearly see The importance of legacy. They stripped us of our culture Robbed us of our language Dehumanized our men – demoralized our women Now in the name of sand and land we must stand. Stand against modern day masses Uncle Toms and Aunt Jemimas Flaunting thirty pieces of silver In an effort to buy gold Tell them for me What we had to sell have already been sold. If Africa is for Africans then Barbuda is for Barbudans too.1 No disrespect intended, my apologies to the offended But as Sankofa woman, I must stand firm, you see To defend, protect and secure my ancestor‘s legacy. On this land we will re-establish righteous community living. No devil-up-ment to cause further discontent Our people will invest in self-empowerment So access denied – all systems fail Barbuda is no longer for sale. Authentic 2008 Maureen Lee – The Authentic Sankofa Woman 1 This line inspired the title of this dissertation. vi Table of Contents Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………….…...iii Forward……………………………….………………………………………………………….xii List of Tables…............................................................................................................................viii List of Figures……………………………………………………………………………..……...ix Abstract………………….……………………………………………………………..................xi Chapter One Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………….....1 Chapter Two Renegotiating Barbuda‘s Commons: Recent Changes in Barbuda‘s Land Tenure………….…..29 Chapter Three Migration and the Barbuda Commons ……………….…………………………...……….…….58 Chapter Four Mapping Barbuda………………….………………..…………..…………………….……….…93 Chapter Five Barbuda‘s Transnational Spaces…………………………………………….……………….…138 Chapter Six In Between: Barbuda Voice as a Transnational (Communicative) Space (1969-1974)………..174 Conclusions…………………………………………………………………………………..…215 References……………………………………………………………………………………....223 Appendix I Collection of Mental Maps……………………………………………………...…237 Appendix II Age-Group Breakdown….………………………………………………………..272 Appendix III Gender Breakdown…………………………………………………………..…...274 Vita……………………………………...……………………………………………………....277 vii List of Tables 3.1 Birthplace…………………………………………………………………………………….61 3.2 Age Breakdown…...…………………………………………………………………………61 3.3 U.S Land Applications……………………………………….………………………………69 3.4 Canadian Land Applications………………………….……………………………………...70 3.5 U.K. Land Applications……………………………………………………………………...70
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