35Th GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGICAL CONFERENCE ______

FEATURED LANDSCAPES

The theme for the 2016 GBAC meeting is Featured Landscapes. This theme touches upon a long-standing paradigm within North American archaeology which recognizes that the cultural patterns preserved in individual sites can best be interpreted when they are seen as part of much larger space or territories utilized by past peoples. In the Great Basin, where food and other raw material resources are often spread widely across the landscape, and in the case of food resources usually become available and locally abundant in specific places at specific times of the year, an understanding of human use of an area at a landscape or regional scale becomes imperative. In addition, the matrix that archaeologists find habitation sites and artifacts preserved within, or their geoarchaeological context, can also be studied at both site-specific and regional/landscape scales. This also applies to the paleoecological remains studied in order to provide critical information on changing climatic patterns – something that past peoples had to cope and locally adapt to, just as we are forced to do today.

WELCOME to RENO, the Biggest Little City in the Great Basin!

Photo Credits: Top: Sheldon NWR (LA Speulda-Drews) Middle: “Antelope Shaman and net” from Black Point Petroglyph site (B Hockett) Bottom L: Antelope Trap (B Hockett) Bottom R: Heinz Ranch wagon (M Drews)

The 35th Great Basin Anthropological Conference October 5-8, 2016

Reno, Nevada

The Great Basin Anthropological Association (GBAA) promotes the study of the peoples and cultures of the Great Basin of the western United States and its relationship to adjacent regions.

Conference Chair: Bryan Hockett, Bureau of Land Management

Committee Members: President: Pat Barker, Ph.D., retired Bureau of Land Management Program: Geoff Smith, Christopher Morgan, and Carolyn White Registration: Lou Ann Speulda-Drews Local Arrangements: Bryan Hockett Sponsors: Elena Nilsson Volunteers: Christopher Morgan/Anna Camp Field Trips: Mike Drews Vendors: Elena Nilsson and Bryan Hockett Web and Social Media: Shannon Hataway, Tangerine Design & Web Social Media, Facebook, Twitter: Tabitha (Beth) Burgess, Versar

Download a copy of the Program and Abstracts online at: http://greatbasinanthropologicalassociation.org

Table of Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... 2 BOOK ROOM AND VENDORS ...... 3 SPONSORS ...... 4 GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCATION BOARD OF DIRECTORS 2016 ...... 5 GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGICAL CONFERENCE CHAIRS ...... 6 SILVER LEGACY HOTEL/CASINO MEETING ROOM LAYOUT ...... 7 SUMMARY SCHEDULE OF EVENTS ...... 8 DETAILED PROGRAM ...... 11 ABSTRACTS ...... 38 LIST OF RESTAURANTS, BREW PUBS, ETC...... 171 MAP OF DOWNTOWN RENO ...... 172 MEETING ROOM LAYOUT ...... 173

SPONSORS (Back Cover)

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

As anyone who has had the opportunity to Chair a regional or national conference can attest, it takes the talents and efforts of many dedicated archaeologists to pull off a successful meeting. The GBACs were first held in Reno in 1958. Since then, the meetings have been held in Reno six times. The 2016 GBACs continue that legacy; rest assured, this will not be the last time that archaeologists are called to Reno for this incredible conference held every other year.

The success of this year's meetings are the direct result of the following individuals; when you pass by them or have the opportunity to talk to them, please express your gratitude for a job well done. I would especially like to thank Lou Ann Speulda-Drews and Geoff Smith (Registration and Program, respectively), who committed the lion's share of the work to ensure a successful GBAC in 2016. I also wish to thank Elena Nilsson (Sponsorship and Vendors), Beth Burgess (Social Media), Anna Camp and Chris Morgan (Volunteers), Mike Drews (Field Trips), and Carolyn White (Program) who gave of their time to make this year's meeting the best it can be. Thanks also to Shannon Hataway (Tangerine Design, Carson Design) who designed our new (and improved) GBAA website! I think it is fantastic, and is set to (hopefully) finally be a permanent home for the GBAA and GBAC. I would also like to thank our wonderful Sponsors, without whom this conference could not be put on at an incredible bargain! Last, but certainly never least, a special thanks to GBAA President and good friend Pat Barker, whom I was able to lean on with questions and advice throughout the planning of this year's GBACs.

I hope you all have a wonderful time in Reno; meeting old friends, making new friends, attending as many papers and posters as possible, and enjoying all that Reno has to offer in food, drink, and entertainment.

I look forward to meeting as many of you as possible over the next four days!

Bryan Hockett, Chair 2016 GBAC

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BOOK ROOM – VENDORS

Vendors, booksellers, and organizations will be set up in the Silver Baron A room on the Silver Baron Promenade-Mezzanine Level on Thursday and Friday (October 6th and 7th) from 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM and on Saturday (October 8th) from 8:00 AM to noon.

List of vendors:

Beta Analytic California/Nevada Chapter, OCTA Codifi, Inc. DirectAMS Gates Gallery and Trading Post Idaho Archaeological Society Nevada Archaeology Association Nevada Rock Art Foundation Nevada SHPO Phoenix Obsidian Designs QLC Inc.: Archeolink-Americas University of Utah Press USFS Malheur National Forest Utah State University

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SPONSORS

MAMMOTH ($500+)

BIGHORN/BISON ($250)

ANTELOPE ($100)

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GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION BOARD OF DIRECTORS 2016

PRESIDENT Pat Barker Nevada State Museum [email protected]

VICE-PRESIDENT F. Kirk Halford Deputy Preservation Officer/State Archaeologist Bureau of Land Management, Idaho State Office 1387 S Vinnell Way, Boise, ID 83709 [email protected]

TREASURER Kim Carpenter Far Western Anthropological Research Group, Inc. 2727 Del Rio Place, Suite A Davis, CA 95618 [email protected]

SECRETARY Suzanne Eskenazi Logan Simpson 8 East Broadway, Suite 300 Salt Lake City, UT 84111 [email protected]

MEMBER AT LARGE (4 Year) Amy Gilreath Far Western Anthropological Research Group, Inc. 2727 Del Rio Place, Suite A Davis, CA 95618 [email protected]

MEMBER AT LARGE (4 Year) Sandy Rogers Maturango Museum 100 E. Las Flores Ave. Ridgecrest, CA 93555 [email protected]

2016 Conference Chair Bryan Hockett, Bureau of Land Management, Nevada State Office

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CONFERENCE CHAIRS 1954-2014

1954 Gila Pueblo, Arizona – Jesse D. Jennings 1955 Southwest Museum, Los Angeles, California – Ruth D. Simpson 1956 University of Utah, Salt Lake City – Jesse D. Jennings 1958 University of Nevada, Reno – Earl Kersten 1960 University of California, Los Angeles – Clement Meighan(?) 1962 Nevada State Museum, Carson City – Richard Shutler (name changed from Great Basin Archaeological Conference to present name) 1964 University of Nevada, Reno – Warren d’Azevedo 1966 University of Nevada, Reno – Earl Swanson, Jr. (met jointly with SAA) 1968 Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho – B. Robert Butler 1970 University of Oregon, Eugene – C. Melvin Aikens 1972 University of Utah, Salt Lake City – Wick Miller 1974 Carson City, Nevada – Donald Tuohy 1976 Las Vegas, Nevada – L. Claude Warren 1978 Reno, Nevada – Don Fowler 1980 Salt Lake City, Utah – David Madsen and James O’Connell 1982 Reno, Nevada – Robert Bettinger 1984 Boise, Idaho – Max Pavesic 1986 Las Vegas, Nevada – Donald Tuohy, Jean Clark, Amy Dansie, Thomas Karollo, and Kathryne Olson 1988 Park City, Utah – Joel Janetski, James Wilde, Deborah Newman, and Kathy Driggs 1990 Reno, Nevada – Robert Kelly 1992 Boise, Idaho – Max Pavesic and Thomas Green 1994 Elko, Nevada – Kevin Jones 1996 Kings Beach/Lake Tahoe, California – Charlotte Beck 1998 Bend, Oregon – Dennis Jenkins 2000 Ogden, Utah – Steven Simms and Brooke Arkush 2002 Elko, Nevada – Patricia Dean and Tim Murphy 2004 Sparks, Nevada – David Zeanah, Pat Barker, Michael Delacorte, and Mark Basgall (50th Anniversary!) 2006 Las Vegas, Nevada – Heidi Roberts, Barbara Roth, and Suzanne Eskenazi 2008 Portland State University, Oregon – Virginia Butler 2010 Layton, Utah – Lori Hunsaker, Kelly Beck, and Rachel Quist 2012 Stateline, Nevada – Kim Carpenter 2014 Boise, Idaho – Suzann Henrikson, Mary Anne Davis, and F. Kirk Halford

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SILVER LEGACY HOTEL/CASINO MEETING ROOM LAYOUT

Silver Baron 1-3

Silver Baron 4-6

Silver Baron A – Book Room/Vendors/Posters

Silver Baron B

Silver Baron Boardroom

Silver Baron C

Silver Baron D

Silver Baron E

*Registration and No Host Reception in Silver Baron Promenade-Mezzanine Level

**Exposition Hall – Plenary and Banquet, first floor, below Silver Baron Room.

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SUMMARY SCHEDULE OF EVENTS

Wednesday, October 5, All Day 1:00 – 5:00 U.S. Forest Service Heritage Program Humboldt-Toiyabe NF Office Confabulation

8:00 – 4:00 BLM Meeting Nevada State Office

4:00 – 5:00 GBAA business meeting Silver Baron Boardroom

Wednesday, October 5, Evening 4:00 – 7:00 Conference Registration Silver Baron Promenade-Mezzanine Level

5:00 – 7:00 Reception (no host) Silver Baron Promenade-Mezzanine Level

Thursday, October 6, All Day 7:00 – 4:00 Conference Registration Silver Baron Promenade-Mezzanine Level

8:00 – 5:00 Book Room/Vendors Silver Baron A

Thursday, October 6, Morning 8:00 – 11:30 Plenary Session: Featured Landscapes – Interpreting Great Exposition Hall B Basin Archaeology at Regional Scales

Thursday, October 6, Afternoon 1:00 – 5:00 Symposium 1: CRM in the Great Basin, What Have We Silver Baron E Learned? – Part II

1:00 – 2:30 Symposium 2: Battle Born: Interdisciplinary Investigations Silver Baron B into Nevada’s Military Landscapes

1:00 – 3:45 Symposium 3: Current Research in Idaho Silver Baron C

3:00 – 4:15 Symposium 4: The Many Faces of Bodie Silver Baron 6

1:00 – 3:15 General Session 1: Archaeology in the 21st Century Silver Baron 1

1:00 – 4:45 General Session 2: Prehistoric Settlement and Subsistence Silver Baron D

1:00 – 4:30 Poster Symposium 1: Archaeological Research of the Sigurd Silver Baron A to Red Butte Transmission Project

1:00 – 4:30 General Poster Session 1: Terminal Pleistocene/Early Silver Baron A Holocene Archaeology

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Thursday, October 6, Evening 4:00 – 6:00 Basin and Range National Monument Historic Context Silver Baron Four Review Workshop

5:00 – 7:00 Reception (no host) Silver Baron Promenade-Mezzanine Level

Friday, October 7, All Day 7:00 – 4:00 Conference Registration Silver Baron Promenade-Mezzanine Level

8:00 – 5:00 Book Room/Vendors Silver Baron A

Friday, October 7, Morning 8:00 – 12:00 Symposium 5: A Variationist’s Offspring: Papers in Honor Silver Baron E of R. L. Bettinger

8:00 – 10:00 Roundtable Discussion: When Archaeological Sites are More Silver Baron C than Data

8:00 – 10:30 Symposium 6: Innovative Approaches to the Use of Silver Baron D Archaeological Data in Public Land Management

8:00 – 10:15 Symposium 7: Rock Art in the Great Basin – Contemporary Silver Baron B Approaches

10:45 – Symposium 8: Performing Place: Expressions of Memory Silver Baron 1 12:00 and Materiality in the Great Basin, Colorado Plateau, and Eastern California

10:45 – Symposium 9: Managing a Landscape of Cultural Resources: Silver Baron 4 12:00 Lessons Learned from the Sigurd to Red Butte Transmission Project in Southwestern Utah

8:00 – 11:45 General Session 3: Prehistoric Technology and Raw Material Silver Baron 6 Studies

8:00 – 11:30 Poster Symposium 2: The Archaeology and Paleoecology of Silver Baron A the Great Salt Lake Desert: Recent Discoveries, Technological Advances and Paleoecological Reconstruction of Utah’s West Desert

8:00 – 11:30 General Poster Session 2: Natural and Cultural Landscapes Silver Baron A

Friday, October 7, Afternoon 1:00 – 5:00 Symposium 10: Recent Contributions to Paleoindian Silver Baron E Archaeology in the Great Basin 1:00 – 4:15 Symposium 11: Historical Archaeology in the Great Basin Silver Baron C and Beyond (5.0) 9 35th Great Basin Anthropological Conference - 2016

1:00 – 3:15 Symposium 12: Lincoln County Archaeological Initiative Silver Baron B

3:30 – 5:00 Symposium 13: Fremont Archaeology in the Valleys of Utah Silver Baron 1

1:00 – 3:30 General Session 4: Paleoethnobotanical and Silver Baron D Paleoenvironmental Studies in the Desert West

1:00 – 2:30 General Session 5: Recent Advances in Great Basin Textile Silver Baron 6 Analysis

1:00 – 4:30 Poster Symposium 3: Prehistory of Nevada’s Northern Tier: Silver Baron A Highlights from the Ruby Pipeline Project

1:00 – 4:30 General Poster Session 3: Environment, Subsistence, and Silver Baron A Technology

Friday, October 7, Evening 5:00 – 7:00 Pre Banquet Reception (no host) Exposition Hall B (First Floor)

7:00 – 11:00 Awards Banquet (Mexican Buffet), Exposition Hall B (First Floor) Music & Dancing with Hammerstone

Saturday, October 8, Morning 8:00 – 12:00 Book Room/Vendors Silver Baron A

8:00 – 12:45 Symposium 14: Honoring a Giant – David B. Madsen’s Silver Baron E Contributions to the Science and Culture of Archaeology, Anthropology, and Related Fields in the Great Basin and Beyond are Celebrated

8:00 – 12:45 Symposium 15: Virgin Branch Origins: The Jackson Flat Silver Baron D Reservoir Project in Kanab, Utah

10:00 – Symposium 16: Rock Shelters of the South Range, Naval Air Silver Baron C 12:00 Weapons Station, China Lake, Mojave Desert, California

8:00 – 9:30 General Session 6: Historical Archaeology Silver Baron B

8:00 – 11:30 Poster Symposium 4: Archaeological Investigations from the Silver Baron A Cedar Mountain Region of the Dugway Proving Grounds

8:00 – 11:30 General Poster Session 4: Historical Archaeology Silver Baron A

Saturday, October 8, Afternoon – FIELD TRIPS 1:00 – 4:00 Dry Lakes Petroglyphs Meet in Silver Legacy Lobby 1:00 – 3:00 Downtown Reno Historical Tour Meet in Silver Legacy Lobby

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DETAILED PROGRAM

Wednesday, October 5 1:00 – 5:00 U.S. Forest Service Heritage Program Humboldt-Toiyabe NF Office Confabulation 8:00 – 4:00 BLM Meeting Nevada State Office

4:00 – 5:00 GBAA business meeting Silver Baron Boardroom

Wednesday, October 5, Evening 4:00 – 7:00 Conference Registration Silver Baron Promenade

5:00 – 7:00 Early Bird Reception (no host) Meet and Greet! Silver Baron Promenade

Thursday, October 6, All Day 7:00 – 4:00 Conference Registration Silver Baron Promenade

8:00 – 5:00 Book Room/Vendors Silver Baron A

Thursday, October 6, Morning Plenary Session: Featured Landscapes – Interpreting Great Basin Archaeology at Regional Scales Exposition Hall B, 8:00–11:30 Organizer: Bryan Hockett

8:00 The Archaeological Landscape of Hot Springs Mountain and the Forty Mile Desert Amy Dansie

8:15 The 1902 84 mile Realignment of the SP Main Line that Time and Archaeology Have Forgotten Sharon Edaburn Taylor

8:20 “Welcome to Nowhere”: Temporary and Permanent Life in the Remote Black Rock Desert at Granite Creek Station Carolyn White

8:35 Unmanned Aerial Systems in the Great Basin: Exploring the Potential of UAS Technology through Surveys of Pah Rah Rock Art and Historic Fort Churchill Adam Calkins and Shaun Richey

8:50 Social Perspectives on Rock Art’s Variable Distribution in Great Basin Archaeology Angus Quinlan

9:05 Great Basin Textile Change and Continuity Across a Changing Landscape Eugene Hattori, Thomas J. Connolly, Catherine S. Fowler, Pat Barker, Anna J. Camp, Dennis L. Jenkins, and William J. Cannon

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9:20 Break

9:30 Deep in the Dust: Archaeological Landscapes in Tons per Year D. Craig Young

9:45 The Assemblages of Great Basin Caves and Rockshelters: Representative or Not? Teresa Wriston

10:00 The Fremont Experiment: Examining the Evidence of Community Structures, Settlement Clustering, and Leadership among the Fremont Lindsay D. Johansson

10:15 Environmental, Biological, Chronological and Ethnohistoric Contexts of Western and Central Great Basin Game Traps: An Examination of Their Variability Bryan Hockett, Eric Dillingham, and Cliff Shaw

10:30 Break

10:45 Reconstructing Prehistoric Landscape Use at a Regional Scale: A Critical Review of the Lithic Conveyance Zone Concept with a Focus on Limitations, Prospects, and Some Thoughts about What LCZs May Reflect Geoffrey Smith

11:00 The Fourth Dimension of the Great Basin’s Featured Landscapes Christopher T. Morgan

11:15 Revisiting Numic Ethnogenesis David Hurst Thomas

Thursday, October 6, Afternoon Symposium 1: CRM in the Great Basin, What Have We Learned? – Part II Silver Baron E, 1:00–5:00 Organizers: Don D. Fowler, Alice Baldrica, Fred Frampton, and Pat Barker

1:00 CRM Thirty Years On Don D. Fowler

1:15 Programmatic Agreements and the Growing Process of Inclusion Richard C. Hanes

1:30 The National Historic Preservation Act at 50: The Past and Future of CRM Under the Guise of Section 106 F. Kirk Halford

1:45 SHPO Perspective on CRM “Lessons Learned” Roger Roper

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2:00 Tribal Consultation in Nevada and Eastern California: A 30 Year Program Evolution, from the Perspective of a Forest Archaeologist-Tribal Relations Coordinator, Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest Fred Frampton

2:15 What Do GIS Probability Models and Popsicles Have in Common? Alyce Branigan

2:30 Dry, Dusty, Bits: An Informatics Perspective Eric Ingbar

2:45 Better with Time: Past Challenges and Future Directions in Great Basin Historic Archaeology Renee Kolvet

3:00 How’s Business?: A Review of 40 Years of CRM and the Used Site Business William J. Cannon

3:15 Break

3:30 Ethnographic and Ethnohistoric Research in Great Basin CRM – 1980s to Present Ginny Bengston

3:45 Taking Stock: A Far Western Perspective of Native America and CRM in the Great Basin Kelly McGuire and William R. Hildebrandt

4:00 Issues in Great Basin Historic Preservation: One Practitioner’s Considerations Diane L. Teeman

4:15 Consultation Beyond the Legal Requirements Darrel Cruz and Joanne Nevers

4:30 What We Knew Then and What We Know Now: 30 Years of CRM Archaeology Pat Barker

4:45 Discussant: Alice Baldrica

Symposium 2: Battle Born: Interdisciplinary Investigations into Nevada’s Military Landscapes Silver Baron B, 1:00–2:30 Organizer: Jonah S. Blustain

1:00 Silver and Scopies: The Role of the United States Military in the Development of Tonopah, Nevada Jonah S. Blustain

1:15 Soldiering Across the Great Basin Lou Ann Speulda-Drews and Michael Drews

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1:30 Fort Churchill: Nevada’s First Military Instillation Peter B. Mires

1:45 Hot Lead Training for the Cold War: An Air-to-Ground Target in Nye County, Nevada Susan R. Edwards and Jeffrey Wedding

2:00 The Archaeological Record of a Cold War Protest Camp in Nevada Colleen M. Beck, Harold Drollinger, and John Schofield

2:15 Elephants in Nevada: Seeing, Identifying, Understanding and Preserving the Architecture of Military Landscapes Mara Thiessen Jones

Symposium 3: Current Research in Idaho Silver Baron C, 1:00–3:45 Organizer: L. Suzann Henrikson

1:00 Will There be Water? The Archaeology and History of Carey Act Irrigation and Settlement on the Second Owsley Project, Mud Lake, Idaho Marie Holmer

1:15 Turning Tragedy to Honor and Inspiration: The Public Values of a WWII Bomber Crash Site at the Idaho National Laboratory Brenda R. Pace and Hollie Gilbert

1:30 Refining Historic Trail Signatures: Recent Investigations of Goodale’s Cutoff Hollie Gilbert, Payton McGriff, and Norman Henrikson

1:45 Where is the Civil War West? Landscape Change at the Bear River Massacre National Historic Landmark Kenneth C. Reid, Kenneth P. Cannon, Joel L. Pederson, and Molly Boeka Cannon

2:00 Idaho Desert Landscape: Land of Many Uses to the Shoshone and Bannock People LaRae Bill

2:15 Break

2:30 Studying Prehistoric Glass Use in the Birch Creek Valley of Eastern Idaho Brooke S. Arkush and Richard E. Hughes

2:45 Evaluating Physiographic Barriers to Obsidian Transport on the Snake River Plain Jeremias Pink

3:00 Holocene Cold Storage Practices on the Eastern Snake River Plain: A Risk-Mitigation Strategy for Lean Times David Byers, L. Suzann Henrikson, and Ryan P. Breslawski

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3:15 Human Response to the Medieval Climatic Anomaly in Southern Idaho L. Suzann Henrikson and Brenda R. Pace

3:30 Pluvial Lake Terreton: Building a Multidisciplinary Dataset to Understand Terminal Pleistocene/Holocene Occupations Trent Armstrong, L. Suzann Henrikson, Brenda R. Pace, and Hollie Gilbert

Symposium 4: The Many Faces of Bodie Silver Baron 6, 3:00–4:15 Organizer: Denise Jaffke

3:00 Introduction to Bodie Steven M. Hilton

3:15 Native Bodie William Bloomer and Denise Jaffke

3:30 The Native American Face in Bodie Shelly Davis-King

3:45 Bodie’s Historical Archaeology Mark Selverston

4:00 Bodie 3D Paul Veisze and Nicola Lercari

General Session 1: Archaeology in the 21st Century Silver Baron 1, 1:00–3:15 Chair: Chris Webster

1:00 Podcasting as a Way to Promote Archaeology and Engage the Public, or, Archaeology – Straight from the Trenches to Your Ears! Chris Webster and Tristan Boyle

1:15 Modeling Human Locational Behavior in Montane Settings Meg Tracy

1:30 Aging Mandibular Bison Teeth with ArcGIS Andrew Owens

1:45 Using GIS and Lidar to Re-imagine Historic Immigrant Chinese Placer Mining Landscapes Don Hann

2:00 Break

2:15 IMACS and Site Recording in Utah: A Retrospective of Trying to Change an Entrenched System David Yoder

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2:30 Rethinking the Future of (Paperless) Archaeology Michael Ashley and Chris Webster

2:45 New Developments in the Nevada Cultural Resources Information System Anastasia Hershey

3:00 Certification and Education: A New Way to Think About Professional Environmental Science Chris Webster, Michael Ashley, Joshua Dunn , Jesse Shelmire, and Andrew Mitchell Ericson

General Session 2: Prehistoric Settlement and Subsistence Silver Baron C, 1:00–4:45 Chair: David Harvey

1:00 The Social Organization of Cub Creek Village, Dinosaur National Monument Richard L. Olsen, Judson Byrd Finley, and Andrew McAllister

1:15 Isolated Farmstead or Integral Part of a Dispersed Settlement? Exploring the Relationship of the Martinez Site to the Fremont Landscape along Grassy Trail Creek, Carbon County, Utah Timothy Riley and Riley McCarn

1:30 Habitat Distribution and Territorial Maintenance: A Case Study from the Far Southern Sierra Nevada David Harvey

1:45 Alpine Artiodactyl Hunting and Selective Transportation: A Comparative Analysis of Artiodactyl Assemblages of the White Mountains, California and Andes Mountains, Argentina Jacob L. Fisher, Shannon Goshen, Gustavo Neme, Clara Otaola, Miguel Giardina, and Adolfo Gil

2:00 A Foraging Theory Perspective on the Paleoindian Exploitation of North American Megafauna Allison L. Wolfe and Jack M. Broughton

2:15 Break

2:30 Western Clovis Expressions on China Lake: Dating and Landscape Context Steve O’Neil, Chris Webster, Alan Garfinkel, and Megan Black

2:45 Clovis Orange: Traverses and Uncertainties in the Alkali Lake Basin, Lake County, Oregon Douglas Beauchamp

3:00 Needle in a Haystack? Searching for Human Hairs in the Promontory Caves Assemblage Jessica Z. Metcalfe

3:15 Great Basin Perennial Lakes: Site Distribution and Land Use Neil Puckett

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3:30 A Least Cost Analysis of Prehistoric Sites Along the Snake River Plain Near Shoshone, Idaho A. Craig Hauer

3:45 Break

4:00 Archaeological Findings in the Great Salt Lake Desert, Tooele County, Utah: Results from 2013-2016 Cultural Resource Management Inventories Brian Wallace

4:15 Metamorphose and Transformation: A Narrative Analysis of the Myth of the Theft of the Pine- nuts Thierry Veyrié

4:30 Arid Zone Hunter-Gatherer Rock Art: a View of the Great Basin from the Western Desert Jo McDonald

Poster Symposium 1: Archaeological Research of the Sigurd to Red Butte Transmission Project Silver Baron A, 1:00–4:30 Organizer: R. Kelly Beck

The Behavioral Ecology of Lithic Raw Material Transport: Evaluating Toolstone Procurement in Southwestern Utah R. Kelly Beck

Paleobotanical Research at Five Prehistoric Sites for the Sigurd to Red Butte Transmission Project Rob D’Andrea

Fremont Settlement and the “Culture Core” Concept Jon Gauthier

Mobility and Ceramic Production: Chemical and Petrographic Analysis of Fremont Pottery from Southern Utah Suzanne Griset, Amy Gatenbee, Mary F. Ownby, and Jeffrey Ferguson

Putting the History in Historic Archaeology: Site Research on the Culmsee Homestead Site from an Architectural History Perspective Kate Hovanes

Testing Correlations between Environmental and Archaeological Factors Using the Sigurd to Red Butte Ground Stone Collection Lisa Krussow

Sherds, Shards, Fragments, Bits, and Pieces: A Comparative Analysis of the Historic Artifact Assemblages from 42BE1997 and 42BE2195 Stephanie Lechert

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Archaeobotany of the Sigurd to Red Butte Project, Utah Lisbeth A. Louderback, Nicole M. Herzog, Meg Baker, Kate Magargal, and Bruce M. Pavlik

Artifact Illustration and Photography: The Costs and Benefits Kristina Stelter, Tiara Nestel, and Reilly Jensen

Geochemical Sourcing of Obsidian Artifacts from the Sigurd to Red Butte - 245kV Transmission Project Andrew T. Yentsch

General Poster Session 1: Terminal Pleistocene/Early Holocene Archaeology Silver Baron A, 1:00–4:30

Prearchaic Adaptations in the Central Great Basin: Preliminary Findings from a Stratified Open- Air Site in Grass Valley, Nevada Brian F. Codding, David W. Zeanah, Joan Brenner Coltrain, Erik P. Martin, and Robert G. Elston

How the Fish (Pisces) Remains Contribute to Our Understanding of Paisley 5 Mile Point Cave R-Patrick D. Cromwell

Late Paleoindian Sentinel Gap Site Occupation Floor Distribution Analyses Jerry R. Galm, Ryan Ives, Julia Furlong, Stan Gough, and Fred Nials

A First Look at the Archaeological Record of Guano Valley, Oregon Sophia A. Jamaldin, Nicole George, Derek Reaux, Geoffrey M. Smith, Kristina M. Wiggins, and Katelyn Mohr

Above it All: Aerial Imagery Support of Archaeological Research in the Fort Rock Basin, Oregon Patrick T. Luther and Thomas M. Marsh

Three-Dimensional Paleo-Spur Throated Grasshoppers Evan J. Pellegrini and Cliff C. Creger

Investigation of Potential Pre-Clovis Archaeological Sites in the Winnemucca Lake Basin, Nevada Jordan E. Pratt and Ted Goebel

A Behavioral Ecological Frame of Reference for Investigating Prearchaic Adaptations in Grass Valley, Nevada David W. Zeanah, Brian F. Codding, Amber Johnson, Robert G. Elston, and D. Craig Young

Thursday, October 6, Evening 4:00 – 6:00 Basin and Range National Monument Historic Context Silver Baron Four Review Workshop

5:00 – 8:00 Reception (no host) Silver Baron Promenade

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Friday, October 7, All Day 7:00 – 4:00 Conference Registration Silver Baron Promenade

8:00 – 5:00 Book Room/Vendors Silver Baron A

Friday, October 7, Morning Roundtable Discussion: When Archaeological Sites are More than Data Silver Baron C, 8:00–10:00 Organizer: Jessica Axsom

Participants: Jeffrey Wedding (DRI), Jill Jensen (NPS), Susan Edwards (DRI), Julie Ernstein (NPS), Darrel Cruz (Washoe Tribe of California and Nevada), Nicholas Pay (BLM), and Colleen M. Beck (DRI)

Moderator: Jessica Axsom (Nevada SHPO)

Symposium 5: A Variationist’s Offspring: Papers in Honor of R. L. Bettinger Silver Baron E, 8:00–12:00 Organizers: Michael G. Delacorte, Mark E. Basgall, Mark A. Giambastiani, and Christopher T. Morgan

8:00 Introductory Comments Michael G. Delacorte

8:05 Musings on Prehistoric California Population in Honor of Robert L. Bettinger Terry L. Jones

8:20 A Model of Ultimate Causation Micah Hale

8:35 Lithic Technological Change in Prehistoric Northern Patagonia Raven Garvey

8:50 Delayed Adoption of Intensified Hunter-Gatherer Subsistence Strategies and the Continued Utility of the Traveler/Processor Model to Explain Changes in Prehistory Adrian R. Whitaker and Jeffrey S. Rosenthal

9:05 Life in Small Houses: Orderly Anarchy, Resource Privatization, Domestic Dwelling Size, and Household Production in Northwestern California and Southwestern Oregon Shannon Tushingham

9:20 Break

9:30 Great Basin Gansu: How Theory Makes Archaeology Comparative Loukas Barton

9:45 The View from on High Christopher T. Morgan

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10:00 Models of Cooperation and Prehistoric Hunting Strategies in the White Mountains Jason Edmonds

10:15 One Deathwad, One Piece of Fruit, and One Cookie: A Brief Retrospective on Bettinger’s U.C. Davis Archaeological Field Schools in the White Mountains Mark A. Giambastiani

10:30 Getting Good Measure: The Volcanic Tablelands Project Twenty-five Years On Mark E. Basgall

10:45 Health, Survival, and Reproductive Success: A Reconsideration of the Nutritional Potential of the Fish Slough Cave Diet Wendy J. Nelson

11:00 Break

11:15 Structural Foundations for the Evolution of Western Great Basin Adaptive Systems Michael G. Delacorte

11:30 Ethnography in the 21st Century Shelly Tiley

11:45 The Tactical Role of Maize in Hunting among Fremont Groups in the Northeastern Uinta Mountains Robert B. Nash

Symposium 6: Innovative Approaches to the Use of Archaeological Data in Public Land Management Silver Baron D, 8:00–10:30 Organizer: Jaime Palmer

8:00 The Long and Winding Road Keeps Going: Landscape Level Predictive Modeling and the West Mojave Travel Management Plan Margaret Margosian, Ashley Blythe, and Tiffany Arend

8:15 Teasing Out the Past: A Case Study of Differentiating Cultural Phases in a Predictive Model for Iron County, Utah Jaime Palmer

8:30 The Owyhee County Model: Fine Tuning Landscape Level Modeling Eric Ingbar, Teresa Wriston, and F. Kirk Halford

8:45 Landscape-Level Cultural Heritage Values and Risk Assessment Jenn Abplanalp, Konnie Wescott, Brian Fredericks, and Jamie Palmer

9:00 Break

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9:15 What If You Build It But They Don’t Come? Overcoming Obstacles to Using Big Data Sarah Schlanger, Signa Larralde, Robert Heckman, and Mark Slaughter

9:30 Large-Scale Traps and Conifer Encroachment: Using Archaeological Data to Plan the Greater Sage Grouse Conservation Effort Bryan Hockett

9:45 Assessing the Impacts of Post-Fire Drill Seeding on Archaeological Resources: A Case Study from the Owyhee Uplands in Southwestern Idaho F. Kirk Halford, Stacey Guinn, and Kelli Barnes

10:00 Prescribed Fire and Unmanned Aerial Studies at the Henry Smith Site 2015-2016 Josh Chase

10:15 Discussant: Byron Loosle

Symposium 7: Rock Art in the Great Basin – Contemporary Approaches Silver Baron B, 8:00–10:15 Organizers: Pat Barker and Darla Garey-Sage

8:00 Building a Rock-Art Archive from a Personal Collection Lucinda Long and Darla Garey-Sage

8:15 New Technologies in Rock Art Recordation in Little Petroglyph Canyon, Naval Air Weapons Station, China Lake, California Shawn Fehrenbach and Ben Hammer

8:30 A Tale of Two Images: A Preliminary Comparison of Two Enigmatic Petroglyph Panels Separated by Time and Space in the Great Basin Marissa Selena Molinar

8:45 Powerful and Potent: Projectile Pointed Animal-Humans of the Coso Range Alan Garfinkel

9:00 Break

9:15 Site 26CK206 Near Atlatl Rock, Valley of Fire State Park, Clark County, Nevada: A Re- examination of Site Recording Techniques, Condition, and Interpretation After 50 Kevin Rafferty

9:30 A Sacred Place: The Importance of Place and Rock Art in the Valley of Fire Bryandra Owen

9:45 Identity on the Periphery: Rock Art at the Valley of Fire Angus Quinlan and Darla Garey-Sage

10:00 On-again, Off-again: The Evolution of Rock Art Studies and Archaeology in the Great Basin Pat Barker

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Symposium 8: Performing Place: Expressions of Memory and Materiality in the Great Basin, Colorado Plateau, and Eastern California Silver Baron 1, 10:45–12:00 Organizers: Alex K. Ruuska and Richard W. Stoffle

10:45 We Were Created Here: Numic Veristic Continuity or Ethnogenesis? Richard W. Stoffle

11:00 Rooted Knowledge: Numic Plant TEK as Evidence of Cultural Continuity Evelyn Pickering

11:15 Heritage of Creation – Southern Paiute Ceremony and the Spring Mountains Kathleen Van Vlack

11:30 Land as a Portal Through Time and Space: Native American Interpretations of Arches in Arches National Park Hyealim (Heather) Lim

11:45 The Materiality of Myth: Memory Performances in Great Basin and Eastern Californian Rock Art Sites Alex K. Ruuska

Symposium 9: Managing a Landscape of Cultural Resources: Lessons Learned from the Sigurd to Red Butte Transmission Project in Southwestern Utah Silver Baron 4 10:45–12:00 Organizer: R. Kelly Beck

10:45 A Brief Introduction to the Sigurd to Red Butte Transmission Project Sarah Creer and R. Kelly Beck

11:00 “Just Say No!” A Federal Agency Perspective Signa Larralde and Marian Jacklin

11:15 “What Words Mean”: Lessons Learned from a Proponent's Perspective Robert Hamilton and Scott Edmisten

11:30 Contractor Inspection Contracting: Lessons Learned Everett J. Bassett

11:45 Systematic Archaeological Site Typing Using Standard IMACS Site Form Observations R. Kelly Beck

General Session 3: Prehistoric Technology and Raw Material Studies Silver Baron 6, 8:00–11:45 Chair: Andrew J. Hoskins

8:00 The Use of FORDISC in Statistical Estimations of Source Material Provenance Marin A. Pilloud, Derek Reaux, Kristina Wiggins, Geoffrey Smith, and Aaron Ollivier 22 35th Great Basin Anthropological Conference - 2016

8:15 Enhanced Obsidian Hydration Dating Through Rigorous Temperature Control at Paisley Five Mile Caves in the Northern Great Basin Tom Origer, Ted Jones, and Rachel Hennessy

8:30 Patterns in the Transport of Tosawihi Chert to the Little Boulder Basin, Northern Nevada Michael Cannon and Sarah Creer

8:45 Glass, Bone, and Stone: Ethnohistoric Sites at Naval Air Station Fallon, Churchill County, Nevada Sarah E. Branch

9:00 Contextualizing Desert Series Morphological Variability in the Central Sierra Nevada Gregory R. Burns

9:15 Break

9:30 Evaluating the Antiquity and Morphology of Corner-Notched Dart Points in the Eastern Great Basin Andrew J. Hoskins

9:45 A Somewhat Different View of the Younger Dryas Climatic Regime in the Great Basin W. Jerry Jerrems

10:00 Results of Experiments with Replicated Crescents to Evaluate Proposed Functions Michael Lenzi

10:15 Duck, Duck, Goose! Mari A. Pritchard Parker and Heather R. Puckett

10:30 Pottery from Skull Creek Dunes, Locality 10, and its Implications for Pottery Traditions in Southern Oregon Makaela O’Rourke

10:45 Break

11:00 The Age and Implications of Brownware Ceramics in the Central Rocky Mountains Carlie Ideker, Judson Byrd Finley, and Tammy Rittenour

11:15 Rock Creek Shelter (35LK22): Archaeological Investigations of an Orphaned Collection Andrew Frierson

11:30 A Tale of Two Rockshelters: A Comparison of Holocene Environmental and Lithic Technological Variation between the Bonneville Basin and the upper Snake River Plain at Bonneville Estates and Veratic Rockshelters Joshua L. Keene

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Poster Symposium 2: The Archaeology and Paleoecology of the Great Salt Lake Desert: Recent Discoveries, Technological Advances, and Paleoecological Reconstruction of Utah’s West Desert Silver Baron A, 8:00–11:30 Organizer: Jennifer DeGraffenried

Bonneville Basin Vegetation and Fire Reconstruction for the Past 25,000 Years Kaylee Barket

Soil Core Analysis in the Bonneville Basin Cedar Briem and Marianne Newell

Implications of Geochemical Analysis on Paleoindian Sites of the Old River Bed Delta: The Use of X-Ray Fluorescence to Determine Mobility Patterns and Foraging Territories of Pleistocene- Holocene Transition (PHT) Populations Jennifer DeGraffenried, Joshua Trammell, and Nate Nelson

The Wishbone Site: An Early Paleoindian Waterfowl Cooking Feature from the Great Salt Lake Desert Daron Duke, D. Craig Young, Sarah Rice, Jaynie Hirschi, and Anya Kitterman

Laying the Groundwork: Multi-Core, Multi-Proxy Paleoenvironmental and Archaeological Research in the Bonneville Basin Isaac Hart, Andrea Brunelle, and Jennifer DeGraffenried

A 27,000-Year Sediment Core Record From Redden Spring in the Bonneville Basin of Utah Alyssa Rose Hynes, Andrea Brunelle, and Jennifer DeGraffenried

Advances in Geochemical Sourcing Using PXRF Bruce Kaiser and Nate Nelson

Vegetation, Fire History, and Human Occupation of the Old River Bed Victoria Simmons, Andrea Brunelle, and Jennifer DeGraffenried

High Altitude Occupation on the Deep Creek Mountain Yampah Patch Joshua Trammell, Jennifer DeGraffenried, and Victoria Simmons

General Poster Session 2: Natural and Cultural Landscapes Silver Baron A, 8:00–11:30

Revisiting the Pacific Crest Trail: Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Obsidian Use in the Far Southern Sierra Nevada Elizabeth Allen and David Harvey

Hunter-Gatherer Sites on the Pisgah Crater Lava Flow near Lavic Lake, San Bernardino County, California Ryan M. Byerly

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Modeling Mojave Desert Hunter-Gatherer Settlement and Subsistence from Lava Flow Sites Aboard the Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center, San Bernardino County, California Ryan M. Byerly, Lindsey Daub, Eric Gingerich, and Joanna C. Roberson

From Above the 30,000 Foot Level: The Utility and Limitations of New Generation Open-Access Satellite Imagery for Great Basin Archaeology Mark E. Hall

Prehistoric House Floor Dimensions in Owens Valley in Relation to Group Size Katie Hanrahan and Jenna Farrell

Landscapes of Change in the Northwestern Great Basin: Technology, Ritual and Mobility in the High Rock Country Melinda Leach

Local Heritage and the Public: Why Outreach Matters Maia London

Surface Archaeology of the Soldier Meadows Area of Critical Environmental Concern (ACEC), Humboldt County, Nevada Tucker O. Orvald and Kathryn Ataman

Hunter-Gatherer Sites on the Amboy Crater Lava Flow, San Bernardino County, California Joanna C. Roberson

Deconstructing Desert Flat: Rock Ring Sites on the California-Great Basin Interface Timothy Van der Voort and Madeline Ware Van der Voort

An Assessment of Suitability Proxies Using Ideal Free Distribution and Archaeological Data Peter Yaworsky and Tyler Buck

New Obsidian Sources, Conveyance Zones, and Toolstone Profiles from Southern Lahontan Valley and Rawhide Flats, NAS Fallon, Churchill County, Nevada Michael Lenzi and Vickie Clay

Food, Fire, and Free Space: New Tests of the Numic Expansion Kate Magargal, Ashley Parker, Will Rath, Kenneth B. Vernon, and Brian F. Codding

Paleoecology of Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument: Human Landscape Impacts and Management Implications on the Colorado Plateau Rob M. D’Andrea, Scott R. Anderson, Matthew K. Zweifel, Kenneth L. Cole, and Brittany Burgard

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Friday, October 7, Afternoon Symposium 10: Recent Contributions to Paleoindian Archaeology in the Great Basin Silver Baron E, 1:00–5:00 Organizer: Geoffrey M. Smith

1:00 A Preliminary Look at Investigations of Late Quaternary Human Ecology of the Silvies River Valley, Oregon JD L. Lancaster and Loren G. Davis

1:15 Early Holocene Leporid Processing at LSP-1: The Stone Tool Evidence Madeline Ware Van der Voort

1:30 The Age and Origin of Olivella Beads from Oregon’s LSP-1 Rockshelter: The Oldest Marine Shell Beads in the Northern Great Basin Geoffrey M. Smith, Alexander Cherkinsky, Carla Hadden, and Aaron P. Ollivier

1:45 Return to Fort Rock Cave Thomas J. Connolly, Judson Byrd Finley, Geoffrey M. Smith, Dennis L. Jenkins, Pamela E. Endzweig, Brian L. O’Neill, and Paul W. Baxter

2:00 Obsidian Sourcing and Hydration at the Paisley and Connley Caves of South Central Oregon Dennis L. Jenkins and Jennifer Thatcher

2:15 Break

2:30 Coprolites and Sediments from the Paisley Caves: How Does Their Pollen Differ? Erin M. Herring and Chantel V. Saban

2:45 Fluted Point Studies in Nevada: The CalFLUTED Project Mike Rondeau

3:00 Break

3:15 The Core Problem: Examining the Role Of Bifacial Cores in Terminal Pleistocene/Early Holocene Lithic Technological Organization Kristina M. Wiggins

3:30 How Many Bifaces Left Knudtsen II? Assessing Failure Rates in the Manufacture of Great Basin Stemmed Projectile Points George T. Jones and Charlotte Beck

3:45 Are Clovis Diagnostics Always Diagnostic? A Recent Study of Clovis Diagnostics from Catlow Valley, Southeastern Oregon Scott Thomas and Mike Rondeau

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4:00 A First Look at the Paleoindian Record of Guano Valley, Oregon Derek Reaux, Geoffrey Smith, Ken Adams, Nicole George, Sophia Jamaldin, and Kristina Wiggins

4:15 Late Quaternary History of Pluvial Lake Catlow, Southeastern Oregon: A Preliminary Consideration Judson Byrd Finley

4:30 Reconstructing a Paleoarchaic Afternoon 12,000 years ago at Fire Creek Nevada Geoffrey Cunnar, Edward J. Stoner, and Tom Bullard

4:45 Fishing the Desert: Wetland Paleoindian Exploitation of the Western Desert Linda Scott-Cummings, Jennifer L. Milligan, and Jennifer DeGraffenried

Symposium 11: Historical Archaeology in the Great Basin and Beyond (5.0) Silver Baron C, 1:00–4:15 Organizers: Jeffrey Wedding, Susan R. Edwards, William G. White, and Sean McMurry

1:00 A Chinese Camp in the Cortez Mountains (Nevada) Robert McQueen

1:15 Charcoal and Cordwood Production in the Cortez Mining District Linsie M. Lafayette and Robert McQueen

1:30 Finding Nixon – “Particulars to Follow” Susan R. Edwards and Jeffrey Wedding

1:45 A Paper Addressing the Curious Alterations of a Gaming Die Jackson C. Mueller

2:00 Break

2:15 A New Look at the Helen J. Stewart Rockshelter: Part 1 Sally Billings

2:30 A New Look at the Helen J. Stewart Rockshelter: Part 2 Benjamin Wilreker

2:45 Missing Ewe – The Palomino Equation, Explicit and Exacting Eva Jensen and Greg Seymour

3:00 Remember That Time When Public Archaeology Fought Racism?: The River Street Archaeology Project, Boise, Idaho William A. White III

3:15 Break

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3:30 “Decent, Safe, and Sanitary Dwellings”: Early Modern Public Housing in Reno, Nevada Sean McMurry and Eileen Heideman

3:45 What Lurks Beneath: A Brief History of Boise City Solid Waste Management David Valentine

4:00 Historic Archaeology in the Clark Mountains at the Colosseum Mine Project, San Bernardino County, California Kevin Rafferty

Symposium 12: Lincoln County Archaeological Initiative Silver Baron B, 1:00–3:15 Organizer: Nicholas B. Pay

1:00 Lincoln County Archaeological Initiative Program Update Nicholas B. Pay

1:15 Native American Occupations at Logan City, An 1860s-1870s Mining Camp at Mt. Irish, Lincoln County, Nevada Mark A. Giambastiani

1:30 The Archaeology of the Bailey Springs Stage Station Edward J. Stoner and Mary Ringhoff

1:45 Public Interpretation of Select Rock Art Sites in Lincoln County, Nevada Darla Garey-Sage and Angus Quinlan

2:00 Break

2:15 Preliminary Findings on the Paleoindian Archaeology of Cave and Lake Valleys Daron Duke and D. Craig Young

2:30 Kiln Kickoff - Preliminary Progress on the Public Use Site Plan for the Panaca Summit Charcoal Kilns, Lincoln County, Nevada Emily S. Whorton and Sean McMurry

2:45 LCAI: Logan Simpson’s Lincoln County Rephotography Project Seth Button

3:00 Lincoln County Archaeological Initiative Project: Proposal Process Nicholas B. Pay

Symposium 13: Fremont Archaeology in the Valleys of Utah Silver Baron 1, 3:30–5:00 Organizers: Spencer F. X. Lambert and Joseph A. Bryce

3:30 An Analysis of the Early Occupation of Wolf Village Spencer F. X. Lambert, Joseph A. Bryce, and Robert J. Bischoff 28 35th Great Basin Anthropological Conference - 2016

3:45 Antlers and Architecture: The 2016 BYU Field School at Wolf Village, Utah Katie K. Richards

4:00 Wood and Clay: Building a Better Understanding of Fremont Structures at Wolf Village Joseph A. Bryce

4:15 Rejects, Refuse, and Ritual: The Life History of Fremont Worked Bone Gaming Pieces Brady L. Robbins and Spencer F. X. Lambert

4:30 Rosegate to Side-notched: A Reevaluation of Fremont Projectile Point Chronology Robert J. Bischoff

4:45 Chronology, Climate, and Fremont Maize Farming in the Great Salt Lake Region Christopher J. Allison and James R. Allison

General Session 4: Paleoethnobotanical and Paleoenvironmental Studies in the Desert West Silver Baron D, 1:00–3:30 Chair: Lisbeth A. Louderback

1:00 Last Canyon Cave: A Window into the Late Pleistocene Environment of the Bighorn Basin Caleb Ferbrache

1:15 Accounting for Uncertainties: A Bayesian Re-Analysis of the Summit Lake Pollen Core Mark E. Hall

1:30 Terminal Pleistocene and Holocene Climate Change in the Bonneville Basin: New Interpretations from the Fish Record at Homestead Cave Jack M. Broughton

1:45 Smoking Pipe Residues: Evidence of Smoke Mixtures Linda Scott-Cummings

2:00 Mystery of the Missing Wapato in the Northern Great Basin Margaret Helzer and Jaime L. Kennedy

2:15 Break

2:30 Crazy Little Thing Called Starch: Starch Grain Analysis of Bedrock Mortars in the Sierra Crest Justin Wisely

2:45 Setting New Standards for Starch Grain Identification Lisbeth A. Louderback, Nicole M. Herzog, and Bruce M. Pavlik

3:00 Establishing an Online Ethnobotanical Database for the Northwest Great Basin Nicole M. Herzog, Lisbeth A. Louderback, and Jen Rovanpera

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3:15 Coprolite Pollen Profiles from a Curious Feature at the Connley Caves (35LK50), Lake County, Oregon Katelyn N. McDonough

General Session 5: Recent Advances in Great Basin Textile Analysis Silver Baron 6, 1:00–2:30 Chair: Anna J. Camp

1:00 New Implications for Middle Holocene Abandonment: An Evaluation of Temporal Gaps in Northwestern Great Basin Sandals Aaron P. Ollivier

1:15 Technological Continuities and Discontinuities: Results from the Analysis and Comparison of Catlow Twine and Ethnographic Klamath-Modoc Basketry Anna J. Camp

1:30 Wild Plant Use in the Eastern Great Basin: Perspectives from Bonneville Estates Rockshelter (26EK3682), Nevada Marion Coe

1:45 Mediating Women’s Time Allocation Trade-offs: Basketry Cradle Technology in the Great Basin and California Alexandra M. Greenwald

2:00 Decorated Basketry from the Great Basin and Peru J. M. Adovasio

2:15 Three Thousand Years of Numic Basketry at Gatecliff Shelter Eugene M. Hattori, David Hurst Thomas, and Catherine S. Fowler

Poster Symposium 3: Prehistory of Nevada’s Northern Tier: Highlights from the Ruby Pipeline Project Silver Baron A, 1:00–4:30 Organizer: William R. Hildebrandt

Native Stoneworking Across Northern Nevada Kaely Colligan and William R. Hildebrandt

Colonization of Northern Nevada William R. Hildebrandt

Long-Distance Obsidian Conveyance in Late Prehistoric Northern Nevada Jerome King

The Archaeological Correlates and Evolution of Geophyte Procurement in the Northwestern Great Basin Kelly McGuire and Nathan Stevens

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A Landscape Analysis of Pronghorn Trap Features in Eastern Nevada Alika Ruby and Jerome King

Large-Scale Perspectives on Subsistence Stability Across the Northern Great Basin Andrew Ugan and Laura Harold

The Eco-Regions and Geomorphic Setting of the Ruby Pipeline Project in Nevada’s Northern Tier D. Craig Young

General Poster Session 3: Environment, Subsistence, and Technology Silver Baron A, 1:00–4:30

Between a Rock and a Hard Place Rosemary Bjorkman

Differentiating Between Local Chert Sources Using XRF Analysis Danielle Gregory, Matthew O’Brien

Identification and Technical Evaluation of Some Great Basin Fiber Plants Anne T. Lawlor

Form and Function: Projectile Point Morphology and Associated Faunal Remains at Four Utah Archaeological Cave Sites Erik P. Martin

When is a Horse Not a Horse? It Depends on Your Local Ecology Ashley Parker, Lisa Johnson, Kate Magargal, Will Rath, Marianna di Paolo, and Brian Codding

Assessing Seasonal Ritual at Loyalton Rockshelter Using Dental Increment Analysis Joshua B. Peabody and Denise Jaffke

Starch Residue Analysis from Two High Altitude Village Locations: High Rise Village, Wyoming and the White Mountain Village Sites, California Amanda Rankin

Ethnobotany and the National Park Service: Establishing Plant Gathering and Stewardship on Federal Lands Christopher E. Sittler

Building a Typology for Communal Hunting Traps in the Great Basin Kari Sprengler

Bison Diminution on the Snake River Plain, Idaho: The Evidence from the Birch Creek Rock Shelters Bethany Wurster and David Byers

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Prehistoric Great Basin: Massacre Lake Tool Assemblage and Analysis Chase Mahan, Matthew O’Brien, and Carly Whelan

LCAI Round 6: Cultural Resources Inventory and Data Recovery in the Panaca Summit Archaeological District, Lincoln County, Nevada Mary Ann Vicari, Sean McMurry, and Victor Villagran

The Middle Fork Geophysics Project, Central Idaho Tim Canaday and Bryan Hanks

Friday, October 7, Evening 5:00 – 7:00 Pre Banquet Reception—No Host Bar Exposition Ball B – First Floor

7:00 – 11:00 Awards Banquet, Music, and Dancing Exposition Hall B – First Floor (Ticket required) Music provided by HAMMERSTONE!!

Award: Don D. and Catherine S. Fowler Award, presented by Drs. Don and Catherine Fowler

Award: GBAA Founders Lifetime Achievement Award, presented by Dr. Pat Barker

Award: Student Poster Award, presented by the GBAA Board

Saturday, October 8, Morning Symposium 14: Honoring a Giant – David B. Madsen’s Contributions to the Science and Culture of Archaeology, Anthropology, and Related Fields in the Great Basin and Beyond are Celebrated Silver Baron E, 8:00–12:45 Organizers: Kevin T. Jones and David Rhode

8:00 Early Madsen Don D. Fowler

8:15 Paleo Dave: The Old River Bed Project and its Impact on our View of the Paleoarchaic Charlotte Beck and George T. Jones

8:30 Madsen and Me at Jilantai Robert G. Elston

8:45 Tall Tales and a Tall Man. The Ever-Changing, Always Interesting Provocations of David B. Madsen Kevin T. Jones

9:00 Sacred Landscapes and Momentous Change: The Implications of OSL Dating of Barrier Canyon Rock Art at the Great Gallery Steven R. Simms

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9:15 Madsen’s Manifestos David Hurst Thomas

9:30 Sex and Death on the Western Immigrant Trail: The Donner Party Revisited Donald K. Grayson

9:45 Climate Change and Human Dispersal in NE Asia and Beringia Kelly E. Graf

10:00 Break

10:15 Three Decades Eating Madsen’s Dust: A Survivor’s Tale David Rhode

10:30 Evidence for Prismatic and Levallois Core Technologies from Western Stemmed Tradition Components at Cooper’s Ferry, Idaho Loren G. Davis

10:45 Some New Results from Bonneville Estates Rockshelter, Western Bonneville Basin, Nevada Ted Goebel, Kelly Graf, Marion Cole, Joshua Keene

11:00 From Backhoes to Brook Trout: Meandering with Madsen Michael D. Metcalf

11:15 The Helan Industry at Pigeon Mountain, Ningxia Hui Automomous Region, PRC Robert L. Bettinger, David B. Madsen, Robert G. Elston, and Jeffrey Brantingham

11:30 A Paleoindian Locust Cache from Winnemucca Lake, Pershing County, Nevada Evan J. Pellegrini, Eugene M. Hattori, and Larry V. Benson

11:45 Interdisciplinary Inspiration Lisbeth A. Louderback

12:00 The Road to Promontory: Looking Back from Cave 2 Joel C. Janetski

12:15 Pilgrim’s Progress: Archaeological Depredations of David Madsen in Desert Lands from Hogup Cave to Shuidonggu and Beyond C. Melvin Aikens

12:30 Closing Remarks David B. Madsen

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Symposium 15: Virgin Branch Origins: The Jackson Flat Reservoir Project in Kanab, Utah Silver Baron D, 8:00–12:45 Organizer: Heidi Roberts

8:00 Building a New Reservoir: A Brief Project History Kenny Wintch

8:15 Previous Research and Virgin Branch Chronology in Southwestern Utah Matt Zweifel and Connie Zweifel

8:30 Geoarchaeological Assessment of the Jackson Flat Reservoir William Eckerle, Judson Byrd Finley, and Sasha Taddie

8:45 Foragers to Farmers: the Agricultural Transition (5000-800 B.C.) Heidi Roberts

9:00 Transition to Sedentism: The Basketmaker Period (200 B.C.-A.D. 700) Kenny Wintch and Keith Hardin

9:15 Culture Identity: The Pueblo I Period (A.D. 700-1000) Richard V. N. Ahlstrom

9:30 Jackson's Ethnobotanical Record Amanda Landon

9:45 Jackson Flat Faunal Remains Robert B. Nash

10:00 Break

10:15 Atlatl Darts to Arrows at Jackson Flats Joel C. Janetski

10:30 The Ceramics of Jackson Flat Janet Hagopian

10:45 Patterns of Ceramic Production and Distribution at the Jackson Flat Sites Karen G. Harry, Sachiko Sakai, and Janet Hagopian

11:00 Mortuary Practices at Eagle's Watch in Jackson Flat Heidi Roberts and Kimberley Spurr

11:15 The Virgin Branch Exchange Networks as Reflected Through the Lens of the Jackson Flat Project Sites Arthur W. Vokes

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11:30 We Can See Southwest Utah from Here: Putting Jackson Flat on the Pithouse to Pueblo Map Sarah Schlanger and Signa Larralde

11:45 Discussant: Leo Cisneros

12:00 Discussant: James R. Allison

12:15 Discussant: Don D. Fowler

12:30 Discussant: Catherine S. Fowler

Symposium 16: Rock Shelters of the South Range, Naval Air Weapons Station, China Lake, Mojave Desert, California Silver Baron C, 10:00–12:00 Organizer: Helen Wells

10:00 The Stick Site: Preliminary Investigations at CA-SBR-14, Mojave Desert, California Helen Wells

10:15 Vestiges of Gender: A Female-Associated Protohistoric Feature in the Mojave Desert, California Anthony Morales

10:30 Preliminary Analysis of Ground Stone Artifacts from CA-SBR-14, Mojave Desert, California Richard Nicolas

10:45 Variation in the Basin: Refining Bead Identification in the Protohistoric Western Mojave Desert Brian J. Barbier and Kaitlin M. Brown

11:00 Break

11:15 Obsidian Source Diversity in the West Central Mojave Desert: What Small Sized Flakes Can Tell Us Melanie Pasqua Saldaña

11:30 A Roadside Rest for the 20th Century Motorist: Historic Artifacts from Zoo Cave, Mojave Desert, California Kryls Domalaon

11:45 Discussant: Michael Baskerville

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General Session 6: Historical Archaeology Silver Baron B, 8:00–9:30 Chair: Margo Memmott

8:00 There are Known Knowns: Interpreting the Results from Archaeological Testing in the Streets of the Virginia City Historic District Margo Memmott

8:15 The Forgotten Neighborhood of the Comstock Results of Test Excavations at Virginia City Block 242 Alain Pollock

8:30 Landscape Archaeology, World-Systems Theory, Transcontinental Railroad, Humboldt River Corridor Matt Yacubic

8:45 Miners in Model T’s: Philadelphia Canyon, Battle Mountain Range, Nevada Shannon Mahoney

9:00 Perspectives on Findings of Historic Military Activity in the Great Salt Lake Desert, Tooele County, Utah Brian Wallace

9:15 The Mountain Meadows Tumuli: Re-evaluating the Spatial History of a Massacre Site Everett J. Bassett

Poster Symposium 4: Archaeological Investigations from the Cedar Mountain Region of the Dugway Proving Grounds Silver Baron A, 8:00–11:30 Organizer: Molly Boeka Cannon

Assessing Archaeological Site Integrity in Dunal Environments at the Dugway Proving Grounds, Tooele County, Utah Molly Boeka Cannon

Investigating Settlement Duration in Response to Landscape Metrics within Dugway Proving Grounds, Tooele County, Utah Teresa Casort

Ceramic Analysis: Insights into Mobility Emily King

Evaluating Contemporary Human-Induced Impacts to Cultural Resources at Dugway Proving Grounds, Tooele County, Utah Katrina Larsen and Aaron Larsen

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Overlooking the Valley: Preliminary Results of Two Years (12,000 Acres) of Archaeological Surveys Along the Southern Cedar Mountain Foothills, Dugway Proving Ground, Utah Jonathan M. Peart, Paul Santarone, Houston Martin, Molly Boeka Cannon, and Kenneth P. Cannon

General Poster Session 4: Historical Archaeology Silver Baron A, 8:00–11:30

The Industrial Frontier: Late 19th Century Charcoal Burner Communities in the Roberts Mountains, Nevada Katrina Aben, Julia Wither, and Justin Demaio

Through the Desert and Over the Slough: Redman Station, Churchill County, Nevada Sarah E. Branch, Montana M. Long, and Andrea Catacora

Chinese Cans in the Countryside Erika Johnson

Carbonari Charcoal Production Sites in the Roberts Mountains, Nevada Tyrel Sorenson

Bed, Breakfast, and Booze: An Examination of the Pend d’Oreille Hotel in Sandpoint, Idaho Molly Swords

Material Analysis of Late 19th to Mid- 20th Century Ranching in Eureka County, Nevada Julia Wither and Katrina Aben

Saturday, October 8, Afternoon – FIELD TRIPS

1:00 – 5:00 Dry Lakes Petroglyph Site Tour. Located east of Sparks in the High Basins Meet in ACEC (BLM). Silver Legacy Lobby, transportatio n available.

1:00 – 3:00 Downtown Reno Historical Tour. Witness downtown Reno as it has Meet in reinvented itself for 150 years. This tour links the downtown Reno arches with Silver Legacy stories of the forces that shaped the town: railroad, mining, immigrants, as a Lobby, notorious divorce and gambling mecca—and now as a livable cultural hub. Walk walking tour, in the footsteps of Bill Harrah, Myron Lake, Baby Face Nelson, Frederic easy grade. DeLongchamps and others. Nominal $10 fee to support the Historic Reno Preservation Society. Please contact Mike Drews for more information about the tours: [email protected] or 775-560-5074

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ABSTRACTS

ABEN, KATRINA (GREAT BASIN INSTITUTE), WITHER, JULIA (GREAT BASIN INSTITUTE), DEMAIO, JUSTIN (GREAT BASIN INSTITUTE) The Industrial Frontier: Late 19th Century Charcoal Burner Communities in the Roberts Mountains, Nevada General Poster Session 4: Historical Archaeology (Saturday 8:00 – 11:30, Silver Baron A) In Eureka County, Nevada, the charcoal industry (1870-1890) developed to provide fuel for smelting activities of the heavy mining occurring in the region. Brief but intensive, it impacted the environment and introduced an influx of immigrant labor. The historical significance of this period prompted the recognition of a Roberts Mountains Carbonari District, a mountain range in the discontinuous National Register District of the Eureka Charcoal District. The Great Basin Institute and Bureau of Land Management Battle Mountain District Office provide an ongoing cultural inventory of Roberts Mountains preceding vegetation treatments for fuel reduction projects. Survey findings contribute to a more cohesive understanding of the charcoal industry and its laborers. Through artifact and archival analysis, the daily practices of laborers and the inequalities they faced are examined.

ABEN, KATRINA (GREAT BASIN INSTITUTE) See Wither, Julia

ABPLANALP, JENN (ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY), WESCOTT, KONNIE (ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY), FREDERICKS, BRIAN (BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT), PALMER, JAMIE (BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT) Landscape-Level Cultural Heritage Values and Risk Assessment Symposium 6: Innovative Approaches to the Use of Archaeological Data in Public Land Management (Friday 8:00 – 10:30, Silver Baron D) The San Luis Valley-Taos Plateau Landscape-Level Cultural Heritage Values and Risk Assessment is a BLM pilot project designed to see whether the Rapid Ecoregional Assessment framework could be applied to the cultural environment. The purpose is to spatially capture past activity areas and resources that have shaped the collective history and cultural heritage of the region and understand how various change agents (development, climate change, wildfire, and invasive species) might affect those resources in the future. This project supports a regional mitigation strategy for solar energy zones in Colorado that identifies compensatory mitigation options for high-value areas and at-risk cultural resources in the region to address cultural resource impacts. The Utah BLM is conducting a similar study in the Cedar City area. This landscape-scale approach is non-jurisdictional and creates an important tool for land use planning and collaboration for future mitigation and protection of regionally significant cultural resources.

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ADAMS, KEN (DESERT RESEARCH INSTITUTE) See Reaux, Derek

ADOVASIO, J. M. (FLORIDA ATLANTIC UNIVERSITY) Decorated Basketry from the Great Basin and Peru General Session 5: Recent Advances in Great Basin Textile Analysis (Fri., 1:00 – 2:30, Silver Baron 6) Currently, the oldest decorated basketry in the world derives from two widely separated localities: the northern Great Basin of North America and the north coast of Peru, South America. The technological attributes of these geographically removed basketry technologies are summarized and compared, and the possible motivations for added decoration to basketry are explored. In both areas, among the principal catalysts for decoration appears to be social signaling―though for very different reasons. In both “cases,” the addition of decoration transmits a message to the viewer. In the Great Basin example, decorations probably serve an ethnic identification role, while in South America, the added decorative elements are an index of socio/religious complexity.

AHLSTROM, RICHARD V. N. (HRA INC., CONSERVATION ARCHAEOLOGY) Culture Identity: The Pueblo I Period (A.D. 700-1000) Symposium 15: Virgin Branch Origins: The Jackson Flat Reservoir Project in Kanab, Utah (Saturday, 8:00 – 12:45, Silver Baron D) Variation in Jackson Flat’s Pueblo I pithouses – involving the occurrence of antechambers, ventilators, ventilators/passage entryways, benches, and floor dividers – combined with limited ceramic evidence bears on the perennial archaeological question of Virgin Branch cultural identity. Should the Virgin Branch be treated like other Puebloan regional variants (Kayenta, Mesa Verde, Chaco, Little Colorado, and Northern Rio Grande) or should it be considered a sub-division of its eastern neighbor, the Kayenta Branch? Virgin Branch sites, and the remains they contain, are known to vary along a continuum from the Kaibab Plateau on the east to the lower Virgin River Valley on the west. But are they, nevertheless, more similar to one another than to Kayenta Branch sites? What bearing does Jackson Flat’s location along this continuum have on its role in addressing this question? And what of the argument that one category of Jackson Flat pithouses, those with detached antechambers, were constructed by immigrants from more centrally located Puebloan regions to the east, where these features were the norm on pithouses constructed between the late sixth and early eighth centuries?

AIKENS, C. MELVIN (UNIVERSITY OF OREGON) Pilgrim’s Progress: Archaeological Depredations of David Madsen in Desert Lands from Hogup Cave to Shuidonggu and Beyond Symposium 14: Honoring a Giant—David B. Madsen’s Contributions to the Science and Culture of Archaeology, Anthropology, and Related Fields in the Great Basin and Beyond are Celebrated (Saturday, 8:00 – 12:45, Silver Baron E) David Madsen's contributions to the archaeology of arid lands from Utah to China and Tibet are discussed.

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ALLEN, ELIZABETH (UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO), HARVEY, DAVID (UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO) Revisiting the Pacific Crest Trail: Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Obsidian Use in the Far Southern Sierra Nevada General Poster Session 2: Natural and Cultural Landscapes (Friday, 8:00 – 11:30, Silver Baron A) This poster presents the results of a portable x-ray fluorescence (pXRF) analysis of obsidian artifacts recovered from the Rockhouse Basin and Kennedy Meadows segments of the Pacific Crest Trail (PCT). While a large number of obsidian artifacts were recovered during data recovery efforts at 10 sites in the late 1970s and early 1980s only a limited sample were subjected to analyses. The data are derived from the analysis of over 1,000 obsidian artifacts with an Olympus Delta pXRF analyzer. The data generated here were used to make source determinations for archaeological specimens. Given that previous analyses indicate the majority of regional obsidian comes from the Coso Range, we further evaluate potential diachronic shifts in subsource use from excavated contexts.

ALLISON, CHRISTOPHER J. (BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY) ALLISON, JAMES R. (BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY) Chronology, Climate, and Fremont Maize Farming in the Great Salt Lake Region Symposium 13: Fremont Archaeology in the Valleys of Utah (Friday, 3:30 – 5:00, Silver Baron 1) Archaeologists usually say that Fremont maize farming in the Great Salt Lake region began at about AD 400, and that a mid-1100s drought caused the ancient inhabitants of the region to give up farming. But radiocarbon dates from the region do not support these dates. The earliest dated maize and the earliest dated human skeletal remains with bone chemistry suggesting maize consumption both suggest that maize was not grown in the region until after AD 600. Also, recently obtained dates on maize from Fremont villages indicate that farming in the region continued into the AD 1200s. If the end of farming was a response to climatic fluctuations, the “great drought” of the late 1200s may have played a role, but a period of colder temperatures that began earlier in the 1200s may have presented an even greater challenge to successful farming.

ALLISON, JAMES R. (BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY) Discussant Symposium 15: Virgin Branch Origins: The Jackson Flat Reservoir Project in Kanab, Utah (Saturday, 8:00 – 12:45, Silver Baron D)

ALLISON, JAMES R. (BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY) See Allison, Christopher J.

ANDERSON, R. SCOTT (NORTHERN ARIZONA UNIVERSITY) See D’Andrea, Rob

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AREND, TIFFANY (BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT) See Margosian, Margaret

ARKUSH, BROOKE S. (WEBER STATE UNIVERSITY) HUGHES, RICHARD E. (GEOCHEMICAL RESEARCH LABORATORY) Studying Prehistoric Glass Use in the Birch Creek Valley of Eastern Idaho Symposium 3: Current Research in Idaho (Thursday, 1:00 – 3:45, Silver Baron C) The Birch Creek Valley of far eastern Idaho lies just west of the Continental Divide in a region containing numerous obsidian sources. Although the rich archaeological deposits contained within this high desert area were first investigated more than fifty years ago, relatively little excavation- based research has occurred there since the late 1960s and our understanding of ancient lifeways within the Birch Creek drainage remains superficial. This paper presents the results of obsidian provenance analysis from four sites that occur in valley margin and canyon settings between 6,200 and 7,100 feet a.s.l., with emphasis on broad patterning in aboriginal obsidian source use and settlement practices. We also address the challenge of determining the most proximate procurement locations for obsidian from the Walcott Tuff, which yields artifact-quality volcanic glass of ash-flow origin exposed in numerous geological contexts across a broad swath (~ 35,000 km2) of the adjacent eastern Snake River Plain. Obsidian of this chemical type was commonly used by prehistoric Birch Creek residents, and may have been obtained from a number of highly dispersed deposits in eastern Idaho.

ARMSTRONG, TRENT (IDAHO NATIONAL LABORATORY) HENRIKSON, L. SUZANN (IDAHO NATIONAL LABORATORY) PACE, BRENDA, R. (IDAHO NATIONAL LABORATORY) GILBERT, HOLLIE (IDAHO NATIONAL LABORATORY) Pluvial Lake Terreton: Building a Multidisciplinary Dataset to Understand Terminal Pleistocene/Holocene Occupations Symposium 3: Current Research in Idaho (Thursday, 1:00 – 3:45, Silver Baron C) Lake Terreton, a pluvial lake system in the Pioneer Basin of southeastern Idaho, provided productive lacustrine habitats for megafauna and humans during the terminal Pleistocene and early Holocene. High stands have been recently been modeled using existing GIS information and sparse paleoecological data. Archaeological evidence also suggests that riparian habitats, especially along the shallow western shores, were intensively utilized between 10,500 and 7,500 rcybp. In order to refine the model and identify potential fluctuations in lake levels resulting from terminal Pleistocene climate change, especially during the Younger Dryas, OSL and Chlorine 26 infiltration analyses will be conducted, along with AMS dating of megafauna remains previously recovered in the vicinity of the lake. By roughly 7,500 rcybp, human populations began to utilize the surrounding steppe. However, preliminary findings indicate that the deepest portions of Lake Terreton appear to have refilled periodically during the Holocene, likely resulting in significant adjustments in regional hunter-gatherer mobility.

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ASHLEY, MICHAEL (CODIFI, INC.) WEBSTER, CHRIS (DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSULTING) Rethinking the Future of [Paperless] Archaeology General Session 1: Archaeology in the 21st Century (Thursday, 1:00 – 3:15, Silver Baron 1) Throughout human history, we have invented remarkable new technologies that, in their time, were met with skepticism and even rejection, only to be embraced by later generations who realized the value of these innovations. We are feeling this struggle now as archaeology moves from an analog/paper/film recording to a paperless/digital ecology. It has been a 20+ year process, but it is about time to fully consider the impacts of thinking beyond the page. In this ‘paper’ we will explore the implications of a post-paper archaeology for our current practices of field recordation, analysis, and production of the archaeological record through emerging technologies that have the potential to transform the way we engage with, share, and preserve the past.

ASHLEY, MICHAEL (CODIFI, INC.) See Webster, Chis

ATAMAN, KATHRYN (BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT) See Orvald, Tucker

AXSOM, JESSICA (NEVADA SHPO) Moderator Roundtable Discussion: When Archaeological Sites are More than Data (Friday, 8:00 – 10:00, Silver Baron C)

BAKER, MEG (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) See Louderback, Lisbeth

BALDRICA, ALICE (NEVADA SHPO, RETIRED) Moderator Roundtable Discussion, Symposium 1: CRM in the Great Basin, What Have We Learned? – Part II (Thursday, 1:00 – 5:00, Silver Baron E)

BARBIER, BRIAN J. (UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SANTA BARBARA) BROWN, KAITLIN, M. (UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SANTA BARBARA) Variation in the Basin: Refining Bead Identification in the Protohistoric Western Mojave Desert Symposium 16: Rock Shelters of the South Range, Naval Air Weapons Station, China Lake, Mojave Desert, California (Saturday, 10:00 – 12:00, Silver Baron C) The refinement of marine shell bead typologies over the last few decades has allowed scholars to examine the timing and nature of cultural shifts among California and Great Basin groups. Nevertheless, analysts continue to call for further improvement to regional classification schemes and the identification of atypical variation in shell bead morphology. In this study, we report on 42 35th Great Basin Anthropological Conference - 2016

shell beads recovered from CA-SBR-14 and embed our findings into a broader context of exchange in the western Mojave Desert. The majority of the Olivella biplicata beads at this site exhibit characteristics that are atypical from other beads found during the Protohistoric period. Such irregularities underscore the need to continue to refine previously existing typologies in order to understand regional historical and cultural processes.

BARKER, PAT (NEVADA STATE MUSEUM) What We Knew Then and What We Know Now: 30 Years of CRM Archaeology Symposium 1: CRM in the Great Basin, What Have We Learned? – Part II (Thursday, 1:00 – 5:00, Silver Baron E) In the late 1970s and 1980s Great Basin archaeology was moving from culture history towards explaining regional patterns. CRM archaeology was born during this transition, so its roots are in chronology and its future in settlement and subsistence. Since 1986, we have moved beyond relatively simple Steward-based models of life in the Great Basin towards lithic procurement spheres, pre-Clovis occupations, and nuanced economic models. We are also moving towards more sophisticated textile analyses that allow us to look beyond lithics.

BARKER, PAT (NEVADA STATE MUSEUM) On-again, Off-again: The Evolution of Rock Art Studies and Archaeology in the Great Basin Symposium 7: Rock Art in the Great Basin: Contemporary Approaches (Friday, 8:00 – 10:15, Silver Baron B) As long as antiquarianism dominated archaeology, rock art studies were an integral component of archaeological research. However, after radio-metric dating, archaeologists focused in developing chronology and regional culture histories. On the assumption that rock art could not be dated, rock art studies became more aligned with art historians and psychology. Now, archaeologists are looking at complex regional systems and rock art as just another component of the archaeological record that can help them understand the past.

BARKER, PAT (NEVADA STATE MUSEUM) See Hattori, Eugene M.

BARKET, KAYLEE (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) Bonneville Basin Vegetation and Fire Reconstruction for the Past 25,000 Years Poster Symposium 2: The Archaeology and Paleoecology of the Great Salt Lake Desert: Recent Discoveries, Technological Advances and Paleoecological Reconstruction of Utah’s West Desert (Friday, 8:00 – 11:30, Silver Baron A) Modern spring environments have the ability to provide long term paleoenvironmental records in arid regions such as the Great Basin in their sedimentary deposits. Pollen and charcoal from those sediments are used to reconstruct vegetation assemblages and fire regime. Data presented here from Barking Coyote Spring, near Dugway Proving Grounds, Utah, represent an environmental history for the past 25,000 years. Shifts in

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paleoenvironments and paleoecological communities are often linked to changes in global or regional climate. Understanding the paleoenvironmental conditions and how they have changed overtime provides insight on prehistoric populations in the Bonneville Basin which is an important question for the region given the unique distribution of Paleoindian sites across space and time in the west desert region of the Great Basin.

BARNES, KELLI (BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT) See Halford, F. Kirk

BARTON, LOUKAS (UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH) Great Basin Gansu: How Theory Makes Archaeology Comparative Symposium 5: A Variationist’s Offspring: Papers in Honor of R. L. Bettinger (Friday, 8:00 – 12:00, Silver Baron E) This is the Golden Age of archaeology in China. Data, discoveries, research centers, scholars, and financial support are all light years ahead of where they were two decades ago. Increasingly, archaeological research in China and throughout East Asia is organized around specific questions about human history; however, few research programs or interpretations have been led by explicit theory. An emerging exception to this is research on the origins of agriculture. Here, I outline the nature of this research, the anthropological, economic, and ecological theory that guides it, and the potential this body of research has for improving our understanding of bio-cultural evolution in different parts of the world.

BASGALL, MARK E. (CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO) Getting Good Measure: The Volcanic Tablelands Project Twenty-five Years On Symposium 5: A Variationist’s Offspring: Papers in Honor of R. L. Bettinger (Friday, 8:00 – 12:00, Silver Baron E) Set up as a cooperative agreement between BLM, Far Western, and U.C. Davis, the author, Bob Bettinger, and Mark Giambastiani excavated seven locations on the Volcanic Tablelands, north of Bishop, during the summers of 1989-1991. With a sequence spanning much of the Holocene, the project explored the concept of environmental marginality and how subsistence-settlement trends on the Tablelands contrasted to those documented in arguably more productive regional landscapes. Much has transpired since the original work was done. Giambastiani went on to conduct further reconnaissance and excavation as part of his dissertation research, BLM archaeologists initiated a major sample survey, and the extensive avocational collection amassed by Grace and Rollin Enfield has now been systematically characterized. The original project findings are reconsidered in light of these new data, which have important implications for prehistory in the Inyo-Mono region.

BASKERVILLE, MICHAEL (NAVAL AIR WEAPONS STATION CHINA LAKE) Symposium Discussant Symposium 16: Rock Shelters of the South Range, Naval Air Weapons Station, China Lake, Mojave Desert, California (Saturday, 10:00 – 12:00, Silver Baron C)

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BASSETT, EVERETT J. (TRANSCON ENVIRONMENTAL) Contractor Inspection Contracting: Lessons Learned Symposium 9: Managing a Landscape of Cultural Resources: Lessons Learned from the Sigurd to Red Butte Transmission Project in Southwestern Utah (Friday, 10:45-12:00, Silver Baron 4) Transcon Environmental acted as Compliance Inspection Contractor (CIC) for the Sigurd to Red Butte project. Project difficulties included excessive variances and unplanned data recovery costs and re-scheduling. Transcon has identified possible solutions applicable to similar future projects. These include variable APE survey widths; selective multiple- phased Class III analyses, including early testing of complex sites to more completely estimate mitigations costs and avoidance opportunities; simplified, but phased site treatments tied to total mitigation effort; and “generic” site treatments and eligibilities automatically applied to sites identified through variances or discovery, thus greatly reducing consultation time. Each will be discussed and evaluated.

BASSETT, EVERETT J. (TRANSCON ENVIRONMENTAL) The Mountain Meadows Tumuli: Re-evaluating the Spatial History of a Massacre Site General Session 6: Historical Archaeology (Saturday, 8:00 – 9:30, Silver Baron B) Although the Mountain Meadows Massacre is a seminal event in Western history, neither the location of the two massacre sites nor the location of associated mass burials is known. This research summarizes the precise identification of the California Trail through the Meadows and the identification of two rock features, identified as tumuli, covering the mass burials and also pinpointing of the two massacre locations. These features are discussed within the geographical context of Mountain Meadows and of a newly established National Historic Landmark district. This Historic Landmark memorializes these events, but at locations far from where they actually occurred.

BAXTER, PAUL W. (UNIVERSITY OF OREGON) See Connolly, Thomas J.

BEAUCHAMP, DOUGLAS (ARTS CONSULTANT) Clovis Orange: Traverses and Uncertainties in the Alkali Lake Basin, Lake County, Oregon General Session 2: Prehistoric Settlement and Subsistence (Thursday, 1:00 – 4:45, Silver Baron C) The Dietz Site (35LK1529) is well known by most archaeologists, especially those attentive to late Pleistocene and early Holocene human presence in the American West. This site’s concentration and distributed relationship of Clovis and Stemmed point artifacts in Oregon’s Alkali Basin continues to be of significant relevance. Many may not be acquainted with the Alkali Lake chemical disposal site where, in 1969-1971, over 25,000 barrels of toxic residues from the production of pesticides and herbicides, including Agent Orange, were deposited then buried. This visual and narrative essay, following emergent practices in geohumanities, explores these and other distinctive traverses and fluctuating uncertainties as aspects of the interrelated spatial and temporal features of the Alkali Basin

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landscape. In addition to the two sites mentioned, this essay examines a gunnery range, transmission lines, a threatened endemic fish, grazing allotments, a state airport, Highway 395, and the wave-cut terraces of Pluvial Lake Alkali.

BECK, CHARLOTTE (HAMILTON COLLEGE) JONES, GEORGE T. (HAMILTON COLLEGE) Paleo Dave: The Old River Bed Project and its Impact on our View of the Paleoarchaic Symposium 14: Honoring a Giant—David B. Madsen’s Contributions to the Science and Culture of Archaeology, Anthropology, and Related Fields in the Great Basin and Beyond are Celebrated (Saturday, 8:00 – 12:45, Silver Baron E) We met Dave Madsen and Boomer in 1990 when we joined him along with Don Grayson, Dave Rhode, and Stephanie Livingston on a high altitude survey in the East Humboldt Range of central Nevada. Since that time Dave has become a close friend and an important colleague. As most of you know, Dave has made scholarly contributions on a remarkable range of topics in western North American prehistory and paleoenvironments, as well as in evolutionary ecology, and archaeological methodology. One of his last contributions is to the terminal Pleistocene/early Holocene period of the eastern Great Basin. More specifically, with colleagues Dave Schmitt and David Page, as well as other ‘hangers on’ such as ourselves, Dave has studied a truly vast Paleoarchaic record in the Bonneville Basin associated with the Old River. Here we discuss some of the things we learned from this project and how they have allowed us to formulate a different, more complex view of Paleoarchaic foragers than previously existed.

BECK, CHARLOTTE (HAMILTON COLLEGE) See Jones, George T.

BECK, COLLEEN M. (DESERT RESEARCH INSTITUTE) Participant Roundtable Discussion: When Archaeological Sites are More than Data (Friday, 8:00 – 10:00, Silver Baron C)

BECK, COLLEEN M. (DESERT RESEARCH INSTITUTE) DROLLINGER, HAROLD (DESERT RESEARCH INSTITUTE) SCHOFIELD, JOHN (UNIVERSITY OF YORK) The Archaeological Record of a Cold War Protest Camp in Nevada Symposium 2: Battle Born: Interdisciplinary Investigations into Nevada’s Military Landscapes (Thursday, 1:00 – 2:30, Silver Baron B) Nuclear testing and the nuclear arsenal were central to the on-going Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union and Nevada played a major role with the location of the United States’ continental nuclear testing ground within the state. The presence of the Nevada Test Site was not without controversy. Individuals and small groups began protest actions against nuclear weapons in southern Nevada in the 1950s, and over the years this small number of

46 35th Great Basin Anthropological Conference - 2016 people grew to thousands. Eventually, the anti-nuclear activists established a base camp that became a place to meet, organize, and reside during protests at the nearby Test Site. The archaeology of this site, known as the Peace Camp, has identified a large number of features providing information and insights into the activities of anti-nuclear protesters that contrast sharply with the government’s efforts on the nuclear testing program.

BECK, R. KELLY (SWCA ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS) The Behavioral Ecology of Lithic Raw Material Transport: Evaluating Toolstone Procurement in Southwestern Utah Poster Symposium 1: Archaeological Research of the Sigurd to Red Butte Transmission Project (Thursday, 1:00 – 4:30, Silver Baron A) In recent years a conceptual framework known as the Organization of Technology has guided considerable archaeological research on lithic assemblage variability. The Organization of Technology approach has effectively outlined the complex nexus of variables involved in the production of lithic assemblages; however, much of this research has lacked theoretically grounded arguments that bridge the gap between archaeological observations and the human behaviors responsible for producing such variation. For three decades, Great Basin archaeologists have used theoretically grounded models derived from Human Behavioral Ecology in an effort to explain observed variation in similarly complex contexts. This poster summarizes a model that explores the effects of toolstone field processing and transport using lithic assemblages from several sites in southwestern Utah.

BECK, R. KELLY (SWCA ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS) Systematic Archaeological Site Typing Using Standard IMACS Site Form Observations Symposium 9: Managing a Landscape of Cultural Resources: Lessons Learned from the Sigurd to Red Butte Transmission Project in Southwestern Utah (Friday, 10:45 – 12:00, Silver Baron 4) A primary objective of archaeological research is to understand the distribution of sites of different types in relation to key environmental and social variables. Such understanding has clear implications for our understanding of past lifeways but is also critical for more informed land use planning regarding cultural resources. The IMACS site form contains a “site type” field but data entered into this field are so variable and inconsistent that they are of limited use for either scientific or management purposes. To minimize the problems that can result from the use of inferential site type categories, SWCA has developed a systematic site typing protocol using observational data recorded on standard IMACS forms and implemented using a Visual Basic macro written for Microsoft Excel. This presentation summarizes SWCA’s IMENSITY site typing protocol and provides examples of its utility for both archaeological research and cultural resources management.

BECK, R. KELLY (SWCA ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS) See Creer, Sarah

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BENGSTON, GINNY (APPLIED CULTURAL ECOLOGY) Ethnographic and Ethnohistoric Research in Great Basin CRM – 1980s to Present Symposium 1: CRM in the Great Basin, What Have We Learned? – Part II (Thursday, 1:00 – 5:00, Silver Baron E) Over the last 30 years, ethnographic and ethnohistoric research has become increasingly important in the field of CRM. This has largely been in response to federal environmental and historic preservation legislation, especially, but not exclusively, relating to Native American cultural traditions and places of cultural and spiritual importance. Some major examples of such studies in the Great Basin are reviewed in relation to their contributions to regional culture history.

BENSON, LARRY V. (UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO) See Pellegrini, Evan J.

BETTINGER, ROBERT L. (UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS) MADSEN, DAVID B. (UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS, AUSTIN) ELSTON, ROBERT G. (UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO) BRANTINGHAM, P. JEFFREY (UNIVERSITY OF CAL., DAVIS) The Helan Industry at Pigeon Mountain, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, PRC Symposium 14: Honoring a Giant—David B. Madsen’s Contributions to the Science and Culture of Archaeology, Anthropology, and Related Fields in the Great Basin and Beyond are Celebrated (Saturday, 8:00 – 12:45, Silver Baron E) The prehistory of that part of north China centered by the north-flowing stretch of the upper Yellow River, flanked by the Helan Mountains, and beyond them the Tengger Desert, to the west, and Ordos Desert to the east, is characterized by two relatively well-known blade industries: the earlier Shuidonggou flat-faced core technology of the Initial Upper Paleolithic, dating perhaps to 38 kya, and later microblade-dominated North China microlithic, well established here by 12 kya. A third lithic industry featuring percussion- flaked bifacial and unifacial flake and core tools and spheroids, all fashioned principally from local quartzite and metavolcanics, is less well known and dated, but well represented at Pigeon Mountain, at the base of the southern Helan Mountains, on the west side of the Yellow River, and in lesser degree on its opposing east side, in the Shuidonggou area, though not at the earlier IUP Shuidonggou Localities 1 and 2 or later North China Microlithic Shuidonggou Locality 6. This Helan technology differs enough from the earlier flat-faced Initial Upper Paleolithic and later North China Microlithic to suggest a differently oriented, probably more plant-based, economy. Its absence at the earlier Shuidonggou Localities 1 and 2, and later Shuidonggou Locality 12, suggests an intermediate, probably post-Last Glacial Maximum, date, perhaps during a period of climatic amelioration immediately preceding the Younger Dryas.

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BILL, LARAE (SHOSHONE-BANNOCK TRIBE) Idaho Desert Landscape: Land of Many Uses to the Shoshone and Bannock People Symposium 3: Current Research in Idaho (Thursday, 1:00 – 3:45, Silver Baron C) Shoshone and Bannock people have found many uses of a southeastern Idaho desert, now known as the Idaho National Laboratory (INL). The land has been inaccessible to the Tribes since the 1940s when the landscape was turned into a nuclear testing facility by the federal government. The desert had many important resources to Tribal people before the nuclear age. In 1992, the Shoshone-Bannock Tribes (Tribes) and the Department of Energy entered into an agreement known as the Working Agreement. This agreement allowed the Tribes to provide oversight of DOE activities on the INL which included waste shipments that cross through the Fort Hall Indian Reservation, environmental and air emissions that may migrate to the Fort Hall Indian Reservation and all activities that would have any affects to the rich cultural resources on the INL. The Working Agreement then evolved in to the Agreement-In-Principle (AIP). The AIP still has functions of the preceding Working Agreement, and this Agreement is renewed and negotiated every 5 years. Under the AIP the Tribes have limited access to areas on the INL although many of the areas have been highly impacted by DOE activities.

BILLINGS, SALLY (COLLEGE OF SOUTHERN NEVADA) A New Look at the Helen J. Stewart Rockshelter: Part 1 Symposium 11: Historical Archaeology in the Great Basin and Beyond (5.0) (Friday, 1:00 – 4:15, Silver Baron C) Helen J. Stewart Rock Shelter (26CK1327), named for the graphite inscription of the founding matron of Las Vegas on one of the shelter walls, is located within an outcrop overlooking Sandstone Spring. This site has seen repeated human activity from prehistoric times up through the present, being an ideal location for hunting or other subsistence activities. The site consists of several panels of historic inscriptions and a rock alignment that may be associated with the boy’s camp and historic ranch to the east, and groundstone. Other inscriptions consist of modern graffiti, underscoring the necessity for an increase in regular site monitoring. Students from the College of Southern Nevada’s archaeological field school re-recorded the site in the spring of 2015, adding the graffiti that was produced after Brooks’ report along with a description of a small cave that lies between HJS and the rock alignment that also contained modern graffiti.

BISCHOFF, ROBERT J. (BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY) Rosegate to Side-notched: A Reevaluation of Fremont Projectile Point Chronology Symposium 13: Fremont Archaeology in the Valleys of Utah (Friday, 3:30 – 5:00, Silver Baron 1) The eastern Great Basin projectile point chronology corresponds to the Fremont cultural area. The typology and chronology used most widely was formalized in the early 1980s; however, there are inaccuracies in this chronology that are recognized in several sources but have not been thoroughly addressed. Of particular concern are Rosegate points. These

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points are noted to last until ca. AD 1300 in the western Great Basin, but are believed to have been replaced by side-notched, concave, and basal-notched points in the eastern Great Basin between AD 900 and AD 1000. The completion of numerous excavations since the 1980s has greatly increased the available literature on projectile points in the Fremont region. An evaluation of this data indicates Rosegate points were not replaced and continued to be used until the end of the Fremont period ca. AD 1300.

BISCHOFF, ROBERT J. (BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY) See Lambert, Spencer F.X.

BJORKMAN, ROSEMARY (CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO) Between a Rock and a Hard Place General Poster Session 3: Environment, Subsistence, and Technology (Friday, 1:00 – 4:30, Silver Baron A) In the fall of 2006, a unique Elderberry flute was discovered in a rock crevice high on a cliff wall of Range Creek Canyon, near Price, Utah. Dating of the sand lying directly underneath the artifact by thermal luminescence indicated a date within the Fremont occupation of Range Creek Canyon. The intent of this poster is to explore the claims made by the Ute, Navajo, Paiute and Hopi tribes for repatriation of the artifact as they relate to Section 10.6 of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act. Although it is not possible to positively identify the original owner, statistical comparisons of morphological and technical features of the Range Creek Flute with the same features of ancestral and historical Ute, Anasazi, Hopi, and Navaho flutes in existing collections have the potential to indicate which tribe has the strongest claim for repatriation.

BLACK, MEGAN (ULTRASYSTEMS ENVIRONMENTAL) See O’Neil, Steve

BLOOMER, WILLIAM (LITHIC ARTS) JAFFKE, DENISE (CALIFORNIA STATE PARKS) Native Bodie Symposium 4: The Many Faces of Bodie (Thursday, 3:00 – 4:15, Silver Baron 6) Native people were the first miners inhabiting the vicinity of Bodie State Historic Park. Their quarry was obsidian. Recent research has pulled together past site records and project results to synthesize our current knowledge of Bodie prehistory and interpret relationships of people to each other and their environment across the volcanic landscape.

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BLUSTAIN, JONAH S. (KAUTZ ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS) Silver and Scopies: The Role of the United States Military in the Development of Tonopah, Nevada Symposium 2: Battle Born: Interdisciplinary Investigations into Nevada’s Military Landscapes (Thursday, 1:00 – 2:30, Silver Baron B) Lauded the “Queen of the Silver Camps,” Tonopah, Nevada, was the site of a major mining boom at the beginning of the 20th century. While the boom generated an estimated 138 million ounces of silver, the town hit a bust in the 1930s from which it did not recover. Tonopah’s strategic inland location, availability of federally owned land, and abundance of clear weather proved an asset during the geopolitical upheaval resulting in World War II and, later, the Cold War. Between 1942 and 1945, the Army Air Force trained 20 squadrons of fighter and bomber crews at a newly constructed air field six miles east of Tonopah. During the Cold War, the town hosted the 866th Air Control and Warning Squadron which operated an early radar system for continental defense against Soviet bombers. Both of these events contributed significantly to the development and community planning of Tonopah. This paper describes the interactions between Tonopah and the military and addresses the town as a true multi-component landscape with multiple periods of significance.

BLYTHE, ASHLEY (U.S. FOREST SERVICE) See Margosian, Margaret

BOYLE, TRISTAN (ARCHAEOLOGY PODCAST NETWORK) See Webster, Chris

BRANCH, SARAH E. (ASM AFFILIATES) LONG, MONTANA M. (ASM AFFILIATES) CATACORA, ANDREA (ASM AFFILIATES) Through the Desert and Over the Slough: Redman Station, Churchill County, Nevada General Poster Session 4: Historical Archaeology (Saturday, 8:00 – 11:30, Silver Baron A) As part of ongoing Section 110 efforts at Naval Air Station Fallon, ASM Affiliates revisited the historic bridge crossing and toll station known as Redman Station. Authorized as a toll bridge in 1862 by the Territorial Legislature, Redman Station served emigrants and travelers using the cut-off from Sand Springs to Ragtown, providing one of the few crossings over the Carson Slough. Known variously as Redman’s, Waller’s, and Hill and Grimes, the station was active through at the least the 1880s, and included a post office from 1882-1912. ASM re-recorded the site in the summer of 2015 and found the remains of the toll bridge and various structure foundations, as well as evidence of nearby, contemporaneous Northern Paiute encampments. Aided by the archaeological and archival information recovered about the site, Redman Station provides an excellent lens through which to view the development of early Euro-American settlements and transportation in Lahontan Valley.

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BRANCH, SARAH E. (ASM AFFILIATES) Glass, Bone, and Stone: Ethnohistoric Sites at Naval Air Station Fallon, Churchill County, Nevada General Session 3: Prehistoric Technology and Raw Material Studies (Friday, 8:00 – 11:45, Silver Baron 6) The territory of the Northern Paiute Toidɨkadɨ or “Cattail-eater” sub-group in western Nevada once centered on the wetlands in and surrounding the Carson Sink. The influx of Euro-Americans in the second half of the nineteenth century dramatically altered both this landscape and the traditional lifeways of the Toidɨkadɨ. During ongoing Section 110 efforts at Naval Air Station Fallon, ASM Affiliates identified 12 ethnohistoric sites and site components dating to the mid- to late-nineteenth century, stretching from what once were marshes north of Carson Lake to just north of the “Redman Station” bridge crossing and toll station. These sites, marked by ground and flaked stone tools and fire-affected rock features alongside glass beads and various mass-manufactured items, afford an opportunity to investigate how Native subsistence patterns and lifeways persisted and rapidly shifted in the first decades after Euro-American settlement.

BRANIGAN, ALYCE (U.S. FOREST SERVICE) What Do GIS Probability Models and Popsicles Have in Common? Symposium 1: CRM in the Great Basin, What Have We Learned? – Part II (Thursday, 1:00 – 5:00, Silver Baron E) Twenty years ago when ESRI began to freely distribute ArcInfo/ArcView® software to geography students, this anthropology student happened to be taking a geography class. To me, using GIS to create probability models for the location of cultural resources or archaeological sites seemed an elegant way of viewing site distribution on a large landscape level. This paper will examine the status of the use of probability models on the six million plus acre Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest, and asks: is GIS probability modeling frozen in time and space and if so does it then serve to represent the real world of site locations, or are models, as the Oxford dictionary defines them, a “three-dimensional representation of a person or thing or of a proposed structure, typically on a smaller scale than the original?” In trying to go big, have we gone small?

BRANTINGHAM, P. JEFFREY (UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES) See Bettinger, Robert L.

BRESLAWSKI, RYAN P. (SOUTHERN METHODIST UNIVERSITY) See Byers, David

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BRIEM, CEDAR (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) NEWELL, MARIANNE (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) Soil Core Analysis in the Bonneville Basin Poster Symposium 2: The Archaeology and Paleoecology of the Great Salt Lake Desert: Recent Discoveries, Technological Advances and Paleoecological Reconstruction of Utah’s West Desert (Friday, 8:00 – 11:30, Silver Baron A) This project focuses on paleoenvironmental reconstructions of ancient Lake Bonneville dating back to the late Pleistocene from the west desert region of Utah in and near Dugway Proving Ground. This research entails three main procedures: X-ray fluorescence, magnetic susceptibility, and loss on ignition in order to accurately reconstruct the lake history of lacustrine events. The timing of these lacustrine events has important archaeological and paleoclimatic implications. Thus far our data demonstrate chemical changes in sediment with, for example, iron-bearing sediments revealing past disturbance events, and percent organic carbon and carbonate component in the sediment indicating changes in lake level and ecological productivity. Our analyses, in conjunction with other ongoing research in the area, will contribute to the understanding of Lake Bonneville level history and climatic history in relationship to prehistoric people in the region.

BROUGHTON, JACK M. (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) Terminal Pleistocene and Holocene Climate Change in the Bonneville Basin: New Interpretations from the Fish Record at Homestead Cave General Session 4: Paleoethnobotanical and Paleoenvironmental Studies in the Desert West (Friday, 1:00 – 3:30, Silver Baron D) The ichthyofaunal collection from Homestead Cave, Utah, is the largest, and richest late Quaternary fish assemblage from the Bonneville basin and a substantial recent radiocarbon dating effort has altered our understanding of the deposition chronology for these materials. Combined with recent advances in our understanding of lake level history, alternative interpretations of the climatic inferences derived from the Homestead fish record have been proposed and are summarized here. The data suggest fish were first lost from Lake Bonneville between 13.1 and 11.8 cal ka BP at the end of its regressive phase but a recolonization of nearly the entire Lake Bonneville fish fauna occurred between 12.3 and 9.5 cal ka BP during the Gilbert episode. No post-Gilbert early Holocene lake transgressions are suggested but peaks in Gila atraria frequencies in the upper strata may indicate Great Salt Lake reached highstands at ~3.6 and ~1.0 cal ka BP.

BROUGHTON, JACK M. (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) See Wolfe, Allison L.

BROWN, KAITLIN M. (UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SANTA BARBARA) See Barbier, Brian J.

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BRUNELLE, ANDREA (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) See Hart, Isaac See Hynes, Alyssa Rose See Simmons, Victoria

BRYCE, JOSEPH A. (BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY) Wood and Clay: Building a Better Understanding of Fremont Structures at Wolf Village Symposium 13: Fremont Archaeology in the Valleys of Utah (Friday, 3:30 – 5:00, Silver Baron 1) Wolf Village is a Fremont site in Utah Valley where seven pit structures and two adobe- walled surface structures have been at least partially excavated. This paper reports on the analysis of over 800 pounds of impressed clay and 253 wood samples recovered from these structures. These data have made it possible to explore architecture further in addition to the floor plans and posthole placements that have already been reported. Impressions and the beams provide information about the construction, design, use, repair, and destruction of Wolf Village structures. There is also limited information about the chronology of construction and some suggestions about the condition created by the superstructures.

BRYCE, JOSEPH A. (BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY) See Lambert, Spencer F. X.

BUCK, TYLER (GREAT BASIN INSTITUTE) See Yaworsky, Peter

BULLARD, TOM (DESERT RESEARCH INSTITUTE) See Cunnar, Geoffrey

BURGARD, BRITTANY (NORTHERN ARIZONA UNIVERSITY) See D’Andrea, Rob

BURNS, GREGORY R. (UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS) Contextualizing Desert Series Morphological Variability in the Central Sierra Nevada General Session 3: Prehistoric Technology and Raw Material Studies (Friday, 8:00 – 11:45, Silver Baron 6) On the boundary between California and Great Basin culture areas, and used ethnographically by groups from both, Yosemite National Park’s archaeological record reflects influences from cultural and technological change in both regions. Desert Series points, commonly manufactured in Yosemite from AD 1350 to AD 1900, reflect the influence of this cultural confluence. This paper examines the associations between morphological variation in Desert Series points and chronology, technology, and ethnographic cultures. While previous research has been limited to collections associated with development-oriented excavations at a small number of locations, this study utilizes a

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park-wide database to incorporate surface finds that span most of the geographic and ecological variation of the park.

BUTTON, SETH (LOGAN SIMPSON) LCAI: Logan Simpson’s Lincoln County Rephotography Project Symposium 12: Lincoln County Archaeological Initiative (Friday, 1:00 – 3:15, Silver Baron B) In 2012-2013, Logan Simpson received support from LCAI to revisit the locations of mid- to late- nineteenth and early twentieth century photographs by Timothy O’Sullivan, William Bell, William Henry Jackson, and others. This body of work includes many images of mines and mining infrastructure and is a valuable resource for the study of historic hard rock mining in eastern Nevada. The locations were rephotographed with a large format camera from the same viewpoint as the originals, whenever possible at the same time of day and the same time of year, resulting in a comparable view. The mines, camps, railroad grades, and tramways appearing in the photos were either rerecorded, in the case of previously recorded archaeological sites, or newly documented. Mining sites present a particular challenge archaeologically, since they tend to be large, complex, and partially subterranean. They also changed, often rapidly, over the active life of the mine. Historic photographs provide a great deal of additional information about the occupational history of these sites. Comparison of old and new photographs also illustrate changes to these historic resources ranging from near total destruction to exceptional preservation. This data set should help elucidate the history of mining in Lincoln County.

BYERLY, RYAN M. (FAR WESTERN ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH GROUP) Hunter-Gatherer Sites on the Pisgah Crater Lava Flow near Lavic Lake, San Bernardino County, California General Poster Session 2: Natural and Cultural Landscapes (Friday, 8:00 – 11:30, Silver Baron A) Far Western’s National Register evaluations of archaeological sites on the Pisgah Crater Lava Flow, adjacent to Lavic Lake aboard the Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center in Twentynine Palms, California, reveal that hunter-gatherers utilized the many natural shelters created by collapsed lava blisters and tubes within the flow as settings for short term camps in support of regional resource pursuits. This poster summarizes data gathered from limited test excavations and collections of these lava flow sites and compares them to similar data gleaned from other local sites to frame a coherent picture of regional site use as a foundation for the construction of a Base-wide hunter-gatherer settlement-subsistence model.

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BYERLY, RYAN M. (FAR WESTERN ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH GROUP) DAUB, LINDSEY (FAR WESTERN … GROUP) GINGERICH, ERIC (FAR WESTERN … GROUP) ROBERSON, JOANNA C. (FAR WESTERN…GROUP) Modeling Mojave Desert Hunter-Gatherer Settlement and Subsistence from Lava Flow Sites aboard the Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center, San Bernardino County, California General Poster Session 2: Natural and Cultural Landscapes (Friday, 8:00 – 11:30, Silver Baron A) Throughout prehistory, that portion of the south-central Mojave Desert now encompassed by the Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center appears to have largely supported short term hunter-gatherer occupations linked to the procurement of locally available jasper and chalcedony. Here, we specifically examine and compare data gathered from Far Western’s National Register evaluations of sites on the Pisgah Crater and Amboy Crater lava flows to model broader-scale settlement and subsistence patterns of the hunter-gatherers that preferentially exploited these toolstone, primarily as evident during the Late Holocene.

BYERS, DAVID (UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY) HENRIKSON, L. SUZANN (IDAHO NATIONAL LABORATORY) BRESLAWSKI, RYAN P. (SOUTHERN METHODIST UNIVERSITY) Holocene Cold Storage Practices on the Eastern Snake River Plain: A Risk-mitigation Strategy for Lean Times Symposium 3: Current Research in Idaho (Thursday, 1:00 – 3:45, Silver Baron C) Previous archaeological research in southern Idaho has suggested that climate change over the past 8,000 years was not dramatic enough to alter long-term subsistence practices in the region. However, recent isotopic analyses of bison remains from cold storage caves on the Snake River Plain contest this hypothesis. These results, when examined against archaeoclimate model, suggest that cold storage episodes coincided with drier, warmer phases that likely reduced forage and water, and thus limited the availability of bison on the open steppe. Within this context we build a risk model to illustrate how environment might have motivated cold storage behaviors. Caching bison in cold lava tubes would have mitigated both intra-annual and inter-annual food shortages under these conditions. Our analysis also suggests that skeletal fat, more than meat, may have influenced the selection, transport and storage of bison carcass parts. Deciphering when and how cold storage caves were utilized can ultimately provide a more comprehensive understanding of foraging behaviors in a broad range of hunting-gathering economies.

BYERS, DAVID (UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY) See Wurster, Bethany

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CALKINS, ADAM (UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO) RICHEY, SHAUN (UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO) Unmanned Aerial Systems in the Great Basin: Exploring the Potential of UAS Technology through Surveys of Pah Rah Rock Art and Historic Fort Churchill Plenary Session: Featured Landscapes: Interpreting Great Basin Archaeology at Regional Scales (Thursday, 8:00 – 11:30, Exposition Hall B) Since 1906, archaeologists have used aerial photography as a way of finding, recording, and analyzing archaeological sites. Currently, there is a rapid advance in aerial photographic technology with Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS or drones), high definition cameras, and photogrammetric 3D software. Each one of these technologies is providing a more efficient way for site survey and analysis. To further test the capabilities of UAS for archaeological survey, a project was designed to record, process, and analyze three different archaeological sites in western Nevada. The first two sites are prehistoric rock art concentrations in the Pah Rah Range. The third site is the historic Fort Churchill, located in Churchill County, Nevada. This project takes a critical view of the methodology in using UAS and photogrammetric technology to record and model archaeological sites in Nevada.

CAMP, ANNA J. (UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO) Technological Continuities and Discontinuities: Results from the Analysis and Comparison of Catlow Twine and Ethnographic Klamath-Modoc Basketry General Session 5: Recent Advances in Great Basin Textile Analysis (Friday, 1:00 – 2:30, Silver Baron 6) Archaeologists frequently ask questions about technological continuities and discontinuities in the archaeological record and whether it reflects the presence of ethnic populations or different modes through which information is conveyed. Basketry is well suited for such efforts because specimens retain information about their use-live sequence including raw material procurement, construction, and repair. Basketry can also be directly dated, providing chronological information about basketry types and their appearance and disappearance in the archaeological record. Catlow Twine is a diagnostic basketry type found in the archaeological record of the Northern and Western Great Basin. It dates as early as 9200 cal B.P. and it is thought to be the same basketry technology used by the Klamath and Modoc tribes during the ethnographic period. Analysis of Catlow Twine and ethnographic Klamath-Modoc basketry demonstrates the similarities and differences between these two technologies, raising questions about their common ancestry.

CAMP, ANNA J. (UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO) See Hattori, Eugene M.

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CANADAY, TIM (U.S. FOREST SERVICE) HANKS, BRYAN (UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH) The Middle Fork Geophysics Project, Central Idaho General Poster Session 3: Environment, Subsistence, and Technology (Friday, 1:00 – 4:30, Silver Baron A) The Middle Fork Salmon River is a designated Wild and Scenic river located within the heart of the Frank Church-River of No Return Wilderness in central Idaho. Over the last three years the University of Pittsburgh and the Salmon-Challis National Forest have collaborated on a minimally invasive multi-method geophysical and geochemical approach for characterizing intact archaeological deposits at seven prehistoric sites impacted by recreational activities along the river. The objective of this work is to develop long-term management strategies for the protection of at-risk sites using minimally invasive methods such as fluxgate gradiometry, earth resistance electrical resistivity, magnetic susceptibility, and handheld portable XRF for soil chemistry. Preliminary results from two of the sites are presented.

CANNON, KENNETH P. (UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY) See Reid, Kenneth C. See Peart, Jonathan M.

CANNON, MICHAEL (SWCA ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS) CREER, SARAH (SWCA ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS) Patterns in the Transport of Tosawihi Chert to the Little Boulder Basin, Northern Nevada General Session 3: Prehistoric Technology and Raw Material Studies (Friday, 8:00 – 11:45, Silver Baron 6) The Tosawihi chert quarries of northern Nevada have played a significant role in the development of hypotheses by Great Basin archaeologists about pre-contact procurement and transport of lithic raw materials. Here, such hypotheses are tested using data obtained from ongoing investigations in the nearby Little Boulder Basin. These investigations have resulted in the analysis of chipped stone assemblages from dozens of site loci, which consist primarily of Tosawihi chert and many of which can be dated to phases or periods in the local cultural historical sequence. Little Boulder Basin Tosawihi chert assemblages exhibit a classic “distance decay curve” and are consistent with the hypothesis that quarrying activity – specifically the amount of time spent processing material at the quarries – was constrained by transport distance. Further, temporal differences in processing and transport patterns are evident that are likely related to broader late Holocene changes within the region in foraging and mobility practices.

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CANNON, MOLLY BOEKA (UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY) Assessing Archaeological Site Integrity in Dunal Environments at the Dugway Proving Grounds, Tooele County, Utah Poster Symposium 4: Archaeological Investigations from the Cedar Mountain Region of the Dugway Proving Grounds (Saturday, 8:00 – 11:30, Silver Baron A) In this poster, I explore archaeological site integrity within active dune settings. We have recorded precontact archaeological sites in dunal settings in the Cedar Mountain region at the Dugway Proving Grounds. The contextual settings for these archaeological sites are both preserved primary depositions and deflated or reworked depositional environments. A spatial model details high-risk areas of active dune mobility based on wind regime, sediment availability, and vegetation coverage. I set the discussion within a larger dialog concerning climate change and cultural resource management with particular implications for cultural resources at the Dugway Proving Grounds.

CANNON, MOLLY BOEKA (UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY) See Peart, Jonathan M. See Reid, Kenneth P.

CANNON, WILLIAM J. (BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT) How’s Business?: A Review of 40 Years of CRM and the Used Site Business Symposium 1: CRM in the Great Basin, What Have We Learned? – Part II (Thursday, 1:00 – 5:00, Silver Baron E) William J. Cannon, Lakeview Resource Area Archaeologist, began working for the Lakeview District, Bureau of Land Management (BLM), in the field of Cultural Resource Management (CRM) in 1975. Following the guidance of McGimsey’s (1975) landmark book "Public Archaeology", Cannon sought to develop a sound program for the management of cultural resources on the 2.5 million acres of public land in the District. Support for a CRM program within the BLM began to build after passage of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act (FLPMA) in 1976 along with other legislation and federal guidelines. In the coming years, Cannon sought innovative ways in which to engage universities and individuals in the proper use and management of the resources. The success of his efforts were published in 1999, "My Life as a Used Site Salesman". This review takes a look at the used site business since then and the types of programs which have been and can be developed.

CANNON, WILLIAM J. (BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT) See Hattori, Eugene M.

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CASORT, TERESA (UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY) Investigating Settlement Duration in Response to Landscape Metrics within Dugway Proving Grounds, Tooele County, Utah Poster Symposium 4: Archaeological Investigations from the Cedar Mountain Region of the Dugway Proving Grounds (Saturday, 8:00 – 11:30, Silver Baron A) Foragers encountered challenging landscapes in the southern Great Salt Lake Desert throughout much of the Holocene. Paleoarchaic (11,000-8,000 BP) sites are concentrated in riparian valley lowlands, however, settlement ranges extended into upland contexts following the onset of warmer, drier conditions and the desiccation of the Old River Bed ecosystem approximately 8,000 BP. According to Madsen’s extensive work in the region, long-term residences should exhibit a higher proportion of thick, heavily used metates, while brief occupations should display a bimodal distribution of thin heavily used metates and thick metates with less use. We apply these ideas to classify groundstone sites within the Dugway Proving Ground Installation into residence classes, and relate them to landscape metrics to assess landscape use. Landscape metrics include elevation and landform as explanatory variables for formal analysis using regression trees and simple descriptive statistics.

CATACORA, ANDREA (ASM AFFILIATES) See Branch, Sarah E.

CHASE, JOSH (BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT) Prescribed Fire and Unmanned Aerial Studies at the Henry Smith Site 2015-2016 Symposium 6: Innovative Approaches to the Use of Archaeological Data in Public Land Management (Friday 8:00 – 10:30, Silver Baron D) In 2015 and 2016 BLM MT/DAK performed a light intensity grassland burn over a large portion of the Henry Smith site (24PH0794) in Phillips County. The prescribed fire was utilized in order to remove vegetation and expose a myriad of prehistoric features. Following the fire, traditional archaeological methods teamed with an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV or Drone) and a USFWS manned aircraft led to the discovery of over 2,400 newly recorded features identified within the burn unit (less than 600 acres). Other studies performed at the same time recorded specific temperature values and effects in relation to grassland fires and their interactions with prehistoric stone features (both surface and subsurface).

CHERKINSKY, ALEXANDER (UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA) See Smith, Geoffrey M.

CISNEROS, LEO (HRA INC., CONSERVATION ARCHAEOLOGY) Symposium Discussant Symposium 15: Virgin Branch Origins: The Jackson Flat Reservoir Project in Kanab, Utah (Saturday, 8:00 – 12:45, Silver Baron D)

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CLAY, VICKIE (FAR WESTERN ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH GROUP) See Lenzi, Michael

CODDING, BRIAN F. (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) ZEANAH, DAVID W. (CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO) YOUNG, D. CRAIG (FAR WESTERN…GROUP) COLTRAIN, JOAN BRENNER (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) MARTIN, ERIK P. (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) ELSTON, ROBERT G. (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) Prearchaic Adaptations in the Central Great Basin: Preliminary Findings from a Stratified Open-Air Site in Grass Valley, Nevada General Poster Session 1: Terminal Pleistocene/Early Holocene Archaeology (Thursday, 1:00 – 4:30, Silver Baron A) Early Holocene occupants of the Great Basin preferentially occupied highly productive habitats surrounding pluvial lakes. While growing evidence details the adaptations of these Prearchaic foragers in the Eastern and Western Great Basin, our understanding of the Central Great Basin remains impoverished, largely due because of the limited number of stratified archaeological sites containing well preserved material suitable for faunal analysis and radiocarbon dating. However, recent investigations of an open-air site along the northern shore of Pleistocene Lake Gilbert in Grass Valley, Nevada have revealed a buried deposit with preserved organic material associated with Prearchaic technology. Here we report preliminary analyses examining the chronology, subsistence, and technology associated with the site. Geoarchaeological analyses of soil map units and landforms suggest that similar sites are likely to be found elsewhere in Grass Valley. These findings help clarify our view of Prearchaic foragers in the Central Great Basin and expand our understanding of the earliest adaptation in the region.

CODDING, BRIAN F. (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) See Magargal, Kate See Parker, Ashley See Zeanah, David W.

COE, MARION (TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY) Wild Plant Use in the Eastern Great Basin: Perspectives from Bonneville Estates Rockshelter (26EK3682), Nevada General Session 5: Recent Advances in Great Basin Textile Analysis (Friday, 1:00 – 2:30, Silver Baron 6) In the Great Basin, plants used for the construction of material culture predictably grow in ecological zones associated with differences in precipitation. Great Basin people in the past traveled between these zones to gather and tend wild plant species for the manufacture of perishable material culture. This presentation reviews botanical and ethnographic data on perishable artifact manufacture in the Great Basin, and presents the results of a plant fiber 61 35th Great Basin Anthropological Conference - 2016

identification study of early through late Holocene basketry, cordage, netting, and snares from Bonneville Estates Rockshelter (26EK3682) in Elko County, Nevada. Results indicate periods of technological change throughout the Holocene, which are considered in the context of debates regarding the relationship between ecological adaptation and cultural change among human populations in the eastern Great Basin.

COE, MARION (TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY) See Goebel, Ted

COLE, KENNETH L. (NORTHERN ARIZONA UNIVERSITY) See D’Andrea, Rob

COLLIGAN, KAELY (FAR WESTERN ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH GROUP) HILDEBRANDT, WILLIAM R. (FAR WESTERN…GROUP) Native Stoneworking Across Northern Nevada Poster Symposium 3: Prehistory of Nevada’s Northern Tier: Highlights from the Ruby Pipeline Project (Friday, 1:00 – 4:30, Silver Baron A) Interesting characteristics from flaked stone assemblages recovered during the Ruby Pipeline project portray varied production patterns across the northern swatch of Nevada. Single-component assemblages reveal a transition from obsidian dominate landscapes in the west to cryptocrystalline silicate areas in the east over time. Data from these areas support several trans-Holocene changes in tool stone selection, production intensity, and reduction strategies which can be linked to broader changes in demography, land-use patterns, and work organization – most notably, the changes that occur late in time when the intensity of flaked stone production crashes and people’s interest in biface reduction declines as well.

COLTRAIN, JOAN BRENNER (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) See Codding, Brian F.

CONNOLLY, THOMAS F. (UNIVERSITY OF OREGON) FINLEY, JUDSON BYRD (UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY) SMITH, GEOFFREY M. (UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO) JENKINS, DENNIS L. (UNIVERSITY OF OREGON) ENDZWEIG, PAMELA E. (UNIVERSITY OF OREGON) O’NEILL, BRIAN L. (UNIVERSITY OF OREGON) BAXTER, PAUL W. (UNIVERSITY OF O) Return to Fort Rock Cave Symposium 10: Recent Contributions to Paleoindian Archaeology in the Great Basin (Friday 1:00 – 5:00, Silver Baron E) Fort Rock Cave is iconic in the archaeology of the northern Great Basin. In 1938, Luther Cressman recovered dozens of sagebrush bark sandals from beneath a layer of Mt. Mazama 62 35th Great Basin Anthropological Conference - 2016

ash that were later radiocarbon dated between 10,400 and 9300 cal. BP. In 1970 Stephen Bedwell reported finding lithic tools with a hearth dating to more than 15,000 cal. BP, a date dismissed as unreasonably old by most of his colleagues. Now, with evidence of a nearly 15,000 year old occupation at the nearby Paisley Caves, a reevaluation of the early Fort Rock date was launched to more fully report both Cressman’s and Bedwell’s findings. Tabulation of their collections in the UO Museum of Natural and Cultural History revealed the full extent of their unpublished data. Additional fieldwork at Fort Rock Cave was undertaken in 2015 and 2016 to assess the site’s integrity and the age of its earliest deposits.

CONNOLLY, THOMAS F. (UNIVERSITY OF OREGON) See Hattori, Eugene M.

CREER, SARAH (SWCA ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS) BECK, R. KELLY (SWCA ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS) A Brief Introduction to the Sigurd to Red Butte Transmission Project Symposium 9: Managing a Landscape of Cultural Resources: Lessons Learned from the Sigurd to Red Butte Transmission Project in Southwestern Utah (Friday, 10:45 – 12:00, Silver Baron 4) The Sigurd to Red Butte No. 2 345 kV transmission line is an approximately 170-mile-long transmission line that runs through five counties in central and southwestern Utah. In the course of the project, over 500 archaeological sites were encountered during survey, of which 108 were treated for adverse effects through monitoring, testing, excavation, or historic documentation. The cultural resource work was completed by multiple contractors and included coordination with multiple federal and state agencies. This large and complicated project resulted in a large body of archaeological data and in numerous lessons learned about cultural resource management on large, linear projects.

CREER, SARAH (SWCA ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS) See Cannon, Michael

CREGER, CLIFF C. (NEVADA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION) See Pellegrini, Evan J.

CROMWELL, R-PATRICK D. (UNIVERSITY OF OREGON) How the Fish (Pisces) Remains Contribute to Our Understanding of Paisley 5 Mile Point Cave General Poster Session 1: Terminal Pleistocene/Early Holocene Archaeology (Thursday, 1:00 – 4:30, Silver Baron A) The Paisley Caves contain evidence of human habitation as early as 14,500 cal. BP. The dry and sheltered environment within these caves has resulted in exceptional preservation of faunal materials, including the remains of fish. Presented here are the results of identification and analysis of the recovered fish remains from Paisley Cave 2, including interpretation of remains found in close association to a possible hearth feature. This work

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contributes to our understanding of local Terminal Pleistocene/Early Holocene paleoecology at this important site.

CRUZ, DARREL (WASHOE TRIBE OF CALIFORNIA AND NEVADA) Participant Roundtable Discussion: When Archaeological Sites are More than Data (Friday, 8:00 – 10:00, Silver Baron C)

CRUZ, DARREL (WASHOE TRIBE OF CALIFORNIA AND NEVADA) NEVERS, JOANNE (WASHOE TRIBE OF CALIFORNIA AND NEVADA) Consultation Beyond the Legal Requirements Symposium 1: CRM in the Great Basin, What Have We Learned? – Part II (Thursday, 1:00-5:00, Silver Baron E) The Washoe Tribe’s Cultural Resources Department includes the functions of the Tribal Historic Preservation Office. The Department has an active CRM program designed to protect, study and preserve cultural resources on traditional tribal lands in Nevada and California. There is also a very active Cultural Resources Advisory Council made up of elders dedicated to preserve traditional culture and language and teaching Washoe youth and the community-at-large about Washoe history.

CUNNAR, GEOFFREY (WESTERN CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT) STONER, EDWARD J. (WESTERN CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT) BULLARD, TOM (DESERT RESEARCH INSTITUTE) Reconstructing a Paleoarchaic Afternoon 12,000 years ago at Fire Creek, Nevada Symposium 10: Recent Contributions to Paleoindian Archaeology in the Great Basin (Friday 1:00 – 5:00, Silver Baron E) Archaeological investigations were conducted by WCRM in the Fire Creek Archaeological District in the central Great Basin. We address the results of investigations at Locus AR, a Paleoarchaic site containing a buried soil with abundant stemmed points and a Levallois- like reduction trajectory dating to the Younger Dryas. Through an examination of depositional history, the chaîne opératoire and spatial analyses, we suggest that the artifacts located both on the surface and in the buried soil are indicative of a moment in time in which Paleoarchaic hunters discarded broken points and refitted new ones to hafts. The identification of buried soils on alluvial fans and the ramifications for future archaeological work in such contexts is addressed. Locus AR is a unique feature of the landscape amenable to all scales of analyses ranging from global to regional to inter-site spatial. We focus on the micro scale which we believe merits much more attention in the Great Basin.

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D’ANDREA, ROB (SWCA ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS) Paleobotanical Research at Five Prehistoric Sites for the Sigurd to Red Butte Transmission Project Poster Symposium 1: Archaeological Research of the Sigurd to Red Butte Transmission Project (Thursday, 1:00 – 4:30, Silver Baron A) Five out of nine sites (42BE1557, 42BE1558, 42BE3783, 42SV2581, and 42WS5748) analyzed by NMHU personnel for botanical remains had strong dietary and/or environmental signals, helping to address Project research questions within the themes of Subsistence and Settlement, Season of Occupation, and Site Structure. Results suggest that many plant species contributed to Fremont diet, including Chenopodium spp., Poaceae, Ranunculaceae, Cyperaceae, Polygonaceae, Typhaceae, Solanum jamesii, Fritillaria pudica, Leymus spp., Zea mays, and potentially Calochortus spp. and Lomatium spp., supporting the theory that the Fremont were foragers who planted and tended Z. mays within the constructs of a more mobile lifeway.

D’ANDREA, ROB (SWCA ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS) ANDERSON, R. SCOTT (NORTHERN ARIZONA UNIVERSITY) ZWEIFEL, MATT (BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT) COLE, KENNETH L. (NORTHERN ARIZONA UNIVERSITY) BURGARD, BRITTANY (NORTHERN ARIZONA UNIV.) Paleoecology of Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument: Human Landscape Impacts and Management Implications on the Colorado Plateau General Poster Session 3: Environment, Subsistence, and Technology (Friday, 1:00 – 4:30, Silver Baron A) Climate, fire and vegetation histories were created for two locations in GSENM. Fiftymile Mountain was dominated by open juniper woodland during the middle Holocene, transitioned to more dense juniper-pinyon woodland during the late Holocene, and has been dominated by pinyon-juniper woodland historically. Fire occurrence increased with Formative settlement then increased dramatically following Formative abandonment. Reductions in arboreal taxa and increases in disturbance related taxa suggest Fiftymile was managed for agriculture during the Formative. Meadow Canyon has been dominated by juniper-pinyon woodland throughout the late Holocene. Prior to the Formative, there had been a large fire event approximately every 200-300 years, but local fire occurrence has decreased dramatically since then, likely due to human management. On the Wygaret Terrace, bean was cultivated during Basketmaker III times, bean and corn during Pueblo II times, and bean during Paiute times. In Meadow Canyon, bean was cultivated during Pueblo II times.

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DANSIE, AMY (NEVADA STATE MUSEUM, RETIRED) The Archaeological Landscape of Hot Springs Mountain and the Forty Mile Desert Plenary Session: Featured Landscapes: Interpreting Great Basin Archaeology at Regional Scales (Thursday, 8:00 – 11:30, Exposition Hall B) Eight Pre-archaic sites are located on desert pavement in a vast area from Brady's Hot Spring south to Hazen and east to Parran. Three of these sites are also modified by clearing the pavement into hundreds of Pebble Mounds. A 2007 report by Stearns and McLane has resurrected the controversy of whether the mounds are the result of historic railroad ballast harvesting or rainfall runoff harvesting devices, as proven by intensive scientific analysis of identical mounds in the Negev Desert of Israel. Dansie reviews the scope and nature of the sites, including new data. Because these early stemmed point and Clovis sites overlap geographically with pebble mounds, with virtually no cultural indicators of archaic or historic land use, the mystery remains as to the age of the mounds. Although geological evidence suggests they are not early Holocene or older, review of relevant historic industrial archaeology will explain why the railroad association is not supported by facts either.

DAUB, LINDSEY (FAR WESTERN ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH GROUP) See Byerly, Ryan

DAVIS, LOREN G. (OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY) Evidence for Prismatic and Levallois Core Technologies from Western Stemmed Tradition Components at Cooper’s Ferry, Idaho Symposium 14: Honoring a Giant—David B. Madsen’s Contributions to the Science and Culture of Archaeology, Anthropology, and Related Fields in the Great Basin and Beyond are Celebrated (Saturday, 8:00 – 12:45, Silver Baron E) Excavations conducted at the Cooper’s Ferry site revealed an assemblage of lithic tools and production debitage associated with Western Stemmed Tradition (WST) components in stratified context. WST cultural components are stratigraphically separated into early and late periods. Multiple examples of Levallois core reduction, including both preferential and recurrent forms, are seen in association with the early and late WST. Several examples of likely Levallois core reduction pieces are seen, notably in linear macroflakes bearing relatively flat longitudinal cross sections, dorsal scar patterns demonstrating evidence of earlier centripetal removals, and high angle prepared striking platforms. A large fragment of a prismatic blade core, including evidence of multiple negative blade scars and a segment of its prepared unidirectional platform, was found in association with the late WST component. Multiple segments of platform bearing and non-platform bearing prismatic blades have been found in association with the early and late WST components, suggesting that the use of this core technology may extend deeper in time.

DAVIS, LOREN G. (OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY) See Lancaster, JD L.

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DAVIS-KING, SHELLY (DAVIS-KING & ASSOCIATES) The Native American Face in Bodie Symposium 4: The Many Faces of Bodie (Thursday, 3:00 – 4:15, Silver Baron 6) Within the Bodie Historic District, a National Historic Landmark in eastern California, there are a number of historic-era Native American sites that were occupied from the establishment of the Bodie mining camp in the 1850s to the time of the virtual abandonment of Bodie in the post-World War II era. Native people were attracted to the camp and its many facets, finding work as laborers and household staff, gaining food and artifacts from a myriad of sources, while maintaining a quasi-traditional lifeway. This paper will discuss the footprint of those sites, the unique artifactual components associated with them, and some of the stories that bring life to the indigenous faces in the isolated eastern Sierra.

DEGRAFFENRIED, JENNIFER (U.S. ARMY DUGWAY PROVING GROUND) TRAMMELL, JOSHUA (LOGAN SIMPSON) NELSON, NATE (LOGAN SIMPSON) Implications of Geochemical Analysis on Paleoindian Sites of the Old River Bed Delta: The Use of X-Ray Fluorescence to Determine Mobility Patterns and Foraging Territories of Pleistocene- Holocene Transition (PHT) Populations Poster Symposium 2: The Archaeology and Paleoecology of the Great Salt Lake Desert: Recent Discoveries, Technological Advances and Paleoecological Reconstruction of Utah’s West Desert (Friday, 8:00 – 11:30, Silver Baron A) Geochemical sourcing was conducted on several Paleoindian sites in order to provide lithic tool procurement, mobility patterns and foraging territories of Pleistocene-Holocene Transition (PHT) populations on the Old River Bed delta in the Bonneville Basin of Utah. Formal tools and debitage were sourced using a Tracer III SC pXRF. In general, it is widely accepted among archaeologists that during the PHT human populations throughout North America were highly mobile and ranged over vast foraging territories. Analysis of these sites combined with data on the types of tools and tool-to-debitage ratios are used to address questions related to the specific nature of PHT foragers’ occupation of the ORB delta.

DEGRAFFENRIED, JENNIFER (U.S. ARMY DUGWAY PROVING GROUND) See Hart, Isaac See Hynes, Alyssa Rose See Scott-Cummings, Linda See Simmons, Victoria See Trammell, Joshua

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DELACORTE, MICHAEL G. (CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO) Structural Foundations for the Evolution of Western Great Basin Adaptive Systems Symposium 5: A Variationist’s Offspring: Papers in Honor of R. L. Bettinger (Friday, 8:00 – 12:00, Silver Baron E) Widely acknowledged shifts in settlement patterns, assemblage structure, and organization of flaked and ground stone technologies point to no fewer than three middle-to-late Holocene adaptive poses in the western Great Basin. These range from extensive forager- like systems that persisted for millennia to historically short-lived, logistically structured, and finally, intensive storage-reliant economies. Although various techno-environmental factors have been posited to account for these patterns, growing evidence suggests they reflect more basic shifts in human demography and social organization of varying evolutionary success.

DEMAIO, JUSTIN (GREAT BASIN INSTITUTE) See Aben, Katrina

DI PAOLO, MARIANNA (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) See Parker, Ashley

DILLINGHAM, ERIC (U.S. FOREST SERVICE) See Hockett, Bryan

DOMALAON, KRYLS (CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, LOS ANGELES) A Roadside Rest for the 20th Century Motorist: Historic Artifacts from Zoo Cave, Mojave Desert, California Symposium 16: Rock Shelters of the South Range, Naval Air Weapons Station, China Lake, Mojave Desert, California (Saturday, 10:00 – 12:00, Silver Baron C) In Fall 2009, California State University, Los Angeles, investigated the prehistoric rock shelter Zoo Cave, located adjacent to a historic road near Indian Spring. We analyzed a historic component on the site’s surface, consisting of cans and other refuse that reflect a period of mining and freighting operations, mineral exploitation, commercial development, and recreational tourism. Various historic accounts describe the use of the road in this area by miners transporting precious metals to nearby mining towns, like Copper City, and by farmers and ranchers who settled near these boom towns. The turn of the century introduced activities popularized by auto clubs, including rock hunting, camping, or simple adventure seeking. Next to the site, the Navy constructed a replica of an Automobile Club sign that guided tourists in the early 1900s. Travelers likely used Zoo Cave as an area of shade and shelter near an easily accessible water source.

DREWS, MICHAEL P. (GREAT BASIN CONSULTING GROUP, LLC) See Speulda-Drews, Lou Ann

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DROLLINGER, HAROLD (DESERT RESEARCH INSTITUTE) See Beck, Colleen M.

DUKE, DARON (FAR WESTERN ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH GROUP) YOUNG, D. CRAIG (FAR WESTERN…GROUP) RICE, SARAH (FAR WESTERN…GROUP) HIRSHI, JAYNIE (AIR FORCE CIVIL ENGINEERING CENTER) KITTERMAN, ANYA (HILL AFB) The Wishbone Site: An Early Paleoindian Waterfowl Cooking Feature from the Great Salt Lake Desert Poster Symposium 2: The Archaeology and Paleoecology of the Great Salt Lake Desert: Recent Discoveries, Technological Advances and Paleoecological Reconstruction of Utah’s West Desert (Friday, 8:00 – 11:30, Silver Baron A) Recent survey on the Old River Bed delta yielded a charcoal-rich feature containing burned waterfowl bones and debitage. The feature is eroding from the playa surface and is surrounded by an associated concentration of stone tools, including Haskett projectile points. It is over 12,000 years old. Artifacts were found both on the surface and buried. In this poster, we provide details, including radiocarbon dates, faunal and macrobotanical evidence, and lithic analysis.

DUKE, DARON (FAR WESTERN ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH GROUP) YOUNG, D. CRAIG (FAR WESTERN…GROUP) Preliminary Findings on the Paleoindian Archaeology of Cave and Lake Valleys Symposium 12: Lincoln County Archaeological Initiative (Friday, 1:00 – 3:15, Silver Baron B) Far Western is conducting surveys in Cave and Lake Valleys as part of a LCAI Round 7 project to develop a Paleoindian Archaeological Context. Using both random and non- random sampling methods, the fieldwork is designed to test the predictions of a GIS-based model for the decline of Great Basin pluvial lakes and, by extension, the wetland habitats surrounding them. We infer that the Paleoindian record associated with short-lived lakes, such as Lake Cave in Cave Valley, would be more restricted to an early Paleoindian record than that associated with enduring lakes, such as Lake Carpenter in Lake Valley. Observing the differences between these neighboring basins will inform the broader regional issue of how and when Paleoindian peoples responded to the ultimate demise of the basin wetland habitats central to their land use strategy.

DUNN, JOSHUA (PROFESSIONAL CERTIFICATIONS FOR SCIENTISTS) See Webster, Chris

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ECKERLE, WILLIAM (WESTERN GEOARCH RESEARCH) FINLEY, JUDSON BYRD (UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY) TADDIE, SARAH (WESTERN GEOARCH RESEARCH) Geoarchaeological Assessment of the Jackson Flat Reservoir Symposium 15: Virgin Branch Origins: The Jackson Flat Reservoir Project in Kanab, Utah (Saturday, 8:00 – 12:45, Silver Baron D) This paper describes geological investigations performed in the early stages of the Jackson Flat project area including documentation of backhoe trench and test unit walls excavated by Bighorn Archaeological Consultants. Six sites were investigated and documentation of site geomorphology, site stratigraphy, and pedogenic soil development occurred. Optically stimulated luminescence and culturally-derived radiocarbon dates were used to develop a chronostratigraphic framework. Cultural features, including prepared-basin hearths, stone features, and cultural organic stains were noted on drawn wall profiles within their stratigraphic context and assessed for their potential to preserve spatial-behavioral context and association.

EDMISTEN, SCOTT (ROCKY MOUNTAIN POWER) See Hamilton, Robert

EDMONDS, JASON (UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS) Models of Cooperation and Prehistoric Hunting Strategies in the White Mountains Symposium 5: A Variationist’s Offspring: Papers in Honor of R. L. Bettinger (Friday, 8:00 – 12:00, Silver Baron E) Atlatl dart points and arrow points are distributed quite differently in the White Mountains. Arrow points are found almost exclusively at sites, while dart points are commonly found as isolates. These patterns likely reflect different hunting strategies, cooperative group hunting with darts and individual hunting with arrows. Game theoretic models, including the Stag Hunt, will be used to explore the payoffs to these different strategies. The transition from the atlatl to the bow and arrow will also be discussed with respect to the conditions underlying cooperative hunting and the shift from hunting primarily large game, such as mountain sheep, to including small game, such as marmots.

EDWARDS, SUSAN R. (DESERT RESEARCH INSTITUTE) Participant Roundtable Discussion: When Archaeological Sites are More than Data (Friday, 8:00 – 10:00, Silver Baron C)

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EDWARDS, SUSAN R. (DESERT RESEARCH INSTITUTE) WEDDING, JEFFREY (DESERT RESEARCH INSTITUTE) Finding Nixon – “Particulars to Follow” Symposium 11: Historical Archaeology in the Great Basin and Beyond (5.0) (Friday, 1:00 – 4:15, Silver Baron C) Born in Nevada’s Nye County under the ubiquitous promise of great mineral wealth, the mining camp of Nixon first garnered attention in January 1905. Situated on the Kawich Range’s western flanks four miles east of the Gold Reed discovery, the camp was named for George S. Nixon, a banker, mining financier, and soon-to-be elected U.S. Senator. Advertisements and reports in regional newspapers promoted the townsite highlighting its relationship to the Senator. Typically, these accounts were woefully short on details always ending with the promise of “particulars to follow”. For Nixon, however, the “particulars” never did follow. Within weeks of his election, the Senator disavowed any relationship between himself and the camp. Extensive gold deposits never materialized and the community that “never was” was soon forgotten. That is until 2011 when the camp was rediscovered during an archaeological inventory. This paper details Nixon’s brief, but unique history... “particulars to follow”.

EDWARDS, SUSAN R. (DESERT RESEARCH INSTITUTE) WEDDING, JEFFREY (DESERT RESEARCH INSTITUTE) Hot Lead Training for the Cold War: An Air-to-Ground Target in Nye County, Nevada Symposium 2: Battle Born: Interdisciplinary Investigations into Nevada’s Military Landscapes (Thursday, 1:00 – 2:30, Silver Baron B) Training and education of America’s armed forces was tantamount during the early Cold War as flare ups occurred in contested countries such as Korea. The highly technical weapons forged during the advancing jet age following World War II required exceedingly well-trained airmen to operate them effectively on the battlefield. In the 1950s, the Air Force ranges in south-central Nevada offered a proving ground for man, machine, doctrine and tactics. This paper focuses on the physical remains of a single training feature supplemented with period photographs. The air-to-ground strafing target is a reminder of the Cold War era efforts of America’s airmen as they strove to increase their proficiency and accuracy and is not dissimilar to the same efforts undertaken by today’s warfighter.

ELSTON, ROBERT G. (UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO) Madsen and Me at Jilantai Symposium 14: Honoring a Giant—David B. Madsen’s Contributions to the Science and Culture of Archaeology, Anthropology, and Related Fields in the Great Basin and Beyond are Celebrated (Saturday, 8:00 – 12:45, Silver Baron E) In 1989, Dave Madsen, Bob Bettinger, and I sought an arid region in China for research. With the Ningxia Provincial Museum and Institute of Archaeology, and grad students Jeffrey Brantingham and Karen Crawford, we surveyed in the eastern Tengger Desert, excavated a late Pleistocene site in Ningxia, and obtained new radiocarbon dates at

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Locality 2, Shidonggou. In the early 2000s we began work with Lanzhou University, Gansu; Bettinger surveyed for Paleolithic sites in the Loess Plateau and investigated the early Neolithic Dadiwan site, while Madsen and I joined a study of the archaeology and lake history of Jilantai Salt Lake in Inner Mongolia, a remnant of tectonically dammed Yellow River megalake Hetao, 155-87 ka. Our efforts at Jilantai illustrate the difficulty of cooperative research overseas including language, setting priorities, and technical differences. Neither of us consider our work at Jilantai to be complete although we are still working on it.

ELSTON, ROBERT G. (UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO) See Bettinger, Robert L. See Codding, Brian F. See Zeanah, David W.

ENDZWEIG, PAMELA E. (UNIVERSITY OF OREGON) See Connolly, Thomas J.

ERICSON, ANDREW MITCHELL (PROFESSIONAL CERTIFICATIONS FOR SCIENTISTS) See Webster, Chris

ERNSTEIN, JULIE (NATIONAL PARK SERVICE) Participant Roundtable Discussion: When Archaeological Sites are More than Data (Friday, 8:00 – 10:00, Silver Baron C)

FARRELL, JENNA (CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO) See Hanrahan, Katie

FEHRENBACH, SHAWN (PALEOWEST ARCHAEOLOGY) HAMMER, BEN (PALEOWEST ARCHAEOLOGY) New Technologies in Rock Art Recordation in Little Petroglyph Canyon, Naval Air Weapons Station, China Lake, California Symposium 7: Rock Art in the Great Basin: Contemporary Approaches (Friday, 8:00 – 10:15, Silver Baron B) Little Petroglyph Canyon represents one of the densest concentrations of rock art documented in the New World. As part of the Coso Rock Art District, the site is a National Historic Landmark District Managed by the Navy. Documentation of the petroglyphs in Little Petroglyph Canyon has proven difficult, given the density of the rock art and complexity of the landscape. The Navy has entered into a contract with PacArctic and PaleoWest Archaeology in order to test the application of new technologies to recording this site. We are employing photogrammetry and 3D-modeling to provide a baseline for a

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GIS-based management tool and two virtual reality outreach tools in documenting the rock art in a 200-m sample study area within Little Petroglyph Canyon. This paper presents the preliminary results of this study.

FERBRACHE, CALEB (UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY) Last Canyon Cave: A Window into the Late Pleistocene Environment of the Bighorn Basin General Session 4: Paleoethnobotanical and Paleoenvironmental Studies in the Desert West (Friday, 1:00 – 3:30, Silver Baron D) Last Canyon Cave, located in the Pryor Mountains in southern Montana, possesses a lengthy aeolian sedimentary record beginning approximately 90,000 years ago. In addition, Last Canyon Cave possess the remarkable status of being located immediately south of the Laurentide ice sheet at its furthest extent, and in close proximity to the Alberta ice-free corridor. Previous projects at Last Canyon Cave have included 14C dating, AMS dating, pollen analysis, and coprolite analysis. The current research aims to add an OSL chronology and grain-size analysis to the existing data. The resulting synthesis of these studies will provide a robust and multi-faceted image of the world that greeted the First Americans, particularly those people in and around the Bighorn Basin, showing the environmental conditions and fluctuations that might have inspired their strategies for survival.

FERGUSON, JEFFREY (MURR) See Griset, Suzanne

FINLEY, JUDSON BYRD (UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY) Late Quaternary History of Pluvial Lake Catlow, Southeastern Oregon: A Preliminary Consideration Symposium 10: Recent Contributions to Paleoindian Archaeology in the Great Basin (Friday 1:00 – 5:00, Silver Baron E) Stratigraphic exposures at the Frenchglen Dump provide new information about the Late Quaternary history of southeastern Oregon’s Pluvial Lake Catlow. Longshore currents formed a baymouth bar isolating the northeastern margin of the lake basin and preserving shorelines and sediments that document the last several millennia of the lake history. The ca. 13 kya Mount St. Helens set sg tephra is exposed in the Frenchglen Dump trench and drapes a shoreline exposed in an ODOT quarry pit. This marker bed also occurs in a backhoe trench through a higher shoreline where it lies beneath an angular unconformity formed by beach gravels of a post-13 kya lake. Our working hypothesis proposes that Pluvial Lake Catlow reached a late Pleistocene highstand between 13-11 kya. Recessional beach dunes near the Frenchglen Dump correspond to prominent shorelines throughout the valley indicating that Pluvial Lake Catlow persisted well into the early Holocene.

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FINLEY, JUDSON BYRD (UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY) See Connolly, Thomas J. See Eckerle, William See Ideker, Carlie See Olsen, Richard L.

FISHER, JACOB L. (CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO) GOSHEN, SHANNON (NEVADA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION) NEME, GUSTAVO (CONICET-MUSEO DE HISTORIA…SAN RAFAEL) OTAOLA, CLARA (CONICET-MUSEO DE…SAN RAFAEL) GIARDINA, MIGUEL (CONICET-MUSEO…SAN RAFAEL) GIL, ADOLFO (CONICET-MUSEO…SAN RAFAEL) Alpine Artiodactyl Hunting and Selective Transportation: A Comparative Analysis of Artiodactyl Assemblages of the White Mountains, California and Andes Mountains, Argentina General Session 2: Prehistoric Settlement and Subsistence (Thursday, 1:00 – 4:45, Silver Baron C) The shifting use of the alpine zone from logistical to residential occupation during the late Holocene has long been a topic of discussion in Great Basin archaeology. It is expected that the ways in which foragers map themselves onto the landscape will be reflected in the faunal record. Central-place foragers minimize the costs of transporting large game by increasing in-field processing to reduce transport weight. Greater selective transportation of high utility skeletal parts to lower elevations is expected for logistical large game hunters in the alpine zone, in contrast to greater skeletal part representation for residential foragers. Results of a comprehensive analysis of skeletal part completeness and taphonomy of artiodactyl assemblages from high-elevation sites in the White Mountains of the western Great Basin and the Andes of central-western Argentina are used to test predictions of selective transportation to lowland sites versus residential occupation in the alpine zone.

FOWLER, CATHERINE S. (UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO) Discussant Symposium 15: Virgin Branch Origins: The Jackson Flat Reservoir Project in Kanab, Utah (Saturday, 8:00 – 12:45, Silver Baron D)

FOWLER, CATHERINE S. (UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO) See Hattori, Eugene M.

FOWLER, DON D. (UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO) CRM Thirty Years On Symposium 1: CRM in the Great Basin, What Have We Learned? – Part II (Thursday, 1:00 – 5:00, Silver Baron E) In a 1986 paper I reviewed the current status of the Cultural Resources Management (CRM) system in the Great Basin, together with a sampling of the good, the bad, and the 74 35th Great Basin Anthropological Conference - 2016

indifferent procedures and practices, and substantive results thereof. The purpose of this symposium is an update: to evaluate present-day CRM organizations, agencies as well as practices and substantive results and suggest changes needed to better fulfill the scientific and historical mandate of the Preservation System: to generate and make publically available accurate and useful knowledge about the environmental and cultural histories of the Great Basin region.

FOWLER, DON D. (UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO) Early Madsen Symposium 14: Honoring a Giant—David B. Madsen’s Contributions to the Science and Culture of Archaeology, Anthropology, and Related Fields in the Great Basin and Beyond are Celebrated (Saturday, 8:00 – 12:45, Silver Baron E) Facets of David Madsen's early career are discussed and analyzed.

FOWLER, DON D. (UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO) Discussant Symposium 15: Virgin Branch Origins: The Jackson Flat Reservoir Project in Kanab, Utah (Saturday, 8:00 – 12:45, Silver Baron D)

FRAMPTON, FRED (U.S. FOREST SERVICE, RETIRED) Tribal Consultation in Nevada and Eastern California: A 30 Year Program Evolution, from the Perspective of a Forest Archaeologist-Tribal Relations Coordinator, Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest Symposium 1: CRM in the Great Basin, What Have We Learned? – Part II (Thursday, 1:00 – 5:00, Silver Baron E) The Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest has worked with 24 federally recognized tribes in Nevada and an additional 12 tribes in Utah, California and Idaho. Tribal consultation – under NHPA, NAGPRA, ARPA and EO13007 – has been a federal responsibility not often in the purview of archaeological contractors and academia. Federal agencies, such as the US Forest Service, have met the complexities of government-to-government consultation by following federal legislation, policy, regulations and executive orders, while tribes have generally addressed Cultural Resource Management consultation based upon their own tribal goals and cultural values. This paper examines the increasing sophistication, over the past 30 years, of CRM consultation between Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest management and its CRM staff vis a vis tribal councils, tribal elders and their CRM staffs.

FREDERICKS, BRIAN (BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT) See Abplanalp, Jenn

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FRIERSON, ANDREW (WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY) Rock Creek Shelter (35LK22): Archaeological Investigations of an Orphaned Collection General Session 3: Prehistoric Technology and Raw Material Studies (Friday, 8:00 – 11:45, Silver Baron 6) In 1967, Rock Creek Shelter (35LK22), located in Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge in Lake County, Oregon, was excavated by a team of Washington State University archaeologists. Three trenches were dug within the shelter and revealed a stratified record of a frequent occupation that may potentially extend into the early Archaic. The excavation recovered a chipped stone assemblage (n=1,307), cordage/basketry and other perishable material (n=464), ground stone (n=24), faunal remains (n=1,046), and numerous samples (n=68). This paper will report on the ongoing study of the site that includes an evaluation of the site stratigraphy, analysis of the recovered collection with a particular emphasis on the chipped stone assemblage, and discuss what new information has been gathered from radiocarbon dating, obsidian sourcing, and volcanic tephra identification. These new data will allow us to fit the site within the larger archaeological sequence of the Northern Great Basin.

FURLONG, JULIA (EASTERN WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY) See Galm, Jerry R.

GALM, JERRY R. (EASTERN WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY) IVES, RYAN (EASTERN WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY) FURLONG, JULIA (EASTERN WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY) GOUGH, STAN (EASTERN WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY) NIALS, FRED Late Paleoindian Sentinel Gap Site Occupation Floor Distribution Analyses General Poster Session 1: Terminal Pleistocene/Early Holocene Archaeology (Thursday, 1:00 – 4:30, Silver Baron A) Interpretation of the single occupation episode at the Late Paleoindian Sentinel Gap site provides a unique opportunity to examine occupation floor debris and feature distributions. Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), point pattern, and other distribution analyses we explore dimensions of residential patterning in this highly organized occupation. Of special concern is the examination of two burned features that may have served as dwellings. Also reviewed is the complex issue of abandonment strategy and its potential impact on artifact curation.

GAREY-SAGE, DARLA (NEVADA STATE MUSEUM) QUINLAN, ANGUS (NEVADA ROCK ART FOUNDATION) Public Interpretation of Select Rock Art Sites in Lincoln County, Nevada Symposium 12: Lincoln County Archaeological Initiative (Friday, 1:00 – 3:15, Silver Baron B) Supported by grants from the LCAI, the Nevada Rock Art Foundation created brochures and webpages that publicly interpreted the archaeology of five major rock art 76 35th Great Basin Anthropological Conference - 2016

concentrations in Lincoln County. The goal of public interpretation is to protect cultural resources by enhancing public knowledge of their heritage and education value. Critical to public interpretation is presenting archaeological theory and data in an accessible manner. The rock art sites and districts that were selected for interpretation are all well-known and well-visited public sites (White River Narrows, Mount Irish, Ash Springs, Crystal Wash, and Shooting Gallery) with existing trail guides. NRAF’s interpretive program sought to supplement existing management plans for the project areas by developing public education resources that place the rock art in its wider archaeological context, highlighting its heritage and academic significance.

GAREY-SAGE, DARLA (NEVADA STATE MUSEUM) See Long, Lucinda See Quinlan, Angus

GARFINKEL, ALAN (ULTRASYSTEMS ENVIRONMENTAL) Powerful and Potent: Projectile Pointed Animal-Humans of the Coso Range Symposium 7: Rock Art in the Great Basin: Contemporary Approaches (Friday, 8:00 – 10:15, Silver Baron B) The Coso Range is recognized as having the greatest concentration of prehistoric rock drawings in the Western Hemisphere. One class of images are animal-human figures with projectile points. Recent research reveals that there are more of these images than originally identified. Experimental X-ray fluorescence and morphological assessment provide an estimate of their age. Close study allows us to posit working hypotheses regarding their nature and function. It is suggested that these figures are principally associated with reproductive symbolism – fertility of the earth and human fecundity.

GARFINKEL, ALAN (ULTRASYSTEMS ENVIRONMENTAL) See O’Neil, Steve

GARVEY, RAVEN (UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN) Lithic Technological Change in Prehistoric Northern Patagonia Symposium 5: A Variationist’s Offspring: Papers in Honor of R. L. Bettinger (Friday, 8:00 – 12:00, Silver Baron E) Lithic projectiles appear to have changed little – and relatively slowly – in northern Argentine Patagonia during the approximately 10,000 years since initial occupation. Among various factors that might account for this trend is the effect of population size on innovation and adoption rates. Building on Bettinger’s treatments of population dynamics and technological change, this paper explores adaptations to northern Patagonia’s marginal environment from a perspective of methodological individualism on the one hand (e.g., optimization analysis) and, on the other, as a process that was highly density-dependent.

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GATENBEE, AMY (SWCA ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS) See Griset, Suzanne

GAUTHIER, JON (SWCA ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS) Fremont Settlement and the “Culture Core” Concept Poster Symposium 1: Archaeological Research of the Sigurd to Red Butte Transmission Project (Thursday, 1:00 – 4:30, Silver Baron A) Current models of Fremont settlement patterns suggest that the geographical extent of large aggregated population centers defined by sites associated with large, labor intensive surface structures oscillated throughout the Fremont period around a “culture core” area centered on the Great Basin-Colorado Plateau transition zone in central Utah due to various intertwined social and environmental factors. Evidence for long-term settlement and/or intensive short-term repeated settlement is largely lacking from the archaeological record in the Escalante and Sevier Desert regions of western Utah prior to ca. 880-1040 B.P., the period in which large previously investigated sites representing significant habitation areas first begin to appear. However, new evidence from data recovery excavations at three sites (42BE1557, 42BE1558, and 42BE3783) for the Sigurd to Red Butte Transmission Project suggest that some Fremont groups may have been closely tethered to the area earlier than previously thought. This poster examines lines of evidence including surface structures, midden deposits, and concentrations of specific artifact types (lithic microdebitage, non- portable groundstone, and thick walled ceramics) associated with radiocarbon dates which seem to indicate that the Beaver Bottoms in southwest Utah may have been intensively occupied prior to previously accepted dates for the beginning of Fremont westward expansion into the Bonneville Basin. Additional data recovery along the Beaver River may yield additional evidence for the early manifestation of permanent or semi-permanent Fremont settlements in the region, and may further reinforce the significance of the area as a distinct zone for population aggregation rather than an area occupied by transitory groups moving to and from larger Fremont cultural centers to the south and east.

GEORGE, NICOLE (UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO) See Jamaldin, Sophia A. See Reaux, Derek

GIAMBASTIANI, MARK (G2 ARCHAEOLOGY) One Deathwad, One Piece of Fruit, and One Cookie: A Brief Retrospective on Bettinger’s U.C. Davis Archaeological Field Schools in the White Mountains Symposium 5: A Variationist’s Offspring: Papers in Honor of R. L. Bettinger (Friday, 8:00 – 12:00, Silver Baron E) This paper looks back at the cast, crew, and contributions of Robert Bettinger’s archaeological field schools in the White Mountains from 1985 to 1990. Tales of victory, humor, and woe contextualize the fieldwork efforts that ultimately produced fundamental data for studies of high-altitude prehistoric human adaptations in the Great Basin.

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GIAMBASTIANI, MARK (G2 ARCHAEOLOGY) Native American Occupations at Logan City, An 1860s-1870s Mining Camp at Mt. Irish, Lincoln County, Nevada Symposium 12: Lincoln County Archaeological Initiative (Friday, 1:00 – 3:15, Silver Baron B) This paper describes an LCAI-funded excavation program completed at Logan City, a small mining camp in the Pahranagat Mining District. The study was aimed at identifying historic-age Native American occupations at the townsite and involved test excavations at several house structures – some of them presumed to be of Euro-American affinity and others suspected to be of Native American affinity. Proceeding from a set of basic assumptions about Native American technological adaptations during early historic times, excavations found 1860s Native American occupations essentially side-by-side those of Euro-American residents.

GIARDINA, MIGUEL (CONICET-MUSEO DE HISTORIA NATURAL DE SAN RAFAEL) See Fisher, Jacob L.

GIL, ADOLFO (CONICET-MUSEO DE HISTORIA NATURAL DE SAN RAFAEL) See Fisher, Jacob L.

GILBERT, HOLLIE (IDAHO NATIONAL LABORATORY) MCGRIFF, PAYTON (UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO) HENRIKSON, NORMAN (BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT) Refining Historic Trail Signatures: Recent Investigations of Goodale’s Cutoff Symposium 3: Current Research in Idaho (Thursday, 1:00 – 3:45, Silver Baron C) Goodale’s Cutoff is a 230-mile northern spur of the Oregon Trail that was a popular route across southern Idaho from the 1850s through the 1860s for emigrant travel and access to newly established gold fields in central Idaho. The route passed north from Fort Hall toward Big Southern Butte, the Big Lost River, and the present-day town of Arco, Idaho, skirted around the northern margin of lava flows at Craters of the Moon National Monument, and then headed southwest to Camas Prairie, ending in the Boise Valley. Recent research and field studies are helping to refine understanding of the Cutoff and associated properties (i.e., pioneer burials, undisturbed ruts, large campsites) in an important stretch in the vicinity of Big Southern Butte and the Big Lost River. This paper provides a brief summary of new discoveries made through archival research (original diaries, historic aerial photos, local repositories), metal detector and ground penetrating radar surveys, forensic analysis (i.e., cadaver dogs and handlers), and outreach to living relatives.

GILBERT, HOLLIE (IDAHO NATIONAL LABORATORY) See Armstrong, Trent See Pace, Brenda R. 79 35th Great Basin Anthropological Conference - 2016

GINGERICH, ERIC (FAR WESTERN ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH GROUP) See Byerly, Ryan M.

GOEBEL, TED (TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY) GRAF, KELLY (TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY) COE, MARION (TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY) KEENE, JOSHUA (TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY) Some New Results from Bonneville Estates Rockshelter, Western Bonneville Basin, Nevada Symposium 14: Honoring a Giant—David B. Madsen’s Contributions to the Science and Culture of Archaeology, Anthropology, and Related Fields in the Great Basin and Beyond are Celebrated (Saturday, 8:00 – 12:45, Silver Baron E) Many years ago when David Madsen first visited Bonneville Estates Rockshelter with BLM archaeologists, he considered the shelter unlikely to contain an important record because it was “too far from the marsh.” Later, on a return visit during our excavations there, he and David Rhode spent a day digging furiously to determine whether Lake Bonneville’s high-shoreline beach deposit was preserved at the base of the shelter’s stratigraphic profile. The Daves turned out to be digging in the wrong place and didn’t unearth any gravels that day. Despite these early encounters, Madsen’s ‘get it done’ attitude became an inspiration and continues to motivate us to finish what became a very long and involved Bonneville Estates project. Here we present an update on the materials analyses that are nearing completion, focusing on chronological changes in flaked-stone, ground- stone, and perishables technologies, considering them in the context of the shelter’s developing paleoecological record as well as the records gleaned from other nearby localities.

GOEBEL, TED (TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY) See Pratt, Jordan E.

GOSHEN, SHANNON (NEVADA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION) See Fisher, Jacob L.

GOUGH, STAN (EASTERN WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY) See Galm, Jerry R.

GRAF, KELLY (TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY) Climate Change and Human Dispersal in NE Asia and Beringia Symposium 14: Honoring a Giant—David B. Madsen’s Contributions to the Science and Culture of Archaeology, Anthropology, and Related Fields in the Great Basin and Beyond are Celebrated (Saturday, 8:00 – 12:45, Silver Baron E) Were humans present in Northeast Asia during the LGM? The answer to this question has far-reaching implications for successful colonization of northern landscapes and the peopling of Beringia and the Americas. This paper reviews the evidence for human 80 35th Great Basin Anthropological Conference - 2016

presence in Siberia and Beringia just before, during and after the LGM and considers the archaeological evidence in the context of recent genome data obtained from both present- day and ancient DNA. Given the present data from various lines of evidence, a process of starts and stops with a late post-LGM arrival in the Americas provides the best supported dispersal scenario.

GRAF, KELLY (TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY) See Goebel, Ted

GRAYSON, DONALD K. (UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON) Sex and Death on the Western Immigrant Trail: The Donner Party Revisited Symposium 14: Honoring a Giant—David B. Madsen’s Contributions to the Science and Culture of Archaeology, Anthropology, and Related Fields in the Great Basin and Beyond are Celebrated (Saturday, 8:00 – 12:45, Silver Baron E) On their way west in 1846 from Illinois to disaster in the Sierra Nevada, the Donner Party became stuck in the western Great Salt Lake Desert, losing time that was to guarantee their later fate. The archaeological record they left here was the focus of excavations by David B. Madsen and his colleague Bruce R. Hawkins, resulting in a monograph that is required reading for anyone interested in the Donner Party story. I reanalyze the biology of that tragedy, using updated information to examine the impacts of age, sex, and family affiliation on mortality within this group. I compare these impacts with those suffered by two other 19th century immigrant groups, the 1856 Willie and Martin Handcart Companies, and use this comparison to respond to the remarkable assertion that the Donner Party was not snowbound long enough for human physiology to impact survivorship (Dixon 2011:104), and the criticism that my work fails to recognize the “biocultural construction of the body” and fails “to distinguish between the biological body, the performed body, and the categorized body” (Novak and Dixon 2011:26).

GREENWALD, ALEXANDRA M. (UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS) Mediating Women’s Time Allocation Trade-offs: Basketry Cradle Technology in the Great Basin and California General Session 5: Recent Advances in Great Basin Textile Analysis (Friday, 1:00 – 2:30, Silver Baron 6) Study of ethnographic-period basketry disproportionately focuses on decorative baskets and those manufactured for subsistence activities, often failing to consider basketry technology from a behavioral ecology perspective. This paper examines cross-cultural variation in basketry cradles within the Great Basin, with comparisons to California and the Southwest; proposes a model of pre-contact diffusion of cradle technology across the Southwest, Great Basin, and California; and considers cradles as both a form of reproductive investment, and as a technology that attenuated foraging opportunity costs and metabolic expenditures for mothers of breastfeeding infants.

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GREGORY, DANIELLE (CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, CHICO) O’BRIEN, MATTHEW (CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, CHICO) Differentiating Between Local Chert Sources Using XRF Analysis General Poster Session 3: Environment, Subsistence, and Technology (Friday, 1:00 – 4:30, Silver Baron A) X-ray fluorescence spectrometry is a non-destructive form of analysis that can be used to examine an object's chemical composition. Increased accessibility and the non-destructive nature of this technique have made it one of the more preferred methods of sourcing lithic materials such as obsidian from archaeological sites. However, there is some debate over whether this technique can be successfully applied to other lithic materials such as chert because unlike obsidian, chert is not homogeneous and can express a high degree of chemical variability within a single outcrop. This study was conducted to examine the success of using XRF analysis to differentiate between samples of chert collected from several geologic outcrops in the region surrounding the BLM managed Bare Allotment in Northwestern Nevada.

GRISET, SUZANNE (SWCA ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS) GATENBEE, AMY (SWCA ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS) OWNBY, MARY F. (DESERT ARCHAEOLOGY) FERGUSON, JEFFREY (MURR) Mobility and Ceramic Production: Chemical and Petrographic Analysis of Fremont Pottery from Southern Utah Poster Symposium 1: Archaeological Research of the Sigurd to Red Butte Transmission Project (Thursday, 1:00 – 4:30, Silver Baron A) SWCA analysis of the ceramics collected during the Sigurd-Red Butte project in southwestern Utah combined macroscopic, chemical, and petrographic data to investigate production and exchange trends of Fremont ceramics in this area. Macroscopic analysis assigned type/ware to ninety percent of the ceramics and confirmed that Fremont wares dominated the assemblage (93.9 percent), with 4.3 percent identified as Ancestral Puebloan, and 1.5 percent as Paiute/Shoshonean. Snake Valley Gray types accounted for about 63 percent of the Fremont ceramics, with Great Salt Lake and Emery gray wares each accounting for another 10 percent. Ceramic assemblages from three sites in the Beaver Bottoms included a wide diversity of ceramics wares and types, and some suggestion of local production. Fifty sherds from 12 sites were selected for chemical and petrographic study. Statistical analysis of the NAA data identified four chemical groups comprised of samples from several sites and wares. Petrographic analysis identified the non-plastic characteristics of the four chemical groups, and suggested an emphasis on resources located in mountainous areas. It also revealed that a diversity of wares crossed the four chemical/petrographic groups.

GUINN, STACEY (BOISE STATE UNIVERSITY) See Halford, F. Kirk

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HADDEN, CARLA (UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA) See Smith, Geoffrey M.

HAGOPIAN, JANET (CERAMIC ANALYST) The Ceramics of Jackson Flat Symposium 15: Virgin Branch Origins: The Jackson Flat Reservoir Project in Kanab, Utah (Saturday, 8:00 – 12:45, Silver Baron D) The ceramics recovered from the Jackson Flat Reservoir Project offer insight into the lives of the inhabitants of the Kanab region. In this paper, I address issues relating to chronology, subsistence technology, and regional exchange and interaction through the ceramic wares and types, the technological attributes (paste and temper characteristics, vessel form and function), and the stylistic attributes observed. Ceramics were recovered from seven of the 10 sites excavated and both prehistoric and historic wares are represented. Prehistoric use of the project area is represented primarily by Virgin Series sherds, with smaller amounts of sherds from the surrounding Virgin region and from the Kayenta region. These sites range in date from the Basketmaker II period to the middle Pueblo III period. Historic use of the project area is represented by a handful of Great Basin Brown Ware sherds.

HAGOPIAN, JANET (CERAMIC ANALYST) See Harry, Karen G.

HALE, MICAH (DUDEK) A Model of Ultimate Causation Symposium 5: A Variationist’s Offspring: Papers in Honor of R. L. Bettinger (Friday, 8:00 – 12:00, Silver Baron E) In this presentation, I discuss a research domain that represents one of Dr. Bob’s more substantial contributions to the field of anthropology. His Holocene Hunter Gatherers (1999) chapter in the book Archaeology at the Millennium: A Sourcebook articulated a thesis about competing economic macro-strategies, time minimizing and energy maximizing, that best account for large-scale socio-economic shifts, including the transition to agriculture. I expand on this thesis showing that it provides concise explanation for the ultimate causes of socioeconomic change and avoids the pitfalls that explanations about proximate causes fall into (i.e., the buffet-style reasoning of behavioral continua).

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HALFORD, F. KIRK (BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT) The National Historic Preservation Act at 50: The Past and Future of CRM Under the Guise of Section 106 Symposium 1: CRM in the Great Basin, What Have We Learned? – Part II (Thursday, 1:00 – 5:00, Silver Baron E) Cultural Resource Management (CRM) has in many ways become a proxy for implementation of and compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966 (as amended). Over the years since the passage of the NHPA many practitioners and authors (cf. Aikens 1986; Baldrica and Kolvet 2009; Barker 2009; Fowler 1986; James 1982; Sebastian and Lipe 2009) have evaluated the evolution of CRM under the guise of Section 106, pointing out achievements, as well as, difficulties and concerns with its implementation. After 28 years as a practitioner, this paper will summarize these previous discussions and offer both a retrospective and introspective review of the NHPA as it turns 50, providing recommendations for moving forward into a progressive future with how Section 106 is understood and applied.

HALFORD, F. KIRK (BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT) GUINN, STACEY (BOISE STATE UNIVERSITY) BARNES, KELLI (BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT) Assessing the Impacts of Post-Fire Drill Seeding on Archaeological Resources: A Case Study from the Owyhee Uplands in Southwestern Idaho Symposium 6: Innovative Approaches to the Use of Archaeological Data in Public Land Management (Friday 8:00 – 10:30, Silver Baron D) Rangeland drills are commonly employed for post fire rehab and emergency stabilization. With the assumption that adverse effects will occur, archaeological sites are flagged and avoided. This causes a site stranding effect and greater potential for post fire erosion. To better understand and quantify the effects we evaluated four archaeological sites characterized as lithic scatters. Artifacts were documented and point-plotted using sub- centimeter GPS technology, subjected to drill seeding, and subsequently replotted and reevaluated. Our study showed that minimal impact occurred to the spatial and physical integrity of the sites and their artifact constituents. Limited to no impacts to individual artifacts and on the overall distribution of artifacts suggest that, in the environmental context we worked in, rangeland drill seeding will have no significant effect to sites characterized as lithic scatters. This paper will detail the methods and results of this study.

HALFORD, F. KIRK (BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT) See Ingbar, Eric

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HALL, MARK E. (BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT) From Above the 30,000 Foot Level: The Utility and Limitations of New Generation Open-Access Satellite Imagery for Great Basin Archaeology General Poster Session 2: Natural and Cultural Landscapes (Friday, 8:00 – 11:30, Silver Baron A) While Landsat and Google Earth imagery are well known to many archaeologists, open access synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery is available from the ALOS-PALSAR satellite and Sentinel-1. Sentinel-2 is a new multispectral, high resolution optical imagery satellite which collects data across 13 spectral bands at resolutions of 10 to 60 m. These sources of imagery have been touted by European archaeologists as useful tools for archaeological survey. This poster presentation will look at the utility and limitations of this imagery through case studies conducted in the Winnemucca District. The case studies illustrate that this imagery has limited use for detecting prehistoric sites given their nature and the associated vegetation types and density. For historic period sites, these sources of imagery offer new ways of detecting historic period resources. SAR is useful for detecting palaeochannels and other geoarchaeological features since it has the ability to penetrate sandy soils.

HALL, MARK E. (BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT) Accounting for Uncertainties: A Bayesian Re-Analysis of the Summit Lake Pollen Core General Session 4: Paleoethnobotanical and Paleoenvironmental Studies in the Desert West (Friday, 1:00 – 3:30, Silver Baron D) A pollen core from Summit Lake, Nevada (Wigand 2004) is one source of palaeoclimatic information for the last 5,000 years in the NW Great Basin. In this study, climate histories are created using a Bayesian methodology as implemented in the Bclim program (Parnell et al. 2015). This methodology: 1) utilizes a multivariate approach based on modern pollen analogs, 2) assumes a non-linear, non-Gaussian relationship between climate and the pollen proxy, and 3) accounts for the uncertainities in the radiocarbon record. The Mean Temperature of the Coldest month (MTCO), Growing Degree Days above 5 Centigrade (GDD5), and the ratio of Actual to Potential Evapotranspiration (AET/PET) are reported for the past 5,000 years. While all three of these variables are fairly constant over, 2.9 to 3.0 kya there was a significant decrease in the MTCO and GDD5 that lasted for nearly 300 years. The archaeological significance of these changes will be discussed.

HAMILTON, ROBERT (ROCKY MOUNTAIN POWER) EDMISTEN, SCOTT (ROCKY MOUNTAIN POWER) “What Words Mean”: Lessons Learned from a Proponent's Perspective Symposium 9: Managing a Landscape of Cultural Resources: Lessons Learned from the Sigurd to Red Butte Transmission Project in Southwestern Utah (Friday, 10:45 – 12:00, Silver Baron 4) PacifiCorp’s Gateway Transmission concept has been underway for over a decade. Smaller projects such as Populus to Terminal and Mona to Oquirrh have been completed and larger multistate projects like Gateway South and Gateway West are still finishing up the

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permitting process. In the middle of these endeavors the Sigurd to Red Butte 345kV Transmission permitting, treatment and construction presented a variety of issues that offer a learning opportunity for the proponent, agencies and contractors. Sigurd to Red Butte is now energized and we can look back at how the 106 process worked alongside NEPA, how the timing and writing of the HPTP worked and what can be improved upon throughout the entire process. Cultural resources are at the forefront of projects such as Sigurd to Red Butte from the start. Surveys precede geotechnical evaluations and drive micro-siting. The PA and HPTP language provide a framework for mitigating impacts and determine monitoring requirements. Route changes and discoveries could drive last minute micro- siting. Finally, after the switch is flipped the cultural report outlasts most of project reclamation. With larger transmission projects on the horizon we will talk through what lessons were learned from the proponent perspective.

HAMMER, BEN (PALEOWEST ARCHAEOLOGY) See Fehrenbach, Shawn

HANES, RICHARD C. (APPLIED EARTHWORKS) Programmatic Agreements and the Growing Process of Inclusion Symposium 1: CRM in the Great Basin, What Have We Learned? – Part II (Thursday, 1:00 – 5:00, Silver Baron E) The programmatic agreement (PA) which enhances the flexibility of the Section 106 Process toward assessing effects of proposed actions has become increasingly recognized for its “democratic” or “inclusive” qualities. Locations and landscapes holding cultural heritage values that define living communities have come more into play through time in addition to the usual objects and structures. PAs serve as a vehicle for individuals and groups to be effective in preserving historical qualities of a broad spectrum of historic property types, including some types of landscapes and locations much less susceptible to protection through physical measures. The PA has become the avenue to develop creative approaches to “off-site” mitigation and certain forms of compensation. We will look at factors stimulating this transition over the past 30 years and the changing roles of stakeholders.

HANKS, BRYAN (UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH) See Canaday, Tim

HANN, DON (U.S. FOREST SERVICE) Using GIS and Lidar to Re-imagine Historic Immigrant Chinese Placer Mining Landscapes General Session 1: Archaeology in the 21st Century (Thursday, 1:00 – 3:15, Silver Baron 1) Lidar bare earth modeling has proven extremely effective for locating and mapping extensive placer mining feature complexes in forested environments. An unanticipated benefit to the accurate mapping has been the ability to visualize the relationships of the various features to each other and their placement on the landscape. Much of the placer

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mining by immigrant Chinese in the southern Blue Mountains utilized ground sluicing and low pressure hydraulicking as opposed to commercial hydraulicking equipment (monitors, giants, penstock) which required considerable capital outlay. The lower investment required for these basic techniques allowed for the exploitation of thin but extensive placer deposits generally ignored by Euro American miners. Careful fiscal management, a sophisticated understanding of the placer deposits, and knowledge of a wide range of mining techniques was critical to the success of the immigrant Chinese miners.

HANRAHAN, KATIE (CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO) FARRELL, JENNA (CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO) Prehistoric House Floor Dimensions in Owens Valley in Relation to Group Size General Poster Session 2: Natural and Cultural Landscapes (Friday, 8:00 – 11:30, Silver Baron A) It has recently been proposed that a reduction in house floor area in the prehistoric Owens Valley reflects a shift to smaller household groups, trigged by the introduction of the bow and arrow. This poster compares house floor dimensions during the Newberry (1500 BC- AD 650) and Marana periods (AD 650-contact), from several recent research reports to verify a reduction in house size. Descriptions and photographs of ethnographic houses were compared to the type and construction, chronological date, and associated assemblages of the archaeological features to examine whether or not house size can be reliably assumed to reflect group size as opposed to seasonality, function, or duration of occupation. This analysis confirms that Marana house floors are significantly smaller, indicating a changing social structure that may have been a consequence of the introduction of a new technology.

HARDIN, KEITH (HRA INC., CONSERVATION ARCHAEOLOGY) See Wintch, Kenny

HAROLD, LAURA (FAR WESTERN ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH GROUP) See Ugan, Andrew

HARRY, KAREN G. (UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, LAS VEGAS) SAKAI, SACHIKO (CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, LONG BEACH) HAGOPIAN, JANET (CERAMIC ANALYST) Patterns of Ceramic Production and Distribution at the Jackson Flat Sites Symposium 15: Virgin Branch Origins: The Jackson Flat Reservoir Project in Kanab, Utah (Saturday, 8:00 – 12:45, Silver Baron D) The Virgin Branch Puebloan (VBP) region is well known for the thriving ceramic distribution system that linked its upland and lowland communities for nearly a millennium along its western reaches. Less is known, however, about the production and circulation of ceramics in the eastern VBP area. To remedy this situation, chemical analyses (LA- ICPMS) were conducted on a sample of sherds recovered from the Jackson Flat sites. This pilot study was undertaken to investigate linkages that the residents might have had with

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other VBP settlements or Puebloan regions. In particular, we investigate (a) whether the early “brownware horizon” pottery was produced locally, (b) whether sherds classified as Tallahogan Red originated from the Kayenta region or represent a locally-produced variant, and (c) where and how the Tusayan Ware, Virgin series ceramics were produced.

HART, ISAAC (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) BRUNELLE, ANDREA (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) DEGRAFFENRIED, JENNIFER (U.S. ARMY DUGWAY PROVING GROUND) Laying the Groundwork: Multi-Core, Multi-Proxy Paleoenvironmental and Archaeological Research in the Bonneville Basin Poster Symposium 2: The Archaeology and Paleoecology of the Great Salt Lake Desert: Recent Discoveries, Technological Advances and Paleoecological Reconstruction of Utah’s West Desert (Friday, 8:00 – 11:30, Silver Baron A) Paleoenvironmental investigations have been undertaken in region of the Dugway Proving Grounds to understand the ecological and climatological controls on the temporal and spatial distribution of the terminal Pleistocene component of the archaeology in the Bonneville Basin. Multiple cores have been analyzed for mineralogical composition (XRF), sediment composition (loss-on-ignition and magnetic susceptibility), vegetation history (pollen), and fire history (charcoal). This research indicates that several of the cores span 36,000+ years and predate the initial rise of Lake Bonneville. Data suggest that the presence of Paleoindian and Holocene archaeological materials are connected to environmental conditions, previously undescribed climate events, and hydrological responses.

HARVEY, DAVID (UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO) Habitat Distribution and Territorial Maintenance: A Case Study from the Far Southern Sierra Nevada General Session 2: Prehistoric Settlement and Subsistence (Thursday, 1:00 – 4:45, Silver Baron C) This paper presents the theoretical development of an ideal free distribution (IFD) model for the ethnographic territory of the Tubatulabal of the far southern Sierra Nevada. The study area presents a unique opportunity to test the IFD in a mainland context as it lies on a natural and cultural ecotone between the Great Basin and California. Additionally, I will present preliminary results of fieldwork conducted during the University of Nevada’s 2016 Archaeological Field School, which included intensive pedestrian survey and site testing aimed at evaluating the expectations derived from this model.

HARVEY, DAVID (UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO) See Allen, Elizabeth

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HATTORI, EUGENE M. (NEVADA STATE MUSEUM) CONNOLLY, THOMAS J. (UNIVERSITY OF OREGON) FOWLER, CATHERINE S. (UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO) BARKER, PAT (NEVADA STATE MUSEUM) CAMP, ANNA J. (UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO) JENKINS, DENNIS L. (UNIVERSITY OF OREGON) CANNON, WILLIAM J. (BLM) Great Basin Textile Change and Continuity across a Changing Landscape Plenary Session: Featured Landscapes: Interpreting Great Basin Archaeology at Regional Scales (Thursday, 8:00 – 11:30, Exposition Hall B) Distinctive archaeological and ethnographic Native American textile technologies constitute perishable fiber assemblages from across the Great Basin over the past 12,500 years. Artifacts include cordage, nets, mats, sandals, bags, and baskets. In many instances, change was regional and manifested through time by appearance and loss of particular technologies. In other instances, only minor, regional technological changes are observed through time, despite significant environmental and cultural changes. We investigate technological changes and continuity in Great Basin textiles for broader insights into Native American adaptations to changing cultural and environmental landscapes.

HATTORI, EUGENE M. (NEVADA STATE MUSEUM) THOMAS, DAVID H. (AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY) FOWLER, CATHERINE S. (UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO) Three Thousand Years of Numic Basketry at Gatecliff Shelter General Session 5: Recent Advances in Great Basin Textile Analysis (Friday, 1:00 – 2:30, Silver Baron 6) James Adovasio and R. L. Andrews analyzed the textile fragments recovered from Gatecliff Shelter and concluded that this modest basketry assemblage “virtually duplicated” ethnographic Central Numic assemblages. Recent AMS analysis of these same artifacts now demonstrates that this Numic-diagnostic technology spans (at least) 3,000 years at Gatecliff Shelter. This paper explores the implications of this age estimate, which starkly contradicts the now-traditional view of the Numic language in the central Great Basin.

HATTORI, EUGENE M. (NEVADA STATE MUSEUM) See Pellegrini, Evan J.

HAUER, A. CRAIG (ASM AFFILIATES) A Least Cost Analysis of Prehistoric Sites Along the Snake River Plain Near Shoshone, Idaho General Session 2: Prehistoric Settlement and Subsistence (Thursday, 1:00 – 4:45, Silver Baron C) In the fall and winter of 2014 ASM Affiliates, Inc. conducted a cultural resources inventory of over 15,000 acres on behalf of the Bureau of Land Management prior to re-seeding of areas burned near Shoshone, Idaho. The survey resulted in the recordation of over 300 89 35th Great Basin Anthropological Conference - 2016

archaeological sites. This paper presents a least cost path analysis of prehistoric sites and discusses the results within the context of subsistence and settlement pattern along the Snake River Plain.

HECKMAN, ROBERT (STATISTICAL RESEARCH, INC.) See Schlanger, Sarah

HEIDEMAN, EILEEN (SWCA ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS) See McMurry, Sean

HELZER, MARGARET (LANE COMMUNITY COLLEGE) KENNEDY, JAIME L. (UNIVERSITY OF OREGON) Mystery of the Missing Wapato in the Northern Great Basin General Session 4: Paleoethnobotanical and Paleoenvironmental Studies in the Desert West (Friday, 1:00 – 3:30, Silver Baron D) Wapato (Sagittaria spp.), commonly known as arrowhead or duck potato, is an aquatic plant native across much of North America. In the Pacific Northwest, this nutritionally- dense tuber was traditionally harvested by various groups in Oregon, Washington, and northern California. Ethnographic (and to a lesser degree archaeological) evidence of wapato harvesting has been well documented in the western valleys and in coastal settings, but botanical remains are rarely found in northern Great Basin sites. Recently, charred wapato seeds were recovered from two archaeological sites in the Harney Basin with occupations dating to the Early Holocene and Terminal Pleistocene. In both cases, the seeds were found in open contexts without the accompaniment of the plant’s edible tubers. This paper investigates potential explanations for the absence of associated tubers in archaeological deposits and also seeks to understand the ancient cultural and climatic landscapes fostering the growth of wapato in the Great Basin.

HENNESSY, RACHEL (WESTERN OBSIDIAN FOCUS GROUP) See Origer, Tom

HENRIKSON, L. SUZANN (IDAHO NATIONAL LABORATORY) PACE, BRENDA R. (IDAHO NATIONAL LABORATORY) Human Response to the Medieval Climatic Anomaly in Southern Idaho Symposium 3: Current Research in Idaho (Thursday, 1:00 – 3:45, Silver Baron C) Current climate models suggest that the Snake River Plain experienced a sudden shift to warmer, dryer conditions coinciding with the Medieval Climatic Anomaly (MCA). As with other parts of western North America, the onset of the MCA in southern Idaho appears to have created significant resource stress, prompting resident hunter-gatherer populations to modify long-standing mobility patterns. During this time frame, a number of strategically placed rock features appear on prominent landforms in conjunction with inconspicuous base camps. These sites appeared to provide some defense or protection from unrelated

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groups who increased their seasonal round due to limited resources, or perhaps abandoned agricultural communities to the south. Material remains associated with these sites are indicative of the Numa, suggesting that the perceived threat stemmed from interlopers less familiar with the rolling basalt plain.

HENRIKSON, L. SUZANN (IDAHO NATIONAL LABORATORY) See Armstrong, Trent See Byers, David

HENRIKSON, NORMAN (BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT) See Gilbert, Hollie

HERRING, ERIN M. (UNIVERSITY OF OREGON) SABAN, CHANTEL V. (UNIVERSITY OF OREGON) Coprolites and Sediments from the Paisley Caves: How Does Their Pollen Differ? Symposium 10: Recent Contributions to Paleoindian Archaeology in the Great Basin (Friday 1:00 – 5:00, Silver Baron E) Archaeological investigations at Paisley Caves of south central Oregon have resulted in the recovery of hundreds of preserved coprolites. We present an analysis of the pollen assemblage contained within the coprolites and of their corresponding sediment samples. Both were collected at Paisley Caves, Cave 2 from well stratified and well dated stratigraphic levels. The pollen collected from the coprolites and their corresponding sediments were analyzed to measure any differences or similarities between the two pollen assemblages. The purpose was to show the ecological setting of the area immediately adjacent to the caves and the seasonal occupations of the caves by humans, as well as to perhaps determine regional movements of foragers in the northern Great Basin.

HERSHEY, ANASTASIA (NEVADA SHPO) New Developments in the Nevada Cultural Resources Information System General Session 1: Archaeology in the 21st Century (Thursday, 1:00 – 3:15, Silver Baron 1) The Nevada State Historic Preservation Office (NVSHPO) is announcing a new mapping service as part of the Nevada Cultural Resource Information System (NVCRIS). As such, there will be two online mapping tools available under NVCRIS – a Restricted and an Unrestricted service. In this session, the new Unrestricted service will be demonstrated. This new service has all the same features and capabilities as the Restricted site. However, the Unrestricted site does not contain data that is protected by National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA § 307103 [formally section 304]) or the Archaeological Resources Protection Act (ARPA §470hh). This Unrestricted site is available to those entities who have preservation responsibilities under NHPA but may not have a Secretary of Interior qualified archaeologist on staff. This presentation will not cover the Restricted NVCRIS site. If you have questions about the Restricted site, NVSHPO will have a booth in the Vendor’s Area throughout the conference.

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HERZOG, NICOLE M. (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) LOUDERBACK, LISBETH A. (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) ROVANPERA, JEN (BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT) Establishing an Online Ethnobotanical Database for the Northwest Great Basin General Session 4: Paleoethnobotanical and Paleoenvironmental Studies in the Desert West (Friday, 1:00 – 3:30, Silver Baron D) In this presentation we introduce a newly established online ethnobotanical database for the Northwest Great Basin (https://nhmu.utah.edu/native-plants). The database includes information on traditional, common, and scientific plant names, plant description and distribution, and an extensive review of ethnographically-documented human uses for native plants. The database differs from other online ethnobotanical resources in that it includes photographs of microbotanical (starch grains) and macrobotanical components. In creating this publically available database we hope to support several research/management goals: (1) provide synthesis and compilation of information regarding living cultural resources in the Northwest Great Basin; (2) expand archaeobotanical research opportunities for management agencies, cultural resource management operatives, and researchers by providing accessible data on past plant use; and (3) distribute knowledge regarding the cultural importance of native plants to a broader audience.

HERZOG, NICOLE M. (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) See Louderback, Lisbeth

HILDEBRANDT, WILLIAM R. (FAR WESTERN ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH GROUP) Colonization of Northern Nevada Poster Symposium 3: Prehistory of Nevada’s Northern Tier: Highlights from the Ruby Pipeline Project (Friday, 1:00 – 4:30, Silver Baron A) The Ruby Pipeline corridor passes through four major habitat zones. Maximum resource productivity occurs in the west, and declines when moving in an easterly direction. Consistent with the expectations of Ideal Free Distribution modeling, the most productive zones were occupied first, followed by the infilling of the others over time. This sequence of settlement remained in place until about 500 years ago when long term habitat rankings were up ended, and the lower ranked eastern zones saw higher population densities than the western areas for the first time in prehistory. This radical change is linked to the more intensive use of small seeded plants with new technological systems brought to the area by the Western Shoshone.

HILDEBRANDT, WILLIAM R. (FAR WESTERN ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH GROUP) See Colligan, Kaely See McGuire, Kelly

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HILTON, STEVEN M. (CALIFORNIA STATE PARKS) Introduction to Bodie Symposium 4: The Many Faces of Bodie (Thursday, 3:00 – 4:15, Silver Baron 6) Bodie State Historic Park is a featured mining landscape from California’s Gold Rush Era. Bodie State Historic Park contains the historic remains of a once bustling mining town, and a prehistoric Native American landscape. California State Parks has managed the cultural resources throughout Bodie SHP since 1957, and continues a program of arrested decay preservation in modern times. Bodie experiences times of heavy visitation and tourism, and is therefore constantly in need of protection and preservation activity. California State Parks has recently undertaken several projects to remove toxic soils, recorded unrecorded features, and conduct high level LiDAR scans. This introduction will provide a little background for the rest of the symposium.

HIRSHI, JAYNIE (AIR FORCE CIVIL ENGINEERING CENTER) See Duke, Daron

HOCKETT, BRYAN (BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT) Large-Scale Traps and Conifer Encroachment: Using Archaeological Data to Plan the Greater Sage Grouse Conservation Effort Symposium 6: Innovative Approaches to the Use of Archaeological Data in Public Land Management (Friday 8:00 – 10:30, Silver Baron D) Multiple federal, state, and local governments and agencies are currently working on conservation efforts for the greater sage grouse. Some of these anticipated efforts will involve the removal of pinyon and juniper trees thought to be encroaching into sage grouse habitat that formerly consisted primarily of sagebrush. Conflicting evidence abounds, however, as to precisely where and when conifer encroachment has occurred across the Great Basin over the past 200 years. Aboriginal large-scale traps (principally pronghorn antelope corrals) built at the sagebrush-conifer interface >200 years ago can directly inform on the location and timing of recent conifer encroachment. These data should be utilized by biologists when planning sage grouse conservation efforts.

HOCKETT, BRYAN (BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT) DILLINGHAM, ERIC (U.S. FOREST SERVICE) SHAW, CLIFF (U.S. FOREST SERVICE, RETIRED) Environmental, Biological, Chronological and Ethnohistoric Contexts of Western and Central Great Basin Game Traps: An Examination of Their Variability Plenary Session: Featured Landscapes: Interpreting Great Basin Archaeology at Regional Scales (Thursday, 8:00 – 11:30, Exposition Hall B) Design and specific function of previously documented and newly recorded game traps in the central and western Great Basin vary over geographic area, time, and ecological zones. Traps functioned to funnel and ultimately capture pronghorn antelope, bighorn sheep, and mule deer in upper and lower sagebrush zones and the pinyon-juniper zone ranging from

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4,000 feet to over 10,000 feet. The largest, most highly engineered traps were likely for pronghorn and relied on game trails and local topography to be effective. The northern limits of these traps appears to coincide with the northern limit of the pinyon-juniper belt as communal hunting is tied to communal pine-nut gathering and annual festivals. There were perhaps short-lived engineering “schools” of trap design that vary geographically, including a late prehistoric use of flagstone entrances in the northwestern Great Basin. Communal hunters may have used the same location for millennia, based on projectile point types. Kill zones in mid-Archaic to late Prehistoric traps can be established by the numerous shattered projectile point fragments. In contrast, Contact period traps occasionally lack projectile points altogether.

HOLMER, MARIE (IDAHO NATIONAL LABORATORY) Will There be Water? The Archaeology and History of Carey Act Irrigation and Settlement on the Second Owsley Project, Mud Lake, Idaho Symposium 3: Current Research in Idaho (Thursday, 1:00 – 3:45, Silver Baron C) The Carey Act of 1894 permitted reclamation of irrigable lands by private enterprise with the oversight of the state. While the potential of Carey Act irrigation in Idaho was realized with the success of large projects such as the Twin Falls South Side, many failed to deliver water to settlers. The Second Owsley Project was approved by the state and opened to settlers by 1920; however, the ability of Mud Lake to supply adequate water to the project was in question from the outset. The troubled project was sold several times before it was cancelled in 1928 and much of the remaining landscape undisturbed today. To identify and record the remnants of irrigation and homestead features from the Second Owsley Project, aerial imagery, field reconnaissance, and historic sources were integrated to form a GIS model. The research provides insight into settler, state, and federal interests as the project struggled to succeed.

HOSKINS, ANDREW J. (U.S. FOREST SERVICE) Evaluating the Antiquity and Morphology of Corner-notched Dart Points in the Eastern Great Basin General Session 3: Prehistoric Technology and Raw Material Studies (Friday, 8:00 – 11:45, Silver Baron 6) Great Basin archaeologists regularly use projectile points as index fossils to date open air sites lacking organic preservation. The utility of those index fossils hinges on researcher’s abilities to: (1) objectively classify points into temporally significant types; and (2) reliably assign age ranges to those point types. Discrepancies in the age ranges of certain dart types (e.g., Elko and Large Side-notched) have raised questions about their utility as index fossils throughout the Great Basin. As part of my thesis research, I evaluated classification schemes used to distinguish Elko and Large Side-notched points and test claims about their chronological discrepancies by radiocarbon dating organic hafting material.

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HOVANES, KATE (SWCA ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS) Putting the History in Historic Archaeology: Site Research on the Culmsee Homestead Site from an Architectural History Perspective Poster Symposium 1: Archaeological Research of the Sigurd to Red Butte Transmission Project (Thursday, 1:00 – 4:30, Silver Baron A) While conducting intensive level documentation for the Culmsee Homestead Site (42BE1997) as a part of the Sigurd to Red Butte 345kV Transmission Line project, we had the opportunity to apply architectural history research methods and to investigate sources that had not been used in previous recordations of the site. This poster will consider what these sometimes under-utilized primary sources offered to an analysis of the Culmsee Homestead Site and its resources, as well as the benefits offered to both disciplines through an increased integration of historic archaeology and architectural history.

HUGHES, RICHARD E. (GEOCHEMICAL RESEARCH LABORATORY) See Arkush, Brooke S.

HYNES, ALYSSA ROSE (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) BRUNELLE, ANDREA (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) DEGRAFFENRIED, JENNIFER (U.S. ARMY DUGWAY PROVING GROUND) A 27,000-Year Sediment Core Record From Redden Spring in the Bonneville Basin of Utah Poster Symposium 2: The Archaeology and Paleoecology of the Great Salt Lake Desert: Recent Discoveries, Technological Advances and Paleoecological Reconstruction of Utah’s West Desert (Friday, 8:00 – 11:30, Silver Baron A) A 4.72-meter-long sediment core was collected from Redden Springs, Utah, in order to study the fire and vegetation history of the area. Redden Springs (4430444 m N, 269654 m E, elevation 1288 m) was chosen as a coring location in order to expand upon a previous fire and vegetation studies completed on a sediment record from nearby North Redden Springs. Up until 12,000 cal. BP, Redden Springs Proper and the surrounding area were covered by Pleistocene pluvial Lake Bonneville; after 12,000 cal. BP, the lake's hydrologic input was outpaced by its evaporative output, causing Lake Bonneville to enter a rapid regressive phase. Redden Springs Proper was exposed by 11,500 cal. BP. Multiple analysis methods are involved in the paleoenvironmental study of this core, including X-Ray Fluorescence, AMS radiocarbon dating, magnetic susceptibility, loss-on-ignition, and pollen and charcoal analysis.

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IDEKER, CARLIE (UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY) FINLEY, JUDSON BYRD (UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY) RITTENOUR, TAMMY (UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY) The Age and Implications of Brownware Ceramics in the Central Rocky Mountains General Session 3: Prehistoric Technology and Raw Material Studies (Friday, 8:00 – 11:45, Silver Baron 6) Brownware ceramics are a hallmark of Numic culture thought to be a recent innovation in the Central Rocky Mountains dating within the last 500 years. However, age uncertainties exist due to long-standing problems in radiocarbon calibration and association between dated materials and target events. We developed a protocol for direct dating brownware using single-grain optically stimulated luminescence of quartz temper. Our findings indicate that brownware appeared in the Central Rocky Mountains 800 years ago. We compare our sample with direct dates on brownware and Formative ceramics from across the Great Basin and find that while brownware appears earliest in the southern Great Basin, the technology rapidly diffused to the north and east. Rather than population replacement, we suggest that the adoption of ceramic technology occurred within a context of resource intensification among foragers that had a history of interactions with horticultural societies living on the margins of the Great Basin.

INGBAR, ERIC (GNOMON) Dry, Dusty, Bits: An Informatics Perspective Symposium 1: CRM in the Great Basin, What Have We Learned? – Part II (Thursday, 1:00 – 5:00, Silver Baron E) CRM in the Great Basin has benefitted greatly from digital data collection in the field, lab, office, and archives. This paper looks at how digitization and informatics present new challenges for Great Basin archaeology, with a tip of the hat to how we got to now.

INGBAR, ERIC (GNOMON) WRISTON, TERESA (DESERT RESEARCH INSTITUTE) HALFORD, F. KIRK (BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT) The Owyhee County Model: Fine Tuning Landscape Level Modeling Symposium 6: Innovative Approaches to the Use of Archaeological Data in Public Land Management (Friday 8:00 – 10:30, Silver Baron D) Archaeological predictive models are only as good as the data they are constructed from. Modeling is necessarily iterative, requiring continuing testing and reevaluation. As new or improved data and methods are obtained they should be incorporated into the model for refinement. Too often, models lack the framework and transparency necessary to allow regular updates by their users. In 2015, BLM Idaho, working with Gnomon, Inc., published a model for the Owyhee Land Exchange. While serving the purpose of addressing the land exchange it was recognized that the model over represented the high sensitivity zone. The new model is framed on a simple decision tree hierarchy, allowing addition of new branches, pruning of existing branches, and sensitivity model recalculation using map

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algebra and cell statistics. This paper discusses revisions to the original model applying more robust landscape level and site data as well as cost distance analyses to more accurately reflect sensitivity zones.

IVES, RYAN (EASTERN WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY) See Galm, Jerry R.

JACKLIN, MARIAN (U.S. FOREST SERVICE) See Larralde, Signa

JAFFKE, DENISE (CALIFORNIA STATE PARKS) See Bloomer, William See Peabody, Joshua B.

JAMALDIN, SOPHIA A. (UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO) GEORGE, NICOLE (UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO) REAUX, DEREK (UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO) SMITH, GEOFFREY M. (UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO) WIGGINS, KRISTINA M. (UNIVERSITY OF NV, RENO) MOHR, KATELYN (UNIVERSITY OF NV, RENO) A First Look at the Archaeological Record of Guano Valley, Oregon General Poster Session 1: Terminal Pleistocene/Early Holocene Archaeology (Thursday, 1:00 – 4:30, Silver Baron A) Despite early visits by Luther Cressman, Oregon’s Guano Valley received little subsequent attention from professional archaeologists. Prior to 2016, small-scale compliance projects comprised the majority of work done in the area. This past field season, UNR’s Great Basin Paleoindian Research Unit began a long-term research project in Guano Valley. This poster provides an overview of the preliminary results of our pedestrian surveys, integrates them with the results of previous work in the valley, and considers them within the broader context of prehistoric archaeology in southeastern Oregon.

JAMALDIN, SOPHIA A. (UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO) See Reaux, Derek

JANETSKI, JOEL C. (BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY) The Road to Promontory: Looking Back from Cave 2 Symposium 14: Honoring a Giant—David B. Madsen’s Contributions to the Science and Culture of Archaeology, Anthropology, and Related Fields in the Great Basin and Beyond are Celebrated (Saturday, 8:00 – 12:45, Silver Baron E) Julian Steward’s work in the Promontory Caves is an important moment in the history of archaeological research in Utah. How Steward came to the caves in the early 1930s and his definition of the Promontory Culture as well as his views on an intrusion of Apachean 97 35th Great Basin Anthropological Conference - 2016

speakers are well known. In 2013 I finished a test of Promontory Cave 2 as part of a project with close colleague Jack Ives. Standing at the mouth of the cave considering the multi- hued waters of the Great Salt Lake, I thought about a critical point in my own history and how that ultimately brought me to be involved in the Promontory project. David Madsen played a key role in that story.

JANETSKI, JOEL C. (BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY) Atlatl Darts to Arrows at Jackson Flats Symposium 15: Virgin Branch Origins: The Jackson Flat Reservoir Project in Kanab, Utah (Saturday, 8:00 – 12:45, Silver Baron D) The timing of the transition from atlatl to bow and arrow weaponry is variable in the northern Southwest, although the traditional literature maintains this important shift occurred at the onset of Basket maker III. Research at the Jackson Flats sites appears to reinforce the traditional view. Dart points from Basketmaker II occupations are not common, but Elko/San Pedro types appear at least by ~800 BC and persist along with the addition of stemmed forms until the 5th century AD. By ~AD 500 small, stemmed arrow points, variously referred to as Parowan Basal-notched or Anasazi Stemmed, appear in good numbers. The Jackson Flats projectile point collections combined with regional assemblages suggests refinement of current typologies is in order.

JENKINS, DENNIS L. (UNIVERSITY OF OREGON) THATCHER, JENNIFER (WILLAMETTE ANALYTICS) Obsidian Sourcing and Hydration at the Paisley and Connley Caves of South Central Oregon Symposium 10: Recent Contributions to Paleoindian Archaeology in the Great Basin (Friday 1:00 – 5:00, Silver Baron E) XRF based obsidian source characterization has been conducted on 535 Paisley Caves and 511 Connley Caves artifacts. A total of 35 obsidian sources were identified for the Paisley collection and 40 for the Connley Caves, providing a unique glimpse into regional lithic resource use and mobility patterns across time and space. Chronological controls are provided by 239 radiocarbon dates at the Paisley Caves and 44 at the Connley Caves. Obsidian hydration measurements have been obtained from 487 Paisley specimens and 346 Connley specimens. These data are used in an inter-site comparative analysis to investigate patterns of site occupation and explore the hypothesis that these two sites were nodes of a single “local” settlement pattern.

JENKINS, DENNIS L. (UNIVERSITY OF OREGON) See Hattori, Eugene M. See Connolly, Thomas J.

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JENSEN, EVA (NATIONAL PARK SERVICE) SEYMOUR, GREG (GREAT BASIN INSTITUTE) Missing Ewe – The Palomino Equation, Explicit and Exacting Symposium 11: Historical Archaeology in the Great Basin and Beyond (5.0) (Friday, 1:00 – 4:15, Silver Baron C) Across the South Snake Range in east central Nevada sheep herding drew workers from different parts of the world. Basque, South Americans, and others left their marks carving aspen trees to communicate range condition, home, families, humor, and desires. With varying education and background they supported a major industry in Nevada. Camp sites and features make up the landscape of sheep ranching spanning the history of tramp herding through government management of range. Documenting traces of their passing provides a record of temporal change, ethnicity, technology, and changing management practices.

JENSEN, JILL (NATIONAL PARK SERVICE) Participant Roundtable Discussion: When Archaeological Sites are More than Data (Friday, 8:00 – 10:00, Silver Baron C)

JENSEN, REILLY (SWCA ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS) See Stelter, Kristina

JERREMS, W. JERRY (BOISE STATE UNIVERSITY) A Somewhat Different View of the Younger Dryas Climatic Regime in the Great Basin General Session 3: Prehistoric Technology and Raw Material Studies (Friday, 8:00 – 11:45, Silver Baron 6) Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions are believed to have occurred prior to the peopling of the Great Basin and few unequivocal associations of extinct fauna and human activity have been dated to the Clovis horizon (11.3-10.9 kya). Challenging this model is evidence from the shores of Pyramid Lake, Nevada, suggesting the persistence of mammoth and presence of Bison antiquus at 10.3 kya (terminal Younger Dryas) and human utilization of bone and ivory for tool manufacture. Using non-destructive methods, the hypothesis that the Pyramid Lake artifacts represent osteological remains of extinct megafauna procured by humans at the end of the Younger Dryas could be tested. As well, the late survival of mammoth in the Great Basin, particularly around ancient Lake Lahontan, suggests a favorable climate for their survival in a Younger Dryas environment less harsh than had been previously thought. Was the Lahontan basin a mild climate refugium for the persistence of late Pleistocene megafauna pursued by Paleoindian inhabitants?

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JOHANSSON, LINDSAY D. (UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO) The Fremont Experiment: Examining the Evidence of Community Structures, Settlement Clustering, and Leadership among the Fremont Plenary Session: Featured Landscapes: Interpreting Great Basin Archaeology at Regional Scales (Thursday, 8:00 – 11:30, Exposition Hall B) During the Fremont period, groups in the eastern Great Basin aggregated into larger and more permanent settlements, and these settlements clustered together across the landscape. Within many settlement clusters, sites exist containing architecturally distinct buildings which were used differently than typical residential structures. Broadly, these distinct buildings can be divided into two types, central structures and oversized pit structures, both of which have some evidence of communal functions. Based on correlations between settlement clustering and buildings with communal functions, this paper argues that the organization of people into larger, more settled communities played an important role in Fremont daily life. Within these communities, activities taking place either in or in association with central structures and oversized pit structures as well as the architecture of some homes suggest the presence of leaders and increasing status differentiation among those living in the eastern Great Basin ca. AD 900 to 1200.

JOHNSON, AMBER (TRUMAN STATE UNIVERSITY) See Zeanah, David W.

JOHNSON, ERIKA (SUMMIT ENVIROSOLUTIONS) Chinese Cans in the Countryside General Poster Session 4: Historical Archaeology (Saturday 8:00 – 11:30, Silver Baron A) Throughout the western United States, rectangular cans with asymmetrical seams have been identified as having a Chinese origin. These cans are characterized by one to three sheets of metal, bent and soldered together to create their shape. Many of these cans have a square patch soldered over a circular filler hole. Different types of Chinese cans, or metal boxes, have been identified in the archaeological record and may have contained tea, bean paste, medicinal herbs, tobacco, and cooking oil. Recent studies at Chinese sites in central Nevada have produced several more types of Chinese cans not previously mentioned in other research. This poster serves as a visual guide to these types of cans.

JOHNSON, LISA (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) See Parker, Ashley

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JONES, GEORGE T. (HAMILTON COLLEGE) BECK, CHARLOTTE (HAMILTON COLLEGE) How Many Bifaces Left Knudtsen II? Assessing Failure Rates in the Manufacture of Great Basin Stemmed Projectile Points Symposium 10: Recent Contributions to Paleoindian Archaeology in the Great Basin (Friday 1:00 – 5:00, Silver Baron E) Systematic evaluations of manufacture failure appear periodically in the literature on stone tool production. For example, attempts to assess the rate of failure in fluting have been offered as a way to evaluate if fluting was a cost-effective technique for preparing the haft element of Folsom points. Manufacture failures also have been suggested as a means to distinguish skill levels among masters and apprentices. The present study treats failure as a component of tool utility. That is, failure rates figure in production time and thus may influence choices relating to raw material and tool design. To estimate failure rates, most analysts we suspect would apply a replicative-experimental approach, not only to assess how often manufacture episodes are prematurely terminated by tool failure, but also how often recovery is possible, and at what stage or stages failure is likely to occur. The failure estimate we develop is based on an analysis of an assemblage of nearly 60,000 dacite artifacts containing bifaces and biface reduction debris almost exclusively, all coming from the same geologic source. We estimate that in roughly one-quarter of cases bifaces were irreparably broken. As we show, archaeologically-based estimates are difficult to achieve, but are important for evaluating experimental results.

JONES, GEORGE T. (HAMILTON COLLEGE) See Beck, Charlotte

JONES, KEVIN T. (ANCIENT PLACES CONSULTING) Tall Tales and a Tall Man. The Ever-Changing, Always Interesting Provocations of David B. Madsen Symposium 14: Honoring a Giant—David B. Madsen’s Contributions to the Science and Culture of Archaeology, Anthropology, and Related Fields in the Great Basin and Beyond are Celebrated (Saturday, 8:00 – 12:45, Silver Baron E) David B. Madsen is a dervish of a man, a dust devil that stretches from solid ground to the wispy clouds of hair streaming from his spinning mind. His infectious enthusiasm for archaeology, anthropology, and life in general brings him admiration, praise, and at times, antagonism. His drive to push knowledge and understanding forward advances the field and sometimes leaves bruised egos and furrowed brows in its wake. Madsen has done more than any scholar to pry back the concealing strata and shed light on the human past of the Desert West, and he is a lot of fun to hang out with.

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JONES, MARA THIESSEN (INDEPENDENT CULTURAL RESOURCES PROFESSIONAL) Elephants in Nevada: Seeing, Identifying, Understanding and Preserving the Architecture of Military Landscapes Symposium 2: Battle Born: Interdisciplinary Investigations into Nevada’s Military Landscapes (Thursday, 1:00 – 2:30, Silver Baron B) The necessary immediacy of a military landscape’s’ installation/development, its location, and the political climate into which it was born, can cloud our understanding of the resource and its historic significance. Military landscapes are generally expedient; we build what it needed and when it is not needed we move on. Changed uses, occupants and politics further complicate the picture. So how do we quantify what remains and how do we identify what is important to preserve? This session looks briefly at four Nevada military landscapes in an effort to sort out these questions.

JONES, TED (WESTERN OBSIDIAN FOCUS GROUP) See Origer, Tom

JONES, TERRY L. (CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY) Musings on Prehistoric California Population in Honor of Robert L. Bettinger Symposium 5: A Variationist’s Offspring: Papers in Honor of R. L. Bettinger (Friday, 8:00 – 12:00, Silver Baron E) For ecologically minded archaeologists, human population levels have long been recognized as a fundamentally critical variable for models of hunter-gatherer prehistory. In California, the issue has been addressed over the last century via a variety of approaches, beginning first with head counts from historic and ethnographic censuses (Kroeber and Cook) and progressing to various archaeological/logical proxies. The latter have often been used to determine the presence/absence of demographic “pressure” and its possible relation to climate, technological, social and political innovation, and/or economic intensification. Some of the clearest thinking on population and demography has emanated from U.C. Davis, first from Martin Baumhoff and more recently from Robert Bettinger. Here, I review some of the key trends in the history of thinking about prehistoric California population and consider the implications of several recent archaeological and ethnographic case studies.

KAISER, BRUCE (BRUKER ELEMENTAL) NELSON, NATE (LOGAN SIMPSON) Advances in Geochemical Sourcing Using PXRF Poster Symposium 2: The Archaeology and Paleoecology of the Great Salt Lake Desert: Recent Discoveries, Technological Advances and Paleoecological Reconstruction of Utah’s West Desert (Friday, 8:00 – 11:30, Silver Baron A) Over the past five years a good deal of effort has been put into gathering obsidian, fine grain volcanic, and chert source material from the Great Basin region to create a very

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unique approach to sourcing objects immediately in the field. To compliment this effort a hand held analytical technique, computer code and measurement methodology for elemental analysis of these materials at the ppm concentration level has also been developed. And to this end, these efforts have come together resulting in the sourcing of over 6,000 objects (to date) and the capability of sourcing objects as they lay in the field. The methodology, sources identified, and results will be presented.

KEENE, JOSHUA L. (TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY) A Tale of Two Rockshelters: A Comparison of Holocene Environmental and Lithic Technological Variation between the Bonneville Basin and the upper Snake River Plain at Bonneville Estates and Veratic Rockshelters General Session 3: Prehistoric Technology and Raw Material Studies (Friday, 8:00 – 11:45, Silver Baron 6) Holocene differences in paleoecological conditions between the Snake River Plain and the Bonneville Basin may have differentially influenced subsistence and procurement patterns, resulting in noticeable differences in the character and variability of lithic assemblages between neighboring sub-regions. To test this, well-dated, stratified components from Bonneville Estates Rockshelter, Nevada, and Veratic Rockshelter, Idaho, are compared to determine the degree of influence such differences had on prehistoric foragers, as reflected in lithic-tool assemblages. A major increase in middle Holocene aridity and subsequent return to more mesic conditions in the late Holocene generally corresponds with changes in local/low quality raw material preference, ground stone use, bifacial stage, and formal vs. informal tools at both sites. However, increased variability of raw material preference and obsidian procurement at Bonneville Estates potentially relates to crises triggered by more variable ecological conditions in the Bonneville Basin compared to the more predictable sagebrush-steppe of the Snake River Plain.

KEENE, JOSHUA L. (TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY) See Goebel, Ted

KENNEDY, JAIME L. (UNIVERSITY OF OREGON) See Helzer, Margaret

KING, EMILY (UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY) Ceramic Analysis: Insights into Mobility Poster Symposium 4: Archaeological Investigations from the Cedar Mountain Region of the Dugway Proving Grounds (Saturday, 8:00 – 11:30, Silver Baron A) Ceramics hold the potential to reveal valuable information about mobility and past human behavior. Simms et al. (1997) present an efficient method for analyzing ceramic sherds to evaluate investment and mobility from archaeological sites in the Great Basin. Their method evaluates the wall thickness, maximum temper particle size, and the prepared surface of a sherd to discern the amount of investment used by Native peoples.

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Archaeologists have successfully utilized the method to inform on mobility from regions outside of the Great Basin. This study presents a spatial analysis that evaluates site selection and ceramic investment for interpreting mobility pattering using the Dugway Proving Grounds as a case study.

KING, JEROME (FAR WESTERN ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH GROUP) Long-Distance Obsidian Conveyance in Late Prehistoric Northern Nevada Poster Symposium 3: Prehistory of Nevada’s Northern Tier: Highlights from the Ruby Pipeline Project (Friday, 1:00 – 4:30, Silver Baron A) The huge database of geochemically sourced obsidian artifacts from the Ruby Pipeline provides a unique perspective on changing patterns of prehistoric obsidian procurement and conveyance in the northern Great Basin. One of the most striking trends is an increase in obsidian source diversity in the Late Prehistoric period, driven by increased representation of distant obsidian sources. Average transport distances, as quantified both by diagnostic projectile points and by samples of debitage from dated site components, are by far the highest in the Late Prehistoric period. Local sources still dominate obsidian source profiles, as they do in earlier periods, but the increase in the representation of far-distant sources is dramatic. The apparent timing of this shift, as well as the very long distances involved, suggest that obsidian may sometimes have been transported by Native traders on horseback.

KING, JEROME (FAR WESTERN ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH GROUP) See Ruby, Allika

KITTERMAN, ANYA (HILL AFB) See Duke, Daron

KOLVET, RENEE (BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT) Better with Time: Past Challenges and Future Directions in Great Basin Historic Archaeology Symposium 1: CRM in the Great Basin, What Have We Learned? – Part II (Thursday, 1:00 – 5:00, Silver Baron E) The practice of historical archaeology in CRM contexts in the Great Basin over the past three decades is reviewed and improvements in current practice are suggested.

KRUSSOW, LISA (SWCA ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS) Testing Correlations between Environmental and Archaeological Factors Using the Sigurd to Red Butte Ground Stone Collection Poster Symposium 1: Archaeological Research of the Sigurd to Red Butte Transmission Project (Thursday, 1:00 – 4:30, Silver Baron A) Ground stone artifacts broadened subsistence choices by allowing seeds and later domesticates into the human diet. When attempting to reconstruct past subsistence patterns, ground stone artifacts are often seen as indirect evidence when compared to the more

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favorable and direct evidence from macrobotanical analysis; however, ground stone tools, on their own, can signify functional interpretations of evidence of subsistence practices. Therefore, researchers must rely on the analysis of ground stone types and their characteristics to reconstruct past diets and interpretations of activity areas. Of the sites included in the Sigurd to Red Butte project, only 37 had ground stone artifacts. Although our sample size is relatively small, when the data are combined with other ground stone analyses, we can begin to address pertinent questions about past behaviors. I utilize Behavioral Ecology models, baseline environmental productivity markers, and several archaeological lines of evidence for intensification to add the ground stone collection for the Sigurd to Red Butte project to other similar projects to test previously observed regional-specific trends.

LAFAYETTE, LINSIE M. (SUMMIT ENVIROSOLUTIONS) MCQUEEN, ROBERT (SUMMIT ENVIROSOLUTIONS) Charcoal and Cordwood Production in the Cortez Mining District Symposium 11: Historical Archaeology in the Great Basin and Beyond (5.0) (Friday, 1:00 – 4:15, Silver Baron C) The consumption of wood is a byproduct of Nevada’s early mining technology; the Cortez Mining District was no exception. Wood was used for the construction of buildings, mine shafts, fences, support structures, and fuel. Archaeologically, evidence of wood consumption is apparent in the form of woodpiles and charcoal platforms. Woodpiles and charcoal platforms in this district have been studied since the 1980s, with the assumption that they were related to an increased need for fuel after the Tenabo Mill was constructed in 1886. Recent dendrochronological studies, however, have found that the need for vast amounts of fuel happened earlier than 1886 and that deforestation may have been much more extensive than previously thought. This paper reviews the data that Summit Envirosolutions recovered during the excavation and collection of wood samples from woodpiles and charcoal platforms in the Cortez Mining District.

LAMBERT, SPENCER F. X. (BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY) BRYCE, JOSEPH A. (BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY) BISCHOFF, ROBERT J. (BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY) An Analysis of the Early Occupation of Wolf Village Symposium 13: Fremont Archaeology in the Valleys of Utah (Friday, 3:30 – 5:00, Silver Baron 1) Excavations at Wolf Village, a Fremont site in Goshen, Utah, have uncovered numerous artifacts. Radiocarbon and tree ring dating from Wolf Village suggests two periods of occupation. Previous research at the site has focused on the structures at the site, which date from AD 1000-1200. Our research focuses on an earlier occupation on the site dating from AD 650-880. We explore the activities that occurred at the early occupational areas of the site by analyzing artifacts associated with these areas, including ceramic sherds, stone tools and animal bones. A bell-shaped pit on the northernmost knoll of the site contained

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more than 1,200 animal bones, providing a significant amount of data to analyze to determine the types of animals being used by the Fremont at this site. The other artifacts associated with the area will also be analyzed in their context in order to examine the early occupation of Wolf Village.

LAMBERT, SPENCER F. X. (BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY) See Robbins, Brady L.

LANCASTER, J.D. L. (OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY) DAVIS, LOREN G. (OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY) A Preliminary Look at Investigations of Late Quaternary Human Ecology of the Silvies River Valley, Oregon Symposium 10: Recent Contributions to Paleoindian Archaeology in the Great Basin (Friday 1:00 – 5:00, Silver Baron E) Recent test excavations at Silvies Cave (35GR2581), Grant County, Oregon, revealed a stratified record of human occupation that may extend back into the late Pleistocene. Excavations recovered 7,164 pieces of debitage and 89 stone tools, including 32 projectile points. The site’s upper deposits produced a variety of Archaic projectile points while lower deposits contained multiple Western Stemmed Tradition projectile point fragments, and a Western Fluted Point basal fragment from sediments infilling a rodent burrow. Continued excavation will evaluate whether a Western Fluted Point assemblage is present at Silvies Cave and will work to address hypotheses concerning the nature of early technological traditions in the Northern Great Basin. Accompanying studies of Quaternary landscape evolution and paleoclimate from cores and outcrops in Silvies Valley are contributing to an interdisciplinary dataset and contextual framework for understanding human-environment interaction and processes of economic and social change near the end of the Pleistocene in the Northern Great Basin.

LANDON, AMANDA (NATIONAL PARK SERVICE) Jackson’s Ethnobotanical Record Symposium 15: Virgin Branch Origins: The Jackson Flat Reservoir Project in Kanab, Utah (Saturday, 8:00 – 12:45, Silver Baron D) This paper examines the macrofloral and pollen evidence recovered from the Jackson Flat Reservoir Project’s large number of processed samples. These samples were collected from middens, hearths, storage features, roasting pits, and pithouses that date from the Archaic through Post-Puebloan periods. This long period of use provides an opportunity to examine changes in wild plant procurement and understand the transition to farming.

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LARRALDE, SIGNA (BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT) JACKLIN, MARIAN (U.S. FOREST SERVICE) “Just Say No!” A Federal Agency Perspective Symposium 9: Managing a Landscape of Cultural Resources: Lessons Learned from the Sigurd to Red Butte Transmission Project in Southwestern Utah (Friday, 10:45 – 12:00, Silver Baron 4) Beginning in 2009 federal agencies in the west were asked to form interdisciplinary teams to help process the environmental work for large transmission projects planned for the western federal lands. The BLM formed teams from the local state and field offices until 2012 when it was decided to develop national teams made up of various specialists that could work on several projects at a time. These employees were hired from across the nation and would work on the team virtually. As the BLM was considered the lead agency for most of this project a project lead from the BLM was to provide oversight to the team and directed the development of the agencies’ response to the EIS. The Forest Service developed a team of specialists from the local forests and utilized enterprise teams from various locations. A project lead was assigned to work with the team and coordinate responses from the agency to the project lead. The first project assigned to be undertaken by these teams was the Sigurd to Red Butte Powerline, a 171-mile transmission line in central and southern Utah. From early on it became clear that cultural resources would be a very big issue for the sitting of the line. Large lithic quarries, mining areas, large habitation sites, and the Mountain Meadows Massacre Site were all found along or adjacent to the proposed route. The project now in place has provided valuable insight to the agencies on what worked and numerous lessons learned. This presentation will outline from the BLM and Forest Service perspectives those things we learned about what worked and what we could have done better from the onset. As the agencies in the West continue to work on several large transmission, water, and gas lines it is important that we learn from this project.

LARRALDE, SIGNA (BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT) See Schlanger, Sarah

LARSEN, KATRINA (UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY) LARSEN, AARON (UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY) Evaluating Contemporary Human-induced Impacts to Cultural Resources at Dugway Proving Grounds, Tooele County, Utah Poster Symposium 4: Archaeological Investigations from the Cedar Mountain Region of the Dugway Proving Grounds (Saturday, 8:00 – 11:30, Silver Baron A) Archaeological survey often identifies human-induced impacts to archaeological sites. This poster explores the causes of human impacts to archaeological sites for the Dugway Proving Grounds in Tooele County, Utah. Relying on previously collected and the current project’s survey efforts, I develop a spatial model for the installation that predicts high-risk areas based on observations of impacts at known archaeological sites and visual and

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physical accessibility. I assess the risk areas by and conclude with a discussion on recommendations for mitigation.

LAWLOR, ANNE T. (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) Identification and Technical Evaluation of Some Great Basin Fiber Plants General Poster Session 3: Environment, Subsistence, and Technology (Friday, 1:00 – 4:30, Silver Baron A) Strong fibers extracted from plants are an integral component of many archaeological assemblages in the Great Basin. Exact identification of fiber sources is often not conducted after excavation leaving a large number of fiber artifacts ambiguously catalogued. Plant fiber objects can be difficult to source due to poor preservation however microscopic observation can assist archaeologists in sourcing different fiber types. Here I report on identifiable histological features from 15 commonly used fiber species. I then provide data on raw fiber processing efforts for this same group. Finally, I present results of mechanical tensile tests on a subset of fiber types. This data set will provide useful information for archaeologists evaluating prehistoric technological investment by identifying some key variables affecting plant fiber decisions.

LEACH, MELINDA (UNIVERSITY OF NORTH DAKOTA) Landscapes of Change in the Northwestern Great Basin: Technology, Ritual and Mobility in the High Rock Country General Poster Session 2: Natural and Cultural Landscapes (Friday, 8:00 – 11:30, Silver Baron A) The Massacre Lake Basin and nearby Serendipity Shelter, situated in the High Rock Country of northern Nevada, were critical landscapes of change throughout the Archaic. These locales, together comprising hundreds of sites, activity areas, lithic sources, and diverse habitats, provide an important context for examining the shifting terraine of mobility, technology, rock art production, trade, land-use patterns, and social networking in the prehistoric northwestern Great Basin. I explore this landscape from a regional perspective, examining evidence from surface collections and rock art feature distributions in the Massacre Lake Basin, along with limited excavations at Serendipity Shelter. Obsidian sourcing evidence allows visualization of material conveyance zones, and surface distributions of time markers aid in assessing population patterns in a temporal context. Some critical comparisons also are drawn with recent studies completed in the larger northwestern Great Basin region.

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LECHERT, STEPHANIE (SWCA ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS) Sherds, Shards, Fragments, Bits, and Pieces: A Comparative Analysis of the Historic Artifact Assemblages from 42BE1997 and 42BE2195 Poster Symposium 1: Archaeological Research of the Sigurd to Red Butte Transmission Project (Thursday, 1:00 – 4:30, Silver Baron A) In 2015 and 2016, Level II documentation for 17 historic sites was conducted as mitigation for the Sigurd to Red Butte No. 2 – 345kV Transmission Project. While historic artifacts assemblages were documented at several of the sites, 42BE1997 and 42BE2195 produced the largest assemblages. Site 42BE1997 was home to the Culmsee Homestead, one of the state experimental farms, and a general store. Site 42BE2195 is the result of the historic mining activities at Sulphurdale, Utah. While these sites at first glance may not have a great deal in common, a comparative analysis of the historic artifact assemblages demonstrates otherwise.

LENZI, MICHAEL (FAR WESTERN ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH GROUP) Results of Experiments with Replicated Crescents to Evaluate Proposed Functions General Session 3: Prehistoric Technology and Raw Material Studies (Friday, 8:00 – 11:45, Silver Baron 6) This paper presents results from a series of experiments involving replicated crescents to evaluate some of the more common hypotheses proposed for the function of crescents and gain a better understanding of their role in the prehistoric toolkit. Crescents were used to cut leather, scrape willow, and tip projectiles thrown at targets. Models from human behavioral ecology were applied to evaluate the efficiency of crescents for each task. Additionally, the breaks that accrued from use on the replicated crescents were compared to archaeological patterns. Results from this study indicate that the primary function of crescents for cutting and slicing tasks and scraping plants is not supported; however, use as transverse projectile points is well-supported.

LENZI, MICHAEL (FAR WESTERN ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH GROUP) CLAY, VICKIE (FAR WESTERN ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH GROUP) New Obsidian Sources, Conveyance Zones, and Toolstone Profiles from Southern Lahontan Valley and Rawhide Flats, NAS Fallon, Churchill County, Nevada General Poster Session 2: Natural and Cultural Landscapes (Friday, 8:00 – 11:30, Silver Baron A) Sourcing of obsidian nodules collected during evaluation of sites on one Naval Air Station Fallon training range in southern Lahontan Valley identified three previously unknown obsidian sources. These new sources are designated Dead Camel Mountains, Desert Mountains, and Lahontan Valley. Chemical ascription of temporally diagnostic obsidian projectile points from 29 sites in southern Lahontan Valley and Rawhide Flats generally demonstrate foragers had very large conveyance zones during the Paleoindian Period, with decreased conveyance zones through time. Lithic material type profiles for projectile points, tools, and debitage found on these sites located in two adjacent valleys show

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measurable differences in toolstone use that may represent different proximities to sources and/or different types of land use.

LERCARI, NICOLA (UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, MERCED) See Veisze, Paul

LIM, HYEALIM (HEATHER) (UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA) Land as a Portal Through Time and Space: Native American Interpretations of Arches in Arches National Park Symposium 8: Performing Place: Expressions of Memory and Materiality in the Great Basin, Colorado Plateau, and Eastern California (Friday, 10:45 – 12:00, Silver Baron 1) Drawing from an ethnographic field research in Arches National Park, this paper sheds light on an alternate view of landscape beyond its physicality as held by Native Americans. Indeed, for Native Americans, physicality and materiality of landscape allows it to be perceived as a bridge between intangible, metaphysical dimensions. In the case of Arches National Park where distinctive naturally formed arches are widely scattered, the special role of landscape as a portal stands out more saliently. In addition, rock peckings present throughout and in vicinity of the park convey stories of prior people, through time, to current people. This study provides an opportunity to envision intricate relationships among lands, agencies, and minds. The analysis of this subject is largely based on 168 interviews with five ethnic groups collected in the ethnographic field research of Arches National Park carried out in 2015 by the Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology at the University of Arizona.

LONDON, MAIA (U.S. FOREST SERVICE) Local Heritage and the Public: Why Outreach Matters General Poster Session 2: Natural and Cultural Landscapes (Friday, 8:00 – 11:30, Silver Baron A) For the past 30 years, the Dixie National Forest Heritage Program has been conducting public outreach in southern Utah. These outreach efforts extend to locals and visitors of all ages. Dixie outreach programs include presentations, demonstrations, field trips, camps, and field exercises just to name a few. The purpose of these outreach programs is to educate the public about the history of the area and teach them about the wide array of people that inhabited southern Utah. By teaching people about the place they live and/or visit we are hoping to instill in them a sense of ownership and curiosity that will take them beyond our presentation. By sparking this curiosity, we hope they will develop proper land steward practices and pass on these practices to others and future generations.

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LONG, LUCINDA (NEVADA STATE MUSEUM) GAREY-SAGE, DARLA (NEVADA STATE MUSEUM) Building a Rock-Art Archive from a Personal Collection Symposium 7: Rock Art in the Great Basin: Contemporary Approaches (Friday, 8:00 – 10:15, Silver Baron B) Rock art sites are inherently visual, and, thus, visits usually inspire selective photographs and drawings, typically of the more ‘dramatic’ images. Field notes might include descriptions of associated archaeological features and, more recently, GIS points. For some, the interest goes deeper and numerous supplementary documents go into the personal catalog (i.e., published and unpublished reports, newspaper mentions, correspondence with other enthusiasts, copies of others’ photographs, etc.). This paper will discuss preparing such a collection for archiving in a repository.

LONG, MONTANA M. (ASM AFFILIATES) See Branch, Sarah E.

LOOSLE, BYRON (BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT) Discussant Symposium 6: Innovative Approaches to the Use of Archaeological Data in Public Land Management (Friday 8:00 – 10:30, Silver Baron D)

LOUDERBACK, LISBETH A. (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) HERZOG, NICOLE M. (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) BAKER, M. (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) MAGARGAL, KATE (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) PAVLIK, BRUCE M. (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) Archaeobotany of the Sigurd to Red Butte Project, Utah Poster Symposium 1: Archaeological Research of the Sigurd to Red Butte Transmission Project (Thursday, 1:00 – 4:30, Silver Baron A) The Sigurd to Red Butte Project was initiated to construct a transmission line from Sevier to Washington County, Utah. Nine archaeological sites along the route were selected for archaeobotanical analysis. Dietary plant remains were examined using macrobotanical, starch grain and/or pollen analyses. Of the nine sites, five had strong dietary and/or environmental signals (42BE1557, 42BE1558, 42BE3783, 42SV2581 and 42WS5748) that warrant further investigation. We found that in some instances the macrobotanical record was corroborated by starch grain results (the presence of floral remains and detection of Leymus spp. grains on ground stone tools at site 42WS5748). But in other instances, the macrobotanical record yielded results that were not corroborated in the starch grain assemblage (e.g., Chenopodium seeds but no starch grains) and vice versa (e.g., the presence of Zea mays starch grains but no cobs or kernels). Palynological evidence indicates shifts in vegetation from several sites during the middle and late Holocene,

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signaling major changes in regional climate. Herein, we review these results and evaluate the utility of multi-proxy analyses in dietary and environmental reconstruction.

LOUDERBACK, LISBETH A. (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) Interdisciplinary Inspiration Symposium 14: Honoring a Giant—David B. Madsen’s Contributions to the Science and Culture of Archaeology, Anthropology, and Related Fields in the Great Basin and Beyond are Celebrated (Saturday, 8:00 – 12:45, Silver Baron E) David Madsen is a naturalist who sees connections between people and environments. He was one of the early students of Donald Currey and Jesse Jennings, and has, by virtue of his own work, built upon and expanded those prestigious reputations. He is a well-established interdisciplinary scientist and is known worldwide for his research in archaeology and paleoecology. David truly is a naturalist: he is a historian, archaeologist, paleoecologist, geomorphologist, and quaternary geologist with 40+ years of experience throughout western North America. His research interests also include the prehistory of Central Asia and the Tibetan Plateau. He is not only a top-notch scientist; he is also one of my favorite people. Everything I know about Great Basin paleoecology can be attributed to him, Don Grayson, and David Rhode (the academic troika of the ancient Great Basin). Here, I talk about some of the projects we have worked on together and how his collaborative work (and personality) influenced me and a new generation of interdisciplinary scientists.

LOUDERBACK, LISBETH A. (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) HERZOG, NICOLE M. (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) PAVLIK, BRUCE M. (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) Setting New Standards for Starch Grain Identification General Session 4: Paleoethnobotanical and Paleoenvironmental Studies in the Desert West (Friday, 1:00 – 3:30, Silver Baron D) Taxonomic identification of starch grains is critical to understanding human dietary patterns from archaeological contexts, but achieving high levels of confidence has been problematic. Recent morphometric and multivariate techniques have been useful in identification, but are not generally available to researchers. Here we use morphometric and morphological techniques to develop a statistical approach for identifying starch grains. By analyzing large sample sizes from replicate underground storage organs (USOs) and challenging the common assumption of normal distributions, uncertainties around identification could be assessed. We obtained reliable measurements and described characteristics that could be rigorously applied to the identification of starch grains recovered from archaeological artifacts originating from USOs collected and processed for dietary purposes long ago.

LOUDERBACK, LISBETH A. (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) See Herzog, Nicole M.

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LUTHER, PATRICK T. (PALEORESEARCH NORTHWEST) MARSH, THOMAS, M. (PALEORESEARCH NORTHWEST) Above it All: Aerial Imagery Support of Archaeological Research in the Fort Rock Basin, Oregon General Poster Session 1: Terminal Pleistocene/Early Holocene Archaeology (Thursday, 1:00 – 4:30, Silver Baron A) Aerial imaging using drone technology has rapidly become less expensive and more accessible to researchers in recent years. Our goal is to share the accessibility of this exciting technology with researchers, as well as to highlight our work in support of Dennis Jenkins and his ongoing research in the Northern Great Basin using aerial imaging taken during the 2016 summer archaeological field school season at the Connley Caves and at Silver Lake, Oregon. High resolution photography was used to map the sites and the ongoing archaeological investigations occurring there. These photos will serve later research purposes, as well as future research planning, activity reporting and archival purposes.

MADSEN, DAVID B. (UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS, AUSTIN) Closing Remarks Symposium 14: Honoring a Giant—David B. Madsen’s Contributions to the Science and Culture of Archaeology, Anthropology, and Related Fields in the Great Basin and Beyond are Celebrated (Saturday, 8:00 – 12:45, Silver Baron E)

MADSEN, DAVID B. (UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS, AUSTIN) See Bettinger, Robert L.

MAGARGAL, KATE (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) PARKER, ASHLEY (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) RATH, WILL (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) VERNON, KENNETH B. (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) CODDING, BRIAN F. (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) Food, Fire, and Free Space: New Tests of the Numic Expansion General Poster Session 2: Natural and Cultural Landscapes (Friday, 8:00 – 11:30, Silver Baron A) Many suggest the Numic expansion was facilitated by the adoption of social and subsistence strategies with a competitive advantage over in situ populations: 1) a focus on food resources with high processing costs, and 2) the adoption of private property. We propose an alternative hypothesis: the use of intentionally-set landscape fire as a strategy for increasing encounter rates with high-ranking prey. We compare these strategies using a novel, multi-scale prey choice model, using ethnohistoric band territories as units of analysis, to examine how ecological variability across the region could influence the strategies employed by early Numic inhabitants of the Great Basin. Our model shows that the use of fire would have conferred an important advantage in some, but not all areas of 113 35th Great Basin Anthropological Conference - 2016

the Great Basin, suggesting that spatial variation structures the relative advantage of different strategies.

MAGARGAL, KATE (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) See Louderback, Lisbeth A. See Parker, Ashley

MAHAN, CHASE (CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, CHICO) O’BRIEN, MATTHEW (CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, CHICO) WHELAN, CARLY (CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, CHICO) Prehistoric Great Basin: Massacre Lake Tool Assemblage and Analysis General Poster Session 3: Environment, Subsistence, and Technology (Friday, 1:00 – 4:30, Silver Baron A) Prehistoric occupation of the Great Basin during the transition from the Middle (5,000- 3,000 BP) to Late Archaic (3,500-1,500 BP) period consisted of an increase in archaeological visibility in regards to artifact and site density. With climate changes and faunal flexibility within the basin, it led to a large variety of lithic morphological variation in tools present in the record and the function(s) they represented. From an ongoing analysis of a private collection of lithic formal tools numbering in the hundreds from various sites around Massacre Lake, Nevada, the goal has been to use X-Ray Fluorescence to source the samples and use this assemblage to interpret land use strategies. This temporal control uses existing projectile point typologies to track shifts in mobility and lithic procurement from the Middle to Late Archaic.

MAHONEY, SHANNON (ASM AFFILIATES) Miners in Model T’s: Philadelphia Canyon, Battle Mountain Range, Nevada General Session 6: Historical Archaeology (Saturday, 8:00 – 9:30, Silver Baron B) ASM Affiliates, Inc. is currently treating three historic properties in the Philadelphia Canyon Subdistrict of the Battle Mountain Mining District. Two of the properties are roads through the canyon which served as major arteries for miners in the early twentieth century. The roads cross an alluvial fan, wind through the mining camp of Bannock, and lead to mining claims lining the canyon walls. The ease of access to the mines was a selling point for mining companies and lessees alike. The third property relates to the occupation of the Gold Cash and No Money mining claims in Philadelphia Canyon by the Troester family in the late 1930s and early 1940s. This paper will review the information recovered through archival research, oral histories, and surface recordation which contributes to the significance of the Battle Mountain Mining District.

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MARGOSIAN, MARGARET (BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT) BLYTHE, ASHLEY (US FOREST SERVICE) AREND, TIFFANY (BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT) The Long and Winding Road Keeps Going: Landscape Level Predictive Modeling and the West Mojave Travel Management Plan Symposium 6: Innovative Approaches to the Use of Archaeological Data in Public Land Management (Friday 8:00 – 10:30, Silver Baron D) Throughout 2015, the Bureau of Land Management, California Desert District (BLM) developed an alternative Section 106 strategy to identify, evaluate, and assess effects to cultural resources from a 15,000-mile off-highway vehicle route network on BLM California lands. Creation of a predictive model was critical to the success of this effort. Cultural resources predictive models are generally limited in scope to specific administrative unit boundaries. This model breaks 9,000,000 acres of the Mojave Desert into 28 regions differing in physical attributes, average elevation, and enclosure/openness that affect the accuracy of the overall model if not separated. By seeking common characteristics in landscape features rather than administrative boundaries, the model attempts to predict more accurately cultural resource locations and focus scarce personnel resources. The BLM is testing the validity of the model through a random sample inventory. The paper provides an overview of the model development, implementation strategy, and preliminary sampling results.

MARSH, THOMAS, M. (PALEORESEARCH NORTHWEST) See Luther, Patrick T.

MARTIN, ERIK P. (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) Form and Function: Projectile Point Morphology and Associated Faunal Remains at Four Utah Archaeological Cave Sites General Poster Session 3: Environment, Subsistence, and Technology (Friday, 1:00 – 4:30, Silver Baron A) Spatial and temporal patterning of projectile point morphology continues to be a well discussed topic within the Great Basin. However, despite this attention, little progress has been made addressing the functional attributes of projectile points beyond the simple atlatl vs. bow dichotomy. Stratified cave sites offer a unique opportunity to study the relationship between hunting technology and prey choice through the analysis of projectile point characteristics and contemporaneously deposited faunal remains. This study examines several hypotheses related to ballistic performance, penetrative capabilities, and projectile morphology as related to prey size at four Utah archaeological cave sites: Danger Cave, Hogup Cave, Sudden Shelter, and Swallow Shelter. The study utilizes new and previously published faunal analyses in combination with landmark geometric morphometric analysis of a photographic database comprised of over 900 projectile points curated at the Natural History Museum of Utah.

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MARTIN, ERIK P. (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) See Codding, Brian F.

MARTIN, HOUSTON (UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY) See Peart, Jonathan M.

MCALLISTER, ANDREW (UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY) See Olsen, Richard L.

MCCARN, RILEY (USU EASTERN) See Riley, Timothy

MCDONALD, JO (CRAR+M, UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA) Arid Zone Hunter-Gatherer Rock Art: a View of the Great Basin from the Western Desert General Session 2: Prehistoric Settlement and Subsistence (Thursday, 1:00 – 4:45, Silver Baron C) The Australian arid zone was occupied soon after the arrival of modern humans to its shores – some 50,000 years ago. Throughout this remarkable period of time, hunter- gatherers have demonstrated all of the modern-human hallmarks – resilience and symbolic behavior – signing the land and adapting to changing environmental landscapes. Like Australia, ethnographic models for Great Basin hunter-gatherers involve low population densities, flexible local organization and mobility, and a highly portable technological base closely articulated with landscape features. An adaptive rock art chronology for the Great Basin based on occupation indices, climatic indicators and information exchange theory is proposed using a stylistic analysis from the Pahranagat Valley. Arid zone hunter-gatherer mobility and the use of rock art as an information strategy are discussed as global phenomena.

MCDONOUGH, KAITLYN (TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY) Coprolite Pollen Profiles from a Curious Feature at the Connley Caves (35LK50), Lake County, Oregon General Session 4: Paleoethnobotanical and Paleoenvironmental Studies in the Desert West (Friday, 1:00 – 3:30, Silver Baron D) The Connley Caves site is composed of eight rockshelters situated in a south-facing ridge of welded tuff, rhyolite, and fine-grained basalt in the Fort Rock Basin of central Oregon. Recent excavations at the mouth of Cave 5 uncovered a possible trash midden feature stratigraphically dating to the Middle Holocene. The feature contains a large quantity of lithic and perishable materials such as basketry, cordage, debitage, and coprolites. Coprolites recovered from the feature were analyzed for pollen in order to better understand prehistoric diet and environment at the Connley Caves during the Middle Holocene.

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MCGRIFF, PAYTON (UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO) See Gilbert, Hollie

MCGUIRE, KELLY (FAR WESTERN ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH GROUP) HILDEBRANDT, WILLIAM R. (FAR WESTERN…GROUP) Taking Stock: A Far Western Perspective of Native America and CRM in the Great Basin Symposium 1: CRM in the Great Basin, What Have We Learned? – Part II (Thursday, 1:00 – 5:00, Silver Baron E) The Native American voice within the institutional and regulatory framework of Great Basin CRM has rightfully increased through the last several decades. While a number of successes can be pointed to, much of the current status of this relationship remains challenging, and sometimes contested. While Far Western must navigate this landscape, we also have a unique perspective, as we work directly with Native Americans, mostly younger people, actually doing archaeology. This experience has proven positive and occasionally transformational for both Native Americans and archaeologists. We advocate for the expanded participation of Native Americans at all levels of the archaeological enterprise.

MCGUIRE, KELLY (FAR WESTERN ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH GROUP) STEVENS, NATHAN (FAR WESTERN…GROUP) The Archaeological Correlates and Evolution of Geophyte Procurement in the Northwestern Great Basin Poster Symposium 3: Prehistory of Nevada’s Northern Tier: Highlights from the Ruby Pipeline Project (Friday, 1:00 – 4:30, Silver Baron A) The economic importance of geophytes along the northwestern rim of the Great Basin is such that the entire region has been broadly categorized as the “root complex” by Catherine Fowler. However, the archaeological manifestations of geophyte gathering, processing, storage, and consumption are not well understood. Here, we review assemblages recovered from prime geophyte habitat in the Barrel Springs area in an effort to correlate certain tool types with productive geophyte zones, and to establish a settlement context of geophyte use. Particular attention is given to formed and simple flake tools and their role in the manufacture and maintenance of digging sticks, a central element of the geophyte harvest. We then discuss the energetic returns associated with geophyte procurement and its role in foraging systems through time in this region.

MCMURRY, SEAN (SWCA ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS) HEIDEMAN, EILEEN (SWCA ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS) “Decent, Safe, and Sanitary Dwellings”: Early Modern Public Housing in Reno, Nevada Symposium 11: Historical Archaeology in the Great Basin and Beyond (5.0) (Friday, 1:00 – 4:15, Silver Baron C) The modern public housing system in the United States was introduced at the federal level with the passage of the 1937 Housing Act, and was significantly amended after 1949.

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Examples of early modern public housing have recently exceeded 50 years of age, and may be subject to NHPA Section 106 compliance. Such was the case for several of the Reno Housing Authority’s (RHA’s) complexes. The RHA, on behalf of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), has owned and operated the two earliest modern public housing properties in Reno, Nevada, since their inception. Mineral Manor was completed in 1959 and Tom Sawyer Village was completed in 1962. These types of public housing facilities present unique challenges for NRHP eligibility evaluation, property maintenance, and program management, and we present a case study for coping with these issues.

MCMURRY, SEAN (SWCA ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS) See Vicari, Mary Ann See Whorton, Emily S.

MCQUEEN, ROBERT (SUMMIT ENVIROSOLUTIONS) A Chinese Camp in the Cortez Mountains (Nevada) Symposium 11: Historical Archaeology in the Great Basin and Beyond (5.0) (Friday, 1:00 – 4:15, Silver Baron C) Recorded in 1994 and excavated in 2009, site 26LA3061 is a 19th century Chinese workmen’s camp. The site had multiple habitations (dugouts, tent flats, and stone ruins, many with hearths) and yielded several interesting finds – the 6,000+ artifacts included domestic and foreign coins, lots of opium paraphernalia, and a lock of hair we conducted DNA testing on – providing lots of insights but more importantly great slides for this talk.

MCQUEEN, ROBERT (SUMMIT ENVIROSOLUTIONS) See Lafayette, Linsie

MEMMOTT, MARGO (BROADBENT & ASSOCIATES) There are Known Knowns: Interpreting the Results from Archaeological Testing in the Streets of the Virginia City Historic District General Session 6: Historical Archaeology (Saturday, 8:00 – 9:30, Silver Baron B) Prior to the proposed improvement of wastewater systems within the Virginia City Historic District the discovery of archaeological resources was anticipated, spurring the completion of a Sensitivity Analysis for the proposed project area. The Sensitivity Analysis identified five levels of cultural sensitivity ranging from low to confirmed sensitivity. In May of 2016 archaeological testing was completed to test the predictions of the Sensitivity Analysis and to test cultural resources for eligibility for listing on the National Register of Historic Places. Testing included Ground Penetrating Radar, backhoe trenching, shovel test probes, and targeted excavation units. This archaeological testing within the Virginia City Historic District helped to increase our knowledge of what lies beneath the streets, but many questions remain to be addressed in future project phases.

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METCALF, MICHAEL D. (METCALF ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSULTANTS) From Backhoes to Brook Trout: Meandering with Madsen Symposium 14: Honoring a Giant—David B. Madsen’s Contributions to the Science and Culture of Archaeology, Anthropology, and Related Fields in the Great Basin and Beyond are Celebrated (Saturday, 8:00 – 12:45, Silver Baron E) The 1972 and 1975 Plains Anthropological Conferences were memorable for various reasons, but particularly enduring highlights involved David Madsen. The 1972 memories are best gleaned from bar conversations; in 1975, David organized a session bringing together researchers from the Great Basin and Great Plains to discuss topics of mutual interest, and his spotting of commonalities and bringing together of scholars has remained one of the many themes in David’s career. However, I did not really get to know Madsen until the mid-80s when I somewhat hesitantly proposed backhoe trenching as a means of quickly getting a handle on the portions of the Round Spring Fremont village in the path of road construction. As David related it later, he didn’t start to like me until we discovered the common ground of using whatever means are effective to get the most out of limited dollars. Collaboration on the founding of Rocky Mountain Anthropological Conference led to further research and field opportunities, most notably conducting proxy studies in the “three corners” area of Utah, Wyoming, and Colorado. A common feature of this field research involved after-hours explorations with fly rods. Suffice it to say that our work collecting pack rat middens and pollen cores was more successful in providing context for interpreting prehistoric behavior than was our efforts to fill the frying pan.

METCALFE, JESSICA Z. (UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA) Needle in a Haystack? Searching for Human Hairs in the Promontory Caves Assemblage General Session 2: Prehistoric Settlement and Subsistence (Thursday, 1:00 – 4:45, Silver Baron C) The Promontory Caves contain an abundance of bison hairs dating to ca. AD 1250-1290. The presence of human hairs is highly likely given the intensive use of the cave by people, but to date none have been identified. Some human head hairs and bison guard hairs are remarkably similar when examined with the naked eye, but microscopically they are usually sufficiently different to be distinguishable. Here, I describe rapid, non-destructive methods for pre-screening hairs for identification as bison or human. The medulla and cuticle are observable using simple, non-destructive techniques that can be conducted relatively quickly and without the use of chemicals that might render hairs unsuitable for isotopic analysis, or be of concern to indigenous peoples. This project is part of a larger study that will use the isotopic compositions of bison hairs to investigate the Promontory way of life, including season of hunting, migratory range, and environmental conditions.

MILLIGAN, JENNIFER L. (PALEORESEARCH INSTITUTE) See Scott-Cummings, Linda

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MIRES, PETER B. (KAUTZ ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS) Fort Churchill: Nevada’s First Military Instillation Symposium 2: Battle Born: Interdisciplinary Investigations into Nevada’s Military Landscapes (Thursday, 1:00 – 2:30, Silver Baron B) Fort Churchill, situated on the Carson River east of the Comstock, established a U.S. Army presence near the epicenter of early territorial and statehood settlement. Nevada historians acknowledge the Pyramid Lake War as impetus for the post; its mission to protect settlers and emigrants against real or imagined Indian attack, the latter being generally the case. Fort Churchill also played a minor role in the American Civil War. Rather than repeating the brief history of this frontier fort from its construction in 1860 to its abandonment in 1869, this paper focuses on the fort itself as a fascinating example of Nevada’s built environment. A relatively unique feature of the fort was its use of adobe in the construction of various installation buildings, which created challenges to organizations and agencies – specifically the Daughters of the American Revolution, the Civilian Conservation Corps, and the Nevada Division of State Parks – interested in preserving Fort Churchill as an historic site.

MOHR, KATELYN (UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO) See Jamaldin, Sophia

MOLINAR, MARISSA SELENA (UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA) A Tale of Two Images: A Preliminary Comparison of Two Enigmatic Petroglyph Panels Separated by Time and Space in the Great Basin Symposium 7: Rock Art in the Great Basin: Contemporary Approaches (Friday, 8:00 – 10:15, Silver Baron B) This essay will present an initial comparative study of two unusual figures and their associated panels. One image is from Parrish Gorge in the Coso Range (California) first identified by the author in Grant et al.’s (1968) “Rock Drawings of the Coso Range”. The other image is located in Largo Canyon (New Mexico) and was first identified by the author in Grant’s (1978) “Canyon de Chelly”. The images bare striking similarities; the central figure, various accouterments and placements within the panel. However, this was not noted by Grant nor has it been discussed in paleohistoric Great Basin and Western U.S. publications. The presentation and analysis will center on topics of style, execution, symbolism, and relevant indigenous cosmologies and ethnographic analogs. The foremost goal of this exploratory study is to generate new discussions as well as investigate prevalent questions of regionality, migration, and cultural diffusion through the study of rock art.

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MORALES, ANTHONY (CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, LOS ANGELES) Vestiges of Gender: A Female-Associated Protohistoric Feature in the Mojave Desert, California Symposium 16: Rock Shelters of the South Range, Naval Air Weapons Station, China Lake, Mojave Desert, California (Saturday, 10:00 – 12:00, Silver Baron C) Recent archaeological investigations have revealed an unusual subsurface feature at CA- SBR-14, a rock shelter site located on the South Range of the Naval Air Weapons Station, China Lake. The feature consisted of a variety of lithic artifacts, modified wooden implements including a digging stick, Olivella shell beads, incised slate, bone tools, a cache of hand stones and at least one, possibly human, coprolite. This paper presents the significance of these findings and possible interpretations of this unique feature.

MORGAN, CHRISTOPHER (UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO) The Fourth Dimension of the Great Basin’s Featured Landscapes Plenary Session: Featured Landscapes: Interpreting Great Basin Archaeology at Regional Scales (Thursday, 8:00 – 11:30, Exposition Hall B) Following the lead of Julian Steward, most analyses of Great Basin archaeological features and landscape use focus on the gastric: the economics operating behind these phenomena. No doubt this is worthwhile. To a large degree, however, this focus overlooks not only the social and ideological mechanisms driving these patterns, but also the pattern behind the patterns: the adaptive landscape of competing behavioral packages. In this context, a theoretical evolutionary landscape, the “fourth dimension” of this paper’s title, is used to model and explore diachronic changes in land use and feature construction in and around the Great Basin, where changes in storage behaviors, investment in residential and hunting facilities, and types of high altitude landscape use point to both the benefits of intensifying landscape exploitation and the costs of switching between different adaptive strategies.

MORGAN, CHRISTOPHER T. (UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO) The View from on High Symposium 5: A Variationist’s Offspring: Papers in Honor of R. L. Bettinger (Friday, 8:00 – 12:00, Silver Baron E) One of the many things Bettinger is renowned for is his work on the high altitude archaeology of the White Mountains overlooking Owens Valley. Counterintuitively, his work in the Whites shed as much light on alpine lifeways as it did on our understanding of those in the valleys below. His “top-down” approach is, however, much more than empirical: it informs Bettinger’s basic research approach, which is eminently theoretical. Despite recent antagonism towards deductive, theory-driven research and a pervading sense that inductive, “big data” approaches will ultimately answer so many of our research questions, it’s clear from Bettinger’s many contributions that theory matters now more than ever. Theory, after all, is really just about thinking clearly, most certainly the shortest path towards solving problems and something of which we so often find ourselves in short supply.

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MUELLER, JACKSON (ERM) A Paper Addressing the Curious Alterations of a Gaming Die Symposium 11: Historical Archaeology in the Great Basin and Beyond (5.0) (Friday, 1:00 – 4:15, Silver Baron C) Three decades ago a cubical gaming die was recovered from Fort Missoula, MT, exhibiting altered faces which influenced the result of any given roll. This paper, relying in part upon comparative collections from Nevada, proposes three possibilities for such alteration and discusses the likelihood of each.

NASH, ROBERT B. (DESERT WEST ENVIRONMENTAL) The Tactical Role of Maize in Hunting among Fremont Groups in the Northeastern Uinta Mountains Symposium 5: A Variationist’s Offspring: Papers in Honor of R. L. Bettinger (Friday, 8:00 – 12:00, Silver Baron E) Archaeological data from the Red Canyon region of the northeastern Uinta Mountains of Utah indicates the adoption of maize and the development of a low-level food production economy coincides with an increase in large game hunting from the Late Archaic to the Formative period. Upland maize storage provided a predictable caloric supplement during seasonal residential moves to the Uinta Mountain uplands, which not only reduced the risk of hunting but also allowed extended access to large game species. The adoption of maize and the subsequent in situ development of the Red Canyon Fremont culture was not a consequence of the caloric value of maize horticulture in the face of diminishing foraging returns and diet breadth expansion, but was rather about the storability and transportability of maize and its realized potential as a tactical means of prolonging access to large game and maintaining foraging efficiency within an established hunter-gatherer economy.

NASH, ROBERT B. (DESERT WEST ENVIRONMENTAL) Jackson Flat Faunal Remains Symposium 15: Virgin Branch Origins: The Jackson Flat Reservoir Project in Kanab, Utah (Saturday, 8:00-12:45, Silver Baron D) This paper discusses the faunal remains recovered during the Jackson Flat Reservoir Project in Kanab, Utah. The Jackson Flat faunal assemblage consists of over 10,000 specimens dating to the Archaic, Early Agricultural, Basketmaker II, Basketmaker III, Pueblo I, Pueblo II, and Post-Puebloan periods. The long period of occupation represented in the site assemblages provides a unique opportunity to study diachronic patterns of subsistence systems practiced in the region.

NELSON, NATE (LOGAN SIMPSON) See DeGraffenried, Jennifer See Kaiser, Bruce

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NELSON, WENDY J. (CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO) Health, Survival, and Reproductive Success: A Reconsideration of the Nutritional Potential of the Fish Slough Cave Diet Symposium 5: A Variationist’s Offspring: Papers in Honor of R. L. Bettinger (Friday, 8:00 – 12:00, Silver Baron E) Archaeological investigations conducted in the late 1980s at Fish Slough Cave, Owens Valley, California, recovered over 300 well-preserved human coprolites. When the nutritional profile of the diet inferred from coprolite analysis was compared against optimal foraging model predictions, based on energetic returns, the diet was considered to be deficient. However, when the same data were considered from a nutritional perspective using macronutrients (e.g., water, protein, fat, and carbohydrates) as currency, the diet was more favorable. The current study goes a step further by taking a holistic approach and addressing nutritional needs based on age, sex, and level of activity, and the role both macro- and micronutrients play in an individual’s overall fitness. This research suggests that the variation in nutritional needs may in part have contributed to shifts in settlement and subsistence patterns observed in the Late Prehistoric Period.

NEME, GUSTAVO (CONICET-MUSEO DE HISTORIA NATURAL DE SAN RAFAEL) See Fisher, Jacob

NESTEL, TIARA (SWCA ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS) See Stelter, Kristina

NEVERS, JOANNE (WASHOE TRIBE OF CALIFORNIA AND NEVADA) See Cruz, Darrel

NEWELL, MARIANNE (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) See Briem, Cedar

NIALS, FRED See Galm, Jerry R.

NICOLAS, RICHARD (CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, LOS ANGELES) Preliminary Analysis of Ground Stone Artifacts from CA-SBR-14, Mojave Desert, California Symposium 16: Rock Shelters of the South Range, Naval Air Weapons Station, China Lake, Mojave Desert, California (Saturday, 10:00 – 12:00, Silver Baron C) Ground stone artifacts from CA-SBR-14, a rock shelter on the South Range of Naval Air Weapons Station, China Lake, include milling slabs on the surface of the site, fire-affected fragments that were recovered from subsurface test units, and three hand stones that appear to have been deliberately placed with other artifacts in an unusual feature. When considered with other data, analysis of the ground stone assemblage provides important insights into prehistoric food processing at the site.

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O’BRIEN, MATTHEW (CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, CHICO) See Gregory, Danielle See Mahan, Chase

OLLIVIER, AARON P. (LOGAN SIMPSON) New Implications for Middle Holocene Abandonment: An Evaluation of Temporal Gaps in Northwestern Great Basin Sandals General Session 5: Recent Advances in Great Basin Textile Analysis (Friday, 1:00 – 2:30, Silver Baron 6) Large gaps occur in the radiocarbon sequences of Multiple Warp and Spiral Weft sandals. The gaps begin during the initial Middle Holocene and last for several millennia; however, the sandal types are technologically indistinguishable on either side of them. To test hypotheses regarding the cause of these gaps, I evaluate the existing radiocarbon sequences of both sandal types, present 24 additional radiocarbon dates on sandals, and critically evaluate chronological data from sandal-bearing sites in the northwestern Great Basin. My results demonstrate that the gaps in the sandal radiocarbon sequences are highly unlikely to occur due to chance. Instead, the gaps are likely a product of changing land-use patterns during the initial Middle Holocene. During this period, groups began utilizing areas where reliable water could be found. This change necessitated abandoning the caves and rockshelters groups occupied during the Early Holocene, areas that afford excellent preservation of perishable artifacts like sandals.

OLLIVIER, AARON P. (LOGAN SIMPSON) See Pilloud, Marin A. See Smith, Geoffrey M.

OLSEN, RICHARD L. (UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY) FINLEY, JUDSON BYRD (UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY) MCALLISTER, ANDREW (UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY) The Social Organization of Cub Creek Village, Dinosaur National Monument General Session 2: Prehistoric Settlement and Subsistence (Thursday, 1:00 – 4:45, Silver Baron C) Cub Creek Village in Dinosaur National Monument is among the more important localities documenting the adoption of maize horticulture on the northern periphery of the Fremont culture area AD 500-700. This large village is characterized by numerous hamlets of 4-20 households. Following our recent documentation of Cub Creek, we used Breternitz’s (1970) excavation data to examine the social organization of farming hamlets in this transitional context to a semi-sedentary horticultural lifestyle. We use GIS to rank the suitability of the local landscape for farming and hamlet construction following the logic of the ideal free distribution model. We compare the model output to the characteristics of individual households within hamlets assuming that higher-ranked households have larger floor plans, a greater number and higher volume of storage features, more pottery, and

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more prestige items. Our findings highlight variability in behavioral strategies during this important cultural transition on the northern Colorado Plateau.

O’NEILL, STEVE (ULTRASYSTEMS ENVIRONMENTAL) WEBSTER, CHRIS (DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSULTING) GARFINKEL, ALAN (ULTRASYSTEMS ENVIRONMENTAL) BLACK, MEGAN (ULTRASYSTEMS ENVIRONMENTAL) Western Clovis Expressions on China Lake: Dating and Landscape Context General Session 2: Prehistoric Settlement and Subsistence (Thursday, 1:00 – 4:45, Silver Baron C) Three temporally diagnostic Paleoindian points were discovered by UltraSystems/DigTech surveyors during cultural resource compliance Section 110 studies within Naval Air Weapons Station, China Lake, Ridgecrest, California, in the southwestern corner of the Great Basin. The approximate elevation and location of these Western Clovis and Great Basin Concave Base points appears to be nearly contiguous with the reconstructed high stand of Lake China from the time of the last glacial maximum. These three time diagnostics may be spatial correlated, and if so their locations and landform associations might support a date of about 13,000 cal. BP.

O’NEILL, BRIAN L. (UNIVERSITY OF OREGON) See Connolly, Thomas J.

ORIGER, TOM (WESTERN OBSIDIAN FOCUS GROUP) JONES, TED (WESTERN OBSIDIAN FOCUS GROUP) HENNESSY, RACHEL (WESTERN OBSIDIAN FOCUS GROUP) Enhanced Obsidian Hydration Dating Through Rigorous Temperature Control at Paisley Five Mile Caves in the Northern Great Basin General Session 3: Prehistoric Technology and Raw Material Studies (Friday, 8:00 – 11:45, Silver Baron 6) Particularly challenging is dating archaeological events with obsidian hydration band measurements, especially when specimens were recovered in caves and rock shelters. Because the growth of hydration bands is partially dependent upon temperature, it is critical that ground temperatures be included in any analysis of hydration bands. In this presentation we briefly discuss a procedure leading to the collection of hundreds of thousands of ground temperature measurements. But more importantly, we discuss the obsidian hydration dating of Paisley Caves.

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O’ROURKE, MAKAELA (UNIVERSITY OF OREGON) Pottery from Skull Creek Dunes, Locality 10, and its Implications for Pottery Traditions in Southern Oregon General Session 3: Prehistoric Technology and Raw Material Studies (Friday, 8:00 – 11:45, Silver Baron 6) Shoshone Pottery is rare in Oregon, yet alone dated before 1500 CE. However, pottery sherds dating several hundred years earlier have been found at the Skull Creek Dunes site in the Catlow Valley of Southern Oregon. These sherds represent possibly one of the oldest pottery traditions in Oregon and likely were made at the site. In addition to the sherds, small gaming pieces and cone shaped pieces have been found at the site. This paper builds on previous research presented by Scott Thomas of the Burns BLM, and includes details about cataloging, reconstructions, and other tests run on the Locality 10 pottery.

ORVALD, TUCKER (FAR WESTERN ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH GROUP) ATAMAN, KATHRYN (SUMMIT ENVIROSOLUTIONS) Surface Archaeology of the Soldier Meadows Area of Critical Environmental Concern (ACEC), Humboldt County, Nevada General Poster Session 2: Natural and Cultural Landscapes (Friday, 8:00 – 11:30, Silver Baron A) Located in the Black Rock Desert-High Rock Canyon National Conservation Area, the Soldier Meadows ACEC is an exemplary locality given its unique hydrological, biological, and cultural features. Between 2013 and 2014, the BLM Black Rock Field Office directed Section 110 inventory aimed at formally documenting cultural resources within the 2,078- acre ACEC. Surface archaeology includes a near-continuous distribution of early through late Holocene flaked and ground stone accumulations as well as historic-era Emigrant Trail evidence, a stage and freight transportation corridor, and extensive ranching infrastructure that reflects homestead- through corporate-scale land use. An understanding of the surface archaeology in the ACEC will allow for long-term adaptive management, provide a resource for problem-oriented archaeological research, and help the BLM conserve this unique setting and its pervasive archaeological record.

OTAOLA, CLARA (CONICET-MUSEO DE HISTORIA NATURAL DE SAN RAFAEL) See Fisher, Jacob L.

OWEN, BRYANDRA (UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, LAS VEGAS) A Sacred Place: The Importance of Place and Rock Art in the Valley of Fire Symposium 7: Rock Art in the Great Basin: Contemporary Approaches (Friday, 8:00 – 10:15, Silver Baron B) This paper will explore the relationship between landscape and rock art in the Valley of Fire State Park. Discussion will include the concepts of rock art as it relates to the landscape, as an interpretation of the environment, and as a reflection of beliefs in the power of the earth. Important topics will include Paiute and Pueblo mythologies and beliefs

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about the environment and landscape and how this can be used to look at rock art in a different way.

OWENS, ANDREW (UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY) Aging Mandibular Bison Teeth with ArcGIS General Session 1: Archaeology in the 21st Century (Thursday, 1:00 – 3:15, Silver Baron 1) This presentation presents a non-destructive, empirical and replicable method for aging bison teeth. Tooth eruption, growth, and attrition can document age-at-death, which informs on hunting strategies, occupation seasonality, environmental conditions, and herd health. Previous dentition studies utilize numerous tooth metrics that commonly require specimen-destructive research methods. Also, occlusal wear age estimates rely on subjective wear patterning classifications and figures. We suggest a new approach that provides age profiles by “mapping” occlusal wear with ESRi’s AcrGIS software. Planview mandibular tooth photos from the University of Wyoming’s known-age mandible sample, and well-documented prehistoric samples including the Agate Basin, Hawken, Horner, Glenrock, and Vore sites were captured and georeferenced. Next, GIS polygons were digitized for various occlusal surface features. Digitized GIS shape files were then used to generate various occlusal surface feature areas, and multiple statistical methods were employed that explore relationships between quantified occlusal surfaces and specimen ages.

OWNBY, MARY F. (DESERT ARCHAEOLOGY) See Griset, Suzanne

PACE, BRENDA (IDAHO NATIONAL LABORATORY) GILBERT, HOLLIE (IDAHO NATIONAL LABORATORY) Turning Tragedy to Honor and Inspiration: The Public Values of a WWII Bomber Crash Site at the Idaho National Laboratory Symposium 3: Current Research in Idaho (Thursday, 1:00 – 3:45, Silver Baron C) During World War II, the Pocatello Army Airbase was established in southeastern Idaho as a training facility for U. S. airmen. Several aerial bombing ranges were also established on undeveloped desert lands northwest of the Airbase for practice missions. Two of these practice areas, the Arco High Altitude and Twin Buttes Bombing Ranges, are located within the current boundaries of the Idaho National Laboratory. On the night of January 8, 1944, a B-24 bomber crashed during a training mission over these practice ranges, killing all seven men on board. After the initial cleanup and recovery, the crash site was forgotten for 70 years until INL archaeologists and interested historians re-identified it and began a process of careful research, documentation and public outreach. This paper highlights the re-discovery of the site, the research conducted to fill in the human dimensions of the story, and the important public values that it embodies.

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PACE, BRENDA (IDAHO NATIONAL LABORATORY) See Armstrong, Trent See Henrikson, L. Suzann

PALMER, JAMIE (BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT) Teasing Out the Past: A Case Study of Differentiating Cultural Phases in a Predictive Model for Iron County, Utah Symposium 6: Innovative Approaches to the Use of Archaeological Data in Public Land Management (Friday 8:00 – 10:30, Silver Baron D) The goal of archaeological predictive models is to identify areas with a high probability for sites by using factors like the correlation between environmental variables and recorded sites. Many of these models divide the cultural phases into only two groupings: historical and prehistoric. By dividing cultural phases broadly, many models miss the different relationships cultures had with the environment. At the Cedar City Field Office, we’re developing a predictive model that accounts for cultural phases. For our case study, we focus on prehistoric, Archaic, and Formative sites in Iron County, Utah to determine if there is a difference of spatial locations between cultural phases. Our early observations reaffirm what we already knew: combining 10,000 years of prehistoric site distribution blends, obscures, and muddles discrete patterning. We argue we should take time to examine each period separately to develop meaningful patterns, which will allow federal agencies to better manage these resources.

PALMER, JAMIE (BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT) See Abplanalp, Jenn

PARKER, ASHLEY (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) JOHNSON, LISA (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) MAGARGAL, KATE (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) RATH, WILL (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) DI PAOLO, MARIANNA (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) CODDING, BRIAN, F. (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) When is a Horse Not a Horse? It Depends on Your Local Ecology General Poster Session 3: Environment, Subsistence, and Technology (Friday, 1:00 – 4:30, Silver Baron A) The (re)introduction of the horse to North America brought dramatic changes to American Indians. However, not all populations were affected equally; the horse became central to some societies, but had seemingly little effect on others. This variation is seen across Great Basin ethnographic groups, where some populations adopted the horse for transportation and hunting, while others ate the horse. Some argue that this variation is the result of environmental constraints: where the local ecology could support horses, people adopted them; where horses could not survive, people did not. Here, we propose a novel ecological hypothesis based on the costs and benefits of riding versus eating the horse. We review the 128 35th Great Basin Anthropological Conference - 2016

historical and linguistic evidence for variation in the adoption of the horse throughout the Great Basin, and then test the proposed environmental and ecological hypotheses.

PARKER, ASHLEY (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) See Magargal, Kate

PAVLIK, BRUCE M. (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) See Louderback, Lisbeth A.

PAY, NICHOLAS (BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT) Participant Roundtable Discussion: When Archaeological Sites are More than Data (Friday, 8:00-10:00, Silver Baron C)

PAY, NICHOLAS (BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT) Lincoln County Archaeological Initiative Program Update Symposium 12: Lincoln County Archaeological Initiative (Friday, 1:00 – 3:15, Silver Baron B) The Lincoln County Archaeological Initiative (LCAI) was established in 2006 in order to fund projects for the inventory, evaluation, protection and management of unique cultural resources in Lincoln County, Nevada. Between 2006 and 2016, LCAI funded 49 individual projects and provided more than eight million dollars for various archaeological projects in Lincoln County. This presentation will focus on what has been done so far with the program and identify how researchers can gain access to these data.

PAY, NICHOLAS (BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT) Lincoln County Archaeological Initiative Project: Proposal Process Symposium 12: Lincoln County Archaeological Initiative (Friday, 1:00 – 3:15, Silver Baron B) The passage of the Lincoln County Land Act of 2000 (LCLA), and the Lincoln County Conservation, Recreation, Development Act of 2004 (LCCRDA) designated 13,500 acres of public land for disposal. Upon disposal of these lands, 85% of the proceeds are to be deposited into a special account in the treasury of the United States for uses outlined in these laws. One of the designated uses of these funds is the inventory, evaluation, protection and management of unique archaeological resources in Lincoln County (archaeological resources, as defined in the Archaeological Resources Protection Act, are those resources older than 100 years). In order to distribute funds for these purposes the Lincoln County archaeological initiative was created. This initiative created a process by which projects that involve public lands in Lincoln County, Nevada could be submitted, evaluated and funded as appropriate.

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PEABODY, JOSHUA B. (GREAT NORTHERN RESOURCES) JAFFKE, DENISE (CALIFORNIA STATE PARKS) Assessing Seasonal Ritual at Loyalton Rockshelter Using Dental Increment Analysis General Poster Session 3: Environment, Subsistence, and Technology (Friday, 1:00 – 4:30, Silver Baron A) Excavations at Loyalton Rockshelter (CA-SIE-46) recovered bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) cranial elements from five cache pits. Containing both adult and fetal bighorn elements, these features have been interpreted as evidence of ritual activity. We present the results of cementum increment analysis to determine season-of-death from a select sample of bighorn molars from Loyalton Rockshelter to determine whether the individuals represented were taken during the same season or different seasons of the calendar year. A single seasonal signature may indicate that the animals were taken in a single event, lending support to the interpretation that these features are ritual in nature.

PEART, JONATHAN M. (UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY) SANTARONE, PAUL (UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY) MARTIN, HOUSTON (UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY) CANNON, MOLLY BOEKA (UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY) CANNON, KENNETH P. (UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY) Overlooking the Valley: Preliminary Results of Two Years (12,000 Acres) of Archaeological Surveys Along the Southern Cedar Mountain Foothills, Dugway Proving Ground, Utah Poster Symposium 4: Archaeological Investigations from the Cedar Mountain Region of the Dugway Proving Grounds (Saturday, 8:00 – 11:30, Silver Baron A) Beginning in 2014, Utah State University and USU Archeological Services conducted intensive pedestrian surveys in the southern Cedar Mountain region of Dugway Proving Ground. To date, we have completed the second year of fieldwork covering a total of 12,000 acres in the northern portion of the military installation. The project area covers a diverse terrain that begins along the margins of the Great Salt Lake Desert playa, extends into dune fields and Lake Bonneville terraces and concludes in the rugged mountain ridges of the southern Cedar Mountains. Precontact sites within this area include a diverse array of small ephemeral lithic scatters, expansive multicomponent sites among dunes, upland lithic procurement areas and a few rock shelters. In this poster, we present the preliminary results of the past two years of fieldwork within the framework of settlement mobility and resource procurement by focusing on site distributions and represented lithic technology.

PEDERSON, JOEL L. (UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY) See Reid, Kenneth C.

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PELLEGRINI, EVAN J. (NEVADA STATE MUSEUM) CREGER, CLIFF C. (NEVADA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION) Three-Dimensional Paleo-Spur Throated Grasshoppers General Poster Session 1: Terminal Pleistocene/Early Holocene Archaeology (Thursday, 1:00 – 4:30, Silver Baron A) To facilitate interdisciplinary analysis of the paleo-Melanoplinae, 3D scanning was performed. Three-dimensional volumes were created using a NextEngine 3D laser scanner with the intention of being able to enhance diagnostic features on specimens (i.e., prosternal spine) recovered from Terminal Pleistocene deposits within Crypt Cave, Western Nevada. Anticipated implications by posting 3D volumes online are that it will aid in interdisciplinary analysis among distant researchers. The process of scanning modern grasshoppers as a test and paleo-spur-throated grasshoppers for analysis will be reviewed.

PELLEGRINI, EVAN J. (NEVADA STATE MUSEUM) HATTORI, EUGENE M. (NEVADA STATE MUSEUM) BENSON, LARRY V. (UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO) A Paleoindian Locust Cache from Winnemucca Lake, Pershing County, Nevada Symposium 14: Honoring a Giant—David B. Madsen’s Contributions to the Science and Culture of Archaeology, Anthropology, and Related Fields in the Great Basin and Beyond are Celebrated (Saturday, 8:00 – 12:45, Silver Baron E) A cache pit dominated by remnants of approximately 700 locusts from basal archaeological deposits of Crypt Cave (26Pe3a), Winnemucca (dry) Lake, Pershing Co., Nevada, was excavated by Phil Orr in 1952. A direct AMS date on grasshopper chitin yielded an age of 12,310+40 14C yrs. B.P. (14,195 cal. B.P.). If our initial identification is correct, the locusts are the historically extinct Rocky Mountain grasshopper (Melanoplus spretus) whose range extended into Nevada and California, but as an uncommon grasshopper species. The cache’s age assessment forms the beginning of our studies on cache contents and contexts including regional Pleistocene fauna and flora, Pluvial Lake Lahontan lake level chronology, early textiles, Paleoindian lifeways, and extension of the regional cultural chronology.

PICKERING, EVELYN (UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA) Rooted Knowledge: Numic Plant TEK as Evidence of Cultural Continuity Symposium 8: Performing Place: Expressions of Memory and Materiality in the Great Basin, Colorado Plateau, and Eastern California (Friday, 10:45 – 12:00, Silver Baron 1) Southern Paiute people have lived on their traditional lands since time immemorial. Over thousands of years, Southern Paiute people interacted with their environment and developed extensive and remarkably complex traditional ecological knowledge (TEK). Southern Paiute plant TEK has deep cultural significance, and has been passed down from one generation to the next consistently through time. Plant TEK is evidence of cultural continuity because it is regionally specific knowledge that can only develop over extended occupation. Southern Paiute plant TEK is profoundly nuanced, multifaceted, and

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sustainable. Intricate and complex understanding and utilization of many plants (individually and together) have persisted through time and maintained cultural significance; therefore, Southern Paiute plant knowledge is evidence of cultural continuity.

PILLOUD, MARIN A. (UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO) REAUX, DEREK (UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO) WIGGINS, KRISTINA, M. (UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO) SMITH, GEOFFREY, M. (UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO) OLLIVIER, AARON, P. (LOGAN SIMPSON) The Use of FORDISC in Statistical Estimations of Source Material Provenance General Session 3: Prehistoric Technology and Raw Material Studies (Friday, 8:00 – 11:45, Silver Baron 6) Source provenance studies entail geochemical characterization of obsidian or fine-grained volcanic artifacts. Traditionally, this work has relied on bivariate methods that employ limited statistical analyses to assign geological origin. This study explores the utility of linear discriminant function in assigning source provenance using the statistical program FORDISC. This program is commonly used in forensic anthropology to estimate ancestry based on craniometric variables. For this study, element composition was obtained from known source material using a portable XRF unit. Using these data, a training and test set were created. The training set was imported into the statistical program FORDISC as the reference sample using the custom database function. The test set was then used to explore the accuracy of the method. Initial results indicate that the use of FORDISC in estimating geological origin is promising and provides robust statistical results.

PINK, JEREMIAS (OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY) Evaluating Physiographic Barriers to Obsidian Transport on the Snake River Plain Symposium 3: Current Research in Idaho (Thursday, 1:00 – 3:45, Silver Baron C) Over the past twenty years, multiple regional studies of obsidian source use in Southern Idaho have shown that while obsidian was often transported for great distances along the Snake River Plain, its transport perpendicular to the plain was minimal. In the first of these studies, Holmer (1997) speculated that either (a) the Snake River acted as a barrier to mobility perpendicular to the Plain; or (b) that these patterns were the product of other social and environmental factors. To evaluate the first hypothesis, 165 obsidian artifacts from sites on opposite sides of the Snake River near American Falls, ID were analyzed via pXRF to assess differences in source use north and south of the river. Results show that the Snake River was not a barrier to obsidian transport in this location, suggesting that regional patterns of obsidian transport result from persistent differences in foraging range between ancestral bands of Shoshone, Bannock, and Paiute.

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POLLOCK, ALAIN (BROADBENT & ASSOCIATES) The Forgotten Neighborhood of the Comstock Results of Test Excavations at Virginia City Block 242 General Session 6: Historical Archaeology (Saturday, 8:00 – 9:30, Silver Baron B) This paper presents the results of test excavations at a Comstock-era neighborhood, Virginia City Block 242, on the Divide between Virginia City and Gold Hill. Despite its proximity to the city, Block 242 is separated from the rest of the community by the Loring Pit and remains untouched by modern development. Very little information about its residents or its abandonment is available; it currently exists as a forgotten remnant of peripheral Comstock community. In Summer 2016, Broadbent & Associates performed a survey and test excavations at Block 242. Survey documented over thirty features, including building platforms, cellars, and stone foundations. Test excavations suggest that this was not only a residential neighborhood, but also home to public and commercial buildings, perhaps including a school. Upcoming mitigation of this site will focus on both public and private structures and will explore the possibility that this neighborhood contained the first Fourth Ward School.

PRATT, JORDAN E. (TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY) GEOBEL, TED (TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY) Investigation of Potential Pre-Clovis Archaeological Sites in the Winnemucca Lake Basin, Nevada General Poster Session 1: Terminal Pleistocene/Early Holocene Archaeology (Thursday, 1:00 – 4:30, Silver Baron A) Fishbone and Crypt caves, located in the eastern Winnemucca Lake basin, may be the oldest sites in the Lahontan basin, and the only occupations dating to at least the Clovis Period. In the 1950s Phil Orr excavated portions of the caves, discovering a rich inventory of articles. Extinct Pleistocene fauna were recovered; two horse mandibles from Fishbone Cave date to ca. 13,230 and 13,110 cal. BP, while a possible cache of grasshoppers found in lakebed sediments within Crypt Cave date to 14,150 cal. BP. The Center for the Study of the First Americans surveyed the eastern Winnemucca caves in 2016 to assess their condition and attempt to determine if intact Pleistocene deposits remain. Preliminary examination of the caves indicates that despite large scale looting, artifacts as well as intact deposits are present in all of the caves. Future testing of these intact sediments could verify the antiquity of the sites.

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PRITCHARD PARKER, MARI A. (ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE) PUCKETT, HEATHER R. (ENVIRONMENTAL AND HISTORIC PRESERVATION) Duck, Duck, Goose! General Session 3: Prehistoric Technology and Raw Material Studies (Friday, 8:00 – 11:45, Silver Baron 6) Between January and April 2015, two survey projects were conducted around the Piute Ponds area of Edwards Air Force Base, California, which identified four crescentic stone tools. These tools are site-type markers for sites dating to the Lake Mojave Period (LMP). These and other LMP artifacts at a number of sites also identified during these projects promoted the focused testing of 12 sites, all likely attributed to this same time period. Beginning in February 2016, an additional investigation of 21 historic period sites began, with a focus on historic recreational waterfowl hunting. This long term use of the Rosamond Dry Lake landform lead us to propose the creation of a Lake Mojave Period District and a Historic Recreational Hunting District for the Rosamond Lake area.

PUCKETT, HEATHER R. (ENVIRONMENTAL AND HISTORIC PRESERVATION) See Pritchard Parker, Mari A.

PUCKETT, NEIL (TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY) Great Basin Perennial Lakes: Site Distribution and Land Use General Session 2: Prehistoric Settlement and Subsistence (Thursday, 1:00 – 4:45, Silver Baron C) Landscape use around lakes is a primary focus for Great Basin archaeology. Theories concerning marsh adaptations, shoreline habitation, and cultural modifications to changing fluvial and lacustrine systems dominate regional paleoecology and cultural evolution. While pluvial lakes are essential to such discussions, perennial lakes provide an opportunity to investigate lake adaptations from the Late Pleistocene to the Late Prehistoric. This paper focuses on site distribution around three lakes that have existed throughout much of the Great Basin’s human history: Eagle Lake, CA; Malheur/Harney Lake, OR; and Walker Lake, NV. Spatial analysis of sites recorded within each lake’s watershed provides an invaluable understanding of how inhabitants of the Great Basin made use of these lakes. Patterns of site distribution, site type, and site chronology reveal shifting and stable relationships to water systems across the region’s prehistory. These patterns can then be used to better understand Great Basin pluvial landscape use and adaptations.

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QUINLAN, ANGUS (NEVADA ROCK ART FOUNDATION) Social Perspectives on Rock Art’s Variable Distribution in Great Basin Archaeology Plenary Session: Featured Landscapes: Interpreting Great Basin Archaeology at Regional Scales (Thursday, 8:00 – 11:30, Exposition Hall B) A regional approach to Great Basin rock art indicates that it is a variable component of the settled landscape known to prehistoric hunter-foragers. Great Basin rock art sites can be viewed as palimpsests of cultural symbolism produced by repeated social actions, which exhibit variability in landscape setting as well as site structure, styles, and associated archaeological contexts. Rock art is a way of marking culturally meaningful places that, at certain times, appears to have played an important role in adjusting to changes in social environment. The broad outline of rock art’s patterned deployment in the social routines of prehistoric cultures contributes to wider debates in Great Basin archaeology regarding social and cultural constraints on settlement and economic strategies.

QUINLAN, ANGUS (NEVADA ROCK ART FOUNDATION) GAREY-SAGE, DARLA (NEVADA STATE MUSEUM) Identity on the Periphery: Rock Art at the Valley of Fire Symposium 7: Rock Art in the Great Basin: Contemporary Approaches (Friday, 8:00 – 10:15, Silver Baron B) During April 2016, the Nevada Rock Art Foundation recorded 12 rock art sites at Nevada’s oldest State Park, Valley of Fire. This area is well known for the mixture of styles and cultural influences that are evident in its rock art. Valley of Fire was most intensively used from 2500 years ago by Archaic hunter-foragers and Formative cultures. This paper provides an overview of the characteristics of Valley of Fire’s rock art and its broader implications for understanding rock art’s relationship to the settled landscape and the expression of social and cultural identities.

QUINLAN, ANGUS (NEVADA ROCK ART FOUNDATION) See Garey-Sage, Darla

RAFFERTY, KEVIN (COLLEGE OF SOUTHERN NEVADA) Site 26CK206 Near Atlatl Rock, Valley of Fire State Park, Clark County, Nevada: A Re- examination of Site Recording Techniques, Condition, and Interpretation After 50 Symposium 7: Rock Art in the Great Basin: Contemporary Approaches (Friday, 8:00 – 10:15, Silver Baron B) Although Valley of Fire has been mentioned in the archaeological literature since the 1930s, the first real reconnaissance surveys were conducted by the Richard and Mary Shutler in 1961. They recorded 32 sites throughout the park, many of which were near present-day Atlatl Rock. One particular site, 26CK206, was recorded by the Shutlers at that time, and also partially by Heizer and Baumhoff. In 2011 the CSN Valley of Fire survey project re-recorded the site as part of its on-going efforts in the park. Comparisons will be made between the data reported by the Shutlers in 1962 and CSN in 2011, keeping in mind

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the effects of environmental impacts to the site over the last 50 years and differences in methodology and interpretation.

RAFFERTY, KEVIN (COLLEGE OF SOUTHERN NEVADA) Historic Archaeology in the Clark Mountains at the Colosseum Mine Project, San Bernardino County, California Symposium 11: Historical Archaeology in the Great Basin and Beyond (5.0) (Friday, 1:00 – 4:15, Silver Baron C) In 1986, the presenter was director of a large mitigation and data recovery project in the Clark Mountains of California. Although essentially prehistoric in its main thrust, dealing with cultural remains dating from the Lake Mojave (ca. 10,000-7500 B.P.) to protohistoric Paiute (ca. 850-150 B.P.) periods, the projected mine area contained historic remains dating from the second half of the nineteenth century through the first part of the twentieth century. This presentation will examine those historic remains, and place them into both historic and modern context.

RANKIN, AMANDA Starch Residue Analysis from Two High Altitude Village Locations: High Rise Village, Wyoming and the White Mountain Village Sites, California General Poster Session 3: Environment, Subsistence, and Technology (Friday, 1:00 – 4:30, Silver Baron A) Starch residue analysis, ground stone, and use-wear analysis on milling equipment from High Rise Village and the White Mountain Village sites reveals a subsistence system that included geophyte processing at high elevation. High altitude residential use is little understood in North America and has often been thought to relate to intensive pine nut exploitation. This research indicates that this is not the case, and that geophytes were a targeted resource at high elevation. A closer look at the archaeological record in the two regions reveals that root processing was a common occurrence in nearby lowland regions and that high altitude villages may fit into this broader regional pattern of geophyte processing, a fact that has been overlooked by archaeologists and ethnographers alike, and something starch residue analysis is well suited to demonstrate.

RATH, WILL (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) See Magargal, Kate See Parker, Ashley

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REAUX, DEREK (UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO) SMITH, GEOFFREY, M. (UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO) ADAMS, KEN (DESERT RESEARCH INSTITUTE) GEORGE, NICOLE (UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO) JAMALDIN, SOPHIA, A. (UNIVERSITY OF NV, RENO) WIGGINS, KRISTINA, M. (UNIV. OF NV, RENO) A First Look at the Paleoindian Record of Guano Valley, Oregon Symposium 10: Recent Contributions to Paleoindian Archaeology in the Great Basin (Friday 1:00 – 5:00, Silver Baron E) Guano Valley is located between Warner and Catlow valleys. Relative to the surrounding valleys, it has received little attention from professional archaeologists over the years. During the 2016 field season, the Great Basin Paleoindian Research Unit (University of Nevada, Reno) began a long-term research project in Guano Valley focused on searching for Paleoindian sites in the area. Although our work is in its infancy, we have already uncovered a very rich record of Terminal Pleistocene/Early Holocene (TP/EH) occupation associated with a delta system that likely brought fresh water into the basin while those sites were occupied. Because TP/EH lakes in Guano Valley were stable for long periods due to the presence of a low sill above which they could not rise at the northern end of the basin, the valley likely supported a long-term productive marsh system that attracted early groups to the area.

REAUX, DEREK (UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO) See Jamaldin, Sophia, A. See Pilloud, Marin A.

REID, KENNETH C. (IDAHO STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY) CANNON, KENNETH, P. (UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY) PEDERSON, JOEL, L. (UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY) CANNON, MOLLY BOEKA (UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY) Where is the Civil War West? Landscape Change at the Bear River Massacre National Historic Landmark Symposium 3: Current Research in Idaho (Thursday, 1:00 – 3:45, Silver Baron C) For purposes of management and interpretation, the Bear River Massacre National Historic Landmark can be viewed through three landscape lenses: symbolic, iconic, and military. As a symbolic landscape, the National Historic Landmark by definition marks a turning point or significant event in our nation’s history. Connor’s victory secured lines of communication between the Union and California at the height of the Civil War. As an iconic landscape, the Landmark anchors Shoshone tradition and settler society folklore, as well as emerging archaeological and anthropological knowledge. As a military or battle landscape, terrain intelligence and assessment figure most prominently. For the archaeologist, historic maps and geomorphic studies focused on key terrain, observation and fields of fire, cover and concealment, obstacles, and avenues of approach and 137 35th Great Basin Anthropological Conference - 2016

withdrawal offers an approach favored by the National Park Service. Here we summarize what we have learned concerning 150 years of landscape change within this framework.

RHODE, DAVID (DESERT RESEARCH INSTITUTE) Three Decades Eating Madsen’s Dust: A Survivor’s Tale Symposium 14: Honoring a Giant—David B. Madsen’s Contributions to the Science and Culture of Archaeology, Anthropology, and Related Fields in the Great Basin and Beyond are Celebrated (Saturday, 8:00 – 12:45, Silver Baron E) Madsen’s long and diverse record of archaeological investigations in the Great Basin and arid inner Asia is complemented by his equally important contributions to our current understanding of Quaternary paleoecology in those regions. Over the last 30 years, from the Bonneville Basin’s darkest grottoes to the high open pasturelands of Tibet, I have followed in Madsen’s large footsteps in his passionate pursuit of pollen, packrat poop, pine nuts, paleolakes, and prolix preposterousness. Here I revisit some of the paleoenvironmental steps along that long and grubby path.

RICE, SARAH (FAR WESTERN ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH GROUP) See Duke, Daron

RICHARDS, KATIE (BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY) Antlers and Architecture: The 2016 BYU Field School at Wolf Village, Utah Symposium 13: Fremont Archaeology in the Valleys of Utah (Friday, 3:30 – 5:00, Silver Baron 1) Previous excavations at Wolf Village (42UT273) in northern central Utah have helped us better understand Fremont architectural complexity and variability as well as provided insights into ritual behavior. The 2016 excavations at the site have provided data that will help us further understand the complexities of Fremont life. This season focused on the excavation of two pit structures as well as a multi-room adobe surface house. Both of the ventilation tunnels in the two pit structures had very particular deposits of faunal bone, groundstone, and hematite which fits within a larger pattern of unusual deposits in ventilation tunnels in the region. The multi-room adobe structure is unique and, at the end of the 2016 season, had over 23 rooms; however, they were not all built at the same time and some may have never been used. Wolf Village continues to provide interesting (and somewhat confusing) data about Fremont life.

RICHEY, SHAUN (UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO) See Calkins, Adam

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RILEY, TIMOTHY (USU EASTERN) MCCARN, RILEY (USU EASTERN) Isolated Farmstead or Integral Part of a Dispersed Settlement? Exploring the Relationship of the Martinez Site to the Fremont Landscape along Grassy Trail Creek, Carbon County, Utah General Session 2: Prehistoric Settlement and Subsistence (Thursday, 1:00 – 4:45, Silver Baron C) Despite being located near the modern community of East Carbon City and a state highway, recent excavations at the Martinez site revealed an intact Fremont-age pit structure perched above the Grassy Trail Creek. This structure and its associated midden could be considered as an isolated farmstead. Professional records and statements from local citizens provide a glimpse of other nearby sites that suggest that the solitary structure at the Martinez site may have been an integrated part of a dispersed settlement spread along the winding creek. This paper presents our excavation data in the broader context of the cultural landscape of the Grassy Trail Creek drainage and considers several ways the Fremont of this area may have ordered and structured their social environment.

RINGHOFF, MARY (ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP) See Stoner, Edward J.

RITTENOUR, TAMMY (UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY) See Ideker, Carlie

ROBBINS, BRADY L. (BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY) LAMBERT, SPENCER F. X. (BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY) Rejects, Refuse, and Ritual: The Life History of Fremont Worked Bone Gaming Pieces Symposium 13: Fremont Archaeology in the Valleys of Utah (Friday, 3:30 – 5:00, Silver Baron 1) We examine the life history of Fremont worked bone gaming pieces. We analyzed all bone gaming pieces from the Wolf Village excavations occurring from 2009-2013 and 2016. Fremont gaming pieces have long been interpreted as instruments of gambling due to their similarity to items used historically in Native American gambling practices. During our research we analyzed all of the worked bone gaming pieces from Wolf Village and compared our results with ethnographic accounts of Native American gaming pieces. Our research focused on two aspects of the Fremont gaming piece life histories which have been mostly overlooked: production and disposal. By focusing on the neglected portions of the life histories we can develop a more holistic understanding of the use of Fremont gaming pieces. The results of our research indicate that the Fremont had well-developed ritual practices which may have included divination and imitative magic.

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ROBERSON, JOANNA C. (FAR WESTERN ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH GROUP) Hunter-Gatherer Sites on the Amboy Crater Lava Flow, San Bernardino County, California General Poster Session 2: Natural and Cultural Landscapes (Friday, 8:00 – 11:30, Silver Baron A) Recent work by Far Western in the Lead Mountain training area aboard the Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center, Twentynine Palms, California, has identified a number of Gypsum Period and later prehistoric habitation sites within previously unsurveyed areas of the Amboy Crater Lava Flow. These sites contrast with the Early Holocene occupations already known at the boundary between the flow and Lead Mountain Dry Lake. This poster summarizes available temporal data gathered from limited test excavations and diagnostic artifacts and explores the timing and variability among the playa margin and lava flow sites in the Lead Mountain training area, thus establishing a picture of local resource use from which a Base-wide model of hunter-gatherer settlement-subsistence patterns can be further developed.

ROBERSON, JOANNA C. (FAR WESTERN ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH GROUP) See Byerly, Ryan M.

ROBERTS, HEIDI (HRA, INC.) Foragers to Farmers: the Agricultural Transition (5000-800 B.C.) Symposium 15: Virgin Branch Origins: The Jackson Flat Reservoir Project in Kanab, Utah (Saturday, 8:00 – 12:45, Silver Baron D) This paper focuses on the Archaic Period and the transition to agriculture in the Jackson Flat project area. The Archaic occupation began around 6000 BP and continued intermittently until maize cultivation was introduced by 3,000 years ago. The oldest Archaic habitation site contained four brush structures and several associated extramural hearths and roasting pits. Projectile points were rarely associated with the Archaic flaked and ground stone assemblages, and both Late and Middle Archaic components contained dark midden deposits mixed with large shallow roasting pits, fire-cracked rocks, and rabbit bones. Although the total quantity of faunal bone recovered was small, I suggest that communal jackrabbit hunts might have been the focus of subsistence activities throughout the Archaic period. This adaptation shifted suddenly around 1300 BC when maize farmers arrived who lived in formal pithouses and stored corn in large bell-shaped pits.

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ROBERTS, HEIDI (HRA, INC.) SPURR, KIMBERLEY (PAST PEOPLES CONSULTING) Mortuary Practices at Eagle's Watch in Jackson Flat Symposium 15: Virgin Branch Origins: The Jackson Flat Reservoir Project in Kanab, Utah (Saturday, 8:00 – 12:45, Silver Baron D) This paper examines the mortuary practices of the fifty-four individuals recovered from twenty-nine burial features excavated during the Jackson Flat Reservoir Project. All of these burials were discovered in the largest site – Eagle’s Watch – which was occupied throughout the Early Agricultural, Basketmaker, and Pueblo I periods. Burials were concentrated in a discrete cemetery area located between two of these habitation loci and in the midden of the oldest habitation area. Using relative dating methods the burials were sorted into the Basketmaker and Puebloan groups. A comparison of these groups suggests that mortuary practices shifted after AD 700 in several important ways.

RONDEAU, MIKE (RONDEAU ARCHAEOLOGICAL) Fluted Point Studies in Nevada: The CalFLUTED Project Symposium 10: Recent Contributions to Paleoindian Archaeology in the Great Basin (Friday 1:00 – 5:00, Silver Baron E) By the end of 2015 the CalFLUTED (California Fluted/Lanceolate Uniform Testing and Evaluation Database) project had conducted 25 research studies related to fluted bifaces from Nevada. These studies have analyzed 112 fluted points and seven unfinished fluted bifaces. Predicted and unexpected results have been obtained. Lessons learned from these studies are provided.

RONDEAU, MIKE (RONDEAU ARCHAEOLOGICAL) See Thomas, Scott

ROPER, ROGER (UTAH SHPO) SHPO Perspective on CRM “Lessons Learned” Symposium 1: CRM in the Great Basin, What Have We Learned? – Part II (Thursday, 1:00 – 5:00, Silver Baron E) Based on my 32 years of experience in State Historic Preservation Offices in two states (Utah and Oregon), I will address the following topics: (1) Data Systems: Great data, but extremely high costs. Frequent technology upgrades are now an ongoing expense. Plus, 50 different systems and minimal research outcomes; (2) Tribal Roles: How can tribes become more effective partners in CRM, especially with limited federal support?; (3) Mitigation: Nickel-and-dime results still dominate. More big outcomes are needed. Mitigation banking?; (4) The National Register: Is the NR still vital and relevant, especially with archaeology? How do intangible resources fit into a program focused on Places?; (5) Archaeology and Historic Preservation--Strange Bedfellows? The methods and goals for each are quite different. Are we forcing them together?; and (6) Separate Spheres – the

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NPS and the ACHP: Two agencies for one program? Is there a more coordinated process for addressing cultural resources?

ROSENTHAL, JEFFREY S. (FAR WESTERN ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH GROUP) See Whitaker, Adrian R.

ROVANPERA, JEN (BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT) See Herzog, Nicole M.

RUBY, ALLIKA (FAR WESTERN ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH GROUP) KING, JEROME (FAR WESTERN ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH GROUP) A Landscape Analysis of Pronghorn Trap Features in Eastern Nevada Poster Symposium 3: Prehistory of Nevada’s Northern Tier: Highlights from the Ruby Pipeline Project (Friday, 1:00 – 4:30, Silver Baron A) Eastern Nevada contains the remains of many large wooden enclosures that were thought to have been used by prehistoric hunting groups to capture pronghorn. These enclosures, or corrals, display highly similar characteristics which reflect their builders’ sophisticated understanding of pronghorn behavior. Researchers from Far Western Anthropological Research Group, Inc., conducted a detailed analysis of the construction techniques used to build four such enclosures along the Ruby Pipeline corridor near Montello. Our study indicates that the builders intentionally integrated features of the landscape into the corrals that likely increased their effectiveness. Our presentation highlights the characteristics shared by the four prehistoric corrals as well as a nearby historic-period corral, compares them to other documented pronghorn corrals in the region, and offers a predictive model for locating additional corrals.

RUUSKA, ALEX K. (NORTHERN MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY) The Materiality of Myth: Memory Performances in Great Basin and Eastern Californian Rock Art Sites Symposium 8: Performing Place: Expressions of Memory and Materiality in the Great Basin, Colorado Plateau, and Eastern California (Friday, 10:45 – 12:00, Silver Baron 1) At Winnemucca Lake in western Nevada, North America scholars have identified evidence of rock art traditions extending back to 14.8±0.2 and 10.3±0.1 cal. BP and in eastern California there is evidence of rock art originating in the Late Pleistocene and continuing into the Historic period. This paper investigates the integrated emplaced materiality of memory performances in Great Basin and eastern California rock art sites through the categories of: narratives, representations, objects, ritual behaviors, and places. In process I explore how distinctive pictograph and petroglyph traditions promote emplacement, a sense of the cultural past, and ancestral memory of seminal natural events and foundational epistemological and ontological understandings.

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SABAN, CHANTEL V. (UNIVERSITY OF OREGON) See Herring, Erin M.

SAKAI, SACHIKO (CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, LONG BEACH) See Harry, Karen G.

SALDAÑA, MELANIE PASQUA (CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, LOS ANGELES) Obsidian Source Diversity in the West Central Mojave Desert: What Small Sized Flakes Can Tell Us Symposium 16: Rock Shelters of the South Range, Naval Air Weapons Station, China Lake, Mojave Desert, California (Saturday, 10:00 – 12:00, Silver Baron C) Obsidian flake assemblages in the west central Mojave Desert generally contain flake sizes that in the past were considered too small for sourcing, thus restricting testing of obsidian recovered from these sites. This bias in flake size has limited our ability to access diversity in obsidian sources. However, improvements in technology now allow accurate testing of these materials and as a result, have revealed surprising source diversity. This paper discusses the results of obsidian sourcing from Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake, South Range sites with relatively high numbers of small obsidian flakes, and their possible impact on our knowledge of the prehistoric west central Mojave Desert.

SANTARONE, PAUL (UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY) See Peart, Jonathan M.

SCHLANGER, SARAH (BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT) LARRALDE, SIGNA (BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT) HECKMAN, ROBERT (STATISTICAL RESEARCH, INC.) SLAUGHTER, MARK (BUREAU OF RECLAMATION) What If You Build It But They Don’t Come? Overcoming Obstacles to Using Big Data Symposium 6: Innovative Approaches to the Use of Archaeological Data in Public Land Management (Friday 8:00-10:30, Silver Baron D) We explore three projects where very large datasets in state archaeological repositories and other archives were used to document known cultural resources, point out gaps in knowledge, and (in one case) construct sensitivity models in anticipation of renewable energy development. These examples are the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act historic trails inventory (2011), the Southern New Mexico Cultural Resources Sensitivity Model (2013) and the Navajo Generating Station-Kayenta Mine Complex project Class I Inventory (2015). On the development side, these projects encountered considerable challenges in obtaining, standardizing, and leveraging the basic data needed to efficiently accomplish the project goals. On the implementation side, the models, data products and the tools created through these projects have yet to be fully adopted by their intended end

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users. We identify the various data-related challenges in building complex digital data syntheses and how these challenges might be addressed in the future.

SCHLANGER, SARAH (BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT) LARRALDE, SIGNA (BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT) We Can See Southwest Utah from Here: Putting Jackson Flat on the Pithouse to Pueblo Map Symposium 15: Virgin Branch Origins: The Jackson Flat Reservoir Project in Kanab, Utah (Saturday, 8:00 – 12:45, Silver Baron D) The Pueblo world as seen by many otherwise reliable Southwestern archaeologists looks a lot like Steinberg’s iconic image of the US drawn for The New Yorker magazine in 1976: There’s midtown Manhattan and the Hudson (Steinberg’s equivalent of Mesa Verde and the Four Corners), then there’s a big stretch of nothing with two labels, Utah and Las Vegas, and then there’s the Pacific Ocean. Until the Jackson Flat Reservoir Project, this parochial view made the pithouse to pueblo transition in this region, and its lessons for Southwest archaeology and understanding, practically invisible. Here we welcome the pithouse-rich archaeology of Jackson Flat into the community of better known pithouse-to- Pueblo occupations of the Southwest and provide a Mesa Verde-inflected perspective on redrawing our mental maps.

SCHOFIELD, JOHN (UNIVERSITY OF YORK) See Beck, Colleen M.

SCOTT-CUMMINGS, LINDA (PALEORESEARCH INSTITUTE) Smoking Pipe Residues: Evidence of Smoke Mixtures General Session 4: Paleoethnobotanical and Paleoenvironmental Studies in the Desert West (Friday, 1:00 – 3:30, Silver Baron D) Smoking pipes recovered from Wolf Village contain varying amounts of charred or partially charred residues (dottle). Pollen and seeds from tobacco (Nicotiana) and evidence of other plants have been recovered in pipe dottle. Smoke mixtures include tobacco (pollen), Douglas-fir (charcoal), and hardwood (FTIR) in one pipe (9182) and tobacco and conifer in another (8916). Cottonwood (hardwood) charcoal was recovered from another pipe. Chemical (FTIR) signatures indicate presence of conifer lignin in two pipes and hardwood (possibly cottonwood) lignin in the third. Charcoal and lignin were present either because small bits of wood were included in the smoke mixture or because twigs were used to light the pipes. Pipes recovered from the Greater Southwest exhibit evidence of tobacco and conifer wood and/or needles, as well as hardwood. In addition, those smoke mixtures contained maize and sometimes ground grass seeds, suggesting difference in smoke mixtures.

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SCOTT-CUMMINGS, LINDA (PALEORESEARCH INSTITUTE) MILLIGAN, JENNIFER, L. (PALEORESEARCH INSTITUTE) DEGRAFFENRIED, JENNIFER (U.S. ARMY DUGWAY PROVING GROUND) Fishing the Desert: Wetland Paleoindian Exploitation of the Western Desert Symposium 10: Recent Contributions to Paleoindian Archaeology in the Great Basin (Friday 1:00 – 5:00, Silver Baron E) A scatter of Paleoindian artifacts recovered from Dugway Proving Grounds in the Bonneville Basin, Tooele County, Utah included formal Great Basin Stemmed project points including Classic, Silver Lake, Stubby, Cougar Mountain, Haskett, and Lake Mohave types. Protein residue washes of three crescents produced positive reactions to striped bass, trout, and/or sturgeon antisera suggesting exploitation of Desert Perciformes, Salmonidae, and a member of Acipenseridae (sturgeon). Remnant populations of a variety of Desert Perciformes found in isolated water holes and springs in the greater Lake Bonneville area attest to their previous abundance. Recovery of this replicable questionable positive reaction to striped bass antiserum is the first evidence of exploitation of Desert Perciformes reported in this area. Further evidence of wetland exploitation is noted by a positive reaction to duck antiserum on a Haskett projectile point. Protein evidence joins seed and pollen records of wetlands and their use in the Bonneville Basin.

SELVERSTON, MARK (SONOMA STATE UNIVERSITY) Bodie’s Historical Archaeology Symposium 4: The Many Faces of Bodie (Thursday, 3:00 – 4:15, Silver Baron 6) Bodie is the finest example of a mining ghost town in the west. More than 120 structures still dot the valley landscape and attract thousands of international visitors a year to visit the iconic architecture. Bodie is much more than its surviving buildings, however. The town at its peak included some 3,000 tightly packed buildings, the vast majority of which have been reduced to ruins. Yet, the least studied aspect of Bodie is its historical archaeology. This paper will show what else besides the handful of buildings has survived, focusing on the diversity of archaeological remains. Findings reveal the little ghost town contains an extremely rich archaeological fabric woven in between and around the surviving shadow of town. Entire neighborhoods have melted back into the landscape, their unique stories waiting to be read by archaeologists.

SEYMOUR, GREG (GREAT BASIN INSTITUTE) See Jensen, Eva

SHAW, CLIFF (U.S. FOREST SERVICE, RETIRED) See Hockett, Bryan

SHELMIRE, JESSE (PROFESSIONAL CERTIFICATIONS FOR SCIENTISTS) See Webster, Chris

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SIMMONS, VITORIA (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) BRUNELLE, ANDREA (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) DEGRAFFENRIED, JENNIFER (U.S. ARMY DUGWAY PROVING GROUND) Vegetation, Fire History, and Human Occupation of the Old River Bed Poster Symposium 2: The Archaeology and Paleoecology of the Great Salt Lake Desert: Recent Discoveries, Technological Advances and Paleoecological Reconstruction of Utah’s West Desert (Friday, 8:00 – 11:30, Silver Baron A) The purpose of this project is to analyze the relationship between the Old River Bed (ORB) Delta and lake level oscillations of paleo lakes Bonneville and Gunnison. The ORB is an important feature in the overall prehistory of the basin, deposits from overflow of Lake Gunnison in the Sevier Basin into the delta occurred as paleo Lake Bonneville was in its late regressive phase. It is also important due to the wetland ecosystem possibly supporting human occupation during the late Pleistocene and Holocene. Lab analysis of the sediment core has begun and includes charcoal, pollen, and magnetic susceptibility, which will be used to reconstruct and refine the paleoenvironment of this unique system. These data will also assist in understanding the archeology of the last 12,000+ years in the region and provide some insight on prehistoric people of the area, their influence on the land, and the future stewardship of the Great Basin region.

SIMMONS, VITORIA (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) See Trammell, Joshua

SIMMS, STEVEN R. (UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY) Sacred Landscapes and Momentous Change: The Implications of OSL Dating of Barrier Canyon Rock Art at the Great Gallery Symposium 14: Honoring a Giant—David B. Madsen’s Contributions to the Science and Culture of Archaeology, Anthropology, and Related Fields in the Great Basin and Beyond are Celebrated (Saturday, 8:00 – 12:45, Silver Baron E) New OSL dates for the Great Gallery panel in Utah, the type site for the Barrier Canyon rock art style are later than previously thought at AD ∼1-1100, and likely the earlier part of this range. This coincides with the transition from the Archaic/Basketmaker II to the Fremont culture (AD 200-500). During this time, indigenous Archaic foragers encountered immigrant Basketmaker II farmers bringing maize agriculture north of the Colorado River, eventually forming the Fremont. Rock art is a landscape phenomenon reflecting persistence, reformulation, and integration of art, iconography, and ideology among peoples. A diversity of artistic expression may be adopted and reworked in times of upheaval. These mirror the tyranny of circumstance associated with infrastructural change such as socioeconomic intensification and migrations of ethnically diverse peoples. Matters of landscape demand subcontinental scales of analysis, and this message is relevant across the American Desert West.

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SITTLER, CHRISTOPHER E. (UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA) Ethnobotany and the National Park Service: Establishing Plant Gathering and Stewardship on Federal Lands General Poster Session 3: Environment, Subsistence, and Technology (Friday, 1:00 – 4:30, Silver Baron A) This year the National Park Service installed an amendment to rules concerning botanical management and gathering on federal lands. In this memorandum, federally recognized and culturally associated tribes are allowed to gather traditional plants from national parks. In preparation for this new rule, the National Park Service tasked Dr. Richard Stoffle and his team from the Bureau of Applied Research of Anthropology at the University of Arizona with conducting the first ethnobotanical study to facilitate this consultation between the tribal governments and the park service. The study, Climate Change Impacts on Odawa Contemporary Use Plants and Culture at Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, compiles ethnographic research from three Odawa tribes in northern Michigan, identifying a total of 210 traditional use plants are present at Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore. This poster presents findings from the study, and provides an example for future study designs regarding the new plant gathering memorandum.

SLAUGHTER, MARK (BUREAU OF RECLAMATION) See Schlanger, Sarah

SMITH, GEOFFREY M. (UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO) Reconstructing Prehistoric Landscape Use at a Regional Scale: A Critical Review of the Lithic Conveyance Zone Concept with a Focus on Limitations, Prospects, and Some Thoughts about What LCZs May Reflect Plenary Session: Featured Landscapes: Interpreting Great Basin Archaeology at Regional Scales (Thursday, 8:00 – 11:30, Exposition Hall B) Researchers commonly use the distances and directions from which toolstone was conveyed from raw material sources to archaeological sites to reconstruct lithic conveyance zones (LCZs). This approach, which has been most eloquently applied in the Great Basin by Charlotte Beck and Tom Jones, is a primary means through which researchers can consider prehistoric landscape use at a regional scale. Over the course of the past decade or so, the LCZ concept has generated productive debate about the scale of hunter-gatherer mobility; however, less attention has been paid to other types of prehistoric behavior, including exchange, toolstone preferences, and artifact curation, and how they may produce patterning in the archaeological record that confounds our efforts to understand what LCZs represent. In this paper, I track the development of the LCZ concept in the Great Basin, highlight some possible issues with the approach, and consider the types of behavior that LCZs may reflect.

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SMITH, GEOFFREY M. (UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO) See Connolly, Thomas J. See Jamaldin, Sophia A. See Pilloud, Marin A. See Reaux, Derek

SMITH, GEOFFREY M. (UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO) CHERKINSKY, ALEXANDER (UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA) HADDEN, CARLA (UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA) OLLIVIER, AARON, P. (LOGAN SIMPSON) The Age and Origin of Olivella Beads from Oregon’s LSP-1 Rockshelter: The Oldest Marine Shell Beads in the Northern Great Basin Symposium 10: Recent Contributions to Paleoindian Archaeology in the Great Basin (Friday 1:00 – 5:00, Silver Baron E) Beads manufactured from marine shells originating along the Pacific Coast have been found at numerous sites in the western United States. Because they were conveyed substantial distances and widely exchanged during ethnographic times, researchers generally assume that shell beads were also traded prehistorically. By examining the spatial and temporal distribution of beads, researchers have reconstructed prehistoric exchange networks. In this paper, we present stable isotope data and accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS) radiocarbon dates for six Callianax (previously called Olivella) biplicata beads from the LSP-1 rockshelter in southcentral Oregon. Most of the beads were deposited during the early Holocene during a series of short-term occupations and the shells used to manufacture them were procured along the northern California, Oregon, or Washington coasts.

SORENSON, TYREL (GREAT BASIN INSTITUTE) Carbonari Charcoal Production Sites in the Roberts Mountains, Nevada General Poster Session 4: Historical Archaeology (Saturday 8:00 – 11:30, Silver Baron A) The production of charcoal for the Eureka mining industry was a labor-intensive process performed by skilled workers, most of which were Italian immigrants referred to as Carbonari (charcoal-burners). Despite the importance of this industry in the Roberts Mountains area, little research has been done on the process of charcoal production employed or the resulting archaeological remains. Using data gathered by Ronald L. Reno (1994) and an ongoing Class III survey of areas within the Roberts Mountains, both charcoal production methods and the impact on the archaeological record are discussed to raise awareness of Carbonari sites and their significance. It is hoped that by doing so, archaeologists working in areas with Carbonari sites will be better equipped to recognize, document, and interpret the features and artifacts the Carbonari and further our understanding of this important aspect of mining history within the Great Basin.

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SPEULDA-DREWS, LOU ANN (U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE) DREWS, MICHAEL P. (GREAT BASIN CONSULTING GROUP, LLC) Soldiering Across the Great Basin Symposium 2: Battle Born: Interdisciplinary Investigations into Nevada’s Military Landscapes (Thursday, 1:00 – 2:30, Silver Baron B) Mr. R. Condy chronicled his journey from Sacramento, California to Fort Ruby with the Third Regiment Co. of California Volunteers in the spring and summer of 1862. His journal provides a view of the Great Basin from the perspective of a foot soldier. This paper follows his route and presents the soldier’s lifestyle as revealed from artifacts recovered from Fort Ruby and historical records. A landscape-level analysis is used to add context to the experiences of soldiers and our interpretations of history, along with a comparison of authentic vs. altered landscapes.

SPRENGLER, KARI (NEVADA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION) Building a Typology for Communal Hunting Traps in the Great Basin General Poster Session 3: Environment, Subsistence, and Technology (Friday, 1:00 – 4:30, Silver Baron A) Communal hunting of artiodactyls in the prehistoric and early post-contact period Great Basin was an important economic and social endeavor. Up to this point, however, a typology of communal hunting features built for the purpose of capturing artiodactyls in the region has not been produced. In an attempt to better understand the evidence of game drives found across the region, data was collected from 65 communal drive structures recorded at 55 sites from several locales in Nevada and eastern California. Targeted characteristics included morphological data of the drive structures as well as landscape and ecological data. The occurrence of other types of features supporting the overall function of the game drives was also identified. Analysis of this data resulted in the development of the typology of communal hunting traps targeting artiodactyls presented in this poster.

SPURR, KIMBERLEY (PAST PEOPLES CONSULTING) See Roberts, Heidi

STELTER, KRISTINA (SWCA ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS) NESTEL, TIARA (SWCA ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS) JENSEN, REILLY (SWCA ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS) Artifact Illustration and Photography: The Costs and Benefits Poster Symposium 1: Archaeological Research of the Sigurd to Red Butte Transmission Project (Thursday, 1:00 – 4:30, Silver Baron A) Assessing which artifacts need to be illustrated and or photographed can streamline report production, preserve project budgets, and help to address research questions appropriately. This poster lays the groundwork for better understanding the effectiveness of artifact illustration and photography by analyzing the importance of each format and comparing the effectiveness between illustration and photography with both prehistoric and historic

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artifacts from the Sigurd to Red Butte Transmission Project. Our assessment of these techniques clarifies not only when to use each format, but which artifacts should be used in order to save time, money, increase productivity, and answer project research questions effectively.

STEVENS, NATHAN (CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO) See McGuire, Kelly

STOFFLE, RICHARD W. (UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA) We Were Created Here: Numic Veristic Continuity or Ethnogenesis? Symposium 8: Performing Place: Expressions of Memory and Materiality in the Great Basin, Colorado Plateau, and Eastern California (Friday, 10:45 – 12:00, Silver Baron 1) This paper presents an argument for the continuity of Numic peoples in those places they define as their Creation places. The analysis is based on original field research in northern Arizona and southeastern Utah. As such, the analysis is focused on Southern Paiutes and Ute peoples, but is more broadly viewed as applicable for Numic speaking peoples. While the analysis is most useful for identifying cultural associations over thousands of years in the two study areas, we perceive this as an alternative model to all Numic discontinuity theories. Critical to our interpretative model is climate change.

STONER, EDWARD J. (WESTERN CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT) RINGHOFF, MARY (ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP) The Archaeology of the Bailey Springs Stage Station Symposium 12: Lincoln County Archaeological Initiative (Friday, 1:00 – 3:15, Silver Baron B) The Bailey Springs Stage Station was established around 1870 as a minor “swing stop” on a prominent wagon road connecting Pioche to points north. A series of station managers manned the location and maintained ties to local ranching operations that provided supplies to the area’s mining districts. The residents of Bailey Springs built several wood and stone structures which survive, albeit in a partially collapsed state, today. The site also contains an extensive archaeological component, and is heavily visited by both wild horses and users of the Silver State OHV Trail. Following the initial research and building documentation done by Architectural Resources Group for a 2014 Historic Structures Report, Western Cultural Resource Management (WCRM) recently completed an update of the site’s archaeological documentation and conducted testing to determine the extent and depth of the archaeological resources. We report the results of that work here, and discuss how they may influence the building stabilization plan and the on-site interpretive signage to be established in the final phase of the project.

STONER, EDWARD J. (WESTERN CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT) See Cunnar, Geoffrey

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SWORDS, MOLLY (UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO) Bed, Breakfast, and Booze: An Examination of the Pend d’Oreille Hotel in Sandpoint, Idaho General Poster Session 4: Historical Archaeology (Saturday 8:00 – 11:30, Silver Baron A) Hotels are often overlooked when studying the settlement of the American Frontier, although they played a pivotal role in shaping the West. Frequently doubling as restaurants and taverns for locals and visitors alike hotels were established to accommodate the numerous settlers, travelers, salesmen and others who headed the call “Go West!” One such hotel, the Pend d’Oreille Hotel, in Sandpoint, Idaho is an example of an late nineteenth/early twentieth century hotel that offered accommodations, entertainment, food, drinks and a place to meet for both travelers passing through and the local community. This poster will examine the artifacts recovered from the Pend d’Oreille Hotel.

TADDIE, SASHA (WESTERN GEOARCH RESEARCH) See Eckerle, William

TAYLOR, SHARON EDABURN (CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO-retired) The 1902 84 Mile Realignment of the SP Main Line That Time and Archaeology Have Forgotten Plenary Session: Featured Landscapes: Interpreting Great Basin Archaeology at Regional Scales (Thursday, 8:00 – 11:30, Exposition Hall B) Taylor will highlight aspects of the 1902 realignment project that point to a much more complex technology in use from East Reno (Sparks) via the totally new line bypassing Wadsworth, circling South and East of Hot Springs Mountain and reconnecting with the 1868 Central Pacific line near Lovelock (Perth), than has been previously written about or studied.

TEEMAN, DIANE L. (BURNS PAIUTE TRIBE) Issues in Great Basin Historic Preservation: One Practitioner’s Considerations Symposium 1: CRM in the Great Basin, What Have We Learned? – Part II (Thursday, 1:00 – 5:00, Silver Baron E) To contemporary Western culture, the Great Basin is one of the richest regions for archaeological information in the Americas, yet many Indigenous Great Basin peoples do not see the material culture of the past as the “archaeological record.” It is more often viewed as tribal heritage toward which living tribal people have a moral imperative to protect. For many tribes, cultural resources include the material record of the past, but also air, water, plants, animals, minerals, etc. The National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) definition of cultural resources is narrow, and lingering dissatisfaction of the efficacy of historic preservation practices result. Cultural resources are critical, finite, and invaluable assets in need of greater protection. Meaningful dialogue occurs when all stakeholders are engaged early and often in the process, and meaningful consultation can lead to true collaboration. Several case studies will be examined to highlight lessons learn from past historic preservation efforts.

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THATCHER, JENNIFER (WILLAMETTE ANALYTICS) See Jenkins, Dennis L.

THOMAS, DAVID H. (AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY) Madsen’s Manifestos Symposium 14: Honoring a Giant—David B. Madsen’s Contributions to the Science and Culture of Archaeology, Anthropology, and Related Fields in the Great Basin and Beyond are Celebrated (Saturday, 8:00 – 12:45, Silver Baron E) This paper’s a tribute to the multifaceted Great Basin career of David B. Madsen – not just the neat things he’s said and done, but especially his unique style of scientific discourse.

THOMAS, DAVID H. (AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY) Revisiting Numic Ethnogenesis Plenary Session: Featured Landscapes: Interpreting Great Basin Archaeology at Regional Scales (Thursday, 8:00 – 11:30, Exposition Hall B) This study reexamines Numic origins by returning to the Lamb (1958) and Aikens- Witherspoon (1986) hypotheses – and proposes a third option that combines strengths of both previous models, but rigorously separates the independent variables of language, biology and culture. Each hypothesis is tested against a Basin-wide battery of evidence relating to population history, material culture, subsistence studies, recent linguistic research and newly-emerging paleoclimatic models.

THOMAS, DAVID H. (AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY) See Hattori, Eugene M.

THOMAS, SCOTT (BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT) RONDEAU, MIKE (RONDEAU ARCHAEOLOGICAL) Are Clovis Diagnostics Always Diagnostic? A Recent Study of Clovis Diagnostics from Catlow Valley, Southeastern Oregon Symposium 10: Recent Contributions to Paleoindian Archaeology in the Great Basin (Friday 1:00 – 5:00, Silver Baron E) Clovis lithic technology has long been closely associated with diagnostic artifacts such as fluted bifaces, bifaces with overshot flake scars and overshot flakes. These artifacts have been termed “Clovis Diagnostics” and are thought by some researchers to be exclusively associated with Clovis fluted spear points. To test this positive association, a collection of fluted bifaces, bifaces with overshot flake scars and overshot flakes were collected in the vicinity of two Clovis fluted spear points in Catlow Valley, southeastern Oregon. The artifacts were subjected to XRF sourcing and obsidian hydration analysis to determine their geochemical source and their relative antiquity. The results were then compared to hydration results from projectile points made of the same geochemical obsidian found in Catlow Valley ranging from Desert Series to Western Stemmed.

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TILEY, SHELLY (CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO) Ethnography in the 21st Century Symposium 5: A Variationist’s Offspring: Papers in Honor of R. L. Bettinger (Friday, 8:00 – 12:00, Silver Baron E) Ethnographers can no longer elicit people’s memories of the pre-contact past so that archaeologists can apply them directly to prehistoric understandings (if that was ever the case). An increasing awareness of the incomplete nature of ethnographic documentation, and the cursory and often skewed use of the historical record has, however, created new areas of inquiry that make contributions to Great Basin anthropology. Rather than minimizing the disruption of the 19th and 20th centuries, it is time to address the wide- ranging and rapid modifications of demography, social organization, and access to goods and places experienced from earliest contact, and which continue today. Coupled with the increasing contribution of Native people through co-scholarship, 21st century ethnography can contribute to the study of flexibility and continuity in Great Basin communities.

TRACY, MEG (GREAT BASIN INSTITUTE) Modeling Human Locational Behavior in Montane Settings General Session 1: Archaeology in the 21st Century (Thursday, 1:00 – 3:15, Silver Baron 1) Models were developed to predict spatial distribution of prehistoric archaeological site potential in the Sawtooth National Forest. Archaeological data and environmental parameters were collected and processed in a GIS. Predictor variables were evaluated to discover correlates with human locational behavior & compared against a control dataset. Three modeling methods were used: Logistic Regression, Regression Tree, and Random Forest. These models were assessed for efficacy using k-fold cross-validation and gain statistics. Although observed relationships could result from biases in archaeological data and predictors, results suggest a strong correlation between environment and prehistoric site location.

TRAMMELL, JOSHUA (LOGAN SIMPSON) DEGRAFFENRIED, JENNIFER (U.S. ARMY DUGWAY PROVING GROUND) SIMMONS, VICTORIA (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) High Altitude Occupation on the Deep Creek Mountain Yampah Patch Poster Symposium 2: The Archaeology and Paleoecology of the Great Salt Lake Desert: Recent Discoveries, Technological Advances and Paleoecological Reconstruction of Utah’s West Desert (Friday, 8:00 – 11:30, Silver Baron A) The occurrence of high altitude villages is relatively rare and poorly understood in the Great Basin. Some implications of these occupations suggest a wide diet breadth and intensification of resources. Discovery of an unrecorded yet identified occupation at 2,740 m (9,200 ft) elevation on the Deep Creek Mountains, UT, adjacent to a traditional yampah patch is presented. Research over the past five years includes stem counts, paleoecological reconstruction, and archaeological investigations. Data presented here may expound the understanding of similar high altitude villages in the Great Basin.

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TRAMMELL, JOSHUA (LOGAN SIMPSON) See DeGraffenried, Jennifer

TUSHINGHAM, SHANNON (WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY) Life in Small Houses: Orderly Anarchy, Resource Privatization, Domestic Dwelling Size, and Household Production in Northwestern California and Southwestern Oregon Symposium 5: A Variationist’s Offspring: Papers in Honor of R. L. Bettinger (Friday, 8:00 – 12:00, Silver Baron E) The emergence of plank house villages in northwestern California and southwestern Oregon occurs around 1300 BP and involved a rapid, qualitative shift in adaptive strategies and the adoption of Pacific Northwest Coast (NWC)-style rectilinear plank houses. Despite similarities with the northern/central NWC, the region developed along a unique trajectory; while common in the northern and central NWC, the corporate household – where multiple families lived in the same house, stores could be accessed by this larger unit, and, in many cases, controlled by high status individuals – seems to have been rejected. In contrast, houses were smaller, resource privatization was the norm, and household production remained on the family level operating within the “sweathouse group.” In contrast to traditional environmental explanations, the northwestern California system is perhaps best understood as developing within a sociopolitical landscape Bettinger terms “orderly anarchy”: where small, autonomous groups developed a highly efficient and successful system throughout California.

UGAN, ANDREW (FAR WESTERN ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH GROUP) HAROLD, LAURA (FAR WESTERN…GROUP) Large-scale Perspectives on Subsistence Stability Across the Northern Great Basin Poster Symposium 3: Prehistory of Nevada’s Northern Tier: Highlights from the Ruby Pipeline Project (Friday, 1:00 – 4:30, Silver Baron A) Substantial attention is paid to prehistoric big game use in the western U.S., especially as it relates to changes in climate, hunting pressure, or the social contexts of foraging. However, many such studies are tightly focused, sometimes site-specific affairs. Here we take a broad look at big game use by summarizing faunal assemblages from 153 sites across the northern Great Basin. We show that while there is huge variation in site-specific reliance on big game within time periods and an increase in the frequency of large animals between the Paleoarchaic and later periods, the overall array or resources taken is generally broad and there is little difference in mean reliance on big game from the Early Archaic onwards. These data suggest broad stability in hunting patterns, and we discuss the reasons for the observed pattern, its generality, and its implications.

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VALENTINE, DAVID (IDAHO POWER COMPANY) What Lurks Beneath: A Brief History of Boise City Solid Waste Management Symposium 11: Historical Archaeology in the Great Basin and Beyond (5.0) (Friday, 1:00 – 4:15, Silver Baron C) Recent and past finds of buried, early 20th-century trash deposits during construction projects along the Boise River prompted an attempt to develop a context and predict the locations of trash deposits. Some city records pertaining to solid waste management survive, however, these date to the second half of the 20th century. Articles in back issues of the Idaho Daily Statesman proved to be very helpful, as they give approximate locations of official city dumps starting with the first designated location in 1902. These articles also give a good idea of the trends in solid waste management that Boise adopted. This allowed for the development of a map showing predicted buried trash deposits.

VAN DER VOORT, TIMOTHY (BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT) WARE VAN DER VOORT, MADELINE (BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT) Deconstructing Desert Flat: Rock Ring Sites on the California-Great Basin Interface General Poster Session 2: Natural and Cultural Landscapes (Friday, 8:00 – 11:30, Silver Baron A) Near the California-Nevada border, resource decline and population pressure increased conflict in the Late Archaic/Protohistoric Western Great Basin. Our study looks at a site with a vast viewshed along this interface to determine if this conflict influenced the presence of more fortified defensive structures and observation posts. This site is situated on a prominent basalt outcrop with well-defined rock rings but no indications of extended habitation. Using GIS analyses of several sites in the area, we test the hypothesis that this type of site shows a shift to land use patterns incorporating greater emphasis on defense from conflict rather than a primary focus on subsistence activities. We examine the likelihood that these sites signify a change in resource and cultural pressures to the extent they caused significant modification to groups’ lifeways and landscape use.

VAN VLACK, KATHLEEN (LIVING HERITAGE ANTHROPOLOGY) Heritage of Creation – Southern Paiute Ceremony and the Spring Mountains Symposium 8: Performing Place: Expressions of Memory and Materiality in the Great Basin, Colorado Plateau, and Eastern California (Friday, 10:45 – 12:00, Silver Baron 1) Cultural heritage is not something solely focused on monuments or objects. Heritage includes the process by which communities pass on cultural knowledge learned from their ancestors to their descendants such as Creation stories and ritual practices. For Southern Paiutes, the Spring Mountains are central to their Creation narratives and ceremonial activities. These mountains are a major source of Puha (power), which is in every element of the universe. Puha connects people, places, and objects together in multi-dimensional ways. One way this occurs is through various trail networks. Southern Paiute people travel physically and spiritually on these trails. This paper examines on trails found in the Spring Mountains and how they are vital to Southern Paiute heritage.

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VEISZE, PAUL (CALIFORNIA STATE PARKS) LERCARI, NICOLA (UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, MERCED) Bodie 3D Symposium 4: The Many Faces of Bodie (Thursday, 3:00 – 4:15, Silver Baron 6) Bodie’s iconic buildings are showing signs of stress due to age and harsh weather conditions. Drought has exacerbated the sustainability and resilience of Bodie accelerating the degradation of its historic fabric and cultural landscape. Parks and UC Merced are working on a multi-year project to preserve Bodie by capturing digital data using terrestrial laser scanning and 3D mapping obtained by close-range airborne and ground photography, generating ultra-precise measurements and 3D models of its structures that may be used for future conservation efforts or physical reconstruction of the site. Adequate documentation will allow us to efficiently obtain information on the buildings including construction techniques, materials used, geometry, interior design elements and state of decay. This paper will present our early findings and evaluate current strategies to improve future work.

VERNON, KENNETH B. (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) See Magargal, Kate

VEYRIÉ, THIERRY (AMERICAN INDIAN STUDIES RESEARCH INSTITUTE, INDIANA UNIVERSITY) Metamorphose and Transformation: A Narrative Analysis of the Myth of the Theft of the Pine- nuts General Session 2: Prehistoric Settlement and Subsistence (Thursday, 1:00 – 4:45, Silver Baron C) The myth of the Theft of the Pine-nuts is one of the distinctive themes of Native Great Basin folklores. I intent to propose a brief comparative analysis of their narrative structure focusing on a corpus of Northern Paiute versions collected in the first half of the 20th century. I identify four main sequences with one or two optional sequences that are inserted at different moments. The idea of sequentiality pervades the myth both in terms of narrative structure and in terms of action as we can see in the sequential killing and dismembering of Coyote’s people during their flight. Transformation seems to be the crucial process in the myth of the Theft of the Pine-nuts. I would argue that this myth reflects the seasonal shift in the yearly cycle but also a narrative reversing of point of view between the two antagonistic groups, challenging an ethnocentric view of the world.

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VICARI, MARY ANN (SWCA ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS) MCMURRY, SEAN (SWCA ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS) VILLAGRAN, VICTOR (SWCA ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS) LCAI Round 6: Cultural Resources Inventory and Data Recovery in the Panaca Summit Archaeological District, Lincoln County, Nevada General Poster Session 3: Environment, Subsistence, and Technology (Friday, 1:00 – 4:30, Silver Baron A) SWCA conducted a Class II inventory of Cedar Range and Sheep Creek Draw in Lincoln County, Nevada through Round 6 of the Lincoln County Archaeological Initiative. SWCA’s goals for the project included 1) better characterizing Formative period occupations in east-central Lincoln County, and 2) determining the northern and southern extent of the Panaca Summit Archaeological District (PSAD) within the project area. During the first phase of the project, SWCA performed an intensive-level inventory of 3,500 acres. A total of six eligible prehistoric sites were recorded during the inventory. SWCA excavated these sites during the project’s second phase. The archaeological investigations conducted during both phases of this project allowed SWCA to generate a larger understanding of the overall subsistence and settlement patterns of Formative period groups using this area, and to address questions related to the nature of Formative period use of the Cedar Range and Sheep Creek Draw.

VILLAGRAN, VICTOR (SWCA ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS) See Vicari, Mary Ann

VOKES, ARTHUR W. (ARIZONA STATE MUSEUM) The Virgin Branch Exchange Networks as Reflected Through the Lens of the Jackson Flat Project Sites Symposium 15: Virgin Branch Origins: The Jackson Flat Reservoir Project in Kanab, Utah (Saturday, 8:00 – 12:45, Silver Baron D) The region north of the Grand Canyon is generally seen as the northern periphery of the Ancestral Pueblo tradition and is often treated as a backwater to the other regions to the south and east. However, prior to its eventual abandonment by pueblo populations, this region was actively involved the exchange of shell, turquoise and other exotic materials through networks that linked the better known Pueblo regions with the Great Basin and the California deserts and coastlines. Using the information developed from the excavations at the Jackson Reservoir sites along with other sites in the region, this paper explores the nature of these networks, and how they developed and changed over time.

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WALLACE, BRIAN (AECOM) Perspectives on Findings of Historic Military Activity in the Great Salt Lake Desert, Tooele County, Utah General Session 6: Historical Archaeology (Saturday, 8:00 – 9:30, Silver Baron B) This paper provides the results of multiple cultural resource studies conducted in support of an ongoing effort to collect and dispose of identified historic military munitions on public lands managed by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and the State of Utah School and Institutional Trust Lands Administration (SITLA). Although previous studies have identified material remains from historic military activity in the Great Salt Lake Desert, the results from a multiple year effort help provide a more comprehensive perspective of wartime history on the cultural landscape.

WALLACE, BRIAN (AECOM) Archaeological Findings in the Great Salt Lake Desert, Tooele County, Utah: Results from 2013-2016 Cultural Resource Management Inventories General Session 2: Prehistoric Settlement and Subsistence (Thursday, 1:00 – 4:45, Silver Baron C) This paper provides the results of multiple cultural resource studies conducted in support of an ongoing effort to collect and dispose of historic military munitions identified on public lands managed by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and the State of Utah School and Institutional Trust Lands Administration (SITLA). Many previous studies have been conducted in the area, including a comprehensive series of investigations conducted over a span of ten years, which have provided a substantial amount of data. In comparison, this effort was limited to a surface inventory and recordation of identifiable resources but takes a look at site density, distribution, and technology in an effort to deduce land use patterns of prehistoric people.

WARE VAN DER VOORT, MADELINE (BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT) Early Holocene Leporid Processing at LSP-1: The Stone Tool Evidence Symposium 10: Recent Contributions to Paleoindian Archaeology in the Great Basin (Friday 1:00 – 5:00, Silver Baron E) Human occupation of the Little Steamboat Point-1 (LSP-1) rockshelter in southcentral Oregon began ~9600 cal. BP. Artifacts recovered from the pre-Mazama deposits include a faunal assemblage comprised primarily of leporid remains and a lithic assemblage dominated by informal flake tools. I designed and conducted an experiment using replicated obsidian flake tools to identify leporid processing strategies employed by Early Holocene occupants. I performed hide, carcass, and meat processing tasks with the replicated tools on farmed meat rabbits and documented the microscopic use-wear traces of these activities. I then compared the replicated use-wear with wear present on 35 obsidian flake tools from pre-Mazama deposits and found that hide processing, including both scraping and cutting, was the most common activity performed at the site. Leporid carcass processing was the second most common activity. These results suggest that the occupants

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of LSP-1 not only consumed and processed leporid carcasses, but also prepared leporid hides for rabbit skin blanket production.

WARE VAN DER VOORT, MADELINE (BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT) See Van der Voort, Timothy

WEBSTER, CHRIS (DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSULTING) BOYLE, TRISTAN (ARCHAEOLOGY PODCAST NETWORK) Podcasting as a Way to Promote Archaeology and Engage the Public, or, Archaeology - Straight from the Trenches to Your Ears! General Session 1: Archaeology in the 21st Century (Thursday, 1:00 – 3:15, Silver Baron 1) Podcasts have been around for over 10 years now and only in the last couple years, since the release of the popular This American Life spin-off, Serial, has the American public been interested. Until Serial, it seemed that you were either a podcast listener or you weren’t. Now, people are incorporating them into their lives as trusted sources of information and entertainment. The Archaeology Podcast Network was founded as the first season of Serial came to a close and our downloads quickly hit 20,000 a month. Podcasts on the APN range from niche shows about specific topics related to professional archaeologists to popular shows that can reach a wider audience. Every show, however, is free and accessible to anyone on the planet. It is clear that podcasting is a great way to engage the public and that more archaeological endeavors, from projects to field schools to contract projects, can use podcasting to present data, inform and educate the public, and start conversations.

WEBSTER, CHRIS (DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSULTING) ASHLEY, MICHAEL (CODIFI, INC.) DUNN, JOSHUA (PROFESSIONAL CERTIFICATIONS FOR SCIENTISTS) SHELMIRE, JESSE (PROFESSIONAL CERTIFICATIONS FOR SCIENTISTS) ERICSON, ANDREW MITCHELL (PROFESSIONAL CERTIFICATIONS FOR SCIENTISTS) Certification and Education: A New Way to Think About Professional Environmental Science General Session 1: Archaeology in the 21st Century (Thursday, 1:00 – 3:15, Silver Baron 1) For decades archaeologists have tried to figure out how to educate, license, and legitimize all levels of field archaeologist. The Register of Professional Archaeologists is a start, but in a world where you need a license to cut someone's hair but not to record the cultural history of an entire nation, something has to change. Professional Certifications for Scientists is a non-profit organization that aims to provide training and certification for all levels of archaeologist and other scientific fields. Through short educational videos and

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other resources we will become the standard for professional field scientists in the United States.

WEBSTER, CHRIS (DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSULTING) See Ashley, Michael See O’Neil, Steve

WEDDING, JEFFREY (DESERT RESEARCH INSTITUTE) Participant Roundtable Discussion: When Archaeological Sites are More than Data (Friday, 8:00 – 10:00, Silver Baron C)

WEDDING, JEFFREY (DESERT RESEARCH INSTITUTE) See Edwards, Susan R.

WELLS, HELEN (CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, LOS ANGELES) The Stick Site: Preliminary Investigations at CA-SBR-14, Mojave Desert, California Symposium 16: Rock Shelters of the South Range, Naval Air Weapons Station, China Lake, Mojave Desert, California (Saturday, 10:00 – 12:00, Silver Baron C) CA-SBR-14, a rock shelter on the South Range of the Naval Air Weapons Center, China Lake, exhibits roof sticks, a type of feature that occurs in southern Nevada, but that has not been previously reported from this region. A limited test excavation revealed additional cultural materials that are rare or absent in other South Range rock shelters we have investigated. These include wood tools and tool fragments, coprolites that may be human, and a cache that contains plant collection and processing tools. Shell beads include types that have not been previously reported from the South Range. Although earlier periods are represented at the site, the majority of diagnostic artifacts and a 14C date suggest a Late Prehistoric-Protohistoric occupation.

WESCOTT, KONNIE (ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY) See Abplanalp, Jenn

WHELAN, CARLY (CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, CHICO) See Mahan, Chase

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WHITAKER, ADRIAN R. (FAR WESTERN ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH GROUP) ROSENTHAL, JEFFREY S. (FAR WESTERN…GROUP) Delayed Adoption of Intensified Hunter-Gatherer Subsistence Strategies and the Continued Utility of the Traveler/Processor Model to Explain Changes in Prehistory Symposium 5: A Variationist’s Offspring: Papers in Honor of R. L. Bettinger (Friday, 8:00 – 12:00, Silver Baron E) Bettinger and Baumhoff’s Traveler/Processor Model was a crucial contribution to Great Basin archaeology nearly 35 years ago and the model continues to bear theoretical fruit today. This paper examines how people living in large villages with intensified economies in California’s Great Central Valley co-existed with less-economically intensive adaptations in the adjacent Central Sierra Nevada Foothills for nearly 4,000 years despite consistent contact between the two. In this paper, we examine how the adjacent regions had such different trajectories of economic intensification. We outline how a combination of new technology and climatic instability changed the relative suitability of processor economic strategies and led foothill foragers to shift to a more valley-like adaptation. More generally, the model provides a framework to explaining the coexistence of neighboring but dramatically different economies – for instance foragers vs. farmers – despite contact, as well as the mechanisms that might catalyze a shift from one economy to another.

WHITE, CAROLYN (UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO) “Welcome to Nowhere”: Temporary and Permanent Life in the Remote Black Rock Desert at Granite Creek Station Plenary Session: Featured Landscapes: Interpreting Great Basin Archaeology at Regional Scales (Thursday, 8:00 – 11:30, Exposition Hall B) Present-day Granite Creek Station is located on the edge of the Black Rock Desert, 10 miles north of Gerlach where the sign welcoming visitors to town says, “Welcome to Nowhere.” Described as an “awful gloomy” resting place by one of many travelers, Granite Creek Station was one of several significant stopping places for emigrants, travelers, saddle trains, and stagecoaches passing through the Black Rock Desert region of northwestern Nevada, USA, on their way to California in the mid-19th century. The site functioned as a campsite, trading post, ranch, stagecoach station, and military camp. As a site along the California emigrant trail, most travelers experienced the distant and desolate site as a stop where they could rest themselves and their livestock and procure water and supplies. For many travelers it was the locus of extraordinary pain and suffering, a place so remote and distant that it only served to remind people of what they had left behind as they described in their own words through diaries and letters. The site was also violently contested space and was the location of several episodes of brutal conflict, including one described as “The Butchery at Granite Creek Station,” between local Paiutes and western settlers. Archaeological investigations by the University of Nevada, Reno have focused on the role of this rural site as a place of temporary and permanent residence, and as a locus of

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hardship and conflict, while addressing questions of how to preserve and commemorate the place today in the remote Black Rock Desert.

WHITE, WILLIAM A., III (UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA) Remember That Time When Public Archaeology Fought Racism?: The River Street Archaeology Project, Boise, Idaho Symposium 11: Historical Archaeology in the Great Basin and Beyond (5.0) (Friday, 1:00 – 4:15, Silver Baron C) In case you hadn’t noticed, racism is a trending topic in American society. Popular discussions associated with race-based issues are polarizing and make positive anti-racism progress difficult. Given the fact archaeology is enmeshed with issues of power, race, and discrimination, we are starting to ask: can we use archaeology to bring people together to combat racism in the present? This was a central question for the River Street Archaeology Project. During the summer of 2015, scholars from a number of different Idaho universities, government agencies, volunteer organizations, and companies converged to participate in a heritage conservation project in the River Street Neighborhood of Boise, Idaho. River Street was home to Boise’s African Americans until the 1960s, but it was largely inhabited by non-whites and working class Euroamericans. The project sought help neighborhood descendants reclaim part of their heritage and, concurrently, helped the community learn more about Boise’s racialized past.

WHORTON, EMILY S. (ENVIROSCIENTISTS, INC.) MCMURRY, SEAN (SWCA ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS) Kiln Kickoff - Preliminary Progress on the Public Use Site Plan for the Panana Summit Charcoal Kilns, Lincoln County, Nevada Symposium 12: Lincoln County Archaeological Initiative (Friday, 1:00 – 3:15, Silver Baron B) Enviroscientists, Inc.’s proposal to prepare a public use site plan for the Panaca Charcoal Kilns (Plan) was selected in October 2015 in Round 8 of the Lincoln County Archaeological Initiative (LCAI) under Priority (2)(C). This Plan consists of multiple, interrelated parts, which are divided into three tasks: (1) Develop a Plan; (2) Prepare an Environmental Assessment (EA); and (3) Conduct Baseline studies. This project will build upon previous work conducted as part of a Round 2 LCAI project (Zeier and Reno 2011), providing a Plan that will highlight identified themes and research topics, while considering the stabilization measures required for this at-risk resource in need of immediate protection and preservation. Utilizing the findings of the baseline biological studies, the EA will consider the potential impacts the Plan may have on natural resources and environmental factors. This presentation will discuss both progress to date and future project milestones.

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WIGGINS, KRISTINA M. (UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO) The Core Problem: Examining the Role of Bifacial Cores in Terminal Pleistocene/Early Holocene Lithic Technological Organization Symposium 10: Recent Contributions to Paleoindian Archaeology in the Great Basin (Friday 1:00 – 5:00, Silver Baron E) Developed in the Great Plains region of North America, the High-Tech Forager Model posits that because they were mobile, Paleoindians centered their toolkits on bifacial cores. A key tenet of this model is that bifacial cores were useful as versatile tools and efficient sources of raw material. Recent studies have called into question both the High-Tech Forager Model in general and the optimality of bifacial cores and the flakes they produce. Furthermore, although the model is frequently invoked in treatments of Paleoindian technological organization in the Great Basin, little research has been conducted to determine its applicability in that region. Through a comparison of biface indices derived from both Paleoindian and Archaic assemblages in the northwestern Great Basin, I test the hypothesis that Paleoindians were more reliant on bifacial technology than later groups and, more generally, whether the High-Tech Forager Model can appropriately be applied to the northwestern Great Basin.

WIGGINS, KRISTINA M. (UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO) See Jamaldin, Sophia A. See Pilloud, Marin A. See Reaux, Derek

WILREKER, BENJAMIN (COLLEGE OF SOUTHERN NEVADA) A New Look at the Helen J. Stewart Rockshelter: Part 2 Symposium 11: Historical Archaeology in the Great Basin and Beyond (5.0) (Friday, 1:00 – 4:15, Silver Baron C) On September 18, 1890, someone neatly wrote “Helen. J. Stewart.” and a date in graphite at the base of an outcrop high above the Spring Mountain Ranch, lending her name to the “Helen J. Stewart Rockshelter.” In March of 2015, Professors Wilreker and Billings, in conjunction with the CSN Field School and the Archaeo-Nevada Society rerecorded the Helen Stewart Rockshelter. In this paper, I will discuss the identity of the author of the Helen Stewart inscription, and point out a number of other historic inscriptions from the site.

WINTCH, KENNY (STATE OF UTAH, SCHOOL AND INSTITUTIONAL TRUST LANDS ADMINISTRATION) Building a New Reservoir: A Brief Project History Symposium 15: Virgin Branch Origins: The Jackson Flat Reservoir Project in Kanab, Utah (Saturday, 8:00 – 12:45, Silver Baron D) Hillary Clinton was indeed right on this account: It takes a metaphorical “village” to raise a child, and similarly, to conduct a relatively large, complicated data recovery project like the

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one at Jackson Flat Reservoir. In this paper I briefly outline the participants involved and the overall process that was followed to successfully complete this decade-long, multi- jurisdiction and multi-site undertaking. The intent here is not to get into the bureaucratic weeds of Section 106 compliance for this case; instead this paper aims help clarify the context of the overall investigation and to give credit to the villagers who lent their shoulders to the proverbial wheel in this instance.

WINTCH, KENNY (STATE OF UTAH, SCHOOL AND INSTITUTIONAL TRUST LANDS ADMINISTRATION) HARDIN, KEITH (HRA INC., CONSERVATION ARCHAEOLOGY) Transition to Sedentism: The Basketmaker Period (200 B.C.-A.D. 700) Symposium 15: Virgin Branch Origins: The Jackson Flat Reservoir Project in Kanab, Utah (Saturday, 8:00 – 12:45, Silver Baron D) This paper examines changes in site structure, architecture, pithouse size, and storage capacity during the Basketmaker occupation at six sites in the Jackson Flat project area. Beginning around 200 BC farmers returned, and the first to arrive lived in shallow informal brush shelters and stored cultigens in bell-shaped pits. At least 14 pithouses were built across the project area during the early Basketmaker II period. By the end of this period pithouses increased in depth and various features were added such as benches, antechambers, and rock-lined hearths. At the largest site an oversized pithouse was constructed in the center (AD 400-500), and this structure was surrounded by at least 28 pithouses. The formality of the habitations, the visibility of the massive slab-lined storage cists, plus the increased use of pottery suggests settlement permanence by the close of the Basketmaker III Period.

WISELY, JUSTIN (FAR WESTERN ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH GROUP) Crazy Little Thing Called Starch: Starch Grain Analysis of Bedrock Mortars in the Sierra Crest General Session 4: Paleoethnobotanical and Paleoenvironmental Studies in the Desert West (Friday, 1:00 – 3:30, Silver Baron D) Starch grain analysis is an underutilized non-destructive method for improving our understanding of prehistoric plant usage, previously only utilized as a laboratory technique. As part of a larger landscape sampling for my master’s thesis at California State University, Chico, I sampled bedrock mortars at CA-ALP-156 and CA-ALP-171 in the Sierra Crest using the in-field extraction method I developed. This research covers the development of the reference collection, the creation and application of this new in-field sampling technique, and subsequent results. As the sampling of bedrock mortars is only one of the many potential uses for this non-destructive technique, there will be a discussion of future research avenues made possible by bringing starch grain sampling out of the lab and into the landscape.

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WITHER, JULIA (GREAT BASIN INSTITUTE) ABEN, KATRINA (GREAT BASIN INSTITUTE) Material Analysis of Late 19th to Mid- 20th Century Ranching in Eureka County, Nevada General Poster Session 4: Historical Archaeology (Saturday 8:00 – 11:30, Silver Baron A) Ongoing archaeological inventory by the Great Basin Institute in partnership with the Bureau of Land Management surrounding the Roberts Mountains, Eureka County, NV has documented evidence of human occupation in the area as early as 12,000 BP. More recently, the area has been an important one for Euro-American ranching. Its development can be seen in the material remains scattered across the landscape. A wealth of information about ranching practices from the late 19th century onward is available in contemporary historical documents and oral narratives collected and made available by local archives. These will be examined in conjunction with data collected through the above-mentioned survey in an effort to better understand the activities of ranchers and cowboys in the early- to-mid 20th century, their connection to earlier Carbonari activities in the area, and the effects of technological and societal change on their way of life.

WITHER, JULIA (GREAT BASIN INSTITUTE) See Aben, Katrina

WOLFE, ALLISON (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) BROUGHTON, JACK M. (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) A Foraging Theory Perspective on the Paleoindian Exploitation of North American Megafauna General Session 2: Prehistoric Settlement and Subsistence (Thursday, 1:00 – 4:45, Silver Baron C) It is now known that at least 37 genera of large mammals went extinct at the end of the Pleistocene in North America. Grayson and Meltzer (2015) plot the relationship between the paleontological and archaeological occurrences of extinct and extant late Pleistocene large mammal taxa and observe that, relative to extant taxa, extinct forms were taken less frequently than surviving taxa by Clovis hunters—a clear negation of overkill. However, we note that the timescales they utilized are vastly different. We build on their argument, but do so within a foraging theory framework and refine the data set to include only paleontological and archaeological records of extinct and extant fauna from Clovis times. We find that the number of archaeological sites for any given taxa scale positively with the number of paleontological sites, and thus there is no apparent underrepresentation of extinct taxa in Clovis-period sites.

WRISTON, TERESA (DESERT RESEARCH INSTITUTE) The Assemblages of Great Basin Caves and Rockshelters: Representative or Not? Plenary Session: Featured Landscapes: Interpreting Great Basin Archaeology at Regional Scales (Thursday, 8:00 – 11:30, Exposition Hall B) The dry caves and rockshelters of the Great Basin are world renown for their exceptional preservation of ancient cultural materials, including baskets, tule duck decoys, sagebrush

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sandals, and dart shafts. Given this unusual preservation, their assemblages are often used to represent the types of artifacts expected throughout a region. But how well do cave and rockshelter assemblages reflect a region’s use and lithic artifact assemblage breadth? In this paper I categorize examples of rockshelters and caves throughout the Great Basin and examine how their excavated lithic assemblages compare with those from nearby open air sites. As we shift our focus from interpreting site-use to landscape-use, understanding the variety of ways in which caves and rockshelters served Great Basin peoples within a regional context is becoming even more interesting than their emblematic artifacts.

WRISTON, TERESA (DESERT RESEARCH INSTITUTE) See Ingbar, Eric

WURSTER, BETHANY (UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY) BYERS, DAVID (UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY) Bison Diminution on the Snake River Plain, Idaho: The Evidence from the Birch Creek Rock Shelters General Poster Session 3: Environment, Subsistence, and Technology (Friday, 1:00 – 4:30, Silver Baron A) Research on the Great Plains has shown a trend in bison diminution across the Holocene. This phenomenon, however, is poorly documented west of the Rockies. This poster presents bison osteometrics from the Birch Creek site. Located in the northeastern Snake River Plain, Idaho, the Birch Creek faunal assemblage contains a bison record spanning the Holocene. We use measurements derived from humeri, radii, tibiae, metatarsals, and calcanei to examine sexual dimorphism and diminution patterns within the Birch Creek bison assemblage. Our efforts resulted in 87 measurements from 52 specimens. These data indicate that the females dominate the Birch Creek sample. Although our sample is limited in size, our results nonetheless suggest a trans-Holocene trend in bison diminution. These results are consistent with previous Snake River Plain research.

YACUBIC, MATT (BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT) Landscape Archaeology, World-Systems Theory, Transcontinental Railroad, Humboldt River Corridor General Session 6: Historical Archaeology (Saturday, 8:00 – 9:30, Silver Baron B) The Humboldt River has been a significant transportation corridor from the prehistoric period through the modern era. Over time, information, people, and goods moved along the Humboldt River corridor through a variety of interaction networks. Because of these networks, the physical landscape of the Humboldt River corridor was transformed, acting as a catalyst for social change in core and periphery zones. This type of transformation is particularly true for the construction of the Transcontinental Railroad along the Humboldt River corridor. From 1865 to 1869, thousands of Chinese migrants worked on the Transcontinental Railroad. Chinese laborers faced significant social and political problems

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because of their work, yet the legacy of their labor remains in the landscape they helped shape.

YAWORSKY, PETER (GREAT BASIN INSTITUTE) BUCK, TYLER (GREAT BASIN INSTITUTE) An Assessment of Suitability Proxies Using Ideal Free Distribution and Archaeological Data General Poster Session 2: Natural and Cultural Landscapes (Friday, 8:00 – 11:30, Silver Baron A) Habitat suitability proxies are an important component in understanding the distribution of people across the landscape. Key successes with habitat suitability have made use of remotely sensed data, most commonly Net Primary Productivity (NPP). While NPP has proven fruitful in many settlement studies, other environmental measures may offer a more applicable habitat suitability proxy for the arid environments of the American West. With the use of remotely sensed environmental data, recently collected archaeological data, and the theoretical assumptions of Ideal Free Distribution, we explore differences between NPP and Moisture Index (MI) and the spatial distribution of sites surrounding Tonkin Summit, Nevada.

YENTSCH, ANDREW T. (ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING GROUP) Geochemical Sourcing of Obsidian Artifacts from the Sigurd to Red Butte – 245kV Transmission Project Poster Symposium 1: Archaeological Research of the Sigurd to Red Butte Transmission Project (Thursday, 1:00 – 4:30, Silver Baron A) Pursuant to the requirements set forth in the Programmatic Agreement for the project, samples of obsidian artifacts collected from sites during the inventory, evaluative testing, and data recovery phases of the project were submitted for geo-chemical analyses to determine the specific source locations for each specimen. Samples were sent to Dr. Richard E. Hughes at the Geochemical Research Laboratory in Portola Valley, California, for non-destructive, energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence sourcing analysis. The artifacts selected for sourcing included diagnostic projectile points, bifaces and/or biface fragments, modified flakes or flake tools, and lithic debitage. The intention was to explore any possible differences in source locations from sampled specimens across the area traversed by the new transmission line that could potentially address questions related to differential use of specific source locations through time, population movements, and social interactions (trade networks) in central and southwest Utah. This poster presents the results of those investigations.

YODER, DAVID (UTAH VALLEY UNIVERSITY) IMACS and Site Recording in Utah: A Retrospective of Trying to Change an Entrenched System General Session 1: Archaeology in the 21st Century (Thursday, 1:00 – 3:15, Silver Baron 1) Four years ago I set out to bring together interested parties to update or replace the Intermountain Antiquities Computer System (IMACS) for recording archaeological sites in

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Utah. After 30+ years of using the same form, I believed (and still do) that updating the system would make management of our cultural resources more efficient and effective. But I also believed it would be a relatively straightforward process. I was wrong. In this presentation I discuss the four-year effort, lessons learned, explain why we have the system we do, and what site recording in Utah will look like in the years to come.

YOUNG, D. CRAIG (FAR WESTERN ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH GROUP) The Eco-Regions and Geomorphic Setting of the Ruby Pipeline Project in Nevada’s Northern Tier Poster Symposium 3: Prehistory of Nevada’s Northern Tier: Highlights from the Ruby Pipeline Project (Friday, 1:00 – 4:30, Silver Baron A) The varied landforms of Nevada’s Northern Tier provide context for understanding the archaeological patterning that forms the basis for interpreting the human past in the vicinity of the Ruby Pipeline Project – research presented in this poster session. Eco-regions defined by modern floral communities and geologic units are the starting point, and these are viewed through a lens of late Pleistocene to Holocene landscape evolution. Geomorphological investigation of local landforms and regional geomorphic process included documentation of 25 alluvial profiles at 15 study locations in eleven hydrologic basins. These localities inform a model of changing conditions in alluvial systems across the Northern Tier.

YOUNG, D. CRAIG (FAR WESTERN ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH GROUP) Deep in the Dust: Archaeological Landscapes in Tons Per Year Plenary Session: Featured Landscapes: Interpreting Great Basin Archaeology at Regional Scales (Thursday, 8:00 – 11:30, Exposition Hall B) The search for early archaeology in the Great Basin has shifted from a focus on prominent lacustrine features (e.g., spits and strandlines) to zones of potential resource productivity, especially basin-margin and deltaic wetlands. While theoretically smarter, we have made our work more difficult – these once expansive landforms may now be buried deep in dust. Bounded only by wind, dust transport and deposition are truly landscape-scale phenomena. Primary dust deposition can be measured today in tens of tons per acre per year. In the drying Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene transition, dust production and deposition may have been an order of magnitude greater. Eroded from hundreds of drying basins, eolian dust was deposited as vast silt plains or recycled into expansive distal reaches of alluvial fans. Reworked dust, as loess or alluvium, often forms temporally undifferentiated playa- like deposits, where we continue our hopeful searches – this silt-capped, reworked landscape may be too young. Temporally constraining dust episodes while identifying and investigating dust-infused landforms reveals potentially stratified paleo-landscapes, thereby narrowing our search for significant Paleoindian archaeology in the Great Basin.

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YOUNG, D. CRAIG (FAR WESTERN ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH GROUP) See Codding, Brian F. See Duke, Daron See Zeanah, David W.

ZEANAH, DAVID W. (CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO) CODDING, BRIAN, F. (UNIVERSITY OF UTAH) JOHNSON, AMBER (TRUMAN STATE UNIVERSITY) ELSTON, ROBERT, G. (UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO) YOUNG, D. CRAIG (FAR WESTERN…GROUP) A Behavioral Ecological Frame of Reference for Investigating Prearchaic Adaptations in Grass Valley, Nevada General Poster Session 1: Terminal Pleistocene/Early Holocene Archaeology (Thursday, 1:00 – 4:30, Silver Baron A) Occupants of the Great Basin 13-8 kya cannot be understood by direct analogy with ethnographic Great Basin foragers because they lived in climatic circumstances and at population densities utterly unlike those of recent times. Archaeological evidence suggests that hunter-gatherers were highly mobile with hunting oriented lithic technology lacking milling equipment, but acquired a broad spectrum of faunal prey and tended to camp near wetland environments. Here we develop expectations about the range of hunter-gatherer adaptations feasible under climatic scenarios for the Pleistocene-Holocene Transition as inferred from paleoenvironmental proxies. Using the marginal value theorem and theoretical expectations of sexual division of labor, we evaluate the range of subsistence and mobility evident in Binford’s ethnographic database under similar environmental parameters. This serves as a framework for casting specific expectations for Grass Valley, Nevada in context of broader Pre-archaic subsistence-settlement in the western and central Great Basin.

ZEANAH, DAVID W. (CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO) See Codding, Brian, F.

ZWEIFEL, CONNIE (U.S. FOREST SERVICE) See Zweifel, Matt

ZWEIFEL, MATT (BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT) ZWEIFEL, CONNIE (U.S. FOREST SERVICE) Previous Research and Virgin Branch Chronology in Southwestern Utah Symposium 15: Virgin Branch Origins: The Jackson Flat Reservoir Project in Kanab, Utah (Saturday, 8:00 – 12:45, Silver Baron D) This paper focuses on previous archaeological investigations in Kanab and the surrounding region. Kanab has long been known for its numerous and often spectacular Basketmaker and Puebloan dry cave sites. Neil Judd and Jesse Nusbaum’s pioneering excavations in Cave DuPont, 169 35th Great Basin Anthropological Conference - 2016

Johnson Canyon, and Cottonwood Canyon put Kanab on the “map” as key locale for understanding Puebloan origins. In this paper we summarize past regional research and previous chronologies to provide a context for understanding the Jackson Flat Reservoir project’s discoveries.

ZWEIFEL, MATT (BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT) See D’Andrea, Rob

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LIST OF RESTAURANTS, BREW PUBS, ETC

Brew Pubs & Distilleries:  Brew Brothers – Inside El Dorado  Silver Peak Restaurant and Brewery – 124 Wonder Street  The Depot Craft Brewery & Distillery – 325 E. 4th Street  Under the Rose Brewing Company – 559 E. 4th Street  Great Basin Brewing Company – 5525 S. Virginia Street  Great Basin Brewing Company – 846 Victorian Ave, Sparks  Pigeon Head Brewery – 840 E. 5th Street  Brasserie Saint James – 901 S. Center Street  The Brewer’s Cabinet – 475 S. Arlington Ave.  IMBIB Custom Brews – 785 E. 2nd Street

Bars with craft beer and/or wine:  Aura Ultra Lounge – Inside Silver Legacy  Roxy – Inside El Dorado  Craft Wine and Beer – 22 Martin Street  1864 Tavern – 290 California Avenue  Death & Taxes – 26 Cheney Street  Reno Public House – 33 Saint Lawrence Ave.  Chapel Tavern – 1099 S. Virginia Street  Ole Bridge Pub – 50 N. Sierra Street  Ceol Irish Pub – 538 S. Virginia Street  West Street Wine Bar – 148 West Street  Sierra Tap House – 253 1st Street

Eateries: Downtown:  Silver Peak Restaurant and Brewery – 124 Wonder Street  Beaujolais Bistro – 753 Riverside Drive  Bowl – 148 West Street  Campo – 50 N. Sierra Street  Cheese Board – 247 California Ave.  Crème – 18 Saint Lawrence Ave.  Men Wielding Fire – 1537 S. Virginia Street  Michael’s Deli – 628 S. Virginia Street  Nick’s Greek Deli – 600 S. Virginia Street  Old Granite Street Eatery – 243 S. Sierra Street  Peg’s Glorified Ham and Eggs – 420 S. Sierra Street  Pizano’s Pizza – 95 N. Sierra Street  Silver Peak Grill and Taphouse – 135 N. Sierra Street  Wild River Grill – 17 S. Virginia Street

Eateries: Midtown:  Midtown Eats – 719 S. Virginia Street  Süp – 669 S. Virginia Street  Beefy’s – 1300 S. Virginia Street  Two Chicks – 752 S. Virginia Street  Great Full Gardens – 555 S. Virginia Street  Centro Bar and Kitchen – 236 California Ave.  Uncork’d Eatery – 760 S. Virginia Street  Hummus Fresh – 100 California Ave. 171 35th Great Basin Anthropological Conference - 2016

Map of Downtown

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SILVER LEGACY HOTEL/CASINO MEETING ROOM LAYOUT

Silver Baron 1-3

Silver Baron 4-6

Silver Baron A – Book Room/Vendors/Posters

Silver Baron B

Silver Baron Boardroom

Silver Baron C

Silver Baron D

Silver Baron E

*Registration and No Host Reception in Silver Baron Promenade-Mezzanine Level

**Exposition Hall – Plenary and Banquet, first floor, below Silver Baron Room.

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