Saberes E Práticas Dos Índios Guarani M'byá Na Mata Atlântica Arnaldo

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Saberes E Práticas Dos Índios Guarani M'byá Na Mata Atlântica Arnaldo ETNOCONHECIMENTO SOBRE ABELHAS SEM FERRÃO: SABERES E PRÁTICAS DOS ÍNDIOS GUARANI M’BYÁ NA MATA ATLÂNTICA ARNALDO DOS SANTOS RODRIGUES Dissertação apresentada à Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São Paulo, para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ecologia de Agroecossistemas. PIRACICABA Estado de São Paulo – Brasil Março - 2005 ETNOCONHECIMENTO SOBRE ABELHAS SEM FERRÃO: SABERES E PRÁTICAS DOS ÍNDIOS GUARANI M’BYÁ NA MATA ATLÂNTICA ARNALDO DOS SANTOS RODRIGUES Bacharel em Ciências Biológicas Orientador: Prof. Dr. DALCIO CARON Dissertação apresentada à Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São Paulo, para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ecologia de Agroecossistemas. PIRACICABA Estado de São Paulo – Brasil Março - 2005 Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP) DIVISÃO DE BIBLIOTECA E DOCUMENTAÇÃO - ESALQ/USP Rodrigues, Arnaldo dos Santos Etnoconhecimento sobre abelhas sem ferrão: saberes e práticas dos índios guarani M’byá na Mata Atlântica / Arnaldo dos Santos Rodrigues. - - Piracicaba, 2005. 236 p. : il. Dissertação (mestrado) - - Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, 2005. Bibliografia. 1. Abelha – Indígena 2. Etnoconhecimento 3. Índios guarani 4. Mata Atlântica I. Título CDD 638.12 “Permitida a cópia total ou parcial deste documento, desde que citada a fonte – O autor” Dedico este trabalho ao biólogo ERNEST MAYR. Biólogo, professor, filósofo da biologia. Ernest Mayr completa 100 anos de idade em julho de 2005. Está produzindo o 26o. livro. Ernest Mayr é professor até hoje na Universidade Harvard. E em memória de Darel Adson Posey. Uma vida dedicada à pesquisa etnobiológica AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço aos índios Guarani em referência a todas as pessoas que colaboraram direta ou indiretamente para a elaboração, execução e conclusão deste trabalho de mestrado. SUMÁRIO Página LISTA DE FIGURAS.................................................................................. ix LISTA DE TABELAS ................................................................................ x RESUMO .................................................................................................. xi SUMMARY................................................................................................ xiv 1 INTRODUÇÃO ............................................................................. 1 1.1 Porque estudar o conhecimento indígena sobre os insetos? ........ 1 1.2 Os insetos estudados em interface com as sociedades humanas. 5 1.3 Os primeiros dados etnografados sobre a entomofagia no Brasil 6 1.4 Pesquisas mais recentes sobre os insetos como alimento ........... 9 1.5 Os insetos e seus produtos no uso medicinal................................ 10 1.6 Os insetos nos rituais, mitos e religião.......................................... 11 2 REVISÃO DE LITERATURA.......................................................... 15 2.1 O conhecimento do conhecimento, na questão indígena ............... 15 2.2 Mudanças conceituais e metodológicas ........................................ 16 2.3 Divergências, oposições e composições ....................................... 17 2.4 Formulação teórica a partir da observação do comportamento do outro............................................................................................. 19 2.5 Entendendo a conceituação do outro conhecimento e do conhecimento do outro, para o uso na(s) Ciência(s) ..................... 20 2.6 O conhecimento indígena! A quem nos referimos?........................ 22 2.7 Uma resposta metodológica que abrange várias disciplinas para se estudar o conhecimento indígena sobre os insetos .................. 27 2.8 A interdisciplinaridade na etnobiologia ......................................... 30 2.9 A etnoentomologia (...percepção...interação...relação...) .............. 32 vi 2.10 Dificuldades básicas encontradas com a pesquisa etnoentomológica ......................................................................... 34 2.11 O que se deve considerar para pesquisar em etnobiologia e disciplinas correlatas? .................................................................. 36 3 OS GUARANI ............................................................................... 39 3.1 Introdução .................................................................................... 39 3.2 O início da desconstrução da história dos Guarani........................ 40 3.3 Quem eram e onde estavam os índios Guarani antes da invasão européia ....................................................................................... 43 3.4 As lideranças e o aspecto carismático de condução organizacional Guarani ................................................................. 46 3.5 A sistematização da exploração sobre os índios ........................... 49 3.6 As grandes missões...................................................................... 51 3.7 Como o índio pode sobreviver mantendo sua base cultural (?)...... 53 3.8 O peso das invasões paulistas sobre o desenvolvimento das missões ........................................................................................ 54 3.9 O relacionamento entre paulistas e Guarani ................................. 55 3.10 Os Guarani e sua importância na construção de São Paulo .......... 57 3.11 As formas organizacionais dos Guarani resistiam à poderosa estrutura de opressão ................................................................... 61 3.12 Os Guarani hoje: comentários enfocando principalmente a aldeia Morro da Saudade.............................................................. 65 3.13 Considerações adicionais sobre o presente capítulo..................... 76 4 MATERIAL E MÉTODOS .............................................................. 77 4.1 Origem dos dados......................................................................... 77 4.2 Área de estudo ............................................................................. 77 4.3 População e organização da aldeia Morro da Saudade ................. 83 4.4 Critérios que indicaram a área de estudo ..................................... 84 4.5 Metodologias e técnicas empregadas para a coleta dos dados ..... 84 5 RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO...................................................... 92 5.1 A percepção e a importância das abelhas: alguns aspectos na formulação do pensamento a respeito do equilíbrio homem/natureza na concepção dos Guarani................................. 92 vii 5.2 (A) Abelhas sem ferrão (na ordem em que foram citadas pelo informante) ................................................................................... 118 5.2.1 Etnoespécie: Jatei (idioma guarani, dialeto m’byá)........................ 118 5.2.1.1 Utilização dos produtos................................................................. 123 5.2.2 Etnoespécie: Ei pytã (idioma guarani, dialeto m’byá) .................... 130 5.2.2.1 Utilização dos produtos................................................................. 132 5.2.3 Etnoespécie: Guarykua (idioma guarani, dialeto m’byá) ................ 134 5.2.3.1 Utilização dos produtos................................................................. 137 5.2.4 Etnoespécie: Ei raviju (idioma guarani, dialeto m’byá) .................. 140 5.2.4.1 Utilização dos produtos................................................................. 142 5.2.5 Etnoespécie: Yvy ei (idioma guarani, dialeto m’byá) .................... 144 5.2.5.1 Utilização dos produtos................................................................. 145 5.2.6 Etnoespécie: Ei tata (idioma guarani, dialeto m’byá) ..................... 146 5.2.6.1 Utilização dos produtos................................................................. 147 5.2.7 Etnoespécie: EI mirĩ (idioma guarani, dialeto m’byá)..................... 147 5.2.7.1 Utilização dos produtos................................................................. 149 5.2.8 Etnoespécie: Ei mirĩ ‘i (idioma guarani, dialeto m’byá) .................. 152 5.2.8.1 Utilização dos produtos................................................................. 153 5.2.9 Etnoespécie: Ei irapua (idioma guarani, dialeto m´byá)................ 154 5.2.9.1 Utilização dos produtos................................................................. 156 5.2.10 Etnoespécie: Ei ruxu ou akã motõ (idioma guarani, dialeto m’byá) .......................................................................................... 160 5.2.10.1 Utilização dos produtos................................................................. 161 5.2.11 Etnoespécie: Mandori (idioma guarani, dialeto m’byá)................... 162 5.2.11.1 Utilização dos produtos................................................................. 165 5.2.12 Etnoespécie: Ei tapexua (idioma guarani, dialeto m’byá)............... 166 5.2.12.1 Utilização dos produtos................................................................. 167 5.2.13 Etnoespécie: Kraxai (idioma guarani, dialeto m’byá) ..................... 167 5.2.13.1 Utilização dos produtos................................................................. 168 5.3 (B) Abelhas com ferrão ................................................................. 171 5.3.1 Etnoespécie: Mamanga (idioma guarani, dialeto m’byá)................ 172 5.3.2 Etnoespécie: Mamanga guaxu (idioma guarani, dialeto m’byá)..... 172 5.3.3 Etnoespécie: Mamanga pytã (idioma guarani, dialeto m’byá) ....... 173 viii 5.3.4 Etnoespécie: Mamanga uũ (idioma guarani, dialeto m’byá) .......... 173 5.3.5 Etnoespécie: Mamanga pará
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