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Shorebirds of the Lahontan Valley, Nevada, USA: a Casehistory of Western Great Basin Shorebirds

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Shorebirds of the Lahontan Valley, Nevada, USA: a Casehistory of Western Great Basin Shorebirds Neel & Henry:Lahontan Valley shorebirds Shorebirds of the Lahontan Valley, Nevada, USA: a casehistory of western Great Basin shorebirds Larry A. Neel & William G. Henry Neel,L. A., andW. G. Henry. 1996.Shorebirds of theLahontan Valley, Nevada, USA: A casehistory of western Great Basin shorebirds. International Wader Studies 9: 15-19. Thewestern Great Basin is oneof theleast-studied areas in NorthAmerica for shorebirds,despite thepresence of severalkey sites of thePacific Flyway. Here, we presentdetailed surveys of oneof thesekey sites-- the LahontanValley wetlands. These wetlands include the StillwaterNational WildlifeRefuge and Carson Lake. The Lahontan Valley is listedas a HemisphericSite by the WesternHemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network. We providepeak census numbers and informationon reproduction from 1949 to present.The most common shorebird in theLahontan Valleyis theLong-billed Dowitcher (Limnodromus scolopaceus), with peaksingle-day counts as high as100,000 individuals. This case history demonstrates large-scale fluctuations in shorebirddiversity andnumbers that occur in thewestern Great Basin, and illustrates some of theproblems that affect wetlandmanagement in the region. LarryA. Neel,Nevada Division of Wildlife,380 West B St.,Faiion, NV 89406,USA WilliamG. Henry,U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 1236, 960-4 Auction Rd., Faiion, NV 89406, USA "CarsonSink [in theLahontan Valley] is theonly Western Hemisphere Shorebird extensive natural marsh in western Nevada and its importanceas a birdrefuge cannot be over ReserveNetwork designation- 1988 emphasized.Its wildfowl food resources are equaled [b]yfew similarareas in theentire United States - In 1986,the LahontanValley wetlandswere certainlyit is notsurpassed by anything in thePacific nominatedfor inclusionin the WesternHemisphere northwest."(Sperry 1929: 3, unpublishedreport) ShorebirdReserve Network (WHSRN), a program designedto giverecognition to criticalmigratory shorebird sites. At the time, the shorebird reserve Introduction networkwas a newly formingconcept of a consortiumof scientificorganizations, conservation The western Great Basin is one of the least-studied organizationsand federaland stateagencies. Their goalwas to heightenpublic awareness of the areasin North Americafor shorebirds,despite the importanceof key wetland sitesto the successful fact that it includesseveral sites recognized as being migrationof shorebirds.The WSHRN programwas of key importanceto shorebirdsusing the Pacific designedto lend internationalrecognition to sitesin Flyway (Myers et al. 1987;WHSRN 1992). The needof protection.Although designation provided LahontanValley, including Stillwater National no officialprotection, the hope was thatrecognition Wildlife Refugeand CarsonLake, Nevada, is listed would leadthose responsible for managementof as a HemisphericSite, and Mono Lake in California thosesites to take pro-activemeasures to ensurethat is listedas an InternationalSite by WHSRN (1992). resourcesremained available for migratory At the time of their designation,Hemispheric Sites shorebirds. supportedat least250,000 shorebirds annually or 30% of a species'flyway population(the criterion has At thistime, the LahontanValley wetlands were in sincebeen increasedto 500,000);International Sites jeopardyof beinglost in a long-termstruggle supportat least100,000 shorebirds annually or 15% betweencompeting water users (agricultural, of a species'flyway population(WHSRN 1992). Of municipal,and Native Americanfish interests). the designatedshorebird sites in the westernGreat Thesecompeting water usersreduced the amount Basin,Mono Lakehas been reasonably well-studied and qualityof watergoing into thewetlands (for (e.g.,Jeh11986, 1988; Rubega & Inouye 1994),but the moredetail see Hallock & Hallock1993; Rubega & LahontanValley wetlands remain relatively Robinson,this volume). At the same time, the unknown. Herewe presenta casehistory of the federalgovernment began to restrictwater deliveries LahontanValley wetlands,which containsthe from the Truckee River for human uses in the StillwaterNational Wildlife Refuge. This case history LahontanValley in orderto free up water to sustain demonstrateslarge-scale fluctuations in shorebird therecovery of thecui-ui (Chasmistes cujus) (an diversityand numberstypical of arid areas.We also endangeredfish that resides only in theTruckee pointout someproblems affecting management of Riversystem). It wasclear that with no legalright to wetlandsin thisregion. contestedwater, the LahontanValley wetlands were 15 International Wader Studies 9:15-19 setfor sacrificein the interestof satisfyingother Reports(USFWS 1949). Generally,some effort was priority demandsset by the EndangeredSpecies Act, made to estimatebreeding populations and fledgling agriculturalwater entitlements,and municipal productionfor AmericanAvocets (Recurvirostra needs. americana),Black-necked Stilts (Himantopus mexicanus),Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus), Wilson's Advocatesof the wetlandssearched for ways to Phalaropes(Phalaropus tricolor), Snowy Plovers (C. heightenpublic awareness of theimportance of the alexandrinus),and Long-billedCurlews (Numenius LahontanValley wetlands. At the suggestionof Dr. americanus).Migrant species'totals were reported JosephJehl of Hubbs-SeaWorld Research Institute, opportunisticallyand usuallydocumented large Dr. J.E Myers,then with theAcademy of Natural concentrations.These data pertain only to Stillwater Sciencesof Philadelphia,and oneof the main NationalWildlife Refuge (Stillwater NWR) and do proponentsof WHSRN, contactedStillwater NWR, not include Carson Lake or other area wetlands informingthem of the appropriatenessof the (Figure1). nominationof the LahontanValley wetlands into the program.Refuge biologist Steve Thompson and 2) 1970-1977.Emphasis was on breedingpopulation Nevada Division of Wildlife (NDOW) nongame and productionestimates of shorebirds.In 1971and biologistLarry Neel preparedbackground 1972,Hainline (1974)maintained a shorebirdcensus information. On 27 October 1986, NDOW director routeat StillwaterNWR. Hainline'stotals pertain William A. Molini sent a letter of nomination to Mr. only to his specificroute and shouldnot be Paul D. McLain of the International Association of comparedto comprehensivecensuses or Fishand Wildlife Agencies(IAFWA), thenchairman opportunisticreports. From 1972 to 1976,the U.S. of that organization'sShorebird Committee and Fish and Wildlife Service conducted what is now anotherkey proponentof the Network. On 29 July knownas the Lahontan Valley Study, a censusand 1987,Mr. Molini receiveda letter from Dr. Myers monitoringeffort designed to establishwildlife acknowledginginclusion of the LahontanValley baselinesfor the LahontanValley wetlands, wetlandsinto the WHSRN program. On 20 August includingCarson Lake and othermajor wetland 1988,Dr. Myers joined then Nevada governor units. Unfortunatelyfor shorebirdresearchers, this RichardBryan, representatives from NDOW and the monumentaleffort is practicallyworthless for U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and a host of comparativepurposes because shorebird data were representativesfrom a wide rangeof conservation reportedin use-days(census totals averaged and and sportsman'sorganizations to dedicatethe multipliedby numberof daysbetween counts) (see LahontanValley Wetlands into the Shorebird Reed et al. this volume for a discussion of this Network as a Siteof HemisphericImportance. problem),and becauseshorebirds were lumped with gull and terndata in a mannerthat precludes separation.As far aswe know,very little raw count Shorebird censushistory of Lahontan data for shorebirdsfrom the LahontanValley Study Valley wetlands survivein any form, with the exceptionof the opportunisticnumbers reported in Table1 as gleaned Shorebirdcensus data for the LahontanValley from annualnarrative reports. wetlandsbefore 1986 were sporadicallycollected. 3) 1978-1987. From 1978 to 1985, almost no effort Historical data can be divided into four more or less was expendedtoward censusing shorebirds. discernible subsets. Breedingpopulation and reproductionestimates 1) 1949-1969.These data arereported in the were generaland reflecteda lackof attention(for StillwaterNational Wildlife RefugeAnnual Narrative instance,these estimates went unchangedfor three consecutiveannual reports). One exceptionwas the 120 ø SnowyPlover census conducted by Hermanet al. (1988),which counted Snowy Plovers intensively in / Winnemuca Stillwater Nevada and Oregonin the summerof 1988. / Lake(Dry) National / Wildlife In 1985,plans were made to duplicatethe Lahontan Pyramid Refuge Lake -- 40 ø ValleyStudy for the purposeof documenting Carson declines in wildlife numbers associated with wetland Si•k habitatlosses of 1977-1987.A biologistwas hired and the studybegan in earnestin 1986. This rejuvenatedcensus effort coincided with a monumental flood that created wildlife habitat Truckee conditionsnot presentsince the early 1950s. River The year 1987was belowaverage with respectto Carson Lahontan Lake water inflow to wetlands,but recedingwaters from Reservoir Pasture the previousyear's flood createdshallow conditions Carson River favorableto shorebirds.On 29 April 1987,Stillwater -- 39 ø NWR biologistSteve Thompson conducted an aerial surveyof thevalley's wetlands. He finally quit trying to countshorebirds because the numbers overwhelmed him. Shorebird totals from that count Figure1. StillwaterNational Wildlife Refugeand adjacent waterwaysand lakes. are reportedin Table1. 16 Neel & Henry: LahontanValley shorebirds 4) 1988-1994.The
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