BRONZE AGE METAL AND AMBER IN TRE NETHERLANDS (III:2) CATALOGUE OF THE SOCKETED AXES, PART A

J. J. BUTLER & HANNIE STEEGSTRA Groninger Jnstituut Archeologie, Groningen, Netherlands 1'001'

ABSTRACT: First pali of a catalogue and evaluation of the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age bronze socketed axes in the Netherlands. Herewith a number oftypes characteristic ofthe southem pmi ofthe country: the socketed axes of Niede/'l11aas, Plainseau, Helmeroth, and Geistingen types. Almorican socketed axes are listed, but dis­ missed as modem import dubiously documented. Ol'

KEYWORDS: Netherlands, Bronze Age (Late), Iron Age (Em'ly), socketed axes, types, imports, regional production, distributions. l. INTRODUCTION % 2 .------� 1.1. Numbers and distributions 5

Previous articles in the series 'Bronze Age metal and 20+------,-"---� amber in the Netherlands' have appeared in Palaeo­ histOl'ia 32, 37/3 8, 39/40, and 41/42. This Part III:2A is a catalogue ofthe socketed axes in the Netherlands; 15+----1 111 beginning with types CUlTent especiaIly in the south­ 1 em pmi of the countly. 1 O -I---t-'I-i--l Socketed axes are the largest category of Bronze Age axes found in the countl·y, with 382 specimens +----1 (including, however, 57 specimens in Netherlands 5 museutns and other collections without ar with only vague recorded provenance), representing c. 42% of the total number of about 910 Bronze Age axes Fr Gr Dr Ov 'Ge Ul NH ZH' Ze NB Li FI Unk known in the Netherlands (fig. 1; table l); this is .AXFIITillJAXI DAXR ffil]AXSDAXP rather more than the 286 palstaves, and more than ten times the number of winged axes in the country. AXW DAXT There is a marked contrast with the situation in the neighbouring region of middle West Germany, Fig. I. Percentages of various axe types by provinee in the Neth­ erlands. AXF = flat axes; AX1 = low-flanged axes; AXR = high­ where, according to the statistics of Kibbert (1984), flanged axes; AXS = stopridge axes; AXP = palstaves; AXW = out of a total of just over 1000 axes, there are 556 winged axes; AXT = socketed axes. winged axes against 376 socketed axes. These are crude numbers, uncorrected for unknown and uncer­ Table l. Number of flat axes (AXF), low-flanged axes (AXI), tain provenances and other factors, but the immense high-flanged axes (AXR), stopridge axes (AXS), palstaves (AXP), discrepancy in relative importance of winged axes winged axes (AXW), and socketed axes (AXT) in the Netherlands. and socketed axes in the two areas is evident. Further, N2ote: 'unprovenanced' here inc1udes specimens only vaguely Kibbeli's distribution maps (his Taf. 78 and 79) show provenanced, i.e. (mostly presumed) provinee only. that winged axes are rather scarce in the German upper Rhine area and socketed axes comparatively Type Provenanced Unprovenanced Total plentiful in the area bardering on the Netherlands. AXF 19 5 24 For the purposes of this section we consider the AXI 43 4 47 north ofthe Netherlands to comprise the modem prov­ AXR 99 IO 109 inces of Flevoland, Groningen, Friesland, Drenthe and AXS 27 3 30 Overijssel; the middle of the countl·y, the provinces of AXP 263 23 286 AXW 28 GeIderIand and Utrecht; the west, Noord-Holland, 5 33 AXT 325 57 382 Zuid-Holland and Zeeland; and the south the provinces ofNoard-Brabant and Limburg (map l). Total 804 107 911 264 J.J. BUTLER & H. STEEGSTRA

100

80 i '. \ . .... / . . • Dr . 60 i I ····· I - ·_· r ...;

,;. Ns 40 ov <�'\r· j .. . . . : .i-' :) . 20 Ge -..�

o Fr Gr Dr Ov Ge Ut NH ZH Ze NB Li FI Unk N-B Fig. 2. NUl11ber of socketed axes in the Netherlands per province. (�::�.'?�.f'�''-!-.J""") (' � AnI ......

Belgium Germany As a glance at the distribution of all types of sock­ eted axes will show (map 2; fig.2), tbeir spread with­ in the Netherlands is by no means uniform. Rougbly a third of the country, especiaIly the western part Map l. Provinces of the Netherlands and neighbouring areas: Fr. (anciently mostly low-lying and boggy), with the Friesland; Gr. Groningen; Dr. Drenthe; Ov. Overijssel; Ge. Gel­ modem provinces of Zeeland, Zuid-Holland, Noord­ derIand; Ul. Utrecht; N-H. Noord-Holland; Z-H. Zuid-Holland; Holland, Utrecht and Flevoland, and the northern ZI. Zeeland; N-B. Noord-Brabant; Li. (Neth.) Limburg; FI. Flevo­ marine-clay coastal strip (most of the modern prov­ land. Belgian provinces: O-VI. Oost-Vlaanderen; An!. Antwerpen; inces ofFriesland and Groningen, in tbe Late Bronze B Lg. (Belg.) Limburg. German Lander: Ns. Niedersachsen; Nr­ Age not yet ready fo r occupation) is practically free W. Nordrhein-Westfalen. Dot-dash line = national boundary; dotted line = provincial boundary. of socketed axes, with the exception of the small number of fi nds in the dune area Iining the west coast. Though parts of this western area were habit­ • one per Gemeente able, the Late Bronze Age settlements, such as those • 2 or more per Gemeente excavated at Hoogkarspel in Noord-Holland in recent �o=­ years, have not given evidence for the availability of / bronzes; possibly they were too isolated and depen­ dent on a subsistence economy. The more axe-rich O part ofthe country includes the somewhat higher and drier landscapes, including the Maas-RJline gravet terraces, the Campine, the Veluwe, Twente (eastern Overijssel), the Drenthe plateau. Throughout this easternpart of the country, however, the distribution pattern is fa irly evenly spread; the extra density seen in middle Limburg and in the Nijmegen area is prob­ ably due to intensive modem dredging and gravel winning in that p31i of the Maas-RJline trajectories. In detail the socketed axes in the Netherlands are exceedingly diverse: there are many more or less distinct types, and often rather fe w examples of each type. It seems likely that there were a goodly num­ ber of small producers working fo r local offset ar­ eas, and if there were many imports there was no massive' impOli. Only in the case of the socketed axes of Plainseau type is an exception possibly to be con­ sidered.

Map 2. Distribution of socketed axes (all types and varieties) in the Netherlands. Bronze Age metal and amber in the Ne ther/ands (III:2) 265

1.2. Notes to the catalogue Abbreviations fo r museums and organisations:

RMO = Rijksmuseum van Oudheden; ROB = Rijks­ Besides the catalogue number heading the entry for dienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek. each object, we cite in brackets a DB number, which References to literature frequently include the identifies the object in our computer database. This tenn Verslag or Jaarvers/ag. This refers to the An­ will prove to be a convenience for cross-referencing. nual RepOlt of the museum concerned. Other litera­ The fo llowing ABC will explain the code as it is ture citations are located in Section 11 below. here employed. In Patt II: l; II:2 and III: l we have A catalogue number preceded by K indicates a aiready used AXF fo r flataxe, AXI for low-flanged reference to the catalogue of Kibbert (1984). axe, AXR for high-flanged axe, AXS for stopridge axe, AXP for palstave, AXW for winged axe and L for looped, BM fo r bronze mouid. AXT signifies a 1.3. Socketed axes of the south of the Netherlands: socketed axe with loop, AXTU a socketed axe with­ a glossary of typology and telminology (fig. 3) out loop. Further descriptive features or subdivisions are In the descriptions of the socketed axes here pre­ indicated by letters or punchmtion characters added sented, the terminology is in part that which is in

on the right: A = arch on faces; C = crinoline blade general. use for the type, but in part non-standard.

tips; Fac = facetted; J = expanded blade tips; M = Here we explain briefly the terms we use that may

midrib; Nr = Neckrib(s); P = plain (unomamented); require clarification. We explain herewith also a Pel = pellet(s); Rb = rib(bed); S = ogival body; Wi series of non-standard abbreviations which we have = 'wings'. occasionally employed in the text and catalogue be­ Geographical expressions here abbreviated with low in an effort to reduce the burden on writers and lower-case letters with reference to socketed axe readers of lengthy descriptions. The method is sim­ types are as fo llows: arm = armorican; niema = Nie­ ply to replace, where possible, descriptive adjectives dermaas; pis = Type Plainseau; helm = Form Hel­ with graphic symbols ava ila ble on the standard key­ meroth; hol = Form Hol/en; geis = Type Geistingen. board.

soulhern Iype northern Iype

body

socket mouth lOOP_ ll O� seelion

rim b

Fig. 3. G1ossm'Y for socketed axes in the Netherlands. 266 II BUTLER & H. STEEGSTRA

Collcll': the thickened moulding surrounding the facets fo rming the cutting edge of the axe. In Kib­ mouth opening. It can vary from minimal to (_) beli's middle West Germany such fa cets occur with bulging as fig. 3, left; ,_/ con icai; /_, invetied­ varying frequency on socketed axes of his types Ol' conicai as fig. 3, right; <_> biconical as fig. 30a; Frouard, Løvskal-Bargeroosterveld, Helmeroth, and (_l flattened as Cat.No. 494; or trumpet-shaped. Lappenzier. In the northern pati of the Netherlands Socket mouthjorlllula: fo llows the fo tmula a-axb­ arch facets are common and characteristic, while in b; c-cxd-d; where a-a gives the width and b-b the the southern part of the country they are only occa­ breadth of the collar, and c-c the width and d-d the sional, occuning on Plainseau axes Cat.Nos 528 and breadth of the mouth opening. 529 and on Helmeroth axes Cat.Nos 544, 545 and Neela'ibs: one more thin horizontal ribs just 547. Ol' below the collar. While there are no neckribs present Furrowing: enlivening of the surface of an axe on some types, as here Types Niedermaas, Helme­ by impressing parallel fu nows (a technique not un­ roth, and Geistingen, one or two neckribs are almost known em'lier in the Middle Bronze Age) occurs in always present on Plainseau axes. the south of the Netherlands on a few Plainseau axes Loop: usually D-shaped and ofmore Ol' less round (Cat.Nos 518, 531) and a number of Helmeroth axes cross-section ('string loops'); very small on Types (Cat.Nos 538-544, 546-548). Characteristically the Geistingen and Wesseling; somewhat larger and furrowrows are vertical on the fa ces and/o r sides of usually offlattenedcross-section ('ribbon loops') on the axe. A fe w specimens (Cat.Nos 547-548) have Type Plainseau; larger and often of flattened-D shape horizontal parallel furrows on the collar. Furrow on Helmeroth axes. 'Elbow-shaped' angular loops (as decOl'ationis, however, also common in the notih of fig. 25a) are common on 'Hunze-Ems' axes, but rare the country (e.g. fig. 25a). Similar decOl'ation ex­ in the south of the Netherlands. ecuted as flat facets instead of funows occurs occa­ Loop placement: on Niedermaas axes, the loop sionally on Plainseau axes (Cat.Nos 517, 518). generally springs from the collar or the base of the Blade tips : socketed axes of the types here con­ collar. On Plainseau axes (as on many British and cerned do not have as a rule widely expanded blade West European types) the loop springs from a neckrib tips. For the exceptional pieces that do have substan­ rather than from the collar (fig. 3, left). tial blade tip expansion, e.g. Cat.Nos 498-500, 515, Body outline: most often )( biconcave; some Nie­ 538, we have employed the expression 'J tips'; for der/naas axes are II parallel-sided; 1\ expanding sides, examples on which the tips are expanded ogivally conicai; V inverted conicai; S ogival. (recurved; as Cat.Nos 490, 534), the designation 'S Face omament: imitation wings, of varied length tips' is employable. (from short as Cat.No. 487 to very long) are often Pouches refe r to hollows at the base of the sides, present on socketed axes of the types here discussed. fo nned by hammering out the cutting edge in a sharp­ The wings are usually rendered as raised surfaces ening resharpening operation (e.g. Cat.No. 516). Ol' (Kibbert's Ffijchen lappen, Lappenzier Gruppe A), Their occurrence is rather more frequent than is here simply referred to as 'wings'; but are sometimes shown in our drawings, indications thereof having rendered in ribs depicting the outline of wings (Kib­ sometimes been lost through the omission of shadow bert's Rippenlappen, Lappenzier Grupp e C), here rendering of the side view. indicated as 'rib wings'. Variants inc\ude multiple­ Cutting edge: we have distinguished between an rib wings (Cat.No. 531), indented 'wings' (Cat.No. unshmpened cutting edge, a s!wlpened cutting edge 490), 'swinging doOl' wings' (Cat.Nos 537, 545, the (where evidence of having been sharpened has not Basland hoard, fig 30b), 'drapery wings' (Cat.No. been removed by modern re-working), and a sharp 548); semi-'wings' where the 'wings' are only par­ cutting edge, i.e. anciently sharpened and still sharp. tial (Cat.Nos 501, 524, 548). A further distinction can be made between specimens on which the 'wing' pattern extends from the fa ces onto the sides of axe; 2. THE NORTH-SOUTH DICHOTOMY these are here referred to as 'wrap-around wings' (e.g. Cat.Nos 485, 49 1 -493, 544). When we consider the socketed axes of the Nether­ AIso represented as face ornament are one or Iands in detail, it becomes apparent that there are more pellets (Cat.Nos 495, 496 on Niedermaas axes, major typological diffe rences between the bulk ofthe 512, 512-5 16, 520, 522-524, 528, 531, 534 on Plain­ socketed axes in the northern pati of the country and seau axes, 543, 547, 548, 549 on Helmeroth axes). those in the south. Only one major type, the Type Occasional other rib-style motifs are mostly self­ Wesseling of Kibbert (1984), appears to be equally explanatory in the text. common in the northeastern, the east-central, and Arch ja cets on ja ce: various types of socketed southeastern areas. Most of the other major types are axes in Southeast Europe, but also in North Gennany well represented either in the northeast (their distri­ and Scandinavia have on each face a more or less bution area generally extending to the Emsland of flat facet of parabolic outline, the meeting of these western Germany, forming the most conspicuous Bronze Age metal alld amber in the Netherlands (111:2) 267 element of what we in the past have termed the few of our socketed axes have known associations. Hunze-Ems industry) Ol' in the southeast (sharing, There are no socketed axes in graves (with the pos­ usual!y, an area of distribution including parts of sible exception of Cat.No. 515 below); there are only Belgium and the German Lower Rhine-Westphalian few hoards, and these are invariably smal!. Fortu­ area). The socketed axe material in the are a around nately, however, we can draw upon the presence of Arnhem and Nijmegen has, however, a rather mixed our types in hoards in Belgium, Germany, North character, with influences from nOlih, east and south, France, southern England, and even in a few cases and some seemingly local features. We have accord­ in Denmark and Poland. ingly divided our presentation into a Part III:2A, In searching for features of the socketed axes types common in the south, and Part III:2B, types which might have especial value for distinguishing common in the north. A supplementary Part I1I:2C regional variation, it became apparent that there was will display the types, whether imported Ol' local/ a major difference in distribution within of the coun­ regional products, represented by numbers too small try of socketed axes with an arch-shaped (bell­ in the Netherlands to have a distinctive distribution shaped, parabolic) facet on the lower part of each of their own. face, and those without such arches. Those with arch The principal types of socketed axes especially facets - the keilformige Tiillenbeile of Sprockhoff, characteristic of the southern pal1 of the Netherlands the Tiillenbeile mit glockenjorll1ig abgesetzte Breit­ and its adjacent areas of Gennany and Belgium are seiten of Tackenberg - occur al most exclusively the Types Niedermaas, Plainseau, Helmeroth and (apart from certain exceptions to be noted below) in Geistingen. As a supplement we list the socketed axes the northeastern part of the country, and are part of of Armorican type in the Netherlands, though it is the 'Hunze-Ems' axe repertoire. In contrast, the sock­ likely that all Ol' nearly all are modern import. eted axe types characteristic of the Maas-Rhine area for the most part do without such arch facets. Other sorts of differences were also evident. It 3. GENERAL REMARKS CONCERNING was curiOlls to observe, for example, the differences SOCKETED AXES IN THE NETHERLANDS between North and South in the type of loop em­ ployed. In both areas loops came into use that were In general the socketed axes in the Netherlands must larger than the normal loops of winged axes and be interpreted as tools for woodworking. Experiments socketed axes of Plainseau type. In the southern part in several centres in the Netherlands with the con­ of the country, enlarged D-shaped loops appeared struction of Bronze Age-type houses using reproduc­ (notably on socketed axes of Niedermaas type), Ol' tions of bronze axes have demonstrated their utility enlarged flattened loops (especiaily on Helmeroth for woodworking. Most have a suitable size and axes) while in the northern region a characteristic weight, and many show signs of heavy usage. Some elbow-shaped loop was often employed. however are richly decorated, suggesting that these axes may aiso have had a prestige function; but we do not have any that appeal' to have been expressly 4. SOCKETED AXES OF NIEDERMAAS TYPE designed as weapons (though the use of work-axes (AXT:niema) (24 ex.; figs 4-10; map 3) as weapons is not necessarily excluded). A compara­ tively smal! munber are obviously unsuited for any 4.1. Definitions and dating sort of practical employment - the absurdly thin­ walled Geistingen axes being the most conspicuous The Niederll1aas socketed axes are not a strictly ho­ examples - and these must have had some sort of mogeneous type, but consist rather of a series of symbolic value. smal! but related groups that we join together under Although the socketed axes in the Netherlands are that name. They have a family resemblance, so that not overly numerous in comparison to the numbers it is not difficult to distinguish them from other types known in adjacent regions, they must be divided into in the area, and from the products of neighbouring a consi}lerable number of types and varieties; with areas. Each smal! gro up is present in numbers too the result that many types are known in only a smal! smal! to establish it as an independent type, but in number of specimens. addition to typological relationships there is a com­ Within the eastern pal1 of the countty that is fairly mon distribution area. well provided with socketed axes, however, there is The Niederlllaas socketed axes in the Netherlands quantitatively not much difference in density between are, basically , more Ol' less rectangular-sectioned finds in the nOlih, centre and south. Some of the more socketed axes (though some have an upper part that frequent types have a regionally limited distribution is oval in section, and only the lower part rectangu­ within the Netherlands, as we shal! show in detail lal', i.e. Cat.No. 488, Berg-en-Terblijt, and others on below. which only the 'wing' part is of oval section and the A weak side of the record is that comparatively i'est of rectangular section. Typical are more or les s 268 J.J. BUTLER & H. STEEGSTRA straight, parallel sides (though some have a slight­ ly biconcave body outline). The collar is generaIly • 1 per Gemeente simple and modest; we exclude from this type all *' 2 or more per Gerneente socketed axes with a markedly bulging or strongly • (in) hoard �r:::r=' biconical collar, since these have quite a di fferent f distribution pattern. A few specimens with a flat O collar (Cat.Nos 494, 498-500) appear, however, to be somewhat extravagant Niedermaas derivatives, and are here appended to the list, but with the qualifi­ cations cited below. None of the axes that we reckon to the Niedermaas type have necluibs (tims contrast­ ing with the Plainseau type, where one or two neck­ ribs are almost always present). Facial arch fa cets are absent (thus differing from the characteristic North Netherlands types). Most examples have plastic 'wings', two have a pellet in addition, but none (apart from one Belgian example in the Lutlommel hoard) have rib 'wings'. Other ornamental fe atures are laclc­ ing; five examples (Cat.Nos 477-48 1) have no or­ nament at all. This povelty of ornament contrasts strongly with the ornamental diversity fo und on some other of the socketed axe types in the same area, such as the Plainseau type with its varied rib patterns, and the Helmeroth type with its frequent vertical fu rrow ornament. Niedermaas axes are genera Ily provided with a Map 3. Socketed axes af Niedermaas type in the Netherlands and fa irly large D loop (often 3 to 4 cm long; thus longer northern Belgiul11. Also indicated are hoards with Niedermaas than the typical Plainseau loop of c. 2.5 cm), and axes an the Belgian side of the border. more or less circular in section (contrasting with the typical Plainseau loop which is strap-like in section). the 1971 annual meeting of the Northwest German The Niedermaas loop is not of flatlened-D shape like archaeological fe deration) our aim was to call atten­ those of axes of Helmeroth type. On most examples tion to axe types current in the south of the Nether­ the loop springs directly from the collar (on Plainseau Iands but unknown in or little known in the north of axes the loop springs from a neckrib below the col­ the country, and also absent in the North French lar). The Niederll1aas loop is never angular (contrast­ repertoire, which could therefore possibly have been ing with the 'elbow loop' so common in the north locally produced in the Netherlands southem prov­ of the Netherlands). In outline the loops on Nieder­ inces. We hoped thereby to elicit information about I/was axes are often of ][ or )( fo rm. The cutting edge the possibie occurrence of these types in the adja­ of Niederll/aas socketed axes may be unexpanded or cent areas of West Germany and Belgium. That was, slightly expanded; only a few examples have J or S of course, before the major publications of O'Connor tips, becoming rather extravagant in the small 'ex­ (I980), Kibbert (I98 4) and the Belgian authors cited travagant derivative' group (Cat.Nos 498-500; fi g. hereunder. A number of socketed axes which we then 10). Some examples exhibit rather crude and clumsy illustrated under the Niedenllaas heading (Butler, workmanship. This is particularly noticeable in the 1973: Abb. 12, a probable hoard, if an identicai un­ irregular character of the collar on some specimens. usual patina is to be believed, from Peij, gem. Echt, Some display rather ragged or eccentric casting Neth. Limburg; here Cat.Nos. 538, 539 and 544) can seams. The ab ove description is based especiaIly on now, however, be more appropriately classified as the examples found in the Netherlands. As the draw­ axes of Kibbert's Form HeImerotIl. The others we ings make it clear, not every example displays all the then illustrated, and some additional specimens, were Niedermaas characteristic fe atures. listed and mapped, under the name Lower Mel/se The Niedermaas type was identified by one of us axes, by O'COIillor (1980(II): p. 525, list 126, p. 825, (Butler, 1973: pp. 330-339, Abb. 9-14), and pro­ map 49). Additions were made by Warmenbol claimed as characteristic for the Netherlands-Belgian (I987a), in connection with his presentation of the Lower Maas area. We retain the German-language Nieuwrbde hoard (Belgian Brabant); n.\l"theradditions type-name (rather than Nedermaas or Lower lvJeuse) were listed and mapped by Van Impe and Creemers because it has also been so cited by several Belgian (1993), in connection with their publication of the authors. Belgian hoard from Rotem, gem. Dilsen (not far from In the 1973 paper (originally a lecture by JJB fo r the Belgian side of the Maas). Bronze Age metal and amber in the Netherlands (fIf:2) 269

We here list 24 socketed axes in the Netherlands tools and ornaments, and a single Niedermaas axe which we would now assign to the Niedermaas type. (Cat.No. 488). A second (probable) hoard (identicai Two of these (Cat.Nos 493 and 499) are of unknown find infol1nation and patina) hoard is Susteren-'Het provenance; two others have a dealer's provenance Eilandje', Neth. Limburg, consisting of one Nieder­ (Cat.Nos 486 and 532, both purchased from Sprik, l/1([as axe with 'wings' (here Cat.No. 484) and two both with alleged find-spots in Gelderland). One socketed axes of Type Wesseling (DB 1135 and DB (Cat.No. 50Q) is probably a modern casting. Two­ 1136). Lastly there is Montfort, Neth. Limburg (Cat. thirds of the list are fr om the southem provinces of No. 481 and Cat.No. 487), a two-axe hoard (both Neth. Limburg and Noord-Brabant; indeed half Niedermaas axes, but one with 'wings' and one with­ are from Limburg. Four (but including the two with out). dealer' s provenance ) are attributed to Gelderland; The Berg-en-Terblijt socketed axe is exceptional only one (Cat.No. 485) is from Drenthe. in that its 'wings' are placed relatively low on the A third of our examples are without facial orna­ body, as if imitating a midwinged rather than a high­ mentation; two-thirds have plastic 'wings'. A few of winged axe. The hoard is dated by Kibbert (1984: the latter have other ornamental features in addition pp. 65 ff, 148-1 49), chiefly on the basis of his as­ to the 'wings': two have 'wings' with pellet, four sessment of its winged axe, to his Stuje Obernbeck, have 'wings' and a plastic offset collar; one has equivalent to a middle phase of the south Gel1n an 'wings' and a slight midridge; two (plus a third jiingere Urnenjelderzeit (Miiller-Karpe's HaB2), possibly a modem casting) have 'wings', midridge, which Kibbert equates with an early part of Mon­ and flat offset collar. We have included here one telius V. The Rotem hoard has been similarly dated Niedermaas-like axe with slightly indented 'wings' (Van Impe & Creemers, 1993: p. 41). Heppeneert and (see below, Cat.No. 490, with comments). There is Hoogstraten would, however, in Kibbert's tenns be only one other indented-waist axe in the Netherlands of the sp dte Urnenje lderzeit/Stuje WallstadtlHaB31 (DB 73 1, gem. Boxmeer) but its form is quite un­ later Montelius V. Warmenbol (1987b: p. 91) has like that of Cat.No. 490. An indented waist is tradi­ justifiably cited one of the axes in the Nieuwrode tionally considered to be a type-defining fe ature; tl1US hoard (his No. 3) as a close parallel for our Berg­ Kibbeli groups axes with this fe ature as "Gruppe B en-Terblijt specimen (Cat.No. 488), and his No. 4, (m it einziehenden Fldchenlapp en)" within category with slightly waisted 'wings', as resembling ours Tiillenbeile mit Lappenzier. Actually, our Cat.No. 490 from Nijmegen (Cat.No. 490). has much more in COlllillon with our Niedermaas axes A possibie though unverified association would than it has with the British indented-waist axes of the be the Niedermaas socketed axe Cat.No. 49 1, fo und Wilburton horizon 01'the various socketed axes with in a field adjacent to the air base Volkel in Noord­ this fe ature in France (O'Connor, 1980 (I): pp. 134- Brabant. From the same fieid, with similar patina, is 136; (II): p. 504, list 99, map 39; Schmidt & Burgess, the small looped palstave with ridged blade (Butler 1981: pp. 178-179 ("Typ e Ulleskelf"); Blanchet, & Steegstra, 2000: p. 248: Cat.No. 379). 1984: pp. 249-250). Van Impe & Creemers' list and map show 15 find­ Evident are small but distinct concentrations in spots of Niedermaas axes in Belgium. These include the area around Nijmegen, and in middle Limburg five OCCUl1'ences in hoards: Rotem, gem. Dilsen, and and the corresponding Belgian side of the Maas (in­ Heppeneert, gem. Maaseik in the Lower Maas area; cluding the Rotem hoard). The one lone example Hoogstraten and Pulle in provo Antwerp; and Nieuw­ known in the north of the Netherlands (Cat.No. 485, rode in Belgian Brabant. The remaining Belgian ex­ from Ees, gem . Borger), can accordingly be presumed amples in their list are stray finds; several have been to be an import from the south of the country. The illustrated by Wannenbol (1987b), some by Wielockx known number of find-spots of Niederll1aas axes in (1986). the Netherlands and Belgium is rather less than the Some ofthese Belgian examples are directly com­ find-spots of Plainseau axes, and hoards of Nieder­ parable with specimens in the Netherlands; but oth­ maas axes of the size of hoards such as Nn iens-le ers have fe atures which are rare in the Netherlands Plainseau and Heppeneert are unknown. The produc­ repertory, and raise questions about the possibility tion of Niedermaas axes seems therefore to have been of their representing a local variant. Here we have on a rather smaller scale than the production ofPlain­ in mind the examples with truncated-cone collar and seau axes, and the area of their di spersion is als o rather nal1'0W )( body outline and <_> or (_) body considerably less (cf maps 3 and 4). cross-section. The Netherlands specimens from Ohe­ In the Netherlands there are three hoards with Roosteren (Cat.No. 545) and Stevensweert (Cat.No. Niederll7aas axes. The most important is Berg-en­ 537) are certainly closely related to these. Strayed Terblijt, found in an otherwise bronze-poOl' area, the examples occur in a hoard in Denmark (Basland, here southem part of Neth. LimbUl'g: a mixed hoard, un­ fig. 30b) and in the Vietkowa hoard in western Po­ fo rtunately for a large part dispersed with inadequate land (Sprockhoff, 1956(II): Taf 7:10). Without here recording. The preserved objects include weapons, going into detail, we think that genera Ily these speci- 270 J.J. BUTLER & H. STEEGSTRA mens known in south and middle Belgium (several (Butler, 1965: fi g. I; 1986: p. 154 lower) and the examples are known from the neighbourhood ofNa­ Hijken hoard (Butler, 1965: p. 176, fig. 9 upper left). mur; so we refer to them tentatively as the variant It seems likely that the Dreuil, Lutlommel, Drouwen Namur-Basland of the Form Helmeroth) are c10sely and Hijken examples stem from the same workshop. related to, but not identical with, those of the Nialer­ These omega bracelets, as well as the versions with I/WClS area. lat'ger palette terminals, have been attributed to the The Rotem, LutlonU11el, Heppeneert, Nieuwrode Plainseau industry (Warmenbol, 1987a; 1987b; Van hoards contain, however, examples which would be Impe, 199511996: pp. 23-24), and can be presumed difficult to separate fr om our NiedermClCls group. The to be imports from that region. find-spots of the Rotem, Lutlol11mel, Heppeneeti, and The large Heppeneert hoard - the largest Late Hoogstratell hoards are c10se to the modem border Bronze Age hoard in the Low Countries and their between Belgium and the Netherlands; the circum­ neighbouring areas - has nearly 50 socketed axes stances they reflect must have been equaUy present and a single plain spearhead. The socketed axes are on both sides of the modem frontier. The Nieuwrode neat'ly all of Plainseau type, with a wide variety of hoard, from Belgian Brabant (Wannenbol, 1987b) decoration. Some of the motifs are COl11mon also on has the largest number of NiedermClCls axes fo und other Plainseau axes in Belgium, France and the together, namely five examples. Three of them are Netherlands, some are uniquely known in the Hep­ with 'wings' (one of them with slightly indented peneert hoard itself. But also present are one Nie­ 'wings', tims broadly similar to the axe from Nij­ dermClCls socketed axe, with rib 'wings' (Van Impe, megen (Cat.No. 490), one with ordinary D-shaped 1994: No. 12), and one 'faceted' socketed axe (Van wings, one with shield-shaped 'wings'; two are wing­ ltnpe's No. 2) of the Ty pe Meldreth of Schmidt & less. No two are quite alike; some are more Ol' les s Burgess (1981: pp. 204-211, with detailed discus­ like specimens in the Netherlands, some have fe a­ sion; cf. O'Connor, 1980(1): pp. 166-167). SlIrface tures not at present known in the Netherlands. The analyses of all the objects in the hoard by EDXRF Rotem hoard (Van Impe & Creemers, 1993) has the (energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis) have next largest number of NiedermClCls axes found to­ been published by Wouters (1995). All show very gether, namely fo ur examples. They are fa r from substantial percentages of lead; which must have identical: one (No. 2) is without fa cial ornament, one been well represented, if with lower concentration (No. 3) has plastic 'wings' (and is actuaUy, uniquely than shown in the surface analyses, in the original in the Low Countries, an adze, having its loop on the metal. This hoard is evidently not a scrap metal face); one (No. 1) has rib 'wings', and one (No. 4) hoard, nor a random accumulation of bronzes from has out line 'wings' which are indicated by crescen­ the Maas-Rhine area, nor a likely votive deposit. It tic grooves that appeal' to have beell hammered into must somehow have been intended to play a pati in the fa ce. A button siclde was also recovered. These a distribution process fo r its axes, however we may finds tend to support the view that the plain and imagine this concretely. We cannot at present deter­ 'wing' -decorated examples belong really to a single mine whether the axes in this hoard were cast in the type, albeit with variants according to the presence Picardy-North French region, Ol' locally in the Lower Ol' absence of 'wings' (cf. the Montfort hoard, be­ Maas area, but there is no doubt that the hoard docu­ low, Cat.Nos 48 1 and 487) which also contains a ments a northward thrust of the Plainseau industry. unwinged and an winged example. These finds also The Hoogstraten hoard, in the Schelde area, is suggest that in each case it was not the intention of composed chiefly of Plainseau axes, but contains one the workshop to produce a series of identical axes, example (Warmenbol, 1987a: No. 16 and fig. 19) but rather to endow each example with a degree of with fe atures recalling the NiedermClCls axes, although individuality. there are also differences (hexagonal body cross­ The Lutlol11mel hoard contains two NiedermClCls section, truncated-conical collar). We would tenta­ axes: No. 16 (with rib 'wings') and No. 40 (plain, tively consider this axe, along with its stray Belgian with atypical fe atures: cf. Van Impe, 1995/1996: pp. counterparts such as Mohiville-ScoviUe and Thon­ 22-23). They are accompanied by a large number of Samson (Warmenbol, 1987b: figs 6 and 9) and their Plainseau axes; omega and other types of bracelets; West German counterparts in the Duisbllrg-Wedau simple rings; and biconical and ribbed-tubular beads. hoard (K.692-693, his Taf. 100C, by Kibbert as­ It is tims a hoard of axes and ornaments. It is note­ signed to the early HaUstatt phase), as belonging to worthy that among the Lutlol11mel C-sectioned omega a distingllishable variant, which we might fo r the bracelets is one with three ribs adjacent to each ter­ moment caU the Namur-Basland variant of the minal (Van Impe, 1995/1996: p. 24, fig. 8, No. 6). Helme'roth group. The Pulle assemblage (not re­ As Van lmpe points out, this bracelet is in all respects garded as a c10sed find by Van lmpe 1973, but see remarkably like an example in the Dreuil-Ies-Amiens Warmenbol, 1987b: p. 93, with note 14) contains in hoard in Picardy, and also like examples in sword-blade fragments, a series of plain spearheads, Drenthe: from the Drouwen 'princess' hoard of 1939 and a socketed axe with 'w ings' which, like some Bronze Age metal and amber in the Netherlands (fII:2) 271 of the Nieuwrode axes, is surely assignable to the 4.2. Catalogue of Niederlllaas socketed axes Niederll1aas group. Among the bronzes (four sock­ eted axes and a winged axe) from Pietersheim, gem. 4.2. 1. Niederll1aas socketed axes, plain (AXT: Lanaken (also just across the Maas from Neth. niema.P) (fig. 4; 5 ex., including two Limburg, opposite Borgharen) is one socketed axe examples known only from old drawings) which is probably a Niederlllaas axe with 'wings', CAT.NO. 477. MONTFORT, GEMEENTE AMBT MONTFORT, but the postage-stamp sized old drawing does not LlMBURG. permit an exåct determination, nor is the association L. 12.8; w. (3.8) cm. Subrectangular socket. Mouth formula: of the objects undisputed. 4.2x3.8; 3.2x2.8 cm. Flat collar, from the base of which springs Kibbert's work has shown that surprisingly fe w large, unusually projecting D loop (3.1 xO.65 cm) with )( profile. Niederll1aas socketed axes are known in the Gelman Body section almost rectangular, with slightly convex vaces and Rbineland. Good examples are K.683 from Ginge­ sides. Sides nearly parallel, having only fa intly expanded blade rich, Kr. Moers, with 'wings'; K.685, with wrap­ end. Prominent casting seams: on loop-side slightly off-centre, around 'wings', though atypically with )( body on the opposite side very much off-centre; removed toward blade outline and elbow loop; K.695 from Hanul1inkelen, ends. Cutting edge was sharp, anciently battered and partly bro­ Kr. Rees, with semi-'wings'; and K. I000 from ken off (the breaks are patinated). Edge damaged. Patina: glossy dark green. Some light-coloured loamy encrustation. Mostly ve ry Wesel, Kr. Rees, with wrap-around 'wings'. Along · well preserved. Museum Maastricht, Inv.No. 240; ex coll. GuilIon the Moselle there is a single example from Besch, (No. 178). Old numbers on fa ce of axe: in white ink, Montfort Kr. Merzig-Wadern, K.682, with 'wings'. Rather fa r (G) 1014; in black ink: 240. (DB 220) to the east, along the Weser, is an example, with Map reference: Sheet 60B, c. 194/348. 'wings', from the hoard of Afferde, Kr. Hameln References: Butler, 1973: p. 333, afb. II: I; Wielockx, 1986: (Sproc1d10ff, 1941: p. 95, Abb. 77; Jacob-Friesen, Cat.No. H.I03 (but with wrong lnv.No.). 1967: p. 275, Kat.Nr. 900, Taf. 172: 1-7), found with a spearhead and varied bracelets; the hoard is as­ CAT.NO. 478. ECHTERBROEK, GEMEENTE ECHT, LlMBURG. signed to Montelius V. L. 11.3; w. 3.5 cm. We ight 278 gI'. Subrectangular socket. Mouth A fe w examples with truncated-cone collar and fo nnula: 3.9x3.6; 2.9x2.8 cm. Slight socket-mouth with somewhat irregular rim; 4 jets? Parallel sides, subrectangular section, with C) body cross-section, i. e. K.692, with 'wings', and face s convex, sides more strongly convex. D loop (2.2xO.6 cm). K.693, with semi-'wings' and a pellet, in the Monte­ Rather asymmetri ca Ily situated, prominent casting seams. Patina: lius VI hoard of Duisburg-Wedau (cf. his Taf. 100C; dull green, surface slightly corroded, with small pits; light brown with spiral bracelets), are perhaps related to what we loamy encrustation. Cutting edge sharp, slightly asymmetri ca Ily above have tentatively tenned the Namur-Basland sharpened. Negative for loop was hollowed in one ofthe half-moulds variant of the Foml Helmeroth, i.e. the axes like only. Found 1968 by H. Kessels. Museum: Echt, Inv.No. 3850, old Mohiville-Scoville (Warmenbol, 1987b: No. 6) and No. B II. (DB 2352) the one specimen from the Hoogstraten hoard (War­ Map reference: Sheet 60B, c. 194/346. men bol, 1987a: No. 19). One further Gennan GEMEENTE specimen, K.673, from Haltern-Lavesum, Kr. Reck­ CAT.NO. 479. DONK, BEEK EN DONK, NOORD­ BRABANT. linghausen, NRW, with 'wings', but atypically with L. 13.95; w. 5.0 cm. Oval mouth (fonnula: 4.9x4. 15; 3.4Sx3.1 cm). vertical fluting as best known from the Helmeroth Fairly narrow, irregular bulging mouth moulding, from base ofwhich axes, seems also to be related to this series. It would, springs large D loop (3.4xO.6/1.6 cm), with )( outline. Body out­ therefore, seem most unlikely that Niederll1aas axes, line slightly concave, \Vith slightly expanded blade tips; cross-sec­ in the sense here suggested, were made in the Ger­ tion with slightly convex faces and sides. Only small section of man Lower Rbine area. Their production centre casting seams visible. Straight ground; cutting edge sharpened but Ol' centres are to be localized broadly in the Belgian­ battered. Patina: corroded, but has been treated; now most ly bronze southeast Netherlands Maas area (cf. map 3). colour, but traces of dark green patina remain. Found 1982 by Th. Dating: The socketed axes of Niedermaas type Otten, while digging a pond. Museum: Heelllkalller Beek en Donk, must be broadly contemporalY with the socketed axes without Inv.No. (DB 2108) Doculllenlalion: e-mail Toine Huijbers to authors, 20-08-200 l. of Plainseau type (below, Section 5.1). The two types Map reference: Sheet 51F, 171.63/394.77. have been fo und together in the Belgian hoards of Lutlommel, Heppeneert and Hoogstraten. There is CAT.NO. 480. BETWEEN GREVENBICHT/BERG, GEMEENTE littie convincing evidence for an earlier origin a Ol' BORN, LIMBURG. later survival. L. 9.5; w. 4.3 cm. According to old drawing, squarish mouth open­ ing; slightly bulging co Ila r; nearly parallel slightly )( body out­ In the list fo lIowing, the Netherlands Niedel'l11aas Ol' socketed axes are divided into subgroups according line with J blade tips; small low-set loop. 'Apporle ici par/III colpor­ to the variations in ornament, and in the type of collar leur'. Museum: Asselt, Inv.No. 86, but lost. (DB 49) present. Each of our subgroups is evidently too small Doculllenlalion: Jnvenlaire Philips, No. 85 with drawing. to represent a distinct type, but collectively they can Map reference: Sheet 60C, c. J 83/337. References; Dursin, 1931:No. & drawing CP.85; Wie10ckx, 1986: be considered a single basic type with variants. Cat.No. Hu.38. 272 J.J. BUTLER & H. STEEGSTRA

4770 0 0

480

481

Fig. 4. Plain Niederlllaas socketed axes. 477: Montfort, Li; 478: Echterbroek, Li; 479: Donk, N-B (drawing HS); 480: between Grevenbielli Berg, Li; 48 1: between Montfort/Odilienberg, Li (hoard, with Cat.No. 487).

CAT.NO. 481. BETWEEN MONTFORT/ODlLIENBERG, 10Ilrbiere"). Museum: Asselt, Inv.No. 24 1 (with drawing), but miss­ GEMEENTE MONTFORT, LIMBURG. Part of hoard. ing. (DB 62) L. 14.5 cm. K.tl0wn solely from old drawing, showing round mouth Doclllllelllalioll: IlIvelllaire Philips, No. 24 1, with drawing. opening, slight collar, slightly )( sides, rectangular section, slightly Associaliolls: Cat.No. 487. everted blade tips. Hoard witb Cat.No. 487. Similar to Cat.No. 487, but without plastic 'wings'. Museum: Asselt, Inv.No. 24 1, ex coll. NOTE: the two plain examples known only from old Philips. Found in the fe n, during the burning of the peat ("eIlIre drawings are grouped here with reserve. The one 1\1[0111/0 1'1 el Odiliellberg dalls le velIlle lars de I'illcelldie d'lIl1 example from a two-axe hoard (Cat.No. 481) is Bronze Age metal and amber in the Nether[ands (lIl:2) 273

coupled with an example (Cat.No. 487) with 'wings'. RMO, Leiden); section Susteren-Susterderbroek in unpublished Parallels: Plain Niedermaas socketed axes occur scriptie Leon van Hoof (2000); e-mai! Leon van Hoof to authors in the Belgian hom'ds of Nieuwrode and Rotem. Nov. 22, 200 l. References: Butler, 1973 : p. 331, afb. 9.5; De Laet, 1982: p. 501; Wielockx, 1986: Cat.No. HU.124. 4.2.2. Niedermaas socketed axes with 'wings' (16 ex.) CATNO. 485. EES, GEMEENTE BORGER, DRENTHE. L. 9.5; w. 4.0 cm. Weight 244 gr. Subrectangular mouth (formula: Divisible into with 'wings' alone (8 ex.); with 4.1 x3.7; 2.3x2.0 cm); single collar, asynlllletrical, flattenedon top. 'wings' slightly indented (1 ex.); with 'wings' and From it springs a large D loop (3.0xO.8 cm), \Vithoval section. On flattish offset collar (3 ex.,); with 'wings' and pellet oval-sectioned neck, prominent plastic 'wings', extending onto sides. Nem'ly parallel, slightly cOllcave sides. Prominent sharpen­ (2 ex.); with 'wings', flat offset collar, and slight ing fa cet on each fa ce. Prominent casting seams. Cutting edge sharp. midridge (2 ex.) plus one probable modem castmg. Patina mostly blackisb; patches with ocbreous colour and witb light green corrosion. Otherwise well preserved. Found 1980, neal' the a) Niedermaas socketed axes witlI 'wings ' alone (AXT: drawbridge in the road Ees-Borger, at the side of a fieId. Museum: niema.Wi) (8 ex.; figs 5a,b) Assen, lnv.No. I 9801X.7. (DB 665) Map reference: Sheet 17F, 250.20/548.43. RefereJice: Essink & Hielkema, 2000: p. 285, No. 19. CATNO. 482. HEEZE, GEMEENTE HEEZE, NOORD-BRA­ BANT CATNO. 486. BATENBURG, GEMEENTE WIJCHEN, GELDER­ L. 10.5; w. 4.1 cm. Subrectangular socket; slightly bulging collar LAND. River Maas (dealer's provenance ). (formula: 3.9x3.85; 2.85x2.75 cm), below which originates a D L. 11.5; w. 4.4 cm. Slightly biconical collar (formula: 4.2x3.65; loop (2. 1 x0.45 cm) with )( outline. Body outline nearly parallel, 3.1 x2.7 cm). Large D loop (3.3xO.7 cm), faint plastic wrap around but slightly )(. On neck plastic 'wings', nearly meeting in centre. 'wings'; rectangular section. Cutting edge sharp with S tips. Pa­ Prominent casting seams, partly removed. Surface nnpolished ex­ tina: dark bronze to black. Dredge find from river Maas. Museum: cept base of blade; recent ly re-sharpened. Cntting edge sharp. Top RMO Leiden, Inv.No. e. 1 938/9.3. (DB 480). Purchased from AJ. of socket month has been hammered flat. Patina: dark bronze to Sprik of ZaltboIllmel, toget her with Cat.No. 317 and DB 479. black. Perfectly preserved. Museum: 's-Hertogenbosch, Inv.No. 612. (DB 257) CATNO. 487. GE1I1EENTE AMBT MONTFORT, UMBURG. Map reference: Sheet 51G, c. 168/376. BetIVeen Montfort and St.-Odilienberg. Part of hoard lVithCat.No. 48 1. CATNO. 483. ESCHAREN, GEJlIfEENTE GRAVE, NOORD­ L. 14.2; w. 4.4 cm. Subrectangular mouth opening (formula: BRABANT 4.2x4.0; 2.8x2.6 cm). Slightly bulging collar, from IVhich springs L. 10.1; w. 4.4 cm. Subrectangular socket. Slightly bnlging collar large D loop (4.0x 1.0 cm) with irregular profile. Body outline nearly (formula: 3.9x3.85; 2.85x2.75 cm), from which springs small D parallel-sided, with very slight cutting edge expansion; cross-sec­ loop (2. 1 x0.45 cm) with )( profile (2.0x 1.0/0.4 cm). On neck im­ tion nearly rectangular, \Vith slightly convex fa ces and sides; slightly mediately below collar fa int plastic 'wings', nearly meeting in cen­ hexagonal due to pOOl' alignment of halves of mou Id. On neck, just tre. Parallel sides, with somewhat expanded blade tips (one dam­ under collar, small D 'wings', not quite meeting on face. Cutting aged). Prominent casting seams. Patina: brown, \Vith small lighter edge sharp (someIVhat resharpened recently). Patina blackish. Found brown pits. Museum: 's-Hertogenbosch, Inv.No. 6284, on loan in "entre Montfort et Odilienberg dans le Ve nne lors de I 'incendie d '1111 museum Ve ldhoven. (DB 258) tO/lrbiere, avec le I/O. s/lival/te". Museum: Asselt, Inv.No. 240 (miss­ Map reference: Sheet 45F, c. 179/417. ing; present locus unknown); ex coll. Philips. (DB 61) Associatiol/s: Cat.No. 481, similar but without plastic 'wings'. CATNO. 484. SUSTEREN HEIDE, GEMEENTE SUSTEREN, Doc/ll/lel/tation: II/vel/taire Philips, No. 240, with dralVing. UMBURG. 'Het Eilandje'. From a probable hoard of tluee sock­ Rejerel/ce: Butler, 1973: p. 333, afb. II:2. eted axes. L. 11. 7; w. 4.3 cm. Subrectangular socket opening (formula: CATNO. 488. VJLT, GEMEENTE BERG-EN-TERBUJT (now 4. 1 x3.85; 3.15x2.85 cm). Minimal collar, defective in the casting; GEMEENTE VA LKENBURG a/d GEUL), LlMBURG. From the body outline slightly )(, with subrectangular section (faces and sides hoard. slightly convex). Large D loop, 3.5xO.65 cm. Faint D-shaped L. 12.2; w. 4.3 cm. Subrectangular mouth opening (formula: 'wings', the upper edges ofwhich extend onto the sides, just below 4.0x4.0; 3.1 x3.1 cm). Flattish, but slightly bulging collar, from the collar, but their lower edges are not present on the sides. Cut­ which springs large D loop with )( outline (4.4x l.4/0.7/1.8 cm). D­ ting edge sharp, with use marks. Patina: dark bronze colour with shaped 'wings' begin c. I cm below the collar, their upper edge light green in the low places. Surface rough. Found in a fieid, south extending onto sides, but not their 10IVer edge. Body with slightly of boundary marker 112 (probably, according to recent informa­ )( outline, oval cross-sectioned neck and 'wing' section, but slightly tion, actually marker 312) along the border with Gennany, on the hexagonal/subrectangular below the 'wings'. Prominent casting Susteren Heath, at a place called 'Het Eilandje'. Museum: Sittard, seams. Cutting edge sharpened, but battered. Patina: glossy green; Inv.No. 300; part of hoard, with DB 1135 and DB 1136. (DB 1134) dark on one side, lighter green on other. Loamy encrustation. Mu­ Associations: DB 1135, DB 1136 (two socketed axes of Type seum: Maastricht, Inv.No. 216. (DB 1436) We sseling). Preslunably a hoard on the basis of identical find in­ Map referel/ce: Sheet 62A, c.185.5/3 18.5. fo rmation and compatibie patina. Refe rel/ces: )3utler, 1973: pp. 330-339, afb. 14.4; Mat'ien, 1952: p. Map reference: Sheet 60B, c. 192/342. 224, No. 208; Wielockx, 1986: Cat.No. Hu.4; Butler & Steegstra, Doc/ll/lentation: lvfaasbode Sept I, 1937 (clipping in old archive 2002: pp. 136-139, fig. 5a. 274 1.1. BUTLER & H. STEEGSTRA

o

Fig. Sa. Niedermaas socketed axes with 'wings', without fu rther ornament. 482: Heeze, N-B; 483: Escharen, N-B; 484: Susteren Heide, Li ('Het Eilandje', probable hoard, with Wesseling socketed axes DB I I3S-1 136); 48S: Ees, Dr; 486: Batenburg, Ge (dealer's provenance) (see also fi g. Sb).

Dalillg: Kibbert dates this axe to his SIl/le Obembeck/earlier flattened), from which springs small D loop (2.3xO.S cm). Long Montelius V body with nearly parallel sides, ve ry slightly )(. Cross-section of Pa rallel: Warmenbol (1987a) suggests as a c\ose parallel for this upper part slightly flattened oval, with plastic D-shaped 'wings'; axe, his axe 3 from the N ieuwrode hoard. lower part,nearly rectangular, with slightly convex fa ces and sides. The upper part has casting seall1s preserved, but slightly hamll1er­ CAT.NO. 489. BEMELEN, GEII'fEENTE MARGRATEN, LIM­ flattened; in the lower part the casting seams have been worked BURG. away. Cutting edge presIlInably sharpened, but has suffered recent L. 12.4; w. 3.8 cm. We ight 360 gr. Subrectangular mouth (formula: battering. Patina: unusual light green, somewhat glossy; ll1uch of 4. ISx3.9S; 2.7Sx2.S cm). Slightly biconical collar (the rim slightly the surface is sll100th and very well preserved (showing nUll1erous Bronze Age metal and amber in the Netherlands (IlI:2) 275

o o o

Fig. 5b. 487: between Montfort/St. Oldilienberg, Li; 488: ViII, Li (from the Berg-en-Terblijt hoard); 489: Bemelen, Li (see also fig. 5a). fa int hammer-marks) but the cutting edge and one ofthe blade side­ angles are bal"tered, silOwing light green corrosion. Inside the socket, light brown loamy encrustation. Found Spring 1987 by present owner during archaeological mapping activity. Private possession. (DB 910) Map referellce: Sheet 62A, c. 181.62/3 18.040. Referellces: Brounen, 1988: p. 393, afb. 38; Franzen, Franzen & Janssens, 1991: pp. 50, 56, afb. 14 (photo), p. 60.

Note that tlu'ee Netherlands examples are from hoards: Berg-en-Terblijt, Susteren, 'Ret Eilandje', and Mont­ fo rt. Also in the Belgian hoards of Rotem (No. 16) and Reppeneet1 (No. 12), the latter exceptionally with rib 'wings'. b) Niedermaas type with 'wings ' slightly in den ted (l ex.; fig. 6)

CAT.NO. 490. NlJMEGEN, GEMEENTE NTJMEGEN, GELDER­ Q. ... ,-.... 490 ".. '·' 0 LAND (dealer's provenance?)...... L. 10.2; w. 4.5 cm. Oval mouth opening (formula: 3.6x3.5; 3.2x3.05 . cm). Flattish collar, flattened rim, with hammer marks; plastic 'wings', body here O section; [] blade section. From the moulding Fig. 6. Niedermaas socketed axes with 'wings' slightly indented. springs D loop (2.9xO.7 cm). Directly below collar, 'wings', saddle­ 490: Nijmegen surroundings, Ge (dealer's provenance). shaped with vertical furrows, and nearly meeting in the centre; their lower edges elevated into a transverse ridge on the sides. Body out­ Map referellce: Sheet 40C, c. 186/427. line slightly )(, but modified by the saddle of the 'wings' and a Refe rellce: O'Connor, 1980(11): p. 525, list 126:8; fig. 68:10. flattening of the cutting-edge tips. Casting seams prominent, but worked away just above the cutting edge. Cutting edge sharp, with Note: This axe bas been c1assified by O'Connor as ancient resharpening fa cet. We ll preserved, partly corroded. In loop, an axe with indented waist, but also (his 1980(II): coarse sand in blackish matrix. Patina: grey-green, black in places. p. 525, list 126:8) as a Lower Meuse axe; the latter Museum: Oxford (AsIUllolean), Inv.No. AI927. 1983. Ex col!. John classification taken over by Van Impe and Creemers Evans. Old marks: Nijmegen, Holland, 1889. (DB 65 1). 276 I.I. BUTLER & H. STEEGSTRA

(1993: in their list No. 26). Actually, it is not its waist CATNO. 494. OTTERSUM, GEJliEENTE OTTERSUM (now which is indented, but the 'wings'. It has indeed more GEMEENTE GENNEP), LlMBURG. in common with the axes of Niedermaas type than L. 12.8; w. 4.3 cm. Oval socket, becoming subrectangular lower with 'indented waist' axes generally (ef. O'Connor, down. Flat-faced collar (mouth formula: 4.3x4.0; 3.2x3.1), from 1980(1): pp. 134-136; (II): p. 504, list 99 and map base of which springs fa irly large D loop (2.9xO.55 cm). Directly 39, with half a dozen examples in Northeast France below collar, wrapped-around D 'wings', nearly meeting at the cen­ and one in the Netherlands, varions hoards and stray tre ofthe face; along the base ofthe 'wing' is a rib, also present 011 the sides. Body outline slightly )(, nearly parallel-sided, with fInds in North France and Britain (Kibbert, 1984: pp. subrectangular section. Cutting edge very slightly expanded; sharp. 145-146, Nos 697-70 1), fi ve examples in middle Patina: very dark bronze, nearly black, with slight traces of green­ West Germany, under Grupp e B, axes mit einziehen­ ish at loop. In the socket, light green to light blue. On face a small den Ffiichenfappen as a subdivision of Tiiffenbeife area with black tarry encrustation. A small modern bore-hole is mit Lappenzier (Schmidt & Burgess, 1981), fo ur present on the lower part of the face not shown in the drawing. examples under Type Ulleskelf, and a listing of Bri­ Found c. 1966 by A. Burgers in the cellar of the Catholic church at tish hom'ds with indented-waist socketed axes). Ottersum. According to the finder, possibly washed with earth Paraflel: No. 4 in the Belgian hoard ofNieuwrode through a hole in the cellar wall afler a heavy rainfall shortly be­ is, as suggested by Warmenbol (1987a), a particu­ fore the find was made; but perhaps more probably brought to the larly good parallel. cellar and lefl belund when it was used as shelter during the war. Museum: Maastricht (Bonnefantenmuseum), Inv.No. 2525A; ac­ c) Niederll1aas socketed axes with 'wings ' and jlat­ quired July 1969 via Dr. A. Teunissen. (DB 1452) Map reference: Sheet 46B, 196.145/4 12.830. tish, ofsetf coffar (AXT:niema.Wi ._Col) (4 ex.; fIg. References: Bloemers, 1973: pp. 29-30, afb. 9-2; Butler, 1973: p. 7) 332, afb. 10.2; De Laet, 1982: p. 50 I; Wielockx, 1986: Cat.No. HU.IIO. CATNO. 49 1. VOLKELlZEELAND, GEMEENTE UDEN/ LANTERD, NOORD-BRABANT d) Niedermaas socketed axes with 'wings ' alld pellet L. 9.0; w. 3.1 cm. Subrectangular mouth (formula: 2.95x3.15; 2.2x2.5 cm). Single flat to conicai collar; top asymmetrical; large (AXT: niema.Wi.pel) (2 ex.; fig. 8) D loop (2.7xO.7/0.3/0.7 cm); wrap-around plastic 'wings' (3.5 cm), almost meeting. Body outline slightly )( without cutting-edge flare; CATNO. 495. VENRAY, GEMEENTE VENRAY, LIMBURG. section hexagonal, with slightly convex faces at sides. Promi­ L. 9. 1; w. 4.0 cm. Loop: 2.85xO.8 cm. Slight single collar (for­ < > nent, somewhat asymmetrical casting seams. Heavily corroded. mula: 3.75x3.45;2.8x2.75 cm); large D-sectioned D loop (2.85xO.8 Blowholes on faces. Edge resharpened recently. Patina: greyish cm); plastic 'wings' with high-placed pellet; faces fl at, sides green. Found along the road Ve nray-Zeeland, near the military air rounded; blade slightly expanded. Blade sharp, J-ish tips. Promi­ base Volkel, on a fieid. Private possession. (DB 732) nent casting seams. Patina: dark, glossy green. Found by A. van Possibie association: from the same fieid, and with similar patina, Lierop while digging a pit for a sump in his garden, about 25 m by the same finder: a looped palstave (Butler & Steegstra, 2000: behind his house, c. 50 cm below surface. According to owner, the pp. 248-249, Cat.No. 379, fig. 85a); small, with SillllOUS outline, axe came up in a clump of iron oxide-encrusted sand (but cr. pa­ flat septum, ridged blade. tina!). The pit was adjacent to a rubbish-filled bomb-crater. Mu­ Map reference: Sheet 45H, c. 177/4 1 I. seum: Ve nray, purchased from finder. (DB 1757) Map reference: Sheet 52B, 195.175/393.500. CATNO. 492. WIJCHEN, GEJliEENTE WIJCHEN, GELDER­ References: Butler, 1973: p. 33 1, afb. 9.3; De Laet, 1982: p. 501; LAND. Wielockx, 1986: Cat.No. HU. 130. L. 10.6; w. +3.5 cm. Single flat to conicai collar (damaged) (for­ mula: 3.8x3.4; 2.85x2.45 cm), with band-shaped side-loop (3.5xO.8 CATNO. 496. ST. JOOST, GEJliEENTE AMBT MONTFORT, cm) springing from it; cross-section oval above, rectangular with LIMBURG. slightly convex fa ces below; plastic 'wings', meeting as bolV on L. 11.7; w. 3.8 cm. Single pronounced collar (formula: 4.3x3.8; sides. Patina: leathery brown. One side and the cutting edge se­ 2.9x2.4 cm), from which springs a large D loop (3.65xO.6/0.4/1.0 verely damaged; socket-mouth damaged (partly in antiquity). Found cm); plastic 'wings', with prominent pellet. Cross-section rectan­ 1942 in the Wo eziksche Straat near the Catholic school (according gular, with slightly convex sides and fa ces; no seams except under to labels inside the axe). Museum: Wijchen, Inv.No. BL 2046. (DB and just below the loop. Patina: glossy green, but much of surface 1149) with recent file marks. Cutting edge heavily filed. Museum: iv!ap reference: Sheet 23F, c. 178/425. Museon, Den Haag; no Inv.No. Purchased 1992. Ex coll. Wouters. (DB 2178) CATNO. 493. PROVENANCE UNKNOWN (VELUWE??). Doclllllelltation: letter A. Wouters to Butler, 8 July, 1997. L. 11.25; w. 4.2 cm. Nearly rectangular socket-mouth (formula: IV/ap reference: Sheet 60B, c. 191/347 3.75x3.2; 3. 1 x2.7 cm). Flattish offset collar, from the base ofwhich springs large D loop (2.7x 1.0/0.5/1.0 cm) with )( outline, bent out Note: wing-and-pellet ornamentation is common on of alignment. Rectangular body, with plastic 'wings' on fa ce. D­ socketed axes of Plainseau type, but is exceptional sl13ped 'wings' (length 3.8 cm), meeting in centre of face, fa intly on Nie'der/llaas axes. indented. Body outline slightly )(, with subrectangular section. Cutting edge sharpened. Patina: originally mottled green with brown patches; partly removed mecbanically. Surface heavily corroded. Eccentric casting seam on the looped side. Museum: Barneveid, Inv.No. 54. (DB 1001) Bronze Age metal and amber in the Netherlands (1 11:2) 277

00

o

Fig. 7. Niederlllaas socketed axes with 'wings' and flattish, offset collar. 491: between VolkellZeeland, N-B (drawing HS); 492: Wijchen, Oe; 493: provenance unknown (Veluwe?); 494: Ottersum, Li. e) Niederll1aas socketed axe with 'wings ' and mid­ f) Niedermaas socketed axes with \vings ', flat, off­ rib (AXT:niema. Wi.M) (fig. 9) set collar, and slight midridge (AXT:niema. Wi._Col. MI) (3 ex., but one modern casting??; fig. 10) CAT.NO. 497. BLERlCK, GEMEENTE VENLO, LIMBURO. L. 9. 1; w. 3.5 cm. Subrectangular socket mouth (formula: 3.4x3.3; 2.7x2.6 cm). Ve ry slight collar, from which springs large D loop CAT.NO. 498. ZALTBOMMEL, GEMEENTE OELOERMALSEN, (3.0x 1.5 cm) with )( profile. Neck with oval section, plastic D OELOERLAND (dealer's provenance). 'wings', nearly meeting at centre of fa ce. Body with parallel sides, L. 11.95; w. 4.7 cm. Mouth fo rmula: 3.8x3.6; 3.0x2.9 cm. slightly convex faces and sides. Cutting edge sharp. Museum: RMO Subrectangular socket, flatcollar , from the base ofwhich springs a Leiden, Inv.No. 1.1 938/6.56. Presented by KellS (Venlo). (DB 474) ·Iarge D loop (2.8xO.9 cm). Parallel-sided body with slightly ex­ Map reference: Sheet 520, c. 208/376. panded blade tips; hexagonal cross-section (i.e. fa ce with midridge), 278 lJ. BUTLER & H. STEEGSTRA

496 o

Fig. 8. Niedenllaas socketed axes with 'wings' and pellet. 495: Venray, Li; 496: St. Joost, Li (drawing HS).

cm). Flat collar, from the base ofwhich springs large D loop (3xO.7 cm). lmmediately below collar, elongated D 'wings' (Iength 5.8 cm). Body parallel sided to base of 'wings', belo\\' it with concave outline, flaring blade part. Midridge al most full length ofbody. Edge sharp. Patina: black. Private possession. (DB 1810)

CAT.NO. 500. MEGEN, GEMEENTE MEGEN, NO ORD­ BRABANT. Allegedly dredged from the River Maas. L. 13.0; w. 6.0 cm. Hexagonal mouth (formula: 3.8x3.3; 2.9x2.5 cm). Flat collar, from the base of which springs D loop (2.75xO.9 cm). Long wrap-around plastic 'wings', nearly meeting at central ridge. Body with parallel sides, ridged on fa ce, with expanded blade tips. Unusually heavy. Cutting edge sharp. Patina: described in ac­ cession register as of spotty yellow colour, without patina. Now dark bronze. Museum: 's Hertogenbosch, lnv.No. 8704; purchased 1938. Find-spot information: Ch. de Mooij. (DB 272) Note: The lInllsual thickness ofthe walls and other fe atures ofwork­ manship, toget her with the absence of any evidence for a patina, weathering, earth traces, etc. suggest that this axe may be a recent casting. Map referellce of alleged find-spot: Sheet 39G, c. 168/426.5.

Fig. 9. Niedenllaas socketed axes with 'wings' and midrib. 497: Blerick, Li. 5. SOCKETED AXES OF TYPE PLAINSEAU (AXT:PLS) (3 1 ex.; figs 11-22; map 4) with long plastic D-shaped 'wings' extending onto sides. Promi­ nent, irregular casting seams, an extra seam running alongside the 5.1. Definitions and dating loop; below the 'wings' no seams visible. Patina: dark bronze (has been mechanically cleaned); traces of black encrustation outside; Numerically the most important of the types of sock­ with partly greenish, partly ochreous loam in crevices; greenish eted axes present in the southem part of the Nether­ inside socket. Found during the building of the Nieuwe Weg at the Iands (as well as the adj acent parts of Belgium and Diepdijk. Museum: RMO Leiden, lnv.No. e. 1937/7.I; purchased German:y), but virtuaIly absent in the north of the from AJ. Sprik. (DB 466) Netherlands, is the Type Plainseau. The type was first lv/ap referellce: Sheet 45E, c. 146/425. distinguished, and defined fo r the more nOliherly pali CAT.NO. 499. PROVENANCE UNKNOWN. of France, in the 1970s, and fo r Belgium and the L. 13.1; w. 6.2 cm. Mouth opening oval (formula: 4x3.45; 3. 1 x2.6 Netherlands in the 1980s. One of the present writers Bronze Age metal alld amber in the Netherlallds (IIl:2) 279

8 500 49 49 00 0 0 OPo Fig. IO. Niederlllaas socketed axes with 'wings', flat, offset collar, and slight midrib. 498: Zaltbommel, Ge; 499: provenance unknown; 500: Megen, N-B.

(Butler, 1963) had ascribed a number of specimens would, to judge from the illustrations of Kibbert, in the Low Countries, on the North European plain classify as Plainseau axes the 14 examples he places and in southern Scandinavia to the British Southeast­ under his Form Amelsbiiren (his pp. 168-170, K.807- em type; one can now see that the designation 'PIain­ 820), including the four nul' angeseh/ossen and fo ur seau' would have been more appropriate for these with unknown or vague provenance, but also, shown axes. The importance of the Plainseau type has been under Form Wesse/ing Val'. Tmben-Tmrbaeh nahe­ emphasized by its recognition as the main axe type stehend, the five axes K.609 to 613; plus under Tiil­ present in the numerous hoards of the Late Bronze lenbei/e mit Lappenzier the ten axes K.686, 688, 702, Age in the Paris Basin and Picardy (Gaucher & Mo­ 703, 706, 713, 715, 717, 718 and 719; plus K. I002, hen, 1974: p. 62; Briard & Verron, 1976: pp. 35-36, K. I 003 and K. l 008 (on his Taf. 77) in his Naehtmg. fi che 71 1, figs l and 2; Mohen, 1977; O'Connor, Some of the Amelsbiiren axes of Kibbert - it is not 1980(1): pp. 162-163; Gaucher, 1981: p. 72; Coffy n clear how many - are very thin-walled and Iight­ et al., 1981: pp. 33-35; Blanchet, 1984: pp. 279 ff. , weight, and may be a votive version. Some at least esp. 282, 200 l: pp. 85-93). In this area it qualifies are of bronze with more than 5% lead (Tackenberg, as a guide fo ssil fo r the period Bronze final Illa and 1971(1): pp. 49-5 1; Kibbert, 1984: p. 214, K.807- fo r the eulture de la Plainseau of Gaucher (though 809 from the Amelsbi.iren hoard, K.813 possibly from some would prefer not to use the term 'culture' in Krefeld-Linn). this sense). The significance of the Plainseau type in Though diffe rent authors have chosen different Belgillm has been enhanced fo r the Schelde area by fe atures as the key detenninants, recognition of the the publication of the hoards of Hoogstraten and axes of Plainseau type is not in the least difficult Antwerp-Kattendijkdok (Warmenbol, 1987a); and for (cf. Gaucher & Mohen, 1974: ill. 41; Briard & Ver­ the Maas area by the recent handsome pllblication ron, 1976: pp. 35-36, Type 71 1; O'Connor, 1980(1): of the Lutlommel and Maaseik-Heppeneert hoards pp. 162-163; Gaucher, 1981: p. 72; Schmidt & Bur­ (Van Impe, 1994, 1995, 1995/1 996). ge ss, 1981: pp. 212-217: Cat.Nos 1267-1294B with For Tackenberg (1971) and Kibbert (1984) these several variants; Blanchet, 1984: pp. 279 ff. , esp. p. developments were too late to influence their work, 282). But still not fu lly resolved is the question as so that in their presentations the Plainseau axes oc­ to whether, and if so, how, socketed axes of Type cUlTing in their areas are split up among various­ Plainseau ' can be distinguished from those of the ly designated types. In middle West Germany we British Southeastem type. In the absence of a sys- 280 1.1. BUTLER & H. STEEGSTRA tematic study ofthe (disconcertingly numerous) sock­ eted axes in southern Britain, it is not yet possibie • l per Gemeente to provide a definitive answer to this question. We *' 2 or more per Gemeente (in) can cite O'Connor (1980(1): p. 162): "[the French • hoard c;:::r? 0="______- Plainseau axes] have a round mouth and a blade ./" of concave profile, in contrast to the quadrangular mouth and straighter profile usual on southeastern O axes. Other features are distinctive: a rib at the top of the collar (Gaucher & Mohen, 1974: iII. 41), a double rib below the collar, a more angular blade section". O'Connor's negative view of the presence of Plainseau axes in Belgian hoards would have been different had he been able to take account of the subsequently published Heppeneert and Lutlommel hoards. We may mention a few other contrasts between the Continental Plainseau axes and the British South­ eastern ones. J tips are genera Ily rather rare on Plain­ seau axes, and very common on British Southeastern socketed axes; but consider the mixture of axes with 'Southeastern' and 'Plainseau' fe atures in the hoard from Coye-le-FOI'et (Somme) (Blanchet, 2001: esp. figs 1-8)! Vertical ribs inside the socket seem to be exclusively British (an isolated example of a South­ eastern type axe with single neckrib, rib 'wings' and pellet, and internal vertical ribs: K.713 from the Map 4. Socketed axes of Type Plainseau in the Netherlands. Rhine-Lippe junction area at Wesel II). Many South­ eastern axes have a distinct space between the col­ lar and the (single) neckrib; e.g. Boreham, Essex; an exclusive right of use fo r the object concerned. Reach Farm, Cambridge Inventaria GB.17; Watford The ornaments may, of course, have had other sym­ Cassiobridge Farm; and, in North Britain, Schmidt bolic significances that we cannot now interpret. and Burgess' Type Everthorpe; these are not repre­ Individualization is similarly observable on the sock­ sented in the Netherlands. 'Wings' in both the plastic eted axes of Niedermaas type, where each axe in the as well as the rib style occur commonly on Plainseau hom'ds has distinctive fe atures of fo rm and decora­ axes, but on British Southeastern axes the 'wings' tion, and no two are quite alike. are almost invariably ribs (Schmidt & Burgess, 1981: The hom'ds with Plainseau axes in the Seine ba­ p. 216). Since these suggestions are not based on a sin, Picardy and northern France have been abun­ complete lm owledge of the South British material, dantly documented, especiaIly by Gaucher (1981) and the true diagnostic value of all these features requires Blancllet (1984). testing on the basis of a much larger sample than is Of special importance fo r us here are the large at present visible. Belgian hom·ds. Remarkably, three hom'ds in Belgium with Plainseau and Plainseau-related axes - the Distribution of Plainseau axes hoards from Lutlommel, gem. Lommel, Belgian Lim­ In tenns of distribution, Plainseau axes in the Neth­ burg (Van Impe & Creemers, 1993); from Heppe­ erlands occur predominantly in the south (18 of the neert, just south of Maaseik (Van Impe, 1994, 19951 31 examples), contra sted with eight from the middle 1996); and from Hoogstraten, provo Antwerpen provinces, and only one in the north; four are un­ (Warmenbol, 1987a) - are very close to the modern provenanced. Four are from hoards: two examples Belgian-Netherlands border. So also is the possibie from a two-axe hoard from Oirschot (Cat.Nos 513 hoard from Pietersheim. and 523) and two from the presumed Stiphout hoard Heppeneert is les s than 10 km from the extreme (Cat.Nos 514 and 524); both are finds from Noord­ northeast corner of Belgium, and separated from Brabant. The others listed are stray fi nds. the Netherlands by little more than the width of the The variety of ornamental motifs appearing on Maas. (The find-spot is also only some 5 1G11 from Plainseau axes suggests that the ornaments may have Ophoven-Geistingen, the site of another large sock­ ' been intended fo r, or at least have served the pur­ eted axe fi nd, that of some 26 or 28 'Iong, thin' pose of, making each axe individually recognizable socketed axes of Geistingen type (se e below, section to its possessors and to others. Trus individualization 7), also on the Belgian side of the Maas, opposite could, perhaps, be interpreted as evidence fo r the Stevensweert.) The Heppeneert hoard contained no existence of individual propelty rights, or perhaps of less than 49 socketed axes (ineluding two found be- Bronze Age metal and amber in tlie Netherlands (II!: 2) 281 fore 1908 and 47 found 1990-1992), plus fragments. with reference to the numerous examples in the re­ The only non-axe object in the hoard is a single plain centi y published Heppeneert and Lutlonunel hom'ds, spearhead. All but two of its axes are socketed axes we do not see any distinct dividing line between the of the Plainseau type, with lengths up to 12.3 cm, Plainseau axes of Picardy, North France, Belgium variously ornamented (none are without ornament; and the Netherlands. There are variants present in more than half have rib 'wings' Ol' variants thereof). small numbers in Belgium, which suggest the possi­ Six have facia.1 arch fa cets. Many have a pellet, some­ bility of regional Ol' local manufacture. Ås for the times alone, sometimes combined with the rib 'wing' axes presented here we believe, at least until proven ornament. There is one 'faceted' socketed axe, and otherwise, that they are products of a regional indus­ one of Niederlllaas type with rib 'wings'. None have tiy that had its offset area spread over the Paris basin, J tips. A hoard with so one-sided a composition can­ Picardy, northern France, eastern Belgium and the not be a random collection of old objects from the southeast of the Netherlands. neighbourhood, nor an accumulation of offerings. It In the Netherlands we assign 31 axes to the Plain­ is most likely a trader's stock. seau type; this is double the number previously il­ The Lutlommel hoard contained at least 15 soclc­ lustrated and mapped (Butler, 1987: pp. 26-28, figs eted axes (possibly 19 Ol' 20, according to Van Impe's 16-18, p. 33, note 9). The mouth openings vary from reconstruction), plus a number of omega-shaped circular to subrectangular. The loop, D-shaped and bracelets and some bronze beads (rounded-biconical normally ribbon-like, is moderate in size (length of and tubular spirally ribbed) and various rings. Illus­ the order of two cm: smaller and broader than on trated are ten Plainseau axes and two of Niedermaas Niedermaas axes, lm'ger and broader than on axes of type (one with rib 'wings' and one plain). Wesseling type, not elongated as with most axes of The possibIe hoard from Pietersheim, gem. La­ Helmeroth type, never angular as in the north of the naken (close to the Maas and Netherlands Limburg), Netherlands). Characteristically it springs from the has three Plainseau axes (Heymans, 1985: pp. 132, position of the neckrib(s), never from the collar. The 135; Wielockx, 1986(III): pp. 188-189, Hu 85-Hu collar is broad and genera Ily bulging. Two examples 86). A fO Ulth socketed axe (Hu 88) with 'wings' is without neckribs, thus atypical, are included because illustrated only in postage-stamp fo rmat. A looped they are typically Plainseau in other respects. Single winged axe (Wielockx, 1986(III): p. 88, V1. 13, p. and double necluibs are equally common. Nine ex­ 40 1) is characterized by Wielockx as an 'evolved amples have one necluib and no further ornamenta­ Gezeke model' (referring to a classification of Kib­ tion. Twelve have a pellet on the face (sometimes bert). The Pietersheim fi nd is difficult to evaluate, combined with 'wing' ornament); one has two pel­ since it is not clear whether the objects were actu­ lets. Eleven have 'wing' ornament. Two have anarch ally found together, and the fo urth socketed axe is fa cet on each face. Two have outspoken J blade tips. not adequately illustrated. One has a V rib depending from a single neckrib. One In the Schelde area, two hoards with Plainseau has angle facets on the face. One has vertical furrow axes have been studied by Warmenbol (1987a). The decoration (in the manner fo und usually on Helme­ Hoogstraten hoard contains Plainseau axes in several roth axes: see below section 6). We list here also the variants (chiefly with 'j ail-window' ornament (cf. one axe attributed to the Netherlands with jail-win­ Cat.No. 530 from 'Noord-Brabant'), but also plain, dow ribbing on the fa ce (Cat.No. 530), as this motif pellet, rib-'wing' and pellet, and rib-'wing' orna­ occurs on a nllmber of the axes of the Hoogstraten ment), but also a 'Belgian ' Niedermaas variant hom·d. (Warmenbol's No. 16, fig. 12); while the Antwerpen­ Kattendijkdok hoard has several varieties of Plain­ Daling alld origin af Plainseau axes seau axes. Plainseau axes are a characteristic type of the climac­ Finds of socketed axes strictly meeting O'Con­ tic hoard horizon and cultural ph ase of the Paris basin nor's definition of the Plainseau type seem to be and Picardy of the same name (Bronze jinal II/b in extremely rare in southern England, at least in pub­ the terminology of Blanchet, 1984: pp. 368-373, with lished hoards; indeed, O'Connor himself declares: "I chronological table). It is coupled by innumerable have been able to identify confidently only a single links to the SOllth German HaB2/3; to the British example [of the Plainseau type] in a British hoard". Ewart Park and Carps-Tongue complexes and their (He cites in this connection his PI. 60, No. 22; but corresponding complexes in North Britain and Ire­ his drawings show that neither this specimen, nor bis land; and by more occasional links to the NOlth Eu­ No. 24 on the same plate which he identifies as of ropean Montelius V. French origin, have two neckribs.) Socketed axes Perhaps the em'liest dated Plainseau axes are, resembling the Southeastern fo rm, with straighter however, the two examples (one plain, one with a sides and J tips, are somewhat easier to fi nd in sbort vertical rib depending from the neckrib; both France; even the Plainseau hoard itself has a fe w with the lower part of the blade broken off) in the examples. Taking one thing with another, especiaIly Danish hoard of Løvskai, Viborg Amt, Jutland (Bro- 282 1.1. BUTLER & H. STEEGSTRA holm, 1946(III): p. 202, hoard M.84; Butler, 1963: Løvskai is a BnlcheJ'z-type fo unders' hom·d. The pp. 85-86, PI. 13b (photo); Jacob-Friesen, 1967: p. bracelet is said to be worn. Is the Løvskai hoard not 274, Kat.Nr. 582, Taf. 171: 1-7). The objects in the a collection of objects of varying age? If so, which hoard (found together, according to Broholm) include objects date the deposit of the hoard? The PIaulseau a manchette bracelet with > section (the narrow ver­ axe, ar the Northern Period IV objects? Noteworthy sion, which occurs in hom'ds only in Montelius IV, in this connection is the OCCUlTence of a Plainseau contrasted with the broad, mostly decarated version axe in a large Period V hoard (at least fo rty bronzes of Period V discussed by 0rsnes, 1959), two broken and some gold, comprising both complete and bro­ winged axes, one of them a looped, slightly shoul­ ken objects, plus pottery) found 1984-1987 at Lindø dered winged axe, presumably of Central European in North Fyn, neal' the Odense fjord (Thrane, 1987: origin, not exactly placed typologi ca Ily, but appar­ pp. 200-207: photo of the socketed axe on fi g. ently earlier than the classical HaB3 winged axe 440: 18; cf. also TIll'ane, 2001: fig. 6). types, a socketed axe of what Kibbert has termed In the fo lIowing we list the 31 Plainseau axes in (from thi s hoard) the Ty p LøvskaI, a type very predo­ the Netherlands according to (first) the number of minantly ofMontelius IV, but occasionally appearing neckribs present, and (secondly) according to the in the hoards of Kibbert's Stufe ObeJ'nbeck (Kibbert, ornamentalmotif s present on the faces and sides. We 1984: Taf. 90 C and D) and in the Drouwenerveld include herewith a lone example of Kibbert's 'FoJ'1/1 hoard in the Netherlands (Butler, 1986), an unclassi­ Hallen ' (Cat.No. 53 1), a somewhat more elaborately fiable plain socketed spearhead; and the two PIain­ decorated version. seau socketed axes. Broholm's assignment of this hoard to Period IV, which we fo llowed in Butler (1963) has since been endOl'sed by more recent writ­ 5.2. Catalogue of socketed axes of type Plainseau ers such as Jacob-Friesen (1967) and TIU'ane (1975; 5.2. 1. Plainseau axes without neckribs, with rib also InventaJ'ia D.6). Unfortunately Kibbert (1984: 'wings ' (A XT:pls.RiWi) (2 ex.; fig. 11) p. 136) does not discuss the dating of the half-pre­ served looped winged axe. It would appeal' to be CAT.NO. SOl. GEMEENTE BERGEN, LIMBURG. more at home among the types of his phases Linden­ L. 12.25; w. 4.7 cm. Nearly circular socket. Mouth formula: struth and Obernbeck than among those of the phase 3.8x4.0;2.85x3.2 cm. (_) collar, from the base ofwhich springs a Wallstadt. The broken condition of the Plainseau D loop with )( profile (2.0x 1.0/0.5 cm), not pierced. Body with )( socketed axes and the winged axes suggests that outline, (_) section. On neclcribbed semi-'wings'. Cutting edge

502 501 00

Fig. Il. Plainseau socketed axes without neckribs, with rib 'wings'. 501: gem. Bergen, Li; 502: Tollewaard, (gem. Lienden), Ge. Bronze Age metal and amber in the Netherlands (III:2) 283 sharp, only slightly curved. Patina: very dark bronze. Loamy en­ cm); body with sub-casting seams. Cutting edge sharp. Inside, thin crustation inside socket. Museum: Maastricht, Inv.No. 206. (DB ribs behind each fa ce. Casting-jet attaclUllents front and back. Sub­ 211) ject socket. Patina: blackish, part with loamy encrustation. Private Reference: Wielockx, 1986: Cat.No. HU.3. possession, purchased from dealer. (DB 22S I) Pa rallels: Kibbert, 1984: No. 711 (Merfeld, Kr. Coesfeid, but fu ll 'wings'), No. 714 (Bonn), No. 719 (Oiirnigheim, Main-Kinzig­ CATNO. S06. NEAR NIJMEGEN, GELDERLAND. Kreis, but no neckribs), No. 702 (Bad Homburg, Hochtaunuskreis, L. 12.0; w. 4.8 cm. Round to subrectangular mouth opening (for­ mula: 3.9x4.25; 3.0Sx3.0S cm). Slightly biconical collar rib; low but with neckribs). + loop (l.9xO.6 cm) not open; subrectangular cross-section. Edge CATNO. S02. GEMEENTE LTENDEN, GELOERLANO. Tolle­ sharp. Patina: blackish glossy. Gravel and yellowish loam under waard. loop; oclU'eous coloured, loam inside socket. Museum: MusellIll

L. 10.9; w. 3.9 cm. We ight 281 gr. Subrectangular socket. (_) col­ Het Va lkhof, Inv.No. GAS 19S8-9-3 1, ex coll. G.l. Olst of Ressen lar (mouth fo rmula: 4.1 x4.3; 2.8x3. 1 cm); four stumps of casting (on loan in museum Ede). (DB 4S) jets. No neckrib; band loop (2.0xO.8 cm) springs from where the lvlap reference: Sheet 40C, c. 186/427. missing thin rib norma Ily occurs on Plainseau axes! Body outline slightly )(. Cross-section subrectangular. On neckribbed 'wings'. CAT.NO. S07. DINXPERLO, GEMEENTE DINXPERLO, Cutting edge slightly expanded and sharp. Casting seams promi­ GELOERLAND. nent, but have been removed on lower part of sides. Patina: brown, L. 11.8; w. 5.0 cm. Subrectangular mouth that has been somewhat somewhat glossy. In places peeled off, showing dull green. Some squashed '(formula: 4.Sx3.7; 3.Sx2.2 cm). (_) collar, thereunder a heavy recent scratches on sides. Some light brown loamy encrusta­ thin rib, from which springs small D loop (2.0 x 1.0 cm); body out­ tion. Museum: Nijmegen, Inv.No. GAS G.89. 19. line slightly )(, with subrectangular section; slightly expanded blade Map reference: Sheet 39E, c. 164/442. (DB 9S0). tips (one tip partly broken away). Cutting edge sharp. Patina: bronze Parallels: Kibbert, 1984: No. 711 (Merfe ld, Kr. Coesfeld ), No. colour. Museum: Enschede, Inv.No. 312; presented 19S0 by D. 714 (BOllIl). Jordaan (Haaksbergen). (DB 1024) Map reference: Sheet 41D, c. 23 1.431. Parallels: Plainseau axes without neekrib are unusual CATNO. S08. POSTERHOLT, GEJo1EENTE AMBT MONTFORT, but not entirely unknown: there are at least a half­ LlMBURG. dozen examples in the Plainseau hoard itself (Blan­ L. 12.1; w. 3.8 cm. Oval socket (mouth fo rmula: 3.7x3.6; 2.7x2.6 ehet, 1984: fig. 155). AIso two examples in the hoard cm). ( ) collar; single neckrib, from which springs D band loop _ of Antwerpen-Kattendokdijk (Warmenbol, 1987a: (1.7xO.8S cm). Body with slightly )( outline, subrectanglllar sec­ Nos 2 and 4); possibly Maaseik-Heppeneert (Van tion. Slight casting seams, removed on lower part. Cutting edge Impe, 1994: No. 120, though the eollar part has been anciently slightly blunted. Patina: glossy dark green, neal'ly black. poorly cast). All these examples are, however, with­ Ve ry well preserved, except for a few eroded patches on fa ce. Mu­ out 'wings', though 'winged' Plainseau axes do oe­ seum: Maastricht, lnv.No. 243. (DB 223) eur in the same hoards. Map reference: Sheet 60E, c. 200/348. References: Butler, 1963: p. 8S(l2); Wielockx, 1986: Cat.No. HU. 116. 5.2.2. Plainseau axes with single neckrib CATNO. S09. TI-lE I-IENGSTBERG, GEMEENTE NIJMEGEN, a) Unomamented (AXT:pls.Nrl) (9 ex.; figs 12a,b) GELDERLAND. Part of two-axe hoard. L. 10.8; w. 3.7S cm. Subrectangular mouth opening (formula: 3.7x3.6; 2.8Sx2.7 cm). ( ) collar, one thin neckrib; loop 2.2xO.7 CATNO. S03. PROVENANCE UNKNOWN. _ cm. Cutting edge asymmetri ca Ily sharpened (now slightly abraded). L. (10.7); w. (3.9) cm. Subrectanglllar mouth. (_) collar (halfbro­ Patina: glossy greeny-black. Found at Ol' neal' the oil mill on the ken away by recent damage) + one thin rib, from which springs Hengstberg. Museum: Nijmegen, Inv.No. E.Ill.No.6, ex coll. Guyot. band D loop (1.8xO.7 cm); body with sub-rectangular cross-sec­ (DB IS5S) tion, )( outline. Casting seams present, but removed on lower part Associations: socketed axe DB 1482. ofblade. Cutting edge recently damaged. Patina: dark glossy brown. Map reference: Sheet 40D, c. 190.S/427.3. Patches peeled off, silOwing dark grey-green. Lower part has Sllr­ References: Reuvens 'notebook': p. 190, with sketch by him at un­ fa ce damage. Apart from damaged parts, well preserved. Museum: numbered page (in museum RMO); Butler, 19601196 1: PI. XVll1:3; Elburg, no number. (DB 9) Butler, 1963: p. 8S(22).

CATNO. S04. PROVENANCE UNKNOWN. CATNO. S10. BOXMEER, GEA1EENTE BOXMEER, NOORD­ L. 10.4; w. 3.8 cm. Oval mouth (formula: 4x3.7; 3.0Sx2.8 cm). BRABANT ( ) collar, from the base of which springs small D loop (2.3xO.6 _ L. 10.0; w. 4.S cm. Subrectangular mouth opening (formula: cm); body with parallel sides, with slightly everted blade tips; 4.0x3.8; 2.6x2.1 cm). Bulging, faceted collar + one narrow rib, subrectangular cross-section, with fluting parallelto the edges. Pa­ fr'!m which springs a small D loop (1.8xO.6 cm). Body \V ith tina: mostly bright bronze (cleaned); patches of bright green. Mu­ subrectangular section, )( outline, slightly expanded, ogival blade seum: Delft, Nederlands Lege/'lllllsel//I/: Inv.No. Caa- 19, purchased tips; prominent straight-ground sharpening facet. Cutting edge 19S2 from Van Stockum's Antiek, Den Haag. (DB 1112) sharpened, but slightly battered. Patina: dark brown, partly glossy; reddish loamy encrustation in places, and inside socket. Private CAT NO. SOS. PROVENANCE UNKNOWN (from the Veluwe?). possession. (OB 733) L. 10.8; w. 4.1 cm. Oval mouth (formula: 4.2x4.0; 3.0x2.8 cm). Map reference: Sheet 46D, c. 193/406. (_) collar + single rib, from which springs a ribbon D loop (2.3x 1.1 Docl//l/entation : letter D. Reynen to Butler, October 1997. 284 1.1. BUTLER & H. STEEGSTRA

505 D

Fig. 12a. Plainseau socketed axes with single neckrib, without ornament. 503-505: provenance unknown (505: drawing HS); 506: nr. Nijmegen, Ge; 507: Dinxperlo, Ge; 508: Posterhoit, Li (see also fig. 12b).

CAT.NO. 511. POSTERHOLT, GEMEENTE AMBT MONTFORT, (old No. 1.570); acquired May 1890 (ex coll. GuilIon, Roennond). LTMBURG. (DB 286) L. 12.5; w. 4.85 cm. Subrectangular mouth opening (formula: 4.1 x4.3; 3. 1 x3.25 cm). ( ) collar; below it a single rather fa int _ b) Plainseau axes with single nec!(rib and pellet(s) narrow horizontal rib, from which springs a small band D loop (AXT:pls.Nr.Pel) (fig. 13) (2.2xO.85 cm); plain faces. Body outline slightly )(; cross-section of upper part somewhat hexagol1al, lower part rectanglllar below. CAT.NO. 512. ELSEN, GEMEENTE MARKELO, OVERIJSSEL. Patina: leathery brown. Museum: RMO Leiden, lnv.No. G.L. 62 L. 10.25; w. 4.35 cm. Oval mouth opening (formlIla: 3.3x3.3; Bronze Age metal and amber in the Netherlands (III:2) 285

510

o 511

Fig. 12b. 509: Hengstberg, Ge; 510, Boxmeer, N-B (drawing HS); gem. Ambt Montfort, Li (see also fig. 12a).

512 00 o D Fig. 13. Plainseau socketed axes with single neckrib and pellet(s). 512: Elsen, Ov; 513: Oirschot, N-B (part of hoard).

2.8x2.65 cm). (_) collar with one neckrib; loop 2.1 xO.75 cm; CAT.NO. 513. OTRSCHOT, GEMEENTE 0IRSCHOT, NOORD­ subrectangular cross-section; cutting edge \Vith J tips; fa int pellet BRABANT. Part of hoard. on each face. Museum: Zwolle, Inv.No. 121. (DB 1608) L. 1 1.9; \V.(3.9) We ight 158 gr. Oval mouth (fonllula: 4.2x4.0; CIl1. Map referellce: Sheet 280, 233/476. 3.0x2.8 cm),.socket subrectangular. (_) collar, \Vith t\Vo stumps fo r castingjets; below the collar single thin rib, from which springs small band D loop (2.0xO.9 cm). On neck two pellets. Bady \Vith)( 286 lJ. BUTLER & H. STEEGSTRA

o-.,.,

Fig. 14. Plainseau socketed axes with single neckrib, rib 'IVings', pellet. 514: Stiphout, N-B (part of presumed hoard); 515: Cuyk, N-B (dralVing HS); 516: provenance unknown.

outline, subrectangular section. Cutting edge sharp. One blade tip tion; rib 'wings' with Iwo pellets on each fa ce; cutting-edge ex­ broken away and missing. Casting seams prominent, but have been panded and sharp. Patina: dark brown. Found 1840 in turf-cutting removed on lower part of sides. Patina: black, someIVhat less glossy in a boggy meadow along the back road from Kasteel Croy to than DB 2101; inside socket, green with black patches. Surface Helmond. Museum: RMO, Leiden: [nv.No. B.C.I (old No. 1.574); mostly very well preserved, but the axe is evidently very fragile, presented 5 March 1846 by LI. Col. Jonkh. Van der Brugghen van and several broken-offpieces have been restored. Found close to, Croy. (DB 281) and as with Cat.No.523. Present location: Gellleentellllis (TolV n Hall) Associations: Cat.No. 524, socketed axe, Museum 's-Hertogenbosch, Oirschot. (DB 2102) [nv.No. 18 (on loan to Museum Oss). Association: Cat.No. 523. klap reference: Sheet 51F, c. 172/389. Map reference: Sheet 51A, c. 148/391. Doclllllelltatioll: letter LI. Col. Va n der Brugghen van Croy, 4 March Reference: Drenth, 1994: pp. 129-131, afb. 3.2. 1846 to RMO. Note in Ve rslag RMO Leiden 1846: "een dergelijke als No. l [i. e., Parallels: Belgian hoards ofHeppeneeti, LutlonU11el, RMO B. C. l} lVerd door den Heer van der Bl'lIgghen van Cro)! Antwerp-Kattendijkdok; Picat'dy hoards of Compieg­ gegeven aan het Noord-Braballtsch Genootschap, benevens een ne-'La Justice', Amiens-St. Roch, Marlers (Blanchet, andel' voonvelp, insgelijks vall broI/S, ter lengte van ollgeveer een villgel; vall voren gelijkende op een hollen draaibeitel, van ae/lter 1984: figs 152ter-161); PlestIin, Kr. Demmin, in hol er eell steel in te stekell" (an object similar to No. I [i.e. hoard (Sprockhoff, 1941: p. 91, Taf. 42-46, esp. Taf. 0111 RMO B.C.I], was presented to the North Brabant Society, along 44:2 and 3; Sprockhoff, 1956(1): p. 51, Taf. 8.5). In \Vith another object [=DB 140 I, the socketed gouge], also ofbronze, North Britain (variants of the British Southeastern IVith the length of approximately a finger, in fo rm like a hollow type): Bexley Heath, Kent hoard (Huth, 1997: Taf. chisel, \Vith behind a hollow fo r a handle). Hermans refers to thIee 19:14 after In ventaria GB.53); 'Shetland' (Schmidt axes and a chisel from the same find-spot, but Van der Bruggen van & Burgess, 1981: No. 1293). With tlu'ee pellets in a Croy in his correspondence IVith the Leiden Museum refers to t\Yo row: "border are a of Scotland" (Schmidt & Burgess, axes, and does not explicitly state that all these objects were fo und 1981: No. 1292). together (information from L. Verhart, conservatol' RMO Leiden, 21 November 2001, \Vho kindly re-checked the correspondence fo r us). c) Plainseau axes with single neela'ib, rib 'wings ', Reference: Hermans, 1865: p. 96. pellet(s) (AXT:p1s.Nrl.RbWi.Pel) (3 ex.; fig. 14) ' CATNO. 515. CUYK, GEMEENTE CUYK, NOORD-BRABANT CATNO. 514. STIPHOUT, GEMEENTE HELM OND, NOORD­ L. 11.5; w. 3.9 cm. Oval mouth opening (formula: 3.6x3.75, 2.5x2.7 BRABANT Part of presumed hoard. cm). (_) collar \Vith l neckrib. Plastic '\Vings' and pellet. Loop: L. II; IV. 4.3 cm. Round mouth opening (formula: 4.05x4; 3.1 x3.1 2.2xO.7 cm. Patina: glossy dark green (tolVer part light green, sandy). cm). (_) collar IVith 10IV loop (2.3xO.8 cm); rectangular body sec- Grave find: fo und IVith um + bowl, cremation + bronze bead. Ac- Bronze Age mefal and amber in file Nefherlands (111:2) 287

00 00 ......

Fig. 15. Plainseau socketed axes with one neckrib, fa cets on body. 517: 'near Rotterdam?'; 518: Mierlo, Li (drawings HS).

cOI'ding to the finder-owner, an enthusiastic amateur find-seeker CAT.NO. 518. MEERLO, GEMEENTE MEERLO-WANSSUM, fo und "at the edge ofan urnfield in a pit, at a depth of60 to 125 cm LlMBURG. 'Near the manege'. below the surface". Private possession of finder. (DB 864) L. 10.6; w. 4.5 cm. Rounded-rectangular socket mouth (formula: Association according to finder: bronze bead, urn + bowl, crema­ 3.9x3.7; 2.8x2.8 cm). (_) collar (somewhat irregular), under which tion, unpublished. one neckrib, from which springs D loop (2.2xO.6 cm). Body out­ Map reference: Sheet 46A, 416.560/187.440. line )(; in section slightly convex fa ces and sides. On fa ce three fa int vertical ribs; on sides, vertical fu rrows. Casting seams on mouth CAT.NO. 516. PROVENANCE UNKNOWN. moulding and loop. Patina glossy to dull green, with some brown L. 12.2; w. 4.75 cm. Subrectangular mouth opening (formula: 4x4.3; patches. Private possession; from the collection of the fa ther of the

2.9x3.05 cm). (_) collar with one thin neckrib, from which springs present owner. (DB 2447) small D band loop (2.5xO.9 cm). On neck, long O-shaped rib 'wings' DoclIlI/entation: telephonic information about findpIaee by B. joined at their base by a horizontal rib. Between the 'wings', high Kruysen (ROB correspondent) to authors. up, a wart. Body with nearly parallel sides, but widely expanding Map reference: Sheet 52E, c. 203/392. blade tips; pouched. Inside the socket, a vertical rib behind each fa ce. Casting seams present, but on lower part of the sides have e) Plainseau axe with single nec!crib and pendant V been removed. Patina: light green; modern scratches. Museum: rib (AXT:pls.Nr l.RbV) (l ex.; fig. 16) Nijmegen, Inv.No. xxx.d. 14, ex coll. Kam. (DB 2340) Pa ndleis: Heppeneert one example (No. 13) CAT.NO. 519. GEMEENTE NIJMEGEN, GELOERLANO. River Waal. d) Plainseau axe with single neckrib, fa cetted (AXT: L. IO; w. 4. 1 cm. We ight 179 gr. Subrectangular mouth (fonnula: pls.Nrl .Fac) (2 ex.; fi g. 15) 3.3x3.55; 2.55x2.75 cm). Bulging collar, in side view with saddle­ shaped rim; below it single thin horizontal rib, from which springs CAT.NO. 517. NEAR ROTTERDAM? (EXACT PROVENANCE small band D loop (1.6xO.75 cm) with dependent V rib. Body out­ UNKNOWN). line )(, with ogival 'crinoline' expanded cutting edge. Edge sharp­ L. 11.4; w. 4.1 cm. Subrectangular socket. Mouth fo rmula 3.5x3.75; ened, but has slight recent blunting. Patina: 1l10ttled greenlblack 2.5x2.5 cm. Slightly biconical collar, with stumps ofjets front and (one side predominantly green, other side predominantly black). back; below it one thin rib, from which springs ribbon D loop Museum: Stein, Inv.No. IIB8. (DB 1331) (2. 1 xO.6 cm). Body with )( outline, slightly convex fa ces and sides; References: Beckers & Beckers, 1940: p. 174, afb. 59, No. 8, p. 176; Butler, 1963: p. 85(1 6). fa int ribs flank the fa ces. Casting seams present (slightly eecentric; . have been removed toward blade). Cutting edge sharp. Patina black Parallel: Kibbert, 1984: K.819 (Gegend von Wiesbaden), by him (partly peeled off, sIlOwing dark bronze). Ve ry well preserved. The assigned to Fo rll/ AII/elsbiiren. present owner's notes concerningthe origin ofthis axe were lost as a result of the earthquake in Limburg of 1992. Private possession. Pamiieis: pendant V ribs occur an examples in the (DB 2338) Venat hoard (Coffyn et al., 1981: PI. 18: 16, 17). 288 J.J. BUTLER & H. STEEGSTRA

521 00

Fig. 16. Plainseau socketed axes with Fig. 17. Plainseau socketed axes with Fig. 18. Plainseau socketed axes one neckrib, V pendant. 519: River 2 neckribs and 'wings'. 520: Breda, with 2 neckribs and rib wings. 521: Waal (Nijmegen), Ge. N-B. Bargeroosterveld, Dr.

5.2.3. Plainseau axes with tHIO neclfribs c) Plainseau axes with two neckribs, rib Wll1gs , pellet (AXT:pls.Nr2.RbWi.Pel) (6 ex.; fig. 19) a) Plainseau axe with 'Hlings ' and pellet (AXT:pls. Nr2.Wi) (1 ex.; fig. 17) CATNO. 522. WESSEM, GEMEENTE WESSEM (now GE­ MEENTE HEEL), LlMBURG. River Maas. CATNO. 520. BREDA, GE/<,;/EENTE BREDA, NOORD-BRA­ L. 10.7; w. 4. 1 cm. Round mouth opening (formula: 3.6x3.5; 2.7x2.6 BANT (dealer's provenance). cm). ( ) collar, with 2 narrow neckribs; ribbed 'wings', between _ L. 11.7; w. 4.3 cm. (_) collar 2 neckribs; low loop (2. 15xO.7 them a pellet; loop: 1.9xO.85 cm. Patina: dark bronze to blackish; + cm); wrap-around 'wings' with pellet between. Elongated body with edge sharp but battered, slight casting seams; upper edge hammered )( outline, rectangular cross-section; round mouth. Prominent cast­ slightly. Very well preserved. Light loamy encrustation in protected ing seams and stumps of jets. Edge sharpened recently. Finely pre­ places. Smooth inside (no ribs). Museum: Ve nlo, Inv.No. I 1382, on served. Patina: dark bronze colour; traces of black. Found 1936/37 loan from coll. Mulder. (DB 1780) in building a bridge over the Aa. Museum: Breda, lnv.No. 432; gift Mop referellce: Sheet 580, c. 189/351. of dealer Groneman (Nijmegen). Map referellce: Sheet 50B, 111.398. (DB 158) CATNO. 523. OTRSCHOT, GEMEENTE OIRSCHOT, NOORD­ Referellces: Moddennan, 1937: p. 258; Butler, 1963: p. 84, fig. 22, BRABANT Part of hoard. p. 85 (14). L. 1 1.4; w. 3.7 cm. We ight 152 gr. Nem·ly circular mouth (formula: 3.9x3.7; 2.7x2.7 cm); subrectangular socket. ( ) collar, anciently _ b) Plainseau axe with tHIO neckribs; rib 'wings slightly flatted on the rim; below it two thin horizontal ribs, from (AXT:pls.Nr2.Rb Wi) (1 ex.; fig. 18) which springs small ribbon D loop (2.0xO.7 cm). On neck, pellet and wrap-around 'wings' (ribs on faces, but plastic on sides). Body with )( outline, subrectangular section. Prominent casting seams, CAT NO. 52 1. BARGEROOSTERVELD, GEMEENTE EMMEN, removed toward base. Cutting edge sharpened, but mostly has suf­ DRENTHE. fe red modem battering. Patina: mostly glossy black. One face mostly L. 11.25; w. 3.8 cm. Oval to subrectangular mouth opening (for­ well preserved (but crack through collar and ribs), other face has mula: 3.8x3.45; 3.1 x2.65 cm). ( ) collar, 2 small neckribs, where­ _ had severe abrasion. Found December 1992 wilh metal detector in under ribbed imitation 'wings' and a horizontal bar under the the dump from an archaeological test excavation of the ROB, in a 'wings'. Loop (2 cm) broken in antiquity. Museum: Assen, Inv.No. field on a cover-sand ridge; it lay 30 cm from Cat.No. 513, with 1897/X. I0. (DB 93) which it,is generaIly similar in patina and condition. Present loca­ Mop referellce: Sheet 18C, c. 261/532. tion: Gell/eelltellllis (Town Hall) Oirschot. (DB 2101) Referellces: Butler, 1963: p. 83, fig. 21; Essink & Hielkema, 2000: Associatioll: Cat.No. 513. p. 287, No. 36. Mop referellce: Sheet 51 A, c. 148/391. Pamiieis: a COl11111on type in Picardy-Nortll France. Referellce: Drenth, 1994: pp. 129-131, afb. 3.1. Bronze Age metal and amber in the Netherlands (III:2) 289

524 522 00 00

Fig. 19. Plainseau socketed axes \Vith 2 neckribs, rib wings and pellet. 522: Wessem, Li; 523: Oirschot, N-B (part ofhoard); 524: Stiphout, N-B (part of presumed hoard); 525: Borgharen, Li; 526: nI. Nijmegen, Ge; 527: Kesseleik, Li.

CAT.NO. 524. STlPHOUT, GEMEENTE HELMOND, NOORD­ lower part of the sides. Body outline slightly )(, with moderately BRABANT. Part of presumed hoard. expanded blade tips; body cross-sectiol1 subrectangular. Patina: part L. 10.7; w. 4.2 cm. Flattened-oval mouth opening (formula: dark brown, with dull gloss; part dark bronze; brown and green 3.55x3.55; 2.6x2.55 cm). ( ) collar; one thin horizolllal neckrib inside. Found by turf cutting in boggy ground. Museum 's­ _ (doubled on one face), directly below it rib D-shaped 'wings' (con­ Hertogenbosch, Inv.No. 18, on loan in museum Oss. (DB 1398) nected at their base by a thin horizontal rib the sides) and one Associatiolls:' Cat.No. 514, socketed axe (Museum: RMO Leiden, 011 pellet. From base of neclcrib springs a small D-shaped band loop inv.No. B.C. I); socketed gouge (DB 1401). (1.8xO.8 cm). Casting seams present, but have been removed on Map referellce: Sheet 51F, c. 172/389. 290 J.J. BUTLER & H. STEEGSTRA

528 o�I O Fig. 20. Plainseau socketed axes with 2 neckribs and arch fa cet on fa ce. 528: Swalmen, Li; 529: Bladel, N-B.

Documelllalioll: letter Lt. Col. Jonkh. Van der Brugghen van Croy G.J. Olst of Ressen (on loan in musellIn Harderwijk). (DB 39) to C.R. Hermans (Noord-Brabants Museum), 4 December 18?? Map referellce: Sheet 40C, c. 186/427. (dossier KHS A2 in Bibliotheek Katholieke Universiteit Brabant, Referellce: Butler, 1963: p. 85( 15). unit ' Koslbare halldschriftell'). In the first paragraph, the writer suggests an appointment with Hennans to discuss two bronze ob­ CAT.NO. 527. KESSELEIK, GEMEENTE KESSEL, LIMBURG. jects ofuncertain use (presumably two axes, or one axe and the one L. (9) cm; w. (3.3) cm. Round mouth opening (formula: 3.7x3.8; gouge) which he intends to present to the Society for Arts and Sci­ 2.8x2.8 cm). ( ) collar, 2 small neckribs; whereunder ribbed _ ences in Den Bosch ( " Voomemells zijllde Iwee brolIzell sllijdellde 'wings' and a pellet between the 'wings'; under the 'wings' a hori­ illslmmelllell wier gebmik mij ed/ler ollbekelld is, ell welke deze zontal bar; Body concave, rounded sides; low loop (2.3xO.9 cm). zomer ill mijlle buurl ill hel maer gevolldell Zijll aall hel Gelloolschap Patina: glossy dark green, where damaged powdery light green. vall KUllslell ell We lellschappell aall le biedeII, lIeme ik de vrijheid On non-loop side craquele under the collar. Private possession. (DB Uwe ...... le dielleillde belel le vragel/ legelI 9 urell ill de morgell"). 1819) Presumably he then presented the second axe to the Leiden mu­ Map referellce: Sheet 58B, c. 199/365. seum. Referellce: Hermans, 1865: p. 96, PI. XX:2. 5.2.4. Plainseau axes with arch fa cets on fa ces CAT.NO. 525. BORGHAREN, GEfllfEENTE MAASTRICHT, (AXT:pls.A) (2 ex.; fig. 20) LIMBURG. L. 11.45; w. 4.6 cm. Oval mouth (formula: 3.85x4.05; 2.75x3.05 CAT.NO. 528. SWALMEN, GEMEENTE SWALMEN, LLMBURG. cm). ( ) collar 2 neckribs, from which springs D-shaped ribbon L. 11.9; w. 4.6 cm. Round to subrectangular mouth opening (for­ _ + loop (2.35xO.9 cm). Ribbed semi-'wings' depend from the lower mula: 3.7x3.8; 2.9x2.7 cm). 'Western'collar; D loop (2.3xO.8 cm); horizontal thin rib. Outline ogival. Slight arch-shaped moulding on subrectangular section at neck; slight plastic arch-facet fo rming face; non-loop side. Patina: dark bronze; patches of black. Museum: pellet below collar; place of2 runners plain (front-back). Thin cast­ Maastricht, Inv.No. 222. (DB 213) ing seams. Patina: mottled (black, brownish, reddish, bronze; has Map referellce: Sheet 61F, c. 176/320. been scrubbed). Blackish inside. Museum: Asselt, Lnv.No. 20 l. (DB Referellce: Wielockx, 1986: Cat.No. HU.7. 1163) Map referellce: Sheet 58D, 198/360. CAT.NO. 526. NEAR NUMEGEN, GELDERLAND. Referellce: Wielockx, 1986: Cat.No. HU.I 06. L. 12.2; w. 4.0 cm. Round to subrectangular mouth openillg (for­ mula: 3.7x4; 3x2.85 cm). ( ) collar 2 neckribs; low loop CAT.NO. 529. BLADEL, GEMEENTE BLADEL, NOORD­ _ + (2.3x 1.1/055/0.8 cm, irregular hourglass outline); ribbed 'wings' BRABANT. De 'Pals'. + pellet; under 'wings' a horizontal bar. Body with )( outline, rectan­ L. 12.4; w. 4.2; th. 3.85 cm. ( ) collar (formula: 3.5x3.8;2.6x2.45 _ gular cross-section. Prominent casting seam, which passe d eccen­ cm) and 2 ribs; low loop (2.2xO.7 cm); arch fa cets on face; hori­ trically through the loop. Patina: dark brown (peeled offin places). zontal ribs on sides (two on loop-side, 3 on other side, on one of the Museum: Museum Het Va lkhof, Lnv.No. GAS 1958-9-30, ex coll. halves; absent on the other halt); blade sharpened, but somewhat Bronze Age metal and amber in the Netherfands (111:2) 291

blunted; socket rectanglllar (inside and outside); section rectangu­ 5.2.5. Plainseau axes: regional variants lar below, oval above. Traces of fom rurrners. Patina: black (partly removed by mecllanical 'cleaning'). Found 195111952 while clean­ a) Plainseau variant with single neela'ib, 'jait win­ ing the Grote Beerze (a small streall1). Private possession. (DB 1702) dow ' rib pattern (AXT:plsjail) (1 ex.; fig. 21) Mop reference: Sheet 57A, 143.875/370.965. DoclIlllelllalion: letter G. Beex to ROB, 15 April 1965. CAT.NO. 530. 'NOORD-BRABANT' (no further provenance). Referellces: Beex, 1965: pp. 61, 69, afb. 3. L. 12.35; w. 4.25 cm. Round 1l10uth opening (formula: 3.1x3.1; 2.6x2.6 cm). ( ) collar and rib; low loop (2.2xO.75 cm); body of _ Parallel: Belgium: 1 ex. fr om the Lutlommel hoard, rectangular cross-section; lIpper part face ornamented with verti­ with pellet above the facial arch (Van Impe, 1995/ cal ribs, closed with a single horizontal rib; over the central rib is a 1996: p. 14, No. 39). Present locus unknown. Two pellet. Straight grinding line. Prominent casting seams. Upper part arch-faceted examples are present in the Amiens-Ie damaged. Edge battered (recent damage). Patina: dark glossy green; surface here and there damaged. Museum: Tilburg, lnv.No. 322, ex Plainseau hoard (AM 135, AM 137; the latter with col!. 1. Lall\vers of Esbeek. (DB 2048) plastic 'wings'). Three arch-faceted Plainseau axes, with single neckrib, are present in the Maaseik-Hep­ In view of the indefinite provenance, it is conceiv­ peneert hom-d, on the Belgian side of the Maas; a ab le that this axe is really a stray from the Hoog­ fourth axe attributed by Van Impe to the hoard (his straten or Antwerpen-Kattendijkdok hoards, but this fig. 19b), but fo und em'lier, is similar. Related ex­ cannot be proven. amples include one in the Basland hoard, Jutland, Parallels: Plainseau socketed axes de corated with the Denmark (below, fig. 30b), one in the Jm'din des 'jail window' pattern are best known from the Bel­ Plantes hom'ds, Nantes, Loire-Atlantique, France (In­ gian hom'ds from Hoogstraten, provo Antwerpen (very ventaria Arch. F.157; Huth, 1997: Taf. 57-68, esp. close to the Netherlands border), with nine examples Taf. 65:1), one in the W:nat hoard (Coffyn, Gomez (Warmenbol, 1991), and Antwerpen-Kattendijkdok & Mohen, 1981: PI. 20: 8 with three neckribs and with two examples; the latter found with a half-dozen three horizontal ribs on each side). other Plainseau axes (Warmenbol, 1987a). A single A socketed axe in the Trieu des Cannes hoard, example is present in the Amiens-le Plainseau hoard Jemeppe-sur-Sambre, Namur, with single neckrib and (Blanchet, 1984: p. 283, fig. 156:40; O'COIllior, 1980: )( rib 'wings', has a pointed-arch, rather 'Gothic' fig. 56: 14). No further examples with the 'jail win­ facet on each face. dow' pattern seem to be known; we seem to have

Fig. 21. Plainseau socketed axe with 2 neckribs and 'jail window' Fig. 22. Plainseau socketed axe with 2 neckribs: 'Forlll Hollell '. ornament. 530: 'Noord-Brabant'. 53 1: Belfeld, Li. 292 J.J. BUTLER & H. STEEGSTRA to do with a local variant, perhaps produced in the 6. SOCKETED AXES OF 'FORM HELMER OTH' Schelde area. (18 ex.; figs 23-32; map 5) b) P/ainseau derivative {'Form Hol/en ' (Kibbert, 6.1. Definitions and dating 1984: pp. 149-150)) (AXT:hol) (1 ex.; fig. 22) The 'Form Helll1eroth ' was first distinguished and defined by Kibbett (1984: pp. 139-141). He lists 17 This extravagant variant of the Plainseau type is examples in middle West Germany (his Nos 655- characterized by a somewhat elaborated version of 671). He subdivides them into a Variante Bottrop, the Rippen/appen motif: a pattern composed of two with ten examples (K.655-664) and a Va riante or three concentric ribs which, viewed from the fa ce Kirchhoven, with five examples (K.665-669), plus shows as doubled rib 'wings', and seen from the side two nahestehende (K.670-671) which he also des­ as concentric U's. ignates as an Untervariante Eschwege. His distribu­ The only example in the Netherlands is the long, tion map (his Taf. 88D) shows a wide scatter across handsome, richly decorated axe from Belfeld, Lim­ his middle West Germany area. In body fo rm the burg. With a length of 14.7 cm it is among the longest Helmeroth axes are slender, and usually with slightly of our socketed axes. It seems to combine elements )( outline. The mouth opening is circular. On almost of the Plainseau type (of which it is an extravagant all specimens the collar is truncated-cone-shaped; version), together with fe atures of the Form He/me­ from it, or fr om its base (not from an underlying roth (especially the horizontal fulTOWS on the collar necluib, as with the Plainseau axes), springs a large, and the vertical furrows on the fa ces) as well as with usually flattened-D loop, usually of ribbon cross­ the rib-'wing' tradition. section, sometimes of ][ or )( outline. The loop may be 3 to 4 cm in length (tims larger than the loop cha­ CAT.NO. 53 1. BELFELD, GEMEENTE BELFELD (now GE­ MEENTE VENLO), LIMBURG. racteristic fo r Plainseau axes), but is not angular (as L. 14.5; w. 5. 1 cm. Oval socket; mouth fo rmula: 4.0x3.8; 2.7x2.7 are often the loops of comparably exaggerated size cm. Slightly biconical collar, ornamented with vertical hammer­ of the Hunze-Ems group in the Notth). faceting, from the base of which springs D loop with oval section Besides similarity in body fo rm, Kibbett consid­ (2.4xO.9 cm); single thin neckrib; long body \Vith )( outline; ers the presence of vertical fu rrow ornament as a subrectangular section, with slightly convex faces and sides. On prime characteristic of the type in all three of its neck wrap-around 'wings' consisting ofthree concentric ribs, join­ variants. AChlally, parallel furrow ornament is pre­ ing so as to fo rm concentric rings on sides; pellet between 'wings'. sent on some Early and Middle Bronze Age axes Ve rtical fl uting an faces and sides. Cutting edge \V ith ancient (ineluding some British-Irish Early Bronze Age (patinated) battering. Patina: dark glossy green; part ofpatina peeled axes), on decorated flanged stopridge axes of Type off, there light dusty green. Museum: Maastricht, Tnv.No. 2434 LI (since 1961 an loan from private owner). (DB 229) Plaisir, including two examples in the Netherlands Map reference: Sheet 58E, c. 206/369. (Butler, 1987: p. 12, fig. 3; Nos l and 4, = Butler, 1997: pp. 228-230, Cat.Nos 156-157), even some Reference: Wielockx, 1986: Cat.No. Hu. 129. 011 winged axes (examples illustrated by Kibbert: K.85, Paral/e/s and distribution: Related are two axes (K. 144, 145, 177, 360, 377, 399, 417, 477, 506), and 720, 72 1), listed by l

A noteworthy negative fe ature ofthe Helmeroth axes, from Roermond would produce a Helmeroth sock­ both in West Germany and in the Netherlands, is the eted axe with faint rather elongated semi-'wings', and absence of nechibs. Nechibs are also absent fr om a pellet between them; its flattened-D loop is 3.5 cm the southern Types Niedermaas and Geistingen; yet long. they do also occur on axes in the nOlth of the Neth­ Cat.No. 547, with unknown provenance, has a erlands that may have various other features in com­ pellet 'wings' connected by a bar like this: ) - ( ; also mon with the Helmeroth axes. arch facets, and a slight midridge on the blade, a half­ In the Netherlands only two socketed axes are pellet under the horizontal-furrowed collar. present that can be assigned to Kibbert's Helmeroth­ Cat.No. 545, from the Old Maas, Limburg, has Va l'. Bottrop; both are atypical specimens. Cat.No. ][-shaped 'wings' and vague arch facets (cf. the Bas­ 544, from Diergaarde, Neth. Limburg, has an idio­ land hoard). syncratic body shape. Cat.No. 547, with various ex­ Cat.No. 544, from Diergaarde, Limburg, has a ceptional fe atures, is without recorded provenance; trapeze-shaped lower part of the blade. It is not its tme find-spot could have been on either side of difficult to identify the source of most of the devi­ the modernNetherla nds-German border. Most of the ant features on these Helmeroth-related specimens: Helmeroth axes in the Netherlands may however be they are apparently borrowings from the ornament assigned to Kibbert's ForlII Helmeroth- Val'. Kirch­ repertoire of the Plainseau axes. The trapeze blade hoven. Two examples, Cat.Nos 538 and 539, are from of Cat.No. 544 may have been influencedby the axes a probable hoard, considering that they are from the of Type Sompting, such as have occasionally been same find-spot (Peij, Limburg) and have identical found in the area; K.661, with rib-and-pellet orna­ patina. Similar examples are Cat.No. 543 (with pel­ ment on one face, may aiso reflect Sompting influ­ let) from Maasbracht, Limburg, and Cat.No. 540 ence. fr om Meerlo, Limburg. Very similar in form, but An extraordinary specimen is Cat.No. 548, from without furrow or other ornament, are Cat.No. 532, Vlodrop, Limburg. Its horizontally furrowed collar from the river Waal at Winsseling, gem . Nijmegen, relates it to K.667 in the Ockstadt hoard. The pair and Cat.No. 533, fr om the probable hoard aiready of pellets below the collar relates it to some axes of mentioned from Peij, Limburg. the Plainseau family. Its vertical furrowing covers the Kibbelt lists no Helmerotll axes without ornamen­ sides, and on its face fo rms a drapery pattern. Cf. also tation. Actually he illustrates one (K.654, from the K.678 fr om 'K61n' (placed by Kibbert in his Lappen­ hoard of Ockstadt, Wetterauheis, Hessen) that can zier Gruppe A), which is clearly closely related to be considered a good example of an undecorated our Cat.No. 548. Helmeroth-Kirchhoven axe, but he oddly places it Unusual also is Cat.No. 544, from Diergaarde, angeschlossen by his (in any case minimal and het­ ge1l1eente Echt, Limburg. Its upper part is typically erogeneous) Form Løvskal-Bargeroosterveld, where Helmeroth, with vertical fluting on the collar and it seem rather mismatched. In the Netherlands we can face, and a large ribbon loop with )( outline. The recognize two examples (Cat.No. 532, fr om Wins­ lower part of the blade is, however, trapeze-shaped seling, gem . Nijmegen, Gelderland, and Cat.No. 533, in outline: a fe ature not otherwise fo und in the Hel­ from the presumed hoard from Peij , Limburg, prob­ meroth family, but which recalls the trapeze-shaped ably fo und with two Helmeroth axes of similar form blade of the axes of the Sompting fa mily. with vertical furrow ornament) that can surely be The Helmeroth-Kirkhoven axe from the Elzener­ accepted as unornamented Helmeroth-Kirchhoven veen hoard (Cat.No. 536) has, however, J-tips, like axes. the two Helmeroth-Eschwege axes K.670-671. Cat.No. 546, with unknown provenance, is a typi­ A few specimens in the Netherlands combine pre­ cal Helmeroth-Kirchoven axe, but has on the face dominantly Helmeroth fe atures with elements not semi-'wings' in relief, which relates it to the Plain­ seau axe without nechibs but with 'wings' Cat.No. typical for the Helmeroth canon: The probable Helmeroth axe (broken; the top is 501 (q.v.), and to some other Plainseau axes. The small group of Netherlands socketed axes: Cat.Nos missing) Cat.No. 535, with the approximate location 538 and 539 (Peij) (facial furrows, hoard?), Cat.No. 'Meierij van 's-Hertogenbosch', has a pellet. 543 ('Maasbrachterbroek') (facial fU lTows, pellet on Cat.No. 534, fr om Wijk bij Duurstede, Gelder­ face), Cat.No.540 (Swolgen) (facial and side furrows) Iand, has a pellet with a sort of garland around it; are closely related to Kibbert's K.660-669. Another similar to if somewhat simpier than the unprove­ specimen, Cat.No. 544 from Contine near Diergaarde, nanced K.720. gem. Echt (with facial furrows, furrows on collar"), Cat.No. 543, from Maasbracht, Limburg, has a pel­ is evidently closely related to these, but differs in let as well as vertical furrow ornament. having an unusual trapeze-shaped blade palt of the Cat.No. 546, with unknown provenance, has body. But the form of the upper part, the facial arch­ semi-'wings' . facet and fluted surface ornament clearly show its The bronze half of a casting mouid, Cat.No. 549, relationship to Kibbert's Helmeroth-Bottrop series. 294 J.J. BUTLER & H. STEEGSTRA

Evidently closely related to the Helmeroth axes in West Germany and the Netherlands, but especially • l ex. perGemeente c10se to the Netherlands examples Cat.No. 545, from • 2 or more per Gemeente Ohe en Laak, Limburg, and Cat.No. 537, from Ste­ c;:::P'� vensweert, Limburg, are three of the fom socketed ,f axes in a Danish hoard, fo und at BasJand, Randers O Amt in Jutland (fig. 30b: Nos 2-4; Broholm, 1946 (III): p. 202, M.89; Jacob-Friesen, 1967: No. 522,

Taf. 169; Thrane, 1967 (= In ventaria Arch., DK. 5); Kibbert, 1984: pp. 71, 141). Body fo rm, mouth mouldings and loop are quite similar to what is found on some of the Helmeroth axes. The vertical fu rrows below the collar are also very similar, though in the case of the Basland specimens the furrows separate what look Iike 'wings' with a ][ shape (in one case semi-'wings' of this shape), rather like Kibbert's unprovenanced specimen No. 661. Kibbert assigns these three Basland axes to his Form Helmeroth-Var. Bottrop, with some reserva­ tion (due to the none too accurate character of the previously published drawings; those on our fig. 30b, drawn from the originals in 2000, are of guaranteed better quality). But closest to the Basland specimens, despite some variations in detail, are om Cat.No. 545, fr om the Old Maas at Ohe en Laak and Cat.No. 537 from Stevensweeli, both in Neth. Limburg, and a few Map 5. Socketed axes of Form Helmerotli in the Netherlands. specimens in Belgium. These inc1ude Thon-Samson (Warmenbol, 1987b: fig. 9), Namur-Salzinnes (War­ menbol, 1987b: fi g. 8) and Mohiville-Scoville (War­ menbol, 1987b: fi g. 6) in the province Namur, and HOGl'ds and dating: Socketed axes of the Form Hel­ Schoonaarde and Nineve in Oost-Vlaanderen. Sev­ lI1eroth occur in a number of hoat'ds and possibie eral of the socketed axes from the ca ve of Han-sur­ hoards: Lesse are at least c10sely related. In the Netherlands, the bog hoard of Elsenerveen, Also to be grouped with Helmeroth axes of this Overijssel, contains the Helmeroth axe Cat.No. 536. variety is the bronze half-mould fo r a socketed axe Associated with it were two other socketed axes: a attributed to Roermond, Neth. Limburg (Cat.No. 549), 'Hunze-Ems' socketed axe with fa cial arches, 'wings' aiready mentioned above. lts 'Belgian Helmeroth' with fu rrow ornament on the fa ces and sides, two characteristics are present, even slightly exaggerated; neckribs, a pellet, and large angular loop (DB 495); it has also a pellet and long fa int semi-'wings'. A and a looped socketed axe with fo ur neckribs and a reasonable parallel (but minus the pellet) is in the drum-shaped swelling belonging to the Ty p Seddin­ German hoard ofKattenbLihl, in the Weser area (Prus­ Va r. Karbol'v type (DB 498; Kibbert, 1984: K.n7, sing, 1982: Taf. 29: 16). pp. 151-153, with futiher references) and a Central Dish'ibution: Almost all the Netherlands Helme­ European Urnfield socketed axe of typical HaB3 roth axes are from the Maas valley in Netherlands fo rm (cf. PrLissing, 1982: pp. 142-148). Another Limburg. Together with two of Kibbert's specimens hoard from the same vicinity, though not a bog find on the German side of the modern border they fo rm (Butler, 1965: pp. 175, 179, fig. 12; Verlinde, 1980: a small Maas-Roer find-group. Similar minor groups p. 24, Depot V), consisting of omega bracelets and are discernibie in the Rhine-Lippe area, the Rhine­ twisted and untwisted wire ornaments, contained also Main area, and even along the Weser in Hessen. a fragment of a socketed axe with vertical fu rrow The exception is Cat.No. 536, and is from the ornament on the sides; thus possibly a Helmeroth axe, hoard of Elsenerveen, Overijssel; it has J-blade tips, though perhaps a Hunze-Ems axe as suggested in which are matched on the two specimens ofKibbert's 1965. For western Germany, Kibbert cites a variety Un tervar. Eschwege (K.670-671.) Two of Kibbert's of hoat'ds containing Helmeroth axes, inc1uding: specimens are from Westphalia (his Nos 668 (Mer­ Frankfurt-Grindbrunnen (K.664); Frankfurt-Stadt­ fe ld) and 669 (Hunxe» , and thus fo rm a reasonably wald (K.659); Kattenbuhl, Kr. Hann. Munden (PrLis­ good geographical grouping, though the fe w other sing, 1982: Taf. 29); Ockstadt, Kr. Stadt Friedberg, specimens are rather fa rther afield (cf. Kibbert's Wetteraukreis, Hessen (K.654); Konz, Kr. Saat"burg­ distribution map, his Taf. 88D) Trier, Rheinland-Pfalz (K.Taf. 93D). All these hoat'ds Bronze Age meta/ and amber in tlle Nether/ands (111:2) 295

, i �j 533 , 532

., \ . " .- � . � -- O/ " �····· o O' , :::--.... ) O Fig. 23. Socketed axes of FOI'III He/lllerol/1. 532: Winsseling, Ge; 533: Pepinusbrug, Li. are assigned to the South German Stufe Wa llstadt attributed to Stevensweert, Limburg (but a dealeJ" s (spiite Urnenfe/derzeit/Ha B2-B3/South Scalldina­ provenance) is similar in fo rm to Kibbert's Helme­ vian-North German Period V). roth axes; its fa int facial arch-facets relate it to Kib­ In Denmark, there is the hoard of Bas/and bert's Va l'. Bottrop , but the vertical furrow on the ('0rum-Basland' in Kibbert, 1984: pp. 71-73, 141), face is a fe ature also occurring on some of Kibbert' s Randers Amt, Jutland, Denmark (Danish National Va l'. Bottrop and one of Va l'. Kil'chhoven, and (par­ Museum, B. 9791-9800), cited above. It contains ticularly close) the three specimens in the Danish three examples (Inventaria B.9792-9794) already re­ Basland hoard. garded by Kibbelt as possibly Helmeroth axes; we have above suggested describing them provisiollally as belonging to a Helmeroth Variant Namur-Basland. 6.2. Catalogue of socketed axes of FOI'II1 He /meroth AIso in the hoard are a fO Ulth socketed axe (fig. 30b: l), a winged axe assigned by Kibbert to his a) FOI'II1 He/lI1el'oth, p/ain (AXT:helm.P) (2 ex.; fig. 'Fol'lI1 Hillesheim, Va l'. Linz/Øl'ulI1 ), three spear­ 23) ' head s, a sickle, a fragment of a sword blade. The fO Ulth socketed axe in the Basland hoard (fig. 30b: l) CAT NO. 532. WINSSELING, GEMEENTE NIJMEGEN, GEL­ DERLAND. River Waal. is of a different type: unusually large; fa cial arch L. 11.7; 4.25 cm. Subrectangular mouth opening (forl11ula: fa IV. cet of exaggerated size; enlarged D loop; narrow 3.65x3.75; 2.8x2.6 cm). collar,just below ofthe base ofwhich <_> biconical collar with two neckribs. It is more or less is a fa irly large D band loop (2.9xO.9 cm). Body with )( outline, comparable with Kibbert's No. 653 from Haltern­ subrectangular cross-section. Casting seams prominent; jet stumps Lavesum (which he places in his small but hetero­ top & bottom. Patina: dark brown. Ve rtical split through moulding geneousfriihe Va l'. Løvska/ nahestehend group). The and part of one face. Split in side. Found 1893 while dredging. dating of this hom'd is unclear: Northern Period IV Museum: Nijmegen, lnv.No. AC 17 (old No. E III No. lOa). (DB according to Broholm (1946(III): p. 202, M 89); 1486) Period V according to Sprockhoff (1956(1): p. 94, Map reference: Sheet 40C, 1 86.75/4 29.25. note 8) and Tackenberg (1971: p. 77), whereas Reference: Ja arvers/ag 1893: p. 4, lU, No. lOa; catalogues: Abeleven Bijleveld, 1895; Felix, 1945: pp. 179, 228. Thrane (1967) and Jacob-Friesen (1967) leave the & question open. Actually there are no typical Nordic CATNO. 533. PEIJ, GEMEENTE ECHT, LlMBURG. Pepinusbrug. objects in the hoard. Kibbert, on the basis of the L. 12.0; w. 3.1 cm. Oval mouth opening (formula: 3.7x4; 2.7x3.05 winged axe, inclines to place it in his Lilldenstruth cm). Slightly. biconical collar, from which springs small loop (2.6x2 phase (HaB l =a late phase of Period IV). cm; hour-glass; abraded). Body of subrectangular cross-section (no A single Netherlands specimen (Cat.No. 537) IltIting). Prominent casting seams. Edge damaged. Patina: dark 296 1.1. BUTLER & H. STEEGSTRA

534 -o

Fig. 24. Socketed axes of Foml He/meroth, with pellet. 534: Wijk bij Duurstede, Ul; 535: 'Meijerij van 's-Hertogenbosch'. brown, dull. Where surface gone, light powdery green. Museum: c) Fo/'m Helme/'oth, with single vertical ju /'/'oyv Asselt, Inv.No. 238, ex coll. Philips. (DB 59) (AXT:helm.I) (2 ex.; fig. 25a,b) Mop referellce: Sheet 60B, c. 192/344. Docl/melltatioll: Inventaire Philips, No. 238 wilh drawing. CAT NO. 536. ELSEN, GEMEENTE MARKELO, OVERIJSSEL. Referellces: Buller, 1973: p. 334, afb. 12.4; Wielockx, 1986: Cat. No. Elsenerveen (from the hom·d). HU.115. L.10.6; w. 4.5 cm. Single, flattish, irregular collar; parallel-sided body with subrectangular cross-section; large D loop (c. 3.5xO.5 b) Fo/'l/! Helllle/'oth, with pellet (AXT.helm.Pel) (2 cm); expanded cutting edge. Verlical groove on fa ce. Patina: dark ex.; fig. 24) brown. Found before 1885 in the Elsenerveen. Museum: RMO Leiden, Inv.No. d.1942/ 12.4. Plasler cast in Museum Enschede, CAT.NO. 534.WIJK. Bil DUURSTEDE, GEMEENTE WIlK BIJ under Inv.No. 95 1a. (DB 497) DUURSTEDE, GELDERLAND. River Lek (dealer's provenance). Associatiolls: DB 495: 'Hunze-Ems' socketed axe with fa cial arch, L. 13.1;w. 4.7 cm. Subreclangular mouIh (fonIlula: 3.8x4.2; 2.9x3.0 'wings' and 2 neckribs; DB 496: sockeled axe Type Seddin-Karbow, cm). Slight bulging collar. Large D ribbon loop, O in plan (2.5x 1.1 with drum-shaped swelling; and DB 498: sockeled Urnfieldknif e cm). Body oulline )(, slightly sinuous at base. Cross-section oval at (cf. above, fig. 25a). neck, body convex-subrectangular. On neck pellet and fa int rib pat­ Mop referellce: Sheet 28C, c. 230/476. tern,joining onlo U rib on sides. Casling defect on side opposite Rejerences: Ve rs/ag, 1942: p. 5; Pleyle, 1885 (Twenle): p. 22, PI. loop. Casting seams present. Cutting edge sharp. Patina: dark XI:I-4; Ve rlinde, 1980: pp. 9-10, Depot rv bronze. Recent flattening ofsockel moulh. Heavy specimen. Dredge find. Museum: RMO Leiden, IllV.No. f.195 1/8. 1; purchased from CAT.NO. 537. STEVENSWEERT, GEMEENTE STEVENS­ Esser. (DB 533) WEERT, LIMBURG (dealer's provenance). Mop referellce: Sheet 39E, c. 151/441. L. 12.6; w. 4.6; th. 3.9 cm. Subreclangular moulh (formula: 3.9x3.9; 3x2.7 cm). Slightly biconical collar, from which springs fa irly large CATNO. 535. 'MElJERIJVAN 's-HERTOGENBOSCH', NOORD­ ribbon D loop (2.8x 1.2 cm). Nearly parallel sides. Section ovai on BRABANT Exact provenance unknown. upper part, C) below. Flat faces, rounded sides. Long body, slight L. (10.75); w. 4.25 cm. Moulh mouldings and most of loop broken blade expansion; longitudinal groove central on llpper part of each off and missing. Body of rectangular cross-section, but faces and fa ce. Edge sharp. Palina: mottled (black; greenish grey, white sides are slightly convex; with prominent pellet on face; upper part patches); patches of sand encruslation. Museum: RMO Leiden, broken off (Ihe breaks show recent damage). Cutting edge blunled, Tnv.No. I. 1947/10.1, purchased from AJ. Sprik (ZaltbonUllel). (DB and at least in part recently resharpened. Some irregular protru­ 506) sions in the body wall inside the socket. Patina: originally black, Mop referellce: Sheet 60A, c. 186/349. bul fo r the most part peeled off, silOwing dark bronze to blackish. Museum: 's-Hertogenbosch, Inv.No. 20. (DB 1404) Referellce: Hermans, 1865: p. 138, PI. XX:3. Bronze Age metal and amber in the NetherZands (II!:2) 297

. ' , , '._0. • • ••• ...- .. "- ._ .... �· .... - -, " ....· ····· ··i·\:TI····n r,m·

00 o

Fig. 25a. Bog hoard from the Elsenerveen, Ov, \Vith Helmeroth axe (Cat.No. 536), Seddin-Karbow axe, Hunze-Ems axe with 'wings' and face arches, and Urnfield socketed knife.

Note: Paper inside socket states 'Zaltbommel'. Parallels: Kibbert, 1984: Nos 662 (Hirschberg, Kr. Arnsberg) and 663 (Alpen-Bonninghardt, Kr. Moers), both from Nordrhein-Westfalen, but with facial arch; No. 664 from Frankfurt-GrindblUnnen, Hessen.

d) FO/'lll Helmel'Oth, .vith vertical parallel fi/l'l'Ol-vS (AXT:helm.II) (4 ex.; fig. 26)

CAT.NO. 538. PElJ, GEMEENTE ECHT. LlMBURG. Pe­ pinusbroek. L. 12.3; w. 3.8 cm. Round socket-mouth (forl11ula: 3.8x3.8; 2.6x2.6 cm). Loop: 3.6x 1.2/0.7/1.0 cm (hourglass). Slightly biconical col­ lar; body of subrectangular cross-section; sides and upper part of faces hammer-fluted vertically. Edge blunted (recently). Patina: glossy brownish, partly mottled green; where surface corroded, light dusty green or red-brown. Museum Asselt, Inv.No. 237, ex eoll. Philips. Paper inside: envil'On Pep inllsbl'Oeken les Pey (sp ?) . (DB 58) lvfap reference: Sheet 60B, 193/345. Docllmen/a/ion : Inven/aire Philips, No. 237, \Vith drawing. References: Butler, 1973: p. 334, afb. 12.1; Wielockx, 1986: Cat.No. HU.113.

Fig. 25b. Socketed axe of Foml Helmero/h, \Vith single vertieal furrow. 537: Stevens\Veert, Li. 298 1.1. BUTLER & H. STEEGSTRA

(Q)O

541

540 o Cl Fig. 26. Socketed axes of Form Helmel'Olh, with vertical parallel fu rrows. 538: Pepinusbroek, Li; 539: Pepinusbroek, Li; 540: Swolgen, Li; 541: Susteren, Li (drawing HS).

CAT.NO. 539. PEIJ, GEMEENTE ECHT, LlMBURG. Pepinusbrug. Edge damaged. Patina: glossy brownish-greenish; dusty light green L. 12.5; w. 3.2 cm. Subrectangular mouth (formula: 3.5x4; 2.3x2.7 where surfaee gone. Museum: Asselt, Inv.No. 239, ex eoll. Philips. cm); slightly biconical collar, from which depends )( loop (3.3xl.3/ (DB 60) 0.9/1.1 cm); subrectangular cross-section; vertical hammer-fluting. Docllmenlalion: Inventaire Philips, No. 239, with drawing. Bronze Age meta! and amber in the Netherfands (III: 2) 299

Map referellce: Sheet 60B, 192/344. Refe rellces: Butler, 1973: p. 334, ath. 12.2; Wielockx, 1986: Cat.No. HU.114. Pa rallel DB 58 & DB 60: Kibbert, 1984: No. 656 (Burscheidt, Rhein-Wupper Kreis).

CATNO. 540. SWOLGEN, GEMEENTE MEERLO, LlMBURG. L. 13.2; w. 3.9 ·cm. Weight 362.4 gI'. Nearly circular mouth, subrectangular socket (formula: 4.2x4.1; 2.9x2.9 cm). ( ) collar, _ from base of which springs large band D loop with D section (3.3xI.4/0.8 cm); )( outline. Long body \Vith slightly )( outline, convex fa ces and sides. Ve rtical fluting survives vaguely on the fa ces and sides, despite the rather heavy-handed mecllanical 'clean­ ing' to which the axe has been subjected. Cutting edge sharpened (recently somewhat blunted). Patina: most ly dark glossy green; small surviving patches of black; dark bronze in places. Found, accord­ 542 ing to Beckers & Beckers, during reclamation of a heath parcel. Museum: Stein, Inv.No. IIBIO. (DB 1333) Map referellce: Sheet 52E, c. 206/389. Refe rellces: Beckers & Beckers, 1940: p. 174, ath. 59, No. IO, p. 176; Wielockx, 1986: Cat.No. HU. 128. Parallel: Kibbert, 1984: p. 140, No. 667 (Ockstadt, Wetteraukreis), Taf. 51. 00 CATNO. 54 I. SUSTEREN, GEMEENTE SUSTEREN, LIM­ BURG. 'De Melue'. Fig. 27. Socketed axes of Form !-Ielmeroth \Vith conicai collar. L. 12.2; w. 4 cm. Truncated-cone collar \Vith horizontal facet (for­ 542: Wessem, Li (dra\Ving ROB, Amersfoort). mula: 3.8x3.9; 2.65x2.75 cm). Ribbon loop (3. I x I. I cm). Vertical ti.llTOWS on upper half of fa ces and sides; slender body with )( out­ line, almost square cross-section. Wo od inside (poplal' Ol' willow: identification BIAX, Amsterdam). Casting seatns visible. Patina: glossy grey-green. One face is heavily corroded and battered. Found October 200 I by C. Blaak during field survey, in the side of a road cutting, c. 45 cm below surface, at the transition ploughsoil - sandy clay. Museum: Echt, Inv.No. 332; presented by finder. (DB 2543) Map referellce: Sheet 60B, 187.999/34 1.06. e) Foml Helme/'oth, with conicaI callar (AXT:helm.V Col) (1 ex.; fig. 27)

CAT.NO. 542. WESSEM, GEMEENTE WESSEM (now GE­ MEENTE HEEL), LIMBURG. L. I I, w. 4.8 cm. Round socket-mouth (formula: 4.3.9; 2.9x2.7 cm). \ 1 collar, from \Vhich depends D loop (2.9xO.910.510.65 cm). Sur­ _ fa ce vertically hammer-fluted on sides and upper part of fa ces. Pa­ 543 tina: bronze co louI' (river patina). Found in autumn 1972. Private possession. Drawing: ROB, Amersfoort. (DB 838) Map referellce: Sheet 58C, c. 190/3 52. Referellces: Bloemers, 1977: arb. 4:2; Wielockx, 1986: Cat.No. HU. l33. O -Q f) Form Helmeroth, with pellet (AXT:helm.Pel) (l ex.; fig. 28) Fig. 28. Socketed axes of Form !-Ielmeroth, \Vith pellet. 543: Maasbracht, Li. CATNO. 543. MAASBRACHT, GEJI,4EENTE MAASBRACHT, LfMBURG. L. 1 1.35; w. 3.4 cm. Round socket-mouth (formula: 3.8x3.8; 2. 7x3.1 cm); slightly biconical collar; fa irly large D loop (3.8xO.8/1.5 cm); (unearthed in the morass of Maasbracht). Museum: Asselt, Inv.No. cross-section subrectangular; pellet below collar; surface vertically 235, ex coll. Philips. (DB 56) hammer-fluted on sides and upper part of faces. Prominent castillg Map referellce: Sheet 58D, c. 191/350. seams. Patina: glossy bro\Vnish; partly mottled greenish; \Vhere Docllmel/tatiol/: ll lvel/taire Philips, No. 235, with drawing. surface corroded, light dusty green. Loop of band firm, slightly Referellce: Wielockx, 1986: Cat.No. HU.98. expanded top and base; "Deterree dallS le broek de Maasbracht" Pa rallel: Kibbert, 1984: No. 660 (Broichweide, Kr. Aachen). 300 II BUTLER & H. STEEGSTRA

�C0544:::l

Fig. 29. Socketed axes of Form Helmeroth, Va l'. Bol/rop. 544: Oiergaarde, Li. o g) Form Helmeroth, Val'. Bottrop (AXT:helm.bott) (l ex.; fig. 29) Fig. 30a. Socketed axes of Form Helmeroth, with plastic 'wings'. 545: Oude Maas (gem . Ohe en Laak), Li. CATNO. 544. OTERGAARDE, GEfvfEENTE ECHT LIMBURG. Contine. L. 10.2; 4.4 cm. Round socket-mouth (formula: 3.3x3.3; 2.4x2.4 IV. cm); slightly biconical collar. Body oval section, with vertical ham­ W. Goossens to Holwerda (RMO): "GisterelI IIlOest ik op het bll­ mer-fluting. Prominent arch-facet on lower part of body, which is reall vall het Jl lliallakallaal ,/{/argevolldell voonverpell gaall kijkell. trapeze-shaped. Large loop: 3.4/0.6/0.9 cm (hour glass). Prominent Ze haddell absolllllt geell olldheidklllldige beteekellis, op eell stilk casting seams. Socket mouth asymmetrical in side view. Patina: Ila, 11.1. eell brolIzell bijl, eell Z.g. "Tr'illellaxt " met vierkallt geslepell dark brown one face, nearly black reverse; partly peeled off(dull steelgat, die gevolldell \Vas ill het grill t te Roosterell bij het olltgravell green). Museum Asselt, Inv.No. 233, ex col!. Philips (acquired by del' omleggillg v.d. Ollde Maas bij k.m. 5, 100, 22+ NA P ell 4,25m Philips Jan. 1929 with col!. Orta (Inv.Nos 233-243). (DB 54) olldel' het maaiveld. Het ZOIl mij gelloegell doell \Valllleer het stilk Associatiolls: Cat.Nos 538, 539 and 543 have very similar patina, hier ill het mllsellm kOIl gedepolleerd \VordeII ..... ". (DB 224) suggesting the possibility of association. Map referellce: Sheet 60A, 187.25/346.40. Map referellce: Sbeet 60B, 195/343. Docllmelltatioll : correspondence W. Goossens to Holwerda 1928- Docllmelltatioll: Jllvelltaire Philips, No. 233, with drawing. 1930 (in depot Algemeell Rijksarchief inv.nr. 157); section Referellces: Butler, 1973: p. 330, afb. 12.3; Wielockx, 1986: Cat.No. Roosteren-Ohe en Laak in unpublished scriptie Leon van Hoof HU. IO. (2000); e-mail Leon van Hoof to authors 26-1 1-200 1 with the text Pa rallel: Kibbert, 1984: No. 655 (Bottrop). fragment of the letter mentioned above. Referellce: Wielockx, 1986: Cat.No. HU.119. h) Form Helmeroth, with plastic 'wings ' (AXT:helm. Wi) (l ex.; fig. 30a,b) i) Fom! Helmeroth, exceptional pieces (AXT:helm. X) (3 ex.; fig. 31) CATNO. 545. 'OUOE MAAS', GEMEENTE OHE EN LAAK, LIMBURG. CATNO. 546. PROVENANCE UNKNOWN. L. 12.7; w. 4.5 cm. Subrectangular socket (formula: 4.3x4.5; 3.1 x2.8 L.13.1; w. 4.5 cm. Circular mouth opening (formula: 4.7x4.7; 2.9x3 cm). collar, from which springs band D loop (3.6x 1.0 cm). cm). /__ , collar, from which springs large D loop (3.5xO.8 cm). <_> Body with )( outline, with oval section above, C) below. Plastic Body outline slightly )(; cross-section subrectangular, with slightly 'wings' of unusual elongated fo rm. Arch facets on faces. Patina: convex fa ces and sides. Plastic half-'wings', meeting at centre of dark brown, with some ochreous encrustation; with gravel and loam. fa ce. On collar and sides faint vertical fluted ornament. Acquired Casting seams prominent, but removed toward base. Cutting edge by mUSel!m in 1943; the records concerned were destroyed in the sharp. Found March 1929, during re-bedding of the Old Maas. Ac­ Second World War. Museum: Arnhem(O pelllllcll tmllsellm), Inv.No. cDl'ding to maps of 1936 and 1955 the findplace is situated on the 3079. (DB 1161) fo rmer boundary of the gemeelItelI Ohe en Laak and Echt. Mu­ seum: Maastricht, Inv.No. 245 (find spot wrongly given as CATNO. 547. PROVENANCE? Roosteren). Acquired through mediation ofthe State. Fragment letter L. 13.0; w. 4.2; loop 3.5 cm. We ight: 380 gI'. Circular socket. Collar Bronze Age metal and amber in the Netherlands (III: 2) 301

2

C:J Cl

3 4 CJ

Fig. 30b. Socketed axes in the Basland 11Oard, lutland, Derul1ark (drawings HS).

of /__ \ fo rm, \Vith three horizontal facets, from the base of\Vhich hammer-facets. Cutting edge blunt. Patina: glossy mottled green springs a large D loop (3.5x". cm). Sides al most parallel. Faint D (brownish; old surface partly corroded a\Vay, there paie dusty green). '\Vings' on neck ofoval cross-section. On fa ce arch facet, \Vith fa int Museum: Aalien (Olldheidkamer), Inv.No. 386. (DB 729) midridge. The sides and the 'wings' are ornamented \Vith vertical 302 lJ. BUTLER & H. STEEGSTRA

00

CJ

Fig. 31. Sacketed axes af FO/'lll Helmeroth, exceptianal. 546-547: provenance unknawn; 548: Ylodrop, Li.

CATNO. 548. VLODROP, GEMEENTE VLODROP, LlMBURG. fine fa cets, which echo the form of the 'wings' and extend down Field 'Kroddel'. the whole length of the sides. The cutting edge is blunt. Patina: L. 13.2; 11'. 5.0 cm. Nearly circular mouth opening (formula: 4.6x4.4; blackish; very well preserved. Found 1950-1955 by owner in the 3.4x3.2 cm). Large /_\ collar with 3 horizontal fi.lrrows; from its field 'Kroddel'. Private possession. (DB 2052) base springs a large D-sectioned D-shaped loop (3.7x 1.8/0.8/1.8 Mop re{e /'ence: Sheet 58G+H (new), 204.270/351.210. cm). On the fa ce, just belo\\' tlle collar, a pair of bulging circular Reference: Smeets, 1981: pp. 114-115, afb. 4; Wielockx, 1986: p. pellets. Body with )( outline; its neck is of oval cross-section, 256. subrectangular with slightly convex faces and sides. On the fa ces, long 'drapery wings'. The faces ofthe 'wings' are ornamentedwith Bronze Age metal and amber in the Netherlands (II!:2) 303

I 549 � Fig. 32. FO/"lll Helmeroth, bronze casting half-mould. 549: gem . Roermond, Li.

j) Form Helmeroth, bronze casting ha({-mould 7. LONG, THIN, NARROW SOCKETED AXES (BMAXT:helm) (I ex.; fig. 32) OF TYPE GEISTINGEN (AXT:geis) (13 ex.; fig. 33A-C; map 6) Cat.No. 549. GEMEENTE ROERMOND, LlMBURG. River Maas. L. 17.1; w. 5.9 at shoulder, 5.7 cm at base. A plaster cast taken from 7.1. Definitions and dating the mould has a length of 17 cm, and a blade width of 4.6 cm. The mould has an hourglass shape, with a projection that would have References: Tackenberg, 1971: pp. 50-52, Abb. 3, p. housed, a clay fu nnel fo r tlle input of tlle molten meta!. The shoul­ 264, Liste 30, Taf. 19:2-4, 20: 1-2; Butler, 1973: pp. der is strengthened with three horizontal ribs. On the externalfa ce 339-341, Abb. 17 (map), Liste at p. 343; Kibbert, is a D loop with ][ outline. On the edges are small lugs for keying 1984: pp. 166- 168, 214 (four metal analyses), Kat. with the (missing) other hal f- mou Id. The axe (plaster cast) has a Nr. 787-804, also Taf. 77, No. 1007, distribution Taf. prominent round, hollow-edged truncated-conical collar, from the base ofwhich springs a Aatted D loop (3.0x? cm). The body cross­ 89C; Wielockx, 1986(1): pp. 125-136, Cat.Nos Hu section is C), the outline an elongated )(. On the fa ce are semi­ 16-37; (III): pp. 454-458. 'wings' with a pellet between. Museum: Antwerpen (Vleesllllis) , This series of extraordinary socketed axes is Inv.No. 56.35.2331, ex col!. Hasse. (DB 643 ) named aftera hoard allegedly of 26 (or 28) examples, Docl/mel/laliol/: The manuscript catalogue of the large Hasse col­ as fa r as knawn all af the same type, found in 1935 lection contains, under No. 42, a primitive but unmistakable thumb­ by Mr Geerkens at the Letterveld, Geistingen, along nail sketch, with the information 'RI/remol/d 1931. Mel/se', but \Vith the Belgian side af the Maas in gem . Ophaven. The no further details. axes were said to have been tied together with a cord, Referel/ces: Marien, 1952: p. 226; Butler, 1973: p. 338, Abb. 15 which crumbled and was not preserved. The find-spot (there cited with the erroneous attribution 'al/geblich aus Maastricht'). is just across the Maas from Ohe en Laak and Ste­ vensweert in Netherlands middle Limburg. The axes were dispersed amang fa mily and fr iends of the fiilder; some have found their way, sametimes via an- 304 1.1. BUTLER & H. STEEGSTRA tique dealers, into museum collections. In the muse­ Ulns it is not always known whether their specimens • 2 or more ex. per Gemeente are strays from the Geistingen hoard or independent • hoard finds. * single find The Geistingen axes and their counterparts from other finds in Belgium, Getmany and the Netherlands are characterized by a mostly oval socket mouth; long (lengths up to 15.7 cm in the Netherlands, 16.2 cm in west Germany), narrow body outline, slightly ex­ panding gradually from a high huncated-cone-shaped collar without neckribs to a rather straight, sharp cutting edge; usually a C) body section; a small, low­ placed thin D loop (absent on one German specimen, K.802); and, especiaIly, very thin walls (their thick­ ness is of the order of l to 2 mm). The walls are so thin that, despite the sharp cutting edges, the Geis­ tingen-type axes could obviously never have been actually utilized as axes. This fe ature, extremely thin walls, is shared only with the few socketed axes of Kibbert's Form Amelsbiiren (see Section 5.1). The Amelsbiiren axes are otherwise quite dissimilar in fonn to the Geistingen axes, and are really an odd version of the axes of Type Plainseau. The metal analyses of four Geistingen axes and fo ur Amels­ biiren axes (Tackenberg, 1971: pp. 49-5 1; Kibbert, 1984: p. 214) also fa i! to indicate any close rela­ Map 6. Socketed axes of Type Geistingen in the Netherlands, tionship between these two socketed axe types. For Belgium (the Geistingen hoard) and (after Kibbert) the German example, the Amelsbiiren axes have tin percentage North Rhine area (not mapped: Gennan examples from Kreuz­ values of 10 or more and lead values of >5, while nach, Mainz, Frankfurt-Hoechst). only one of the Geistingen axes has 10% tin and the other three tin from 0.9 to 3.4%; and the fo ur Geis­ tingen specimens have lead values of 0.48 to 1.25%. more appropriate fo r a votive than fo r a currency Some Type Geistingen axes have an ornament on fu nction. Other possibie symbolic fu nctions can be the side, either as a raised inverted arch-shaped sur­ imagined, but are difficult to document. fa ce (Cat.Nos 55 1, 560) or an inverted arch-shaped Distribution : The main occurrences, apart from rib (K.798-802). It is as ifthe wing ornament of other the large Geistingen hoard (which however stands socketed axe types has been turned a quarter circle alone on the Belgian side of the Maas), fa ll in and transferred from the face to the side of the axe. a cluster of eight or ten find-spots (some of them Kibbert sees this as a simplified version ofthe side hoards of two or fo ur pieces, others river finds) in a garlands on his Form Hallen axes (see Section 5.2.5: remarkably compact area in the Rlline valley, extend­ b). A fe w examples (e.g. Cat.Nos 560 and 562 be­ ing from Nijmegen to the Rlline-Lippe confluence low) have metal protrusions inside the socket which near Wesel. Beyond these, the distribution map of would have made the insetiion of a haft end into the Kibbert (1984: Taf. 89C) shows a fe w strays up the socket impossible. Rhine as fa r as the Rhein-Main area. Up the Maas Function: The Type Geistingen axes are impres­ from Geistingen, there are the find-spots Caberg in sive to look at, with their length of up to 16 cm, their south and 001 in middle (Neth.) Limburg. fine external finish, and sharpened cutting edge. This In view of the homogeneity of the type and the result was achieved economically, requiring only half compact distribution, it seems very likely (as Kibbert the weight of metal of many functional socketed axes, has also recognized) that all of Kibbert's 16 ex­ but it excludes their use as functioning tools or wea­ amples, those that we know of the 26 or 28 examples pons. Evidently they were designed fo r display andi from the Geistingen hoard, and the 13 examples here or ritual/ceremonial use. Kibbert sees two main pos­ presented, are products of a single workshop over a sibilities for the Type Geistingen axes: either they short period of time. The Geistingen hoard must were a fo rm of 'axe money', or they were votive represent some kind of distribution centre. The pro­ objects. The repeated occurrence of these axes in duction centre may or may not have been close by, hoards of two, four, or (in the case of the Geistingen but, given the distribution, it CalUlOt have been very hoard) many more, or as river or bog finds, plus the fa r away. To attain a considerable uniformity of very limited distribution of the type, would seem product with such thin-cast walls, while having such Bronze Age metal and amber in tlle Netherlands (111:2) 305 varied metal to work with, suggests a considerable differently patinated knife at a distance of 75 m there­ degree of skiB on the part of the fabricator of the from. axes. Comment: it seems clear that the bronze knife was not found together with the two socketed axes; chro­ nologically it is much too early, and its green patina 7.2. Catalogue of socketed axes of Type Geistingen is quite different. Whether the two Type Geistingen socketed axes were actually found together, 75 m CATNO. 550. CABERG, GEMEENTE MAASTRICHT, LlM­ BURG (dealer's provenance; probable hoard). from the axe, is another question. Their patina is not L. 15.0; w. 4.0 cm. Oval socket and mouth (formula: 3.2x3.8; entirely in agreement; whether the differences could 2.65x3.2 cm). Loop: 2.35xO.8 cm. Collar slightly damaged (break be accounted for by a slightly diffe rent lie in the is patinated). Cutting edge straight, sharp. Patina: overall glossy ground, or by differential post-finding treatment, is black; interior greeny with some light brown loamy encrustation, difficultto judge for certain. At present we consider in part ochreous-tinted. (DB 1079) the two axes to represent a probable hom·d. Collection: BAl (now GIA), Inv.No. I 9381X.4.Purchased 1938 via the intermediation of E. van Aelst of Maastricht, together with a CAT NO. 552. NIJMEGEN (SURROUNDINGS), GELDERLAND. very similar second socketed axe (Cat.No. 551 hereafter) and a L. 15.7; w. 4.3 cm. Ovallsubrectangular mouth opening (formula: bronze rod-tanged socketed knife with bronze phantasy-handle, of 3.5x3.6; 2.75x2.9 cm). Truncated-collical head; long body \Vith )( Central European HaA2 character. outline, nearly rectangular section (sides slightly convex). Cutting Map referellce: Sheet 61F, c. 174/3 19 edge straight, sharp. Low-placed small D loop (2.2xO.7 cm). Plas­ DOCIIII/elltatioll: letter E. van Aelst to H. Brunsting (then assistant tic inverted arch on one side. Patina: dark, somewhat glossy green. to Van Giffe ll, BAl) 14 November 1938, with sketch map indicat­ Well preserved. (NB: mounted on wall in modem knee-shaft). ing the alleged find-spot. Museum: Enschede, Inv.No. 1075 (old Nos: 0.375; 351-5). (DB 1027) CATNO. 551. CABERG, GEtdEENTE MAASTRICHT, LlM­ BURG. CATNO. 553. BERG EN DAL, GEMEENTE UBBERGEN/ L. 15.3; w. 4.1 cm. Oval socket and mouth (formula: 3.2x3.95; GROESBEEK, GELDERLAND. 2.4x3.3 cm; the width of the mouth is marked ly the greater). Small L. 15.5; w. 4.3 cm. Oval socket and mouth, part of mouth damaged D loop (2.23xO.8 cm). Plastic inverted arch under the collar on the (formula: c. 3x3.5; 2.55x2.9 cm). Loop: 2. 1 xO.55 cm. Edge sharp. side opposite the loop. Casting seams present, but partly hanunered Patina: mottled green/black; encrustation ofloam. Cf.Cat.Nos 554 flat. Patina: part mottled green, slightly corroded; partly glossy and 555: all \Vith similar patina; Cat.No. 553 is slightly broadel' black. Purchased via the intermediation ofE. van Aelst (Maastricht). across cutting edge. Museum: Nijmegen, Inv.No. AC 19 (old No. According to Van Aelst, found together with Cat.No. 550 above E.m.No.lla). (DB 1488) and a bronze Umfield knife at Caberg. Collection: BAL (now GIA), Map referellce: Sheet 40D, c. 191/426. lnv.No. 19381X.5. (DB 1080) Referellce: Ve rs/ag, 1889: p. 3, No. Ila. Map referellce: Sheet 61F, c. 174/3 19. DOCIIII/elltatioll: see above, Cat.No. 550. CATNO. 554. BERG EN DAL, GEMEENTE UBBERGENI GROESBEEK, GELDERLAND. Note: Cat.Nos 550-551: Van Aelst was a printer and L. 14+; w. 4.2 cm. Upper part broken offand missing; subrectangular publisher, who was evidently much concerned body cross-section. Cutting edge slightly rounded, sharp. Patina: with archaeological activity in the neighbourhood of blackish with light green overlay; partly loam-encrusted. Museum: Maastricht, and offered various collections of arti­ Nijmegen, lnv.No. AC 20 (old No. E.lll.No. 11b). (DB 1489) facts of various periods for sale in behalf of finders Map referellce: Sheet 40D, c. 191/426. who preferred to remain anonymOlIs out of fe ar that Referellce: Ve rs/ag, 1889: p. 3, III, No. IIa. their finds would be confiscated. Such was the case CATNO. 555. PROVENANCE UNKNOWN. with the three bronze objects here concerned, sent L. 15.3; w. 4.05 cm. Oval socket and mouth (formula: 3.4x3.75; on approval to the BAl in Groningen (along with 3.1 x2.95 cm). Small loop (2xO.5 cm). Cutting edge battered. Pa­ other groups of artifacts) in October 1938. Van Gif­ tina: blackish, with pat·tial greenish overlay. Loam-encrusted. Mu­ fen purchased the three bronzes for the BAl study seum: Nijmegen, lnv.No. xxx.d.39. (DB 1538) collection. On request from the BAl for information concerning the find circul11stances, Van Aelst re­ CATNO. 556. PROVENANCE UNKNOWN. ported that the three objects had been found by un­ L. 14.8; w. 4.05 cm. Oval socket and mouth (formula: 3.3x4; named persons at Caberg, along the Brusselse Weg, 2.65x3.l5 cm). Loop: 2.5xO.6/0.9 cm. Casting seams present. Pri­ close to the Belgian border, c. 500 m and across the vate possession. (DB 1709) road from a site excavated a few years previously by CATNO. 557. VTERLINGSBEEK, GEMEENTE VTERLINGS­ Holwerda of the RMO Leiden. The socketed axes BEEK, NOORD-BRABANT (dealer's provenance). ( ' klokmessen ' ) and the knife were excavated at a L. 13.5; w. 5.5 cm. Subrectangular mouth (formula: 3.7x3.85; distance of 75 m from each other. A rough sketch at 2.7x3.3 cm). Broad (_) collar, from base ofwhich springs a small the bottom of the letter indicates the find-spots men­ loop \Vith )( outline (1.6xO. 7 cm). Body \Vith subrectangular sec­ tioned. Despite some ambiguity, we interpret this to tion, fa intly convex faces and sides, )( outline. Cutting edge straight, mean that the two axes were found together, and the sharpened. Casting seams present, but anciently hanunered down. 306 ].J. BUTLER & H, STEEGSTRA !( ' I 1 f J ) I I ". ' � v I I { \'

il � .I , I ., , 0' l 0 00 00 I . I .J ( ;\. � :

554

. t Fig. 33a. Long, thlll socketed axes o f T ype GeiS· tIngen.· 550-551.· Caberg, Li (hoa 'd); 552: Nijmegen surroundings (Ge); 553-554: Berg en Dal, Ge; 555: provenance unknown (see also figs 33b, c). Bronze Age metal alld amber in the Ne ther/ands (III: 2) 307

) (

0 0 0 0

- - - ,i - )(

559 o -o o D Fig. 33b. 556: provenance unknown; 557: Vierlingsbeek, N-B; 558: provenance unknown; 559: Nijmegen surroundings, Ge (se e also figs 33a, c). 308 1.1. BUTLER & H. STEEGSTRA

---I, -- I I t '( +.

561 560 0 0 0 0

562

0! I 0 !"",..",,! !"",.,."",J

Fig. 33c. 560: 001, Li; 561: Herten, Li (drawing HS); 562: gem. Nijmegen, Ge (se e also figs 33a, b). Bronze Age metal and amber in the Netherlands (III:2) 309

Patina: dark brown (c. 1/4 peeled off, silOwing greyish/brownish). clear relation between the Geistingen axes and other Brown loamy encrustation inside socket. Museum: IUv[O Leiden, types, in the region or outside it. They are utterly lnv.No. N.S. 750. Purchased November 1890 from antique dealer diffe rent fr om the socketed axes of Armorican type, Jac. Grandjean. (DB 1626) the largest and best-known gro up of 'votive' or 'pro­ Map reference: Sheet 46D, c. 198/400. to-currency' axes. Nor are they closely related to the thin-walled Amelsbiiren axes, which may have a CATNO. 558. PROVENANCE UNKNOWN centre in Westphalia (Kibbert's map, Taf. 89D). If L. 14.95; w. 3.9 cm. Oval socket and mouth (formula: 3.35x3.2; 2.7x2 cm). Loop: 2xO.8/1.0 cm. Casting seams present. Private anything, we are inclined to suspect a derivation from possession. (DB 1719) the Form Wesseling axes to be discussed in the fol­ lowing part ofthis study. There is however no strong CATNO. 559. PROVENANCE UNKNOWN. reason to depart from the hithelio consensual view L. 14.9; w. 3.8 cm. Oval socket and mouth (formula: 3.2x3.7; that the Geistingen axes belong chronologically to the 2.4x3.05 cm). Part ofcollar missing. Loop )(-shaped (2.2xO.35 cm). tail end of the Bronze Age, overlapping into the On non-loop side, inverted arch-shaped rib. Casting semTIS present. beginning of the Hallstatt period. Perhaps there will Cutting edge irregular and battered anciently. Patina: glossy dark some day be a find that will confirm or alter this green, with lighter patches; Olle face pitted, with partially brownish conception. patina. Found 13 March 1967. Museum: Museon, Den Haag: lnv.No. 9647, presented by IC. Wagner. (DB 1361) 8. SOCKETED AXES OF ARMORICAN TYPES CATNO. 560. OOL, GEMEENTE HERTEN (now GEMEENTE (AXT:arm) (26 ex.; figs 34-39; map 7) ROERMOND), LIMBURG. L. 15.35; w. 4.2; th. 3.1 cm. Circular mouth opening (formula: 2.4x2.6/2.7; 2.9x3.l5 cm). Straight, sharp cutting edge, very thin casting seaITIS (also inside!), which project so that the axe could 8.1. Definitions and dating never have been shafted (why internal casting seams?). Slight in­ The most problematical of the socketed axe types verted arch-shaped rib on each side. Prominent casting seams on outsides. Patina: blackish, very small loop (1.1 cm). Condition prac­ here presented are those of Armorican type. The ticaLly perfect. Found 1971 while dredging in graveI pit. Museum: peculiarities of these socketed axes (seven varieties Venlo, Inv.No. GI0299, ex col!. Van Herten. (DB 1924) of which have been distinguished: Briard, 1965; Map reference: Sheet 58D, c. 194/3 55. Briard & Verron, 1976) are well known. They were References: Butler, 1973: p. 339, afb. 16; BIoerneI's, 1977: afb. 4:1; made, and in their core area of western Annorica Wielockx, 1986: Cat.No. HU.I09.

CAT. NO. 561. HERTEN, GEMEENTE HERTEN (now GE­ MEENTE ROERMOND), LIMBURG. Oelerveld; River Maas. • 2 or more per Gemeente L. 15.1; w. 3.9 cm (one tip slightly damaged). Oval socket and mouth • 1 per Gemeente (formula: 3.1 x3.4; 2.85x3.2 cm). Loop )(-shaped (2xO.5 cm). On unlooped side, inverted arch-shaped rib. Inside the socket, on each face at its edge, a rib pattern /\. Casting seams present, but not prominent. Cutting edge sharp. Patina: dark bronze, tinny; black inside socket. Perfectly preserved. Grey sand in bottom of socket. Dredge find 1974. Museum: Ve nlo, Inv.No. L3260; ex col!. Peters. (DB 23 11) Map reference: Sheet 58D, c. 195.60/355.70. Refere/lce: Bloemers, 1977: p. 13, afb. 4: l.

CATNO. 562. GEMEENTE NTJMEGEN, GELDERLAND. L. 15.2; w. 4.2 cm. Round socket-mouth, somewhat damaged (for­ mula: 3.7x3.8; 3.1 x3.25 cm). Single shallow biconical collar, low loop (2.5xO.6/0.85 cm). Straight, sharp cutting edge. Some rough projections inside socket. Casting seams sharp. Patina: partly glossy dark green, partly lighter dull green, loss encrustation. Museum: RMO Leiden, mv. No. e. 1931/2.74, legacy collection Gildemeester. (DB 437)

Dating: None of the socketed axes of Type Geis­ tingen have been fo und with datable associations (except, very dubiously, the two examples from Ca­ berg, Cat.Nos 550-551); so we are left with typologi­ cal considerations, plus the metal analyses of a few Map 7. Socketed axes of Armorican types: find-spot attributions of the German specimens. Typologically, there is no by dea lers. 310 J.J. BUTLER & H. STEEGSTRA deposited, in incredible numbers, running into the sittere as unreliable and are therefore not listed 01' tens of thousands. Many are unfinished: the clay core mapped by himl); Wielockx, 1986(1): pp. 249-295; is often still inside, the cutting edge unsharpened, the (II): figs. Arm 1-36 and distribution map 6; (III): pp. casting seams not removed Ol' reduced. When anal­ 493-5 14 (ten find-spots with total of 26 examples, ysed they show a bronze with a very high propor­ including a hoard from Hoogstraten with a dozen tion of lead (examples are known of lead alone). They examples, smaller hoards from Luik and Tongeren, are regarded as votive objects, a kind of primitive but some uncertain provenances). 01' money ( ' un phenomene paleomonetaire' according For Brittany: Briard, 1965: pp. 24 1-282, with to Briard, 1995: pp. 190-1 91), though these concepts distribution maps of hoards figs 90-105; wider dis­ are not without their critics (e.g. recently Huth, 1997: tribution in France, fig. 106. Also Briard, 1995: pp. pp. 177-191). Few Al'ffiOrican socketed axes have 177-193; Briard, 2001: pp. 140-141, with further been found in association with other types of objects; references. in so far as they have occUlTed in datable hoards they For PicC/I'dy: Blanchet, 1984: pp. 378-381, fig. belong to the very end of the Bronze Age and the 212. beginning of the Iron Age. For Britain: O'CoilllOr, 1980: pp. 235-236; dis­ At least 26 Armorican socketed axes are pre­ tribution in British hom'ds map 77, list 228. For North served in museUlllS and private collections in the Britain: Schmidt and Burgess, 1981: pp. 248-249 (nine ex., most of uncertain approximate prov­ Netherlands (the actual number is probably lm'ger, 01' since we may have failed to record some examples), enance). but 17 of these - two thirds! - are with 'prove­ For middle West Gerll1any: Kibbert, 1984: pp. nance unknown': a most extraordinary percentage. 170- 175; 39 ex. are catalogued, but only five of these And of the eight with a claimed provenance, almost have an undoubted provenance; 16 ex. have an un­ all are dealer's provenances. Not one has been re­ certain or only a regional provenance attribution and corded as having been acquired from the actual the remaining 18 ex. are unprovenanced. finder. TI1US there was no demonstrable export of ArmOl'ican socketed axes to the Netherlands in anti­ 8.2. Catalogue of Armorican socketed axes quity; all examples present in the Netherlands are likely to have arrived by way of the modem antique 8.2.1. Ar/llorican, large, 110 neela'ib, with slightly II ( trade. sides 2 ex.; fig. 34) Parallels and literature: For Belgiull1: Desittere, CAT.NO. 563. PROVENANCE UNKNOWN. 1974: pp. 114-1 15, carte I, with selected list (three L. 12.25; w. 3.1 cm. Rectangular mouth opening (forI11ula: 2.9x3.9; times as many Armorican axes are regarded by De- 2x2.6 cm). Slightly biconical collar. Loop: 1.85xO.9 cm. Blowhole

564 565

Fig. 34. Armorican socketed axes, no neckrib. 563: no provenance; 564: Wessem? (drawing HS); 565: Batenburg, Ge (dealer's pro v­ enance). Bronze Age metal and all/bel' in the Ne therlands (111 :2) 311 or damage beside loop. Casting seams not worked away. Corroded. Valkhof, Inv.No. xxx.d.44. Ex eoll.Kam. (DB 1540) Edge battereel. Private possession. (DB 1747) CATNO. 568. BEUGEN, GEMEENTE BOXMEER, NOORD­ CAT.NO. 564. NEAR WESSEM, GEMEENTE WESSEM, BRABANT (dealer's provenance). LTMBURG? L. 7.5; w. 2.5 cm. Moutb fo rmula: 1.75x2.25; 1.25x 1.75 cm. Loop: L. 12.5; w. 3.3 cm. Rectangular mouth opening (formula: 3.35x3.8; 1.55xO.5 cm. 'Found in a gravet layer'. Patina: glossy dark green. 2.25x2.7 cm). Slightly biconical collar (anciently damaged in one Museum: Enschede, Tnv.No. 1078 (old No. 500-230); ex coll. Ter eorner). Loop: 2.1 xO. 7 cin. Casting seams prominent. Cutting edge Kuile. Purchased 1906 by Ter Kuile fr om the antique dealer sharpened. Patina: Illottled greenlblack. We ll preserved. Museum: Grandjean at Nijmegen. (DB 1053) Ve nlo, Limburgs Museum, Inv.No. L606 1, ex eoll. Niessen. Said to be fo und in Cuyk in Maas gravels from the surroundings ofWessem. (DB 2439) 8.2.3. A/'lIlorican, large, with thin neelo'ib and slightly /\ olltline (AXT:armJ\Nr» (17 ex.; CATNO. 565. BATENBURG, GEMEENTE WIlCHEN, GELDER­ fig. 36a-c) LAND (dealer's provenanee). L. 13.0; w. 3.4 cm. Reetangular mouth opening (fonnula: 3.2x3.8; CATNO. 569. OVERASSELT, GEMEENTE OVERASSELT (now 1.8x2.3 cm). Pronounced collar, from which springs D rib­ GEMEENTE HEUMEN, GELDERLAND) (dealer's proyenanee). <_> bon loop (1.7xO.8 cm). Neal'ly parallel sides; rectangular cross­ L, 1 2.9;. w. 3.6 cm. Mouth formula: 3.lx3.9; 2.3x2.8 cm. Promi­ section; straight cutting edge, sharpened. Prominent casting seams. nent collar + single thin neckrib (not on loop-side). Band <_> Patina: dark green. Ve ry well preserved. Purchased from antique loop (2.1x 1.0 cm). Prominent casting seams. Straight cutting edge; dealer IN.E. Esser togetber with other objects as 'from surround­ neyer sharpened. Patina: dark green. Very well preserved. Museum: ings ofNijmegen', but later (in 1950, according to a marginal note RMO Leiden, InY.No. e. 1 95011 0.2; purchased from antique dealer in the RMO inventory book signed L. Appelboom) fo und to con­ IN.E. Esser. (DB 532) tain in the socket a paper giving the find-spot as 'Batenburg'. Mu­ seum: RMO Leiden, Inv.No. e. 1948/8.1. (DB SIS) CATNO. 570. PROVENANCE UNKNOWN. L, 12.3; w. 3.7 cm. We ight 314.7 gr. Mouth fo rmula: 3.2x4.0; Note: see also Cat.No. 576. Cat.No. 565 is very simi­ 2.0x2.2 cm. Prominent casting seams. Band loop (2.0x 1.0 cm). lar to Cat.No. 569 (but has one neckrib). Neyer sharpened; the 'cutting edge' is 0.7 cm thick. Patina mottled green. Museum: Nijmegen, Museum Het Va lkllOf, [nv.No. xxx.d.42. Ex coll.Kam. (DB 1539) 8.2.2. Annorican, smal! with l neelo'ib and slightly /\ outline (AXT:armJ\Nr<) (3 ex.; fig. 35) CAT NO. 571. PROVENANCE UNKNOWN. L. 13.3; w. 3.45 cm. Rectangular mouth (formula: 3.3x4.0; 2.4x2.6 CATNO. 566. NO PROVENANCE. cm). Strong collar, with large stumps ofthree (ofthe original <_> L. 7.5; w. 2.6 cm. Weight 81.4 gr. Mouth fo rmula: 1.85x2.25; four) casting runners. Neckrib not on loop-side. Band loop (1.9xO.9 1.2x 1.5 cm. Loop: 1.3xO.6 cm. Prominent casting seams; never cm). Faces slightly conyex. Cutting edge neyer sharpened. sharpened. Patina: mottled green. Museum: Museum Het ValkllOf, Blowholes on both fa ces. Casting seams sharp. Patina: originally Tnv.No. xxx.d.45. Ex coll. Kam. (DB 1541) black; mostly peeled off, silOwing mottled green; othenvise well preserved. Loamy encrustation. Museum: 's-Hertogenbosch, Inv.No. CATNO. 567. PROVENANCE UNKNOWN. 8562. (DB 267) lo7.7; w. 2.5 cm. We ight 72.5 gr. Mouth fo rmula: 1.75x2.3; I.lx 1.4 The museum fiche attributes the find-spot to Bergeijk, with ref­ cm. Loop: 1.45xO.5 cm. Prominent casting seams; never sharpened. erence to a letter fr om P.N. Panken to C.R. Hermans, dated 6 0cto­ Patina: mottled green/black. Museum: Nijmegen, MusellIn Het ber 1846, but Panken didn't ment ion any find-spot in this letter:

566 567 •

Fig. 35. Armorican socketed axes, one neekrib, small size. 566-567: no provenance (drawings HS); 568: Beugen, N-B (dealer's prov­ enance). 312 J.J. BUTLER & H. STEEGSTRA

570 571 go 00

572 573 574 o Fig. 36a. Armorican socketed axes, one neckrib, medium size. 569: Overasselt, Ge (dealer's provenance); 570-573: provenance unknown; 574: De Duno, Ge (dealer' s provenance) (570, 572-574: drawings HS) (see also ligs 36b, c). Bronze Age metal and amber in the Ne therlands (111:2) 313

575 576 577

� "'%. z % 0 0 oP �, j D o I-0oI

579 o o 0 0 Fig. 36b. 575: De Duno, Ge (dealer' s provenance); 576: SI. Joost, Li (dealer' s provenance); 577-580: no provenance (575, 577: drawings HS) (see also figs 36a, c). 314 J.J. BUTLER & H. STEEGSTRA

•

, I

581 582 o O o-o

i I

\ \ � I )l ' 584 583

Fig. 36c. 581-584: provenance unknown (581: drawing HS, 583: sketch JJB) (se e also figs 36a, b).

"Hooggeleerde Heer ell Wa arde Vrielld. Hiemevells het bedoelde CAT.NO. 572. PROVENANCE UNKNOWN.

metaielI \\lerktllig. Bij de olltdekkillg \\las het zoodmlig illge.... • dat L. 13.1; w. 3.75 cm. Rectangular mouth (formula: 2.75x3.8; J .8x2.6 het toell sc/,eell geheel groelI gevonlld te Zijll. Om beter de stof te cm). Prominent collar, with traces of four jets, from which springs kIllIIIelI ollderscheidell is er op 2 piaatselI. gelijk te ziell is. de korst loop (recently broken off) : 1.6xc. 0.7 cm. Single neckrib, on faces

\liat afgeveild ....." . only. Trapeze shape, rectangular section. Blowhole on one side. Docllmelltatioll: letter P.N. Panken (Westerhoven) to C.R. Hermans Castillg seams prominent. No core. Patina: mottled green. Slight Cs-Hertogenbosch), 6 October 1846. Dossier signature: KHS A2 traces of dark glossy green surface. Some brown loamy deposit (in 'Kostbare Halldschriftell' in Bibliotheek Katholieke Universiteit inside. Museum: Enschede, Inv.No. 1978-33 (old No. E44), via Brabant, Tilburg). antique dealer Tielkens, Delden. (DB 2404) Bronze Age metal and amber in the Netlierlands (III: 2) 315

CAT.NO. 573. PROVENANCE UNKNOWN. looped side). Loop: 1.8xO.8 cm. Casting seams present (also on L. 13.3; w. 3.2 cm. Rectangular mouth opening; prominent single unsharped cutting eclge). Blowhole near cutting edge on one fa ce. mouth-moulding (formula: 2.8x3.8; 1.95x2.75 cm), from which Patina: mottleclgreen, part blackish; some ruhbed-off spots show­ springs D loop ( 1.6xO.6 cm), somewhat thilUledby cOlTosion. Single ing golden bronze (similar to Ve rleur series). Museum: Nijmegen, neck moulding on faces only. Trapeze outline, rectangular section. Museum Het Va lkhof, Inv.No. 28. 1 .28(3). (DB 1579) Casting seams prominent. Has been sharpened (anciently). In the socket, jammed in, a fragment of plate bronze, exact fo rm not vis­ CAT.NO. 578. PROVENANCE UNKNOWN. ible. Patina: mottled greeil; surviving traces of smooth surface. L. 13.1; w. 3. 15 cm. We ight 190.7 gr. Mouth formula: 2. 75x3. 7; Mostly now dul\. Some brown loamy deposit inside socket. Mu­ 1.8x2.7 cm. collar, with jet shlmps front and back; below <_> seum: Enschede, Inv.No. 1034. 1 (old No. 600- 103 in red ink). (DB moulding single rib, on faces only. D loop (1.95xO.55 cm). Body 2341) with mildly II outline, rectangular section. Casting seams present. Cutting edge with (modem) abrasion; also abraded along one edge. CAT.NO. 574. DE DUN O, GEMEENTE DOORWERTH, GELDER­ Patina: mottled green, part blackish. Museum: Nijmegen, Museum LAND? Het Va lkllOf, Inv.No. 6.8.3 l .1. Purchased (along with Cat.Nos 579 L. 12.95; w. 3.65 cm. Rectangular mouth (formula: 3.2x4.0; 2.2x2.8 and 580) from A. Ve rleur (Nijmegen). (DB 1565) cm). Prominent collar, from base of which springs D-shaped band loop (1.9x 1.0 cm). Single neckrib on fa ces only. Trapeze outline, CAT.NO. 579. PROVENANCE UNKNOWN. rectangular section. Cutting edge anciently sharpened. Casting L. 12.8; w. 3.5 cm. We ight 159.9 gr. Mouth fo rmula: 2.6x3.7; semns prominent. Blowhole under neckrib on reverse face, near 2.3x3.2 cm. Biconical collar, single thin rib on fa ces only. D loop edge. Patina: mottled green, surface rough. Some brown loamy (I.75xO.8 cm). Body with rectangular section. Casting seams present deposit inside. Museum: Enschede, Inv.No. 1034.2 (old No. 600- (also on unsharpened cutting edge). Two blowholes on non-Iooped 104 in red ink), ex coll. Van Deelen. Card inside socket: 'Duno side. Comparatively thin-walled. Patina: mottled green, part black­ near Arnhem' in blue ink. (DB 2342) ish; powdery green c1eposit,especiaIly inside socket. We ll preserved. Museum: Nijmegen, Museum Het Va lkllOf, Inv.No. 6.8.3 1.2. Pur­ CAT.NO. 575. DE DUN O, GEMEENTE DOORWERTH, GELDER­ chased (along with Cat.Nos 578 and 580) from A. Verleur LAND? (Nijmegen). (DB 1566) L. 12.35; w. 2.8 cm. Rectangular mouth; single mouth moulding (fonnula: 3.0x3.8; 2.3x2.5 cm), with one strongly projecting jet CAT.NO. 580. PROVENANCE UNKNOWN. attaclunent. One neckrib, from which springs D-shaped band loop L. 11.8; w. 3.1 cm. We ight 162.2 gr. Mouth fo rmula: 2.55x3.9; (1.5x1.0 cm). Casting seams mostly removed. Blade unsharpened. 1.9x2.9 cm. Biconical collar (partly broken away), below which Patina: mottled green; no co re, but traces of burnt clay in socket. single thin rib on fa ces only. Casting seams present. Cutting edge Surface dull, rough. Cutting edge corners have slight moderndam­ not sharpenecl. Elongated blowhole on non-Ioopecl side. Patina: age. Museum: Enschede, lnv.No. 1034.3 (old No. 500-237), ex col\. mottled green. Museum: Nijmegen, Museum Het Va lkllOf, Inv.No. Ter Kuile. (DB 2343) 6.8.3 1.3. Purchased (along with Cat.Nos 578 and 579) from A. Ve rleur (Nijmegen). (DB 1567) Note: Cat.Nos 574 and 575 were, according to Dr A.D. Verlinde (museum Enschede), almost certainly Note: Cat.Nos 578-580: purchased together from purchased by the collectors concernedfr om a dealer, dealer A. Verleur; very similar in patina, and possi­ although this is not explicitly so stated in the records. bly (part of?) a hoard. Cat.No. 577 may, to judge by The Duno is a well known early-historic fortified hill its similar patina, belong to the same fi nd. site overlooking the Rhine, not otherwise l

528 o�I O Fig. 20. Plainseau socketed axes with 2 neckribs and arch fa cet on fa ce. 528: Swalmen, Li; 529: Bladel, N-B.

Documelllalioll: letter Lt. Col. Jonkh. Va n der Brugghen van Croy G.J. Olst of Ressen (on loan in musellIn Harderwijk). (DB 39) to C.R. Hermans (Noord-Brabants Museum), 4 December 18?? Map referellce: Sheet 40C, c. 186/427. (dossier KHS A2 in Bibliotheek Katholieke Universiteit Brabant, Referellce: Butler, 1963: p. 85( 15). unit ' Koslbare halldschriftell'). In the first paragraph, the writer suggests an appointment with Hennans to discuss two bronze ob­ CAT.NO. 527. KESSELEIK, GEMEENTE KESSEL, LIMBURG. jects ofuncertain use (presumably two axes, or one axe and the one L. (9) cm; w. (3.3) cm. Round mouth opening (formula: 3.7x3.8; gouge) which he intends to present to the Society for Arts and Sci­ 2.8x2.8 cm). ( ) collar, 2 small neckribs; whereunder ribbed _ ences in Den Bosch (" Voomemells zijllde Iwee brolIzell sllijdellde 'wings' and a pellet between the 'wings'; under the 'wings' a hori­ illslmmelllell wier gebmik mij ed/ler ollbekelld is, ell welke deze zontal bar; Body concave, rounded sides; low loop (2.3xO.9 cm). zomer ill mijlle buurl ill hel maer gevolldell Zijll aall hel Gelloolschap Patina: glossy dark green, where damaged powdery light green. vall KUllslell ell We lellschappell aall le biedeII, lIeme ik de vrijheid On non-loop side craquele under the collar. Private possession. (DB Uwe ...... le dielleillde belel le vragel/ legelI 9 urell ill de morgell"). 1819) Presumably he then presented the second axe to the Leiden mu­ Map referellce: Sheet 58B, c. 199/365. seum. Referellce: Hermans, 1865: p. 96, PI. XX:2. 5.2.4. Plainseau axes with arch fa cets on fa ces CAT.NO. 525. BORGHAREN, GEfllfEENTE MAASTRICHT, (AXT:pls.A) (2 ex.; fig. 20) LIMBURG. L. 11.45; w. 4.6 cm. Oval mouth (formula: 3.85x4.05; 2.75x3.05 CAT.NO. 528. SWALMEN, GEMEENTE SWALMEN, LLMBURG. cm). ( ) collar 2 neckribs, from which springs D-shaped ribbon L. 11.9; w. 4.6 cm. Round to subrectangular mouth opening (for­ _ + loop (2.35xO.9 cm). Ribbed semi-'wings' depend from the lower mula: 3.7x3.8; 2.9x2.7 cm). 'Western'collar; D loop (2.3xO.8 cm); horizontal thin rib. Outline ogival. Slight arch-shaped moulding on subrectangular section at neck; slight plastic arch-facet fo rming face; non-loop side. Patina: dark bronze; patches of black. Museum: pellet below collar; place of2 runners plain (front-back). Thin cast­ Maastricht, Inv.No. 222. (DB 213) ing seams. Patina: mottled (black, brownish, reddish, bronze; has Map referellce: Sheet 61 F, c. 176/320. been scrubbed). Blackish inside. Museum: Asselt, Lnv.No. 20 l. (DB Referellce: Wielockx, 1986: Cat.No. HU.7. 1163) Map referellce: Sheet 58D, 198/360. CAT.NO. 526. NEAR NUMEGEN, GELDERLAND. Referellce: Wielockx, 1986: Cat.No. HU.I 06. L. 12.2; w. 4.0 cm. Round to subrectangular mouth openillg (for­ mula: 3.7x4; 3x2.85 cm). ( ) collar 2 neckribs; low loop CAT.NO. 529. BLADEL, GEMEENTE BLADEL, NOORD­ _ + (2.3x 1.1/055/0.8 cm, irregular hourglass outline); ribbed 'wings' BRABANT. De 'Pals'. + pellet; under 'wings' a horizontal bar. Body with )( outline, rectan­ L. 12.4; w. 4.2; th. 3.85 cm. ( ) collar (formula: 3.5x3.8;2.6x2.45 _ gular cross-section. Prominent casting seam, which passe d eccen­ cm) and 2 ribs; low loop (2.2xO.7 cm); arch fa cets on face; hori­ trically through the loop. Patina: dark brown (peeled offin places). zontal ribs on sides (two on loop-side, 3 on other side, on one of the Museum: Museum Het Va lkhof, Lnv.No. GAS 1958-9-30, ex coll. halves; absent on the other halt); blade sharpened, but somewhat Bronze Age metal and amber in the Netherfands (111:2) 291

blunted; socket rectanglllar (inside and outside); section rectangu­ 5.2.5. Plainseau axes: regional variants lar below, oval above. Traces of fom rurrners. Patina: black (partly removed by mecllanical 'cleaning'). Found 195111952 while clean­ a) Plainseau variant with single neela'ib, 'jait win­ ing the Grote Beerze (a small streall1). Private possession. (DB 1702) dow ' rib pattern (AXT:plsjail) (1 ex.; fig. 21) Mop reference: Sheet 57A, 143.875/370.965. DoclIlllelllalion: letter G. Beex to ROB, 15 April 1965. CAT.NO. 530. 'NOORD-BRABANT' (no further provenance). Refe rellces: Beex, 1965: pp. 61, 69, afb. 3. L. 12.35; w. 4.25 cm. Round 1l10uth opening (formula: 3.1x3.1; 2.6x2.6 cm). ( ) collar and rib; low loop (2.2xO.75 cm); body of _ Parallel: Belgium: 1 ex. fr om the Lutlommel hoard, rectangular cross-section; lIpper part face ornamented with verti­ with pellet above the facial arch (Van Impe, 1995/ cal ribs, closed with a single horizontal rib; over the central rib is a 1996: p. 14, No. 39). Present locus unknown. Two pellet. Straight grinding line. Prominent casting seams. Upper part arch-faceted examples are present in the Amiens-Ie damaged. Edge battered (recent damage). Patina: dark glossy green; surface here and there damaged. Museum: Tilburg, lnv.No. 322, ex Plainseau hoard (AM 135, AM 137; the latter with col!. 1. Lall\vers of Esbeek. (DB 2048) plastic 'wings'). Three arch-faceted Plainseau axes, with single neckrib, are present in the Maaseik-Hep­ In view of the indefinite provenance, it is conceiv­ peneert hom-d, on the Belgian side of the Maas; a ab le that this axe is really a stray from the Hoog­ fourth axe attributed by Van Impe to the hoard (his straten or Antwerpen-Kattendijkdok hoards, but this fig. 19b), but fo und em'lier, is similar. Related ex­ cannot be proven. amples include one in the Basland hoard, Jutland, Parallels: Plainseau socketed axes decora ted with the Denmark (below, fig. 30b), one in the Jm'din des 'jail window' pattern are best known from the Bel­ Plantes hom'ds, Nantes, Loire-Atlantique, France (In­ gian hom'ds from Hoogstraten, provo Antwerpen (very ventaria Arch. F.157; Huth, 1997: Taf. 57-68, esp. close to the Netherlands border), with nine examples Taf. 65:1), one in the W:nat hoard (Coffyn, Gomez (Warmenbol, 1991), and Antwerpen-Kattendijkdok & Mohen, 1981: PI. 20: 8 with three neckribs and with two examples; the latter found with a half-dozen three horizontal ribs on each side). other Plainseau axes (Warmenbol, 1987a). A single A socketed axe in the Trieu des Cannes hoard, example is present in the Amiens-le Plainseau hoard Jemeppe-sur-Sambre, Namur, with single neckrib and (Blanchet, 1984: p. 283, fig. 156:40; O'COIllior, 1980: )( rib 'wings', has a pointed-arch, rather 'Gothic' fig. 56: 14). No further examples with the 'jail win­ facet on each face. dow' pattern seem to be known; we seem to have

Fig. 21. Plainseau socketed axe with 2 neckribs and 'jail window' Fig. 22. Plainseau socketed axe with 2 neckribs: 'Forlll Hollell '. ornament. 530: 'Noord-Brabant'. 531: Belfeld, Li. 292 J.J. BUTLER & H. STEEGSTRA to do with a local variant, perhaps produced in the 6. SOCKETED AXES OF 'FORM HELMER OTH' Schelde area. (18 ex.; figs 23-32; map 5) b) P/ainseau derivative {'Form Hol/en ' (Kibbert, 6.1. Definitions and dating 1984: pp. 149-150)) (AXT:hol) (1 ex.; fig. 22) The 'Form Helll1eroth ' was first distinguished and defined by Kibbett (1984: pp. 139-141). He lists 17 This extravagant variant of the Plainseau type is examples in middle West Germany (his Nos 655- characterized by a somewhat elaborated version of 671). He subdivides them into a Variante Bottrop, the Rippen/appen motif: a pattern composed of two with ten examples (K.655-664) and a Va riante or three concentric ribs which, viewed from the fa ce Kirchhoven, with five examples (K.665-669), plus shows as doubled rib 'wings', and seen from the side two nahestehende (K.670-671) which he also des­ as concentric U's. ignates as an Untervariante Eschwege. His distribu­ The only example in the Netherlands is the long, tion map (his Taf. 88D) shows a wide scatter across handsome, richly decorated axe from Belfeld, Lim­ his middle West Germany area. In body fo rm the burg. With a length of 14.7 cm it is among the longest Helmeroth axes are slender, and usually with slightly of our socketed axes. It seems to combine elements )( outline. The mouth opening is circular. On almost of the Plainseau type (of which it is an extravagant all specimens the collar is truncated-cone-shaped; version), together with fe atures of the Form He/me­ from it, or from its base (not from an underlying roth (especially the horizontal fulTOWS on the collar necluib, as with the Plainseau axes), springs a large, and the vertical furrows on the fa ces) as well as with usually flattened-D loop, usually of ribbon cross­ the rib-'wing' tradition. section, sometimes of ][ or )( outline. The loop may be 3 to 4 cm in length (tims larger than the loop cha­ CAT.NO. 531. BELFELD, GEMEENTE BELFELD (now GE­ MEENTE VENLO), LIMBURG. racteristic fo r Plainseau axes), but is not angular (as L. 14.5; w. 5.1 cm. Oval socket; mouth fo rmula: 4.0x3.8; 2.7x2.7 are often the loops of comparably exaggerated size cm. Slightly biconical collar, ornamented with vertical hammer­ of the Hunze-Ems group in the Notth). faceting, from the base of which springs D loop with oval section Besides similarity in body fo rm, Kibbett consid­ (2.4xO.9 cm); single thin neckrib; long body \Vith )( outline; ers the presence of vertical fu rrow ornament as a subrectangular section, with slightly convex faces and sides. On prime characteristic of the type in all three of its neck wrap-around 'wings' consisting ofthree concentric ribs, join­ variants. AChlally, parallel furrow ornament is pre­ ing so as to fo rm concentric rings on sides; pellet between 'wings'. sent on some Early and Middle Bronze Age axes Ve rtical fl uting an faces and sides. Cutting edge \V ith ancient (ineluding some British-Irish Early Bronze Age (patinated) battering. Patina: dark glossy green; part ofpatina peeled axes), on decorated flanged stopridge axes of Type off, there light dusty green. Museum: Maastricht, Tnv.No. 2434 LI (since 1961 an loan from private owner). (DB 229) Plaisir, including two examples in the Netherlands Map reference: Sheet 58E, c. 206/369. (Butler, 1987: p. 12, fig. 3; Nos l and 4, = Butler, 1997: pp. 228-230, Cat.Nos 156-157), even some Reference: Wielockx, 1986: Cat.No. Hu. 1 29. 011 winged axes (examples illustrated by Kibbert: K.85, Paral/e/s and distribution: Related are two axes (K. 144, 145, 177, 360, 377, 399, 417, 477, 506), and 720, 72 1), listed by l

A noteworthy negative fe ature ofthe Helmeroth axes, from Roermond would produce a Helmeroth sock­ both in West Germany and in the Netherlands, is the eted axe with faint rather elongated semi-'wings', and absence of nechibs. Nechibs are also absent from a pellet between them; its flattened-Dloop is 3.5 cm the southern Types Niedermaas and Geistingen; yet long. they do also occur on axes in the nOlth of the Neth­ Cat.No. 547, with unknown provenance, has a erlands that may have various other features in com­ pellet 'wings' connected by a bar like this: ) - ( ; also mon with the Helmeroth axes. arch facets, and a slight midridge on the blade, a half­ In the Netherlands only two socketed axes are pellet under the horizontal-furrowed collar. present that can be assigned to Kibbert's Helmeroth­ Cat.No. 545, from the Old Maas, Limburg, has Va l'. Bottrop; both are atypical specimens. Cat.No. ][-shaped 'wings' and vague arch facets (cf. the Bas­ 544, from Diergaarde, Neth. Limburg, has an idio­ land hoard). syncratic body shape. Cat.No. 547, with various ex­ Cat.No. 544, from Diergaarde, Limburg, has a ceptional fe atures, is without recorded provenance; trapeze-shaped lower part of the blade. It is not its tme find-spot could have been on either side of difficult to identify the source of most of the devi­ the modernNetherlands-German border. Most of the ant features on these Helmeroth-related specimens: Helmeroth axes in the Netherlands may however be they are apparently borrowings from the ornament assigned to Kibbert's ForlII Helmeroth- Val'. Kirch­ repertoire of the Plainseau axes. The trapeze blade hoven. Two examples, Cat.Nos 538 and 539, are from of Cat.No. 544 may have been influencedby the axes a probable hoard, considering that they are from the of Type Sompting, such as have occasionally been same find-spot (Peij, Limburg) and have identical found in the area; K.661, with rib-and-pellet orna­ patina. Similar examples are Cat.No. 543 (with pel­ ment on one face, may aiso reflect Sompting influ­ let) from Maasbracht, Limburg, and Cat.No. 540 ence. from Meerlo, Limburg. Very similar in form, but An extraordinary specimen is Cat.No. 548, from without furrow or other ornament, are Cat.No. 532, Vlodrop, Limburg. Its horizontally furrowed collar from the river Waal at Winsseling, gem . Nijmegen, relates it to K.667 in the Ockstadt hoard. The pair and Cat.No. 533, from the probable hoard aiready of pellets below the collar relates it to some axes of mentioned from Peij, Limburg. the Plainseau family. Its vertical furrowing covers the Kibbelt lists no Helmerotll axes without ornamen­ sides, and on its face fo rms a drapery pattern. Cf. also tation. Actually he illustrates one (K.654, from the K.678 from 'K61n' (placed by Kibbert in his Lappen­ hoard of Ockstadt, Wetterauheis, Hessen) that can zier Gruppe A), which is clearly closely related to be considered a good example of an undecorated our Cat.No. 548. Helmeroth-Kirchhoven axe, but he oddly places it Unusual also is Cat.No. 544, from Diergaarde, angeschlossen by his (in any case minimal and het­ ge1l1eente Echt, Limburg. Its upper part is typically erogeneous) Form Løvskal-Bargeroosterveld, where Helmeroth, with vertical fluting on the collar and it seem rather mismatched. In the Netherlands we can face, and a large ribbon loop with )( outline. The recognize two examples (Cat.No. 532, from Wins­ lower part of the blade is, however, trapeze-shaped seling, gem . Nijmegen, Gelderland, and Cat.No. 533, in outline: a fe ature not otherwise fo und in the Hel­ from the presumed hoard from Peij , Limburg, prob­ meroth family, but which recalls the trapeze-shaped ably fo und with two Helmeroth axes of similar form blade of the axes of the Sompting fa mily. with vertical furrow ornament) that can surely be The Helmeroth-Kirkhoven axe from the Elzener­ accepted as unornamented Helmeroth-Kirchhoven veen hoard (Cat.No. 536) has, however, J-tips, like axes. the two Helmeroth-Eschwege axes K.670-671. Cat.No. 546, with unknown provenance, is a typi­ A few specimens in the Netherlands combine pre­ cal Helmeroth-Kirchoven axe, but has on the face dominantly Helmeroth fe atures with elements not semi-'wings' in relief, which relates it to the Plain­ seau axe without nechibs but with 'wings' Cat.No. typical for the Helmeroth canon: The probable Helmeroth axe (broken; the top is 501 (q.v.), and to some other Plainseau axes. The small group of Netherlands socketed axes: Cat.Nos missing) Cat.No. 535, with the approximate location 538 and 539 (Peij) (facial furrows, hoard?), Cat.No. 'Meierij van 's-Hertogenbosch', has a pellet. 543 ('Maasbrachterbroek') (facial fU lTows, pellet on Cat.No. 534, from Wijk bij Duurstede, Gelder­ face), Cat.No.540 (Swolgen) (facial and side furrows) Iand, has a pellet with a sort of garland around it; are closely related to Kibbert's K.660-669. Another similar to if somewhat simpier than the unprove­ specimen, Cat.No. 544 from Contine near Diergaarde, nanced K.720. gem. Echt (with facial furrows, furrows on collar"), Cat.No. 543, from Maasbracht, Limburg, has a pel­ is evidently closely related to these, but differs in let as well as vertical furrow ornament. having an unusual trapeze-shaped blade palt of the Cat.No. 546, with unknown provenance, has body. But the form of the upper part, the facial arch­ semi-'wings' . facet and fluted surface ornament clearly show its The bronze half of a casting mouid, Cat.No. 549, relationship to Kibbert's Helmeroth-Bottrop series. 294 J.J. BUTLER & H. STEEGSTRA

Evidently closely related to the Helmeroth axes in West Germany and the Netherlands, but especially • l ex. perGemeente c10se to the Netherlands examples Cat.No. 545, from • 2 or more per Gemeente Ohe en Laak, Limburg, and Cat.No. 537, from Ste­ c;:::P'� vensweert, Limburg, are three of the fom socketed ,f axes in a Danish hoard, fo und at BasJand, Randers O Amt in Jutland (fig. 30b: Nos 2-4; Broholm, 1946 (III): p. 202, M.89; Jacob-Friesen, 1967: No. 522,

Taf. 169; Thrane, 1967 (= In ventaria Arch., DK. 5); Kibbert, 1984: pp. 71, 141). Body form, mouth mouldings and loop are quite similar to what is found on some of the Helmeroth axes. The vertical furrows below the collar are also very similar, though in the case of the Basland specimens the furrows separate what look Iike 'wings' with a ][ shape (in one case semi-'wings' of this shape), rather like Kibbert's unprovenanced specimen No. 661. Kibbert assigns these three Basland axes to his Form Helmeroth-Var. Bottrop, with some reserva­ tion (due to the none too accurate character of the previously published drawings; those on our fig. 30b, drawn from the originals in 2000, are of guaranteed better quality). But closest to the Basland specimens, despite some variations in detail, are om Cat.No. 545, from the Old Maas at Ohe en Laak and Cat.No. 537 from Stevensweeli, both in Neth. Limburg, and a fe w Map 5. Socketed axes of Form Helmerotli in the Netherlands. specimens in Belgium. These inc1ude Thon-Samson (Warmenbol, 1987b: fig. 9), Namur-Salzinnes (War­ menbol, 1987b: fi g. 8) and Mohiville-Scoville (War­ menbol, 1987b: fi g. 6) in the province Namur, and HOGl'ds and dating: Socketed axes of the Form Hel­ Schoonaarde and Nineve in Oost-Vlaanderen. Sev­ lI1eroth occur in a number of hoat'ds and possibie eral of the socketed axes from the ca ve of Han-sur­ hoards: Lesse are at least c10sely related. In the Netherlands, the bog hoard of Elsenerveen, Also to be grouped with Helmeroth axes of this Overijssel, contains the Helmeroth axe Cat.No. 536. variety is the bronze half-mould for a socketed axe Associated with it were two other socketed axes: a attributed to Roermond, Neth. Limburg (Cat.No. 549), 'Hunze-Ems' socketed axe with fa cial arches, 'wings' aiready mentioned above. lts 'Belgian Helmeroth' with furrow ornament on the fa ces and sides, two characteristics are present, even slightly exaggerated; neckribs, a pellet, and large angular loop (DB 495); it has also a pellet and long fa int semi-'wings'. A and a looped socketed axe with fo ur neckribs and a reasonable parallel (but minus the pellet) is in the drum-shaped swelling belonging to the Ty p Seddin­ German hoard ofKattenbLihl, in the Weser area (Prus­ Va r. Karbol'v type (DB 498; Kibbert, 1984: K.n7, sing, 1982: Taf. 29: 16). pp. 151-153, with futiher references) and a Central Dish'ibution: Almost all the Netherlands Helme­ European Urnfield socketed axe of typical HaB3 roth axes are from the Maas valley in Netherlands form (cf. PrLissing, 1982: pp. 142-148). Another Limburg. Together with two of Kibbert's specimens hoard from the same vicinity, though not a bog find on the German side of the modern border they form (Butler, 1965: pp. 175, 179, fig. 12; Verlinde, 1980: a small Maas-Roer find-group. Similar minor groups p. 24, Depot V), consisting of omega bracelets and are discernibie in the Rhine-Lippe area, the Rhine­ twisted and untwisted wire ornaments, contained also Main area, and even along the Weser in Hessen. a fragment of a socketed axe with vertical fu rrow The exception is Cat.No. 536, and is from the ornamenton the sides; thus possibly a Helmeroth axe, hoard of Elsenerveen, Overijssel; it has J-blade tips, though perhaps a Hunze-Ems axe as suggested in which are matched on the two specimens ofKibbert's 1965. For western Germany, Kibbert cites a variety Un tervar. Eschwege (K.670-671.) Two of Kibbert's of hoat'ds containing Helmeroth axes, inc1uding: specimens are from Westphalia (his Nos 668 (Mer­ Frankfurt-Grindbrunnen (K.664); Frankfurt-Stadt­ fe ld) and 669 (Hunxe» , and thus form a reasonably wald (K.659); Kattenbuhl, Kr. Hann. Munden (PrLis­ good geographical grouping, though the few other sing, 1982: Taf. 29); Ockstadt, Kr. Stadt Friedberg, specimens are rather farther afield (cf. Kibbert's Wetteraukreis, Hessen (K.654); Konz, Kr. Saat"burg­ distribution map, his Taf. 88D) Trier, Rheinland-Pfalz (K.Taf. 93D). All these hoat'ds Bronze Age meta/ and amber in tlle Nether/ands (111:2) 295

, i �j 533 , 532

., \ . " .- � . � -- O/ " �····· o O' , :::--.... ) O Fig. 23. Socketed axes of FOI'III He/lllerol/1. 532: Winsseling, Ge; 533: Pepinusbrug, Li. are assigned to the South German Stufe Wa llstadt attributed to Stevensweert, Limburg (but a dealeJ" s (spiite Urnenfe/derzeit/Ha B2-B3/South Scalldina­ provenance) is similar in fo rm to Kibbert's Helme­ vian-North German Period V). roth axes; its fa int facial arch-facets relate it to Kib­ In Denmark, there is the hoard of Bas/and bert's Va l'. Bottrop , but the vertical furrow on the ('0rum-Basland' in Kibbert, 1984: pp. 71-73, 141), face is a fe ature also occurring on some of Kibbert' s Randers Amt, Jutland, Denmark (Danish National Va l'. Bottrop and one of Va l'. Kil'chhoven, and (par­ Museum, B. 9791-9800), cited above. It contains ticularly close) the three specimens in the Danish three examples (Inventaria B.9792-9794) already re­ Basland hoard. garded by Kibbelt as possibly Helmeroth axes; we have above suggested describing them provisiollally as belonging to a Helmeroth Variant Namur-Basland. 6.2. Catalogue of socketed axes of FOI'II1 He /meroth AIso in the hoard are a fO Ulth socketed axe (fig. 30b: l), a winged axe assigned by Kibbert to his a) FOI'II1 He/lI1el'oth, p/ain (AXT:helm.P) (2 ex.; fig. 'Fol'lI1 Hillesheim, Va l'. Linz/Øl'ulI1 ), three spear­ 23) ' head s, a sickle, a fragment of a sword blade. The fO Ulth socketed axe in the Basland hoard (fig. 30b: l) CAT NO. 532. WINSSELING, GEMEENTE NIJMEGEN, GEL­ DERLAND. River Waal. is of a different type: unusually large; fa cial arch L. 11.7; 4.25 cm. Subrectangular mouth opening (forl11ula: facet of exaggerated size; enlarged D loop; narrow IV. 3.65x3.75; 2.8x2.6 cm). collar,just below ofthe base ofwhich <_> biconical collar with two neckribs. It is more or less is a fa irly large D band loop (2.9xO.9 cm). Body with )( outline, comparable with Kibbert's No. 653 from Haltern­ subrectangular cross-section. Casting seams prominent; jet stumps Lavesum (which he places in his small but hetero­ top & bottom. Patina: dark brown. Ve rtical split through moulding geneousfriihe Va l'. Løvska/ nahestehend group). The and part of one face. Split in side. Found 1893 while dredging. dating of this hom'd is unclear: Northern Period IV Museum: Nijmegen, lnv.No. AC 17 (old No. E III No. lOa). (DB according to Broholm (1946(III): p. 202, M 89); 1486) Period V according to Sprockhoff (1956(1): p. 94, Map reference: Sheet 40C,1 86.75/429.25. note 8) and Tackenberg (1971: p. 77), whereas Reference: Ja arvers/ag 1893: p. 4, lU, No. lOa; catalogues: Abeleven Bijleveld, 1895; Felix, 1945: pp. 179, 228. Thrane (1967) and Jacob-Friesen (1967) leave the & question open. Actually there are no typical Nordic CATNO. 533. PEIJ, GEMEENTE ECHT, LlMBURG. Pepinusbrug. objects in the hoard. Kibbert, on the basis of the L. 12.0; w. 3.1 cm. Oval mouth opening (formula: 3.7x4; 2.7x3.05 winged axe, inclines to place it in his Lilldenstruth cm). Slightly. biconical collar, from which springs small loop (2.6x2 phase (HaB l =a late phase of Period IV). cm; hour-glass; abraded). Body of subrectangular cross-section (no A single Netherlands specimen (Cat.No. 537) IltIting). Prominent casting seams. Edge damaged. Patina: dark 296 1.1. BUTLER & H. STEEGSTRA

534 -o

Fig. 24. Socketed axes of Foml He/meroth, with pellet. 534: Wijk bij Duurstede, Ul; 535: 'Meijerij van 's-Hertogenbosch'. brown, dull. Where surface gone, light powdery green. Museum: c) Fo/'m Helme/'oth, with single vertical ju /'/'oyv Asselt, Inv.No. 238, ex coll. Philips. (DB 59) (AXT:helm.I) (2 ex.; fig. 25a,b) Mop referellce: Sheet 60B, c. 192/344. Docl/melltatioll: Inventaire Philips, No. 238 wilh drawing. CAT NO. 536. ELSEN, GEMEENTE MARKELO, OVERIJSSEL. Referellces: Buller, 1973: p. 334, afb. 12.4; Wielockx, 1986: Cat. No. Elsenerveen (from the hom·d). HU.115. L.10.6; w. 4.5 cm. Single, flattish, irregular collar; parallel-sided body with subrectangular cross-section; large D loop (c. 3.5xO.5 b) Fo/'l/! Helllle/'oth, with pellet (AXT.helm.Pel) (2 cm); expanded cutting edge. Verlical groove on fa ce. Patina: dark ex.; fig. 24) brown. Found before 1885 in the Elsenerveen. Museum: RMO Leiden, Inv.No. d.1942/ 12.4. Plasler cast in Museum Enschede, CAT.NO. 534.WIJK. Bil DUURSTEDE, GEMEENTE WIlK BIJ under Inv.No. 95 1a. (DB 497) DUURSTEDE, GELDERLAND. River Lek (dealer's provenance). Associatiolls: DB 495: 'Hunze-Ems' socketed axe with fa cial arch, L. 13.1;w. 4.7 cm. Subreclangular mouIh (fonIlula: 3.8x4.2; 2.9x3.0 'wings' and 2 neckribs; DB 496: sockeled axe Type Seddin-Karbow, cm). Slight bulging collar. Large D ribbon loop, O in plan (2.5x 1.1 with drum-shaped swelling; and DB 498: sockeled Urnfieldknif e cm). Body oulline )(, slightly sinuous at base. Cross-section oval at (cf. above, fig. 25a). neck, body convex-subrectangular. On neck pellet and fa int rib pat­ Mop referellce: Sheet 28C, c. 230/476. tern,joining onlo U rib on sides. Casling defect on side opposite Rejerences: Ve rs/ag, 1942: p. 5; Pleyle, 1885 (Twenle): p. 22, PI. loop. Casting seams present. Cutting edge sharp. Patina: dark XI:I-4; Ve rlinde, 1980: pp. 9-10, Depot rv bronze. Recent flattening ofsockel moulh. Heavy specimen. Dredge find. Museum: RMO Leiden, IllV.No. f.195 1/8. 1; purchased from CAT.NO. 537. STEVENSWEERT, GEMEENTE STEVENS­ Esser. (DB 533) WEERT, LIMBURG (dealer's provenance). Mop referellce: Sheet 39E, c. 151/441. L. 12.6; w. 4.6; th. 3.9 cm. Subreclangular moulh (formula: 3.9x3.9; 3x2.7 cm). Slightly biconical collar, from which springs fa irly large CATNO. 535. 'MElJERIJVAN 's-HERTOGENBOSCH', NOORD­ ribbon D loop (2.8x 1.2 cm). Nearly parallel sides. Section ovai on BRABANT Exact provenance unknown. upper part, C) below. Flat faces, rounded sides. Long body, slight L. (10.75); w. 4.25 cm. Moulh mouldings and most of loop broken blade expansion; longitudinal groove central on llpper part of each off and missing. Body of rectangular cross-section, but faces and fa ce. Edge sharp. Palina: mottled (black; greenish grey, white sides are slightly convex; with prominent pellet on face; upper part patches); patches of sand encruslation. Museum: RMO Leiden, broken off (Ihe breaks show recent damage). Cutting edge blunled, Tnv.No. I. 1947/10.1, purchased from AJ. Sprik (ZaltbonUllel). (DB and at least in part recently resharpened. Some irregular protru­ 506) sions in the body wall inside the socket. Patina: originally black, Mop referellce: Sheet 60A, c. 186/349. bul fo r the most part peeled off, silOwing dark bronze to blackish. Museum: 's-Hertogenbosch, Inv.No. 20. (DB 1404) Referellce: Hermans, 1865: p. 138, PI. XX:3. Bronze Age metal and amber in the NetherZands (II!:2) 297

. ' , , '._0. • • ••• ...- .. "- ._ .... �· .... - -, " ....· ····· ··i·\:TI····n r,m·

00 o

Fig. 25a. Bog hoard from the Elsenerveen, Ov, \Vith Helmeroth axe (Cat.No. 536), Seddin-Karbow axe, Hunze-Ems axe with 'wings' and face arches, and Urnfield socketed knife.

Note: Paper inside socket states 'Zaltbommel'. Parallels: Kibbert, 1984: Nos 662 (Hirschberg, Kr. Arnsberg) and 663 (Alpen-Bonninghardt, Kr. Moers), both from Nordrhein-Westfalen, but with facial arch; No. 664 from Frankfurt-GrindblUnnen, Hessen.

d) FO/'lll Helmel'Oth, .vith vertical parallel fi/l'l'Ol-vS (AXT:helm.II) (4 ex.; fig. 26)

CAT.NO. 538. PElJ, GEMEENTE ECHT. LlMBURG. Pe­ pinusbroek. L. 12.3; w. 3.8 cm. Round socket-mouth (forl11ula: 3.8x3.8; 2.6x2.6 cm). Loop: 3.6x 1.2/0.7/1.0 cm (hourglass). Slightly biconical col­ lar; body of subrectangular cross-section; sides and upper part of faces hammer-fluted vertically. Edge blunted (recently). Patina: glossy brownish, partly mottled green; where surface corroded, light dusty green or red-brown. Museum Asselt, Inv.No. 237, ex eoll. Philips. Paper inside: envil'On Pep inllsbl'Oeken les Pey (sp ?) . (DB 58) lvfap reference: Sheet 60B, 193/345. Docllmen/a/ion: Inven/aire Philips, No. 237, \Vith drawing. References: Butler, 1973: p. 334, afb. 12.1; Wielockx, 1986: Cat.No. HU.113.

Fig. 25b. Socketed axe of Foml Helmero/h, \Vith single vertieal furrow. 537: Stevens\Veert, Li. 298 1.1. BUTLER & H. STEEGSTRA

(Q)O

541

540 o Cl Fig. 26. Socketed axes of Form Helmel'Olh, with vertical parallel fu rrows. 538: Pepinusbroek, Li; 539: Pepinusbroek, Li; 540: Swolgen, Li; 54 1: Susteren, Li (drawing HS).

CAT.NO. 539. PEIJ, GEMEENTE ECHT, LlMBURG. Pepinusbrug. Edge damaged. Patina: glossy brownish-greenish; dusty light green L. 12.5; w. 3.2 cm. Subrectangular mouth (formula: 3.5x4; 2.3x2.7 where surfaee gone. Museum: Asselt, Inv.No. 239, ex eoll. Philips. cm); slightly biconical collar, from which depends )( loop (3.3xl.3/ (DB 60) 0.9/1.1 cm); subrectangular cross-section; vertical hammer-fluting. Docllmenlalion : Inventaire Philips, No. 239, with drawing. Bronze Age meta! and amber in the Netherfands (III: 2) 299

Map referellce: Sheet 60B, 192/344. Refe rellces: Butler, 1973: p. 334, ath. 12.2; Wielockx, 1986: Cat.No. HU.114. Pa rallel DB 58 & DB 60: Kibbert, 1984: No. 656 (Burscheidt, Rhein-Wupper Kreis).

CATNO. 540. SWOLGEN, GEMEENTE MEERLO, LlMBURG. L. 13.2; w. 3.9 ·cm. Weight 362.4 gI'. Nearly circular mouth, subrectangular socket (formula: 4.2x4.1; 2.9x2.9 cm). ( ) collar, _ from base of which springs large band D loop with D section (3.3xI.4/0.8 cm); )( outline. Long body \Vith slightly )( outline, convex fa ces and sides. Vertical fluting survives vaguely on the fa ces and sides, despite the rather heavy-handed mecllanical 'clean­ ing' to which the axe has been subjected. Cutting edge sharpened (recently somewhat blunted). Patina: most ly dark glossy green; small surviving patches of black; dark bronze in places. Found, accord­ 542 ing to Beckers & Beckers, during reclamation of a heath parcel. Museum: Stein, Inv.No. IIBIO. (DB 1333) Map referellce: Sheet 52E, c. 206/389. Refe rellces: Beckers & Beckers, 1940: p. 174, ath. 59, No. IO, p. 176; Wielockx, 1986: Cat.No. HU. 128. Parallel: Kibbert, 1984: p. 140, No. 667 (Ockstadt, Wetteraukreis), Taf. 51. 00 CATNO. 54 I. SUSTEREN, GEMEENTE SUSTEREN, LIM­ BURG. 'De Melue'. Fig. 27. Socketed axes of Form !-Ielmeroth \Vith conicai collar. L. 12.2; w. 4 cm. Truncated-cone collar \Vith horizontal facet (for­ 542: Wessem, Li (dra\Ving ROB, Amersfoort). mula: 3.8x3.9; 2.65x2.75 cm). Ribbon loop (3. I x I. I cm). Vertical ti.llTOWS on upper half of fa ces and sides; slender body with )( out­ line, almost square cross-section. Wo od inside (poplal' Ol' willow: identification BIAX, Amsterdam). Casting seatns visible. Patina: glossy grey-green. One face is heavily corroded and battered. Found October 200 I by C. Blaak during field survey, in the side of a road cutting, c. 45 cm below surface, at the transition ploughsoil - sandy clay. Museum: Echt, Inv.No. 332; presented by finder. (DB 2543) Map referellce: Sheet 60B, 187.999/34 1.06.

e) Foml Helme/'oth, with conicaI callar (AXT:helm.V Col) (1 ex.; fig. 27)

CAT.NO. 542. WESSEM, GEMEENTE WESSEM (now GE­ MEENTE HEEL), LIMBURG. L. I I, w. 4.8 cm. Round socket-mouth (formula: 4.3.9; 2.9x2.7 cm). \ 1 collar, from \Vhich depends D loop (2.9xO.910.510.65 cm). Sur­ _ fa ce vertically hammer-fluted on sides and upper part of fa ces. Pa­ 543 tina: bronze co louI' (river patina). Found in autumn 1972. Private possession. Drawing: ROB, Amersfoort. (DB 838) Map referellce: Sheet 58C, c. 190/3 52. Referellces: Bloemers, 1977: arb. 4:2; Wielockx, 1986: Cat.No. HU. l33. O -Q f) Form Helmeroth, with pellet (AXT:helm.Pel) (l ex.; fig. 28) Fig. 28. Socketed axes of Form !-Ielmeroth, \Vith pellet. 543: Maasbracht, Li. CATNO. 543. MAASBRACHT, GEJI,4EENTE MAASBRACHT, LfMBURG. L. 1 1.35; w. 3.4 cm. Round socket-mouth (formula: 3.8x3.8; 2. 7x3.1 cm); slightly biconical collar; fa irly large D loop (3.8xO.8/1.5 cm); (unearthed in the morass of Maasbracht). Museum: Asselt, Inv.No. cross-section subrectangular; pellet below collar; surface vertically 235, ex coll. Philips. (DB 56) hammer-fluted on sides and upper part of faces. Prominent castillg Map referellce: Sheet 58D, c. 191/350. seams. Patina: glossy bro\Vnish; partly mottled greenish; \Vhere Docllmel/tatiol/: ll lvel/taire Philips, No. 235, with drawing. surface corroded, light dusty green. Loop of band firm, slightly Referellce: Wielockx, 1986: Cat.No. HU.98. expanded top and base; "Deterree dallS le broek de Maasbracht" Pa rallel: Kibbert, 1984: No. 660 (Broichweide, Kr. Aachen). 300 II BUTLER & H. STEEGSTRA

�C0544:::l

Fig. 29. Socketed axes of Form Helmeroth, Va l'. Bol/rop. 544: Oiergaarde, Li. o g) Form Helmeroth, Val'. Bottrop (AXT:helm.bott) (l ex.; fig. 29) Fig. 30a. Socketed axes of Form Helmeroth, with plastic 'wings'. 545: Oude Maas (gem . Ohe en Laak), Li. CATNO. 544. OTERGAARDE, GEfvfEENTE ECHT LIMBURG. Contine. L. 10.2; 4.4 cm. Round socket-mouth (formula: 3.3x3.3; 2.4x2.4 IV. cm); slightly biconical collar. Body oval section, with vertical ham­ W. Goossens to Holwerda (RMO): "GisterelI IIlOest ik op het bll­ mer-fluting. Prominent arch-facet on lower part of body, which is reall vall het Jl lliallakallaal ,/{/argevolldell voonverpell gaall kijkell. trapeze-shaped. Large loop: 3.4/0.6/0.9 cm (hour glass). Prominent Ze haddell absolllllt geell olldheidklllldige beteekellis, op eell stilk casting seams. Socket mouth asymmetrical in side view. Patina: Ila, 11.1. eell brolIzell bijl, eell Z.g. "Tr'illellaxt " met vierkallt geslepell dark brown one face, nearly black reverse; partly peeled off(dull steelgat, die gevolldell \Vasill het grillt te Roosterell bij het olltgravell green). Museum Asselt, Inv.No. 233, ex col!. Philips (acquired by del' omleggillg v.d. Ollde Maas bij k.m. 5, 100, 22+ NA P ell 4,25m Philips Jan. 1929 with col!. Orta (Inv.Nos 233-243). (DB 54) olldel' het maaiveld. Het ZOIl mij gelloegell doell \Valllleer het stilk Associatiolls: Cat.Nos 538, 539 and 543 have very similar patina, hier ill het mllsellm kOIl gedepolleerd \VordeII ..... ". (DB 224) suggesting the possibility of association. Map referellce: Sheet 60A, 187.25/346.40. Map referellce: Sbeet 60B, 195/343. Docllmelltatioll: correspondence W. Goossens to Holwerda 1928- Docllmelltatioll: Jllvelltaire Philips, No. 233, with drawing. 1930 (in depot Algemeell Rijksarchief inv.nr. 157); section Referellces: Butler, 1973: p. 330, afb. 12.3; Wielockx, 1986: Cat.No. Roosteren-Ohe en Laak in unpublished scriptie Leon van Hoof HU. IO. (2000); e-mail Leon van Hoof to authors 26-1 1-200 1 with the text Pa rallel: Kibbert, 1984: No. 655 (Bottrop). fragment of the letter mentioned above. Referellce: Wielockx, 1986: Cat.No. HU. 119. h) Form Helmeroth, with plastic 'wings ' (AXT:helm. Wi) (l ex.; fig. 30a,b) i) Fom! Helmeroth, exceptional pieces (AXT:helm. X) (3 ex.; fig. 31) CATNO. 545. 'OUOE MAAS', GEMEENTE OHE EN LAAK, LIMBURG. CATNO. 546. PROVENANCE UNKNOWN. L. 12.7; w. 4.5 cm. Subrectangular socket (formula: 4.3x4.5; 3.1 x2.8 L. 13.1; w. 4.5 cm. Circular mouth opening (formula: 4.7x4.7; 2.9x3 cm). collar, from which springs band D loop (3.6x 1.0 cm). cm). /__ , collar, from which springs large D loop (3.5xO.8 cm). <_> Body with )( outline, with oval section above, C) below. Plastic Body outline slightly )(; cross-section subrectangular, with slightly 'wings' of unusual elongated fo rm. Arch facets on faces. Patina: convex fa ces and sides. Plastic half-'wings', meeting at centre of dark brown, with some ochreous encrustation; with gravel and loam. fa ce. On collar and sides faint vertical fluted ornament. Acquired Casting seams prominent, but removed toward base. Cutting edge by mUSel!m in 1943; the records concerned were destroyed in the sharp. Found March 1929, during re-bedding of the Old Maas. Ac­ Second World War. Museum: Arnhem(O pelllllclltmllsellm), Inv.No. cDl'ding to maps of 1936 and 1955 the findplace is situated on the 3079. (DB 1161) fo rmer boundary of the gemeelItelI Ohe en Laak and Echt. Mu­ seum: Maastricht, Inv.No. 245 (find spot wrongly given as CATNO. 547. PROVENANCE? Roosteren). Acquired through mediation ofthe State. Fragment letter L. 13.0; w. 4.2; loop 3.5 cm. We ight: 380 gI'. Circular socket. Collar Bronze Age metal and amber in the Netherlands (III: 2) 301

2

C:J Cl

3 4 CJ

Fig. 30b. Socketed axes in the Basland 11Oard, lutland, Derul1ark (drawings HS).

of /__ \ fo rm, \Vith three horizontal facets, from the base of\Vhich hammer-facets. Cutting edge blunt. Patina: glossy mottled green springs a large D loop (3.5x". cm). Sides al most parallel. Faint D (brownish; old surface partly corroded a\Vay, there paie dusty green). '\Vings' on neck ofoval cross-section. On fa ce arch facet, \Vith fa int Museum: Aalien (Olldheidkamer), Inv.No. 386. (DB 729) midridge. The sides and the 'wings' are ornamented \Vith vertical 302 lJ. BUTLER & H. STEEGSTRA

00

CJ

Fig. 31. Sacketed axes af FO/'lll Helmeroth, exceptianal. 546-547: provenance unknawn; 548: Ylodrop, Li.

CATNO. 548. VLODROP, GEMEENTE VLODROP, LlMBURG. fine fa cets, which echo the form of the 'wings' and extend down Field 'Kroddel'. the whole length of the sides. The cutting edge is blunt. Patina: L. 13.2; 11'. 5.0 cm. Nearly circular mouth opening (formula: 4.6x4.4; blackish; very well preserved. Found 1950-1955 by owner in the 3.4x3.2 cm). Large /_\ collar with 3 horizontal fi.lrrows; from its field 'Kroddel'. Private possession. (DB 2052) base springs a large D-sectioned D-shaped loop (3.7x 1.8/0.8/1.8 Mop re{e /'ence: Sheet 58G+H (new), 204.270/351.210. cm). On the fa ce, just belo\\' tlle collar, a pair of bulging circular Reference: Smeets, 1981: pp. 114-115, afb. 4; Wielockx, 1986: p. pellets. Body with )( outline; its neck is of oval cross-section, 256. subrectangular with slightly convex faces and sides. On the fa ces, long 'drapery wings'. The faces ofthe 'wings' are ornamentedwith Bronze Age metal and amber in the Netherlands (II!:2) 303

I 549 � Fig. 32. FO/"lll Helmeroth, bronze casting half-mould. 549: gem . Roermond, Li.

j) Form Helmeroth, bronze casting ha({-mould 7. LONG, THIN, NARROW SOCKETED AXES (BMAXT:helm) (I ex.; fig. 32) OF TYPE GEISTINGEN (AXT:geis) (13 ex.; fig. 33A-C; map 6) Cat.No. 549. GEMEENTE ROERMOND, LlMBURG. River Maas. L. 17.1; w. 5.9 at shoulder, 5.7 cm at base. A plaster cast taken from 7.1. Definitions and dating the mould has a length of 17 cm, and a blade width of 4.6 cm. The mould has an hourglass shape, with a projection that would have References: Tackenberg, 1971: pp. 50-52, Abb. 3, p. housed, a clay fu nnel fo r tlle input of tlle molten meta!. The shoul­ 264, Liste 30, Taf. 19:2-4, 20: 1-2; Butler, 1973: pp. der is strengthened with three horizontal ribs. On the external face 339-341, Abb. 17 (map), Liste at p. 343; Kibbert, is a D loop with ][ outline. On the edges are small lugs for keying 1984: pp. 166- 168, 214 (four metal analyses), Kat. with the (missing) other hal f- mou Id. The axe (plaster cast) has a Nr. 787-804, also Taf. 77, No. 1007, distribution Taf. prominent round, hollow-edged truncated-conical collar, from the base ofwhich springs a Aatted D loop (3.0x? cm). The body cross­ 89C; Wielockx, 1986(1): pp. 125-136, Cat.Nos Hu section is C), the outline an elongated )(. On the fa ce are semi­ 16-37; (III): pp. 454-458. 'wings' with a pellet between. Museum: Antwerpen (Vleesllllis) , This series of extraordinary socketed axes is Inv.No. 56.35.2331, ex col!. Hasse. (DB 643 ) named aftera hoard allegedly of 26 (or 28) examples, Docl/mel/laliol/: The manuscript catalogue of the large Hasse col­ as fa r as knawn all af the same type, found in 1935 lection contains, under No. 42, a primitive but unmistakable thumb­ by Mr Geerkens at the Letterveld, Geistingen, along nail sketch, with the information 'RI/remol/d 1931. Mel/se', but \Vith the Belgian side af the Maas in gem . Ophaven. The no further details. axes were said to have been tied together with a cord, Referel/ces: Marien, 1952: p. 226; Butler, 1973: p. 338, Abb. 15 which crumbled and was not preserved. The find-spot (there cited with the erroneous attribution 'al/geblich aus Maastricht'). is just across the Maas from Ohe en Laak and Ste­ vensweert in Netherlands middle Limburg. The axes were dispersed amang fa mily and fr iends of the fiilder; some have found their way, sametimes via an- 304 1.1. BUTLER & H. STEEGSTRA

tique dealers, into museum collections. In the muse­ Ulns it is not always known whether their specimens • 2 or more ex. per Gemeente are strays from the Geistingen hoard or independent • hoard finds. * single find The Geistingen axes and their counterparts from other finds in Belgium, Getmany and the Netherlands are characterized by a mostly oval socket mouth; long (lengths up to 15.7 cm in the Netherlands, 16.2 cm in west Germany), narrow body outline, slightly ex­ panding gradually from a high huncated-cone-shaped collar without neckribs to a rather straight, sharp cutting edge; usually a C) body section; a small, low­ placed thin D loop (absent on one German specimen, K.802); and, especiaIly, very thin walls (their thick­ ness is of the order of l to 2 mm). The walls are so thin that, despite the sharp cutting edges, the Geis­ tingen-type axes could obviously never have been actually utilized as axes. This fe ature, extremely thin walls, is shared only with the few socketed axes of Kibbert's Form Amelsbiiren (see Section 5.1). The Amelsbiiren axes are otherwise quite dissimilar in fonn to the Geistingen axes, and are really an odd version of the axes of Type Plainseau. The metal analyses of four Geistingen axes and fo ur Amels­ biiren axes (Tackenberg, 1971: pp. 49-5 1; Kibbert, 1984: p. 214) also fa i! to indicate any close rela­ Map 6. Socketed axes of Type Geistingen in the Netherlands, tionship between these two socketed axe types. For Belgium (the Geistingen hoard) and (after Kibbert) the German example, the Amelsbiiren axes have tin percentage North Rhine area (not mapped: Gennan examples from Kreuz­ values of 10 or more and lead values of >5, while nach, Mainz, Frankfurt-Hoechst). only one of the Geistingen axes has 10% tin and the other three tin from 0.9 to 3.4%; and the fo ur Geis­ tingen specimens have lead values of 0.48 to 1.25%. more appropriate fo r a votive than fo r a currency Some Type Geistingen axes have an ornament on fu nction. Other possibie symbolic fu nctions can be the side, either as a raised inverted arch-shaped sur­ imagined, but are difficult to document. fa ce (Cat.Nos 55 1, 560) or an inverted arch-shaped Distribution : The main occurrences, apart from rib (K.798-802). It is as ifthe wing ornament of other the large Geistingen hoard (which however stands socketed axe types has been turned a quarter circle alone on the Belgian side of the Maas), fa ll in and transferred from the face to the side of the axe. a cluster of eight or ten find-spots (some of them Kibbert sees this as a simplified version ofthe side hoards of two or fo ur pieces, others river finds) in a garlands on his Form Hallen axes (see Section 5.2.5: remarkably compact area in the Rlline valley, extend­ b). A fe w examples (e.g. Cat.Nos 560 and 562 be­ ing from Nijmegen to the Rlline-Lippe confluence low) have metal protrusions inside the socket which near Wesel. Beyond these, the distribution map of would have made the insetiion of a haft end into the Kibbert (1984: Taf. 89C) shows a fe w strays up the socket impossible. Rhine as fa r as the Rhein-Main area. Up the Maas Function: The Type Geistingen axes are impres­ from Geistingen, there are the find-spots Caberg in sive to look at, with their length of up to 16 cm, their south and 001 in middle (Neth.) Limburg. fine external finish, and sharpened cutting edge. This In view of the homogeneity of the type and the result was achieved economically, requiring only half compact distribution, it seems very likely (as Kibbert the weight of metal of many functional socketed axes, has also recognized) that all of Kibbert's 16 ex­ but it excludes their use as functioning tools or wea­ amples, those that we know of the 26 or 28 examples pons. Evidently they were designed fo r display andi from the Geistingen hoard, and the 13 examples here or ritual/ceremonial use. Kibbert sees two main pos­ presented, are products of a single workshop over a sibilities for the Type Geistingen axes: either they short period of time. The Geistingen hoard must were a fo rm of 'axe money', or they were votive represent some kind of distribution centre. The pro­ objects. The repeated occurrence of these axes in duction centre may or may not have been close by, hoards of two, four, or (in the case of the Geistingen but, given the distribution, it CalUlOt have been very hoard) many more, or as river or bog finds, plus the fa r away. To attain a considerable uniformity of very limited distribution of the type, would seem product with such thin-cast walls, while having such Bronze Age metal and amber in tlle Netherlands (111:2) 305 varied metal to work with, suggests a considerable differently patinated knife at a distance of 75 m there­ degree of skiB on the part of the fabricator of the from. axes. Comment: it seems clear that the bronze knife was not found together with the two socketed axes; chro­ nologically it is much too early, and its green patina 7.2. Catalogue of socketed axes of Type Geistingen is quite different. Whether the two Type Geistingen socketed axes were actually found together, 75 m CATNO. 550. CABERG, GEMEENTE MAASTRICHT, LlM­ BURG (dealer's provenance; probable hoard). from the axe, is another question. Their patina is not L. 15.0; w. 4.0 cm. Oval socket and mouth (formula: 3.2x3.8; entirely in agreement; whether the differences could 2.65x3.2 cm). Loop: 2.35xO.8 cm. Collar slightly damaged (break be accounted for by a slightly diffe rent lie in the is patinated). Cutting edge straight, sharp. Patina: overall glossy ground, or by differential post-finding treatment, is black; interior greeny with some light brown loamy encrustation, difficultto judge for certain. At present we consider in part ochreous-tinted. (DB 1079) the two axes to represent a probable hom·d. Collection: BAl (now GIA), Inv.No. I 9381X.4.Purchased 1938 via the intermediation of E. van Aelst of Maastricht, together with a CAT NO. 552. NIJMEGEN (SURROUNDINGS), GELDERLAND. very similar second socketed axe (Cat.No. 551 hereafter) and a L. 15.7; w. 4.3 cm. Ovallsubrectangular mouth opening (formula: bronze rod-tanged socketed knife with bronze phantasy-handle, of 3.5x3.6; 2.75x2.9 cm). Truncated-collical head; long body \Vith )( Central European HaA2 character. outline, nearly rectangular section (sides slightly convex). Cutting Map referellce: Sheet 61F, c. 174/3 19 edge straight, sharp. Low-placed small D loop (2.2xO.7 cm). Plas­ DOCIIII/elltatioll: letter E. van Aelst to H. Brunsting (then assistant tic inverted arch on one side. Patina: dark, somewhat glossy green. to Van Giffe ll, BAl) 14 November 1938, with sketch map indicat­ Well preserved. (NB: mounted on wall in modem knee-shaft). ing the alleged find-spot. Museum: Enschede, Inv.No. 1075 (old Nos: 0.375; 351-5). (DB 1027) CATNO. 551. CABERG, GEtdEENTE MAASTRICHT, LlM­ BURG. CATNO. 553. BERG EN DAL, GEMEENTE UBBERGEN/ L. 15.3; w. 4.1 cm. Oval socket and mouth (formula: 3.2x3.95; GROESBEEK, GELDERLAND. 2.4x3.3 cm; the width of the mouth is marked ly the greater). Small L. 15.5; w. 4.3 cm. Oval socket and mouth, part of mouth damaged D loop (2.23xO.8 cm). Plastic inverted arch under the collar on the (formula: c. 3x3.5; 2.55x2.9 cm). Loop: 2. 1 xO.55 cm. Edge sharp. side opposite the loop. Casting seams present, but partly hanunered Patina: mottled green/black; encrustation ofloam. Cf.Cat.Nos 554 flat. Patina: part mottled green, slightly corroded; partly glossy and 555: all \Vith similar patina; Cat.No. 553 is slightly broadel' black. Purchased via the intermediation ofE. van Aelst (Maastricht). across cutting edge. Museum: Nijmegen, Inv.No. AC 19 (old No. According to Van Aelst, found together with Cat.No. 550 above E.m.No.lla). (DB 1488) and a bronze Umfield knife at Caberg. Collection: BAL (now GIA), Map referellce: Sheet 40D, c. 191/426. lnv.No. 19381X.5. (DB 1080) Referellce: Ve rs/ag, 1889: p. 3, No. Ila. Map referellce: Sheet 61F, c. 174/3 19. DOCIIII/elltatioll: see above, Cat.No. 550. CATNO. 554. BERG EN DAL, GEMEENTE UBBERGENI GROESBEEK, GELDERLAND. Note: Cat.Nos 550-551: Van Aelst was a printer and L. 14+; w. 4.2 cm. Upper part broken offand missing; subrectangular publisher, who was evidently much concerned body cross-section. Cutting edge slightly rounded, sharp. Patina: with archaeological activity in the neighbourhood of blackish with light green overlay; partly loam-encrusted. Museum: Maastricht, and offered various collections of arti­ Nijmegen, lnv.No. AC 20 (old No. E.lll.No. 11b). (DB 1489) facts of various periods for sale in behalf of finders Map referellce: Sheet 40D, c. 191/426. who preferred to remain anonymOlIs out of fe ar that Referellce: Ve rs/ag, 1889: p. 3, III, No. IIa. their finds would be confiscated. Such was the case CATNO. 555. PROVENANCE UNKNOWN. with the three bronze objects here concerned, sent L. 15.3; w. 4.05 cm. Oval socket and mouth (formula: 3.4x3.75; on approval to the BAl in Groningen (along with 3.1 x2.95 cm). Small loop (2xO.5 cm). Cutting edge battered. Pa­ other groups of artifacts) in October 1938. Van Gif­ tina: blackish, with pat·tial greenish overlay. Loam-encrusted. Mu­ fen purchased the three bronzes for the BAl study seum: Nijmegen, lnv.No. xxx.d.39. (DB 1538) collection. On request from the BAl for information concerning the find circul11stances, Van Aelst re­ CATNO. 556. PROVENANCE UNKNOWN. ported that the three objects had been found by un­ L. 14.8; w. 4.05 cm. Oval socket and mouth (formula: 3.3x4; named persons at Caberg, along the Brusselse Weg, 2.65x3.l5 cm). Loop: 2.5xO.6/0.9 cm. Casting seams present. Pri­ close to the Belgian border, c. 500 m and across the vate possession. (DB 1709) road from a site excavated a few years previously by CATNO. 557. VTERLINGSBEEK, GEMEENTE VTERLINGS­ Holwerda of the RMO Leiden. The socketed axes BEEK, NOORD-BRABANT (dealer's provenance). ( ' klokmessen ' ) and the knife were excavated at a L. 13.5; w. 5.5 cm. Subrectangular mouth (formula: 3.7x3.85; distance of 75 m from each other. A rough sketch at 2.7x3.3 cm). Broad ( ) collar, from base ofwhich springs a small _ the bottom of the letter indicates the find-spots men­ loop \Vith )( outline (1.6xO. 7 cm). Body \Vith subrectangular sec­ tioned. Despite some ambiguity, we interpret this to tion, fa intly convex faces and sides, )( outline. Cutting edge straight, mean that the two axes were found together, and the sharpened. Casting seams present, but anciently hanunered down. 306 ].J. BUTLER & H, STEEGSTRA !( ' I 1 f J ) I I ". ' � v I I { \'

il � .I , I ., , 0' l 0 00 00 I . I .J ( ;\. � :

554

. t Fig. 33a. Long, thlll socketed axes o f T ype GeiS· t Ingen.· 550-551.· Caberg, Li (hoa 'd); 552: Nijmegen surroundings (Ge); 553-554: Berg en Dal, Ge; 555: provenance unknown (see also figs 33b, c). Bronze Age metal alld amber in the Ne ther/ands (III: 2) 307

) (

0 0 0 0

- - - ,i - )(

559 o -o o D Fig. 33b. 556: provenance unknown; 557: Vierlingsbeek, N-B; 558: provenance unknown; 559: Nijmegen surroundings, Ge (se e also figs 33a, c). 308 1.1. BUTLER & H. STEEGSTRA

---I, -- I I t '( +.

561 560 0 0 0 0

562

0! I 0 !"",..",,! !"",.,."",J

Fig. 33c. 560: 001, Li; 561: Herten, Li (drawing HS); 562: gem. Nijmegen, Ge (se e also figs 33a, b). Bronze Age metal and amber in the Netherlands (III:2) 309

Patina: dark brown (c. 1/4 peeled off, silOwing greyish/brownish). clear relation between the Geistingen axes and other Brown loamy encrustation inside socket. Museum: IUv[O Leiden, types, in the region or outside it. They are utterly lnv.No. N.S. 750. Purchased November 1890 from antique dealer diffe rent fr om the socketed axes of Armorican type, Jac. Grandjean. (DB 1626) the largest and best-known gro up of 'votive' or 'pro­ Map reference: Sheet 46D, c. 198/400. to-currency' axes. Nor are they closely related to the thin-walled Amelsbiiren axes, which may have a CATNO. 558. PROVENANCE UNKNOWN centre in Westphalia (Kibbert's map, Taf. 89D). If L. 14.95; w. 3.9 cm. Oval socket and mouth (formula: 3.35x3.2; 2.7x2 cm). Loop: 2xO.8/1.0 cm. Casting seams present. Private anything, we are inclined to suspect a derivation from possession. (DB 1719) the Form Wesseling axes to be discussed in the fol­ lowing part ofthis study. There is however no strong CATNO. 559. PROVENANCE UNKNOWN. reason to depart from the hithelio consensual view L. 14.9; w. 3.8 cm. Oval socket and mouth (formula: 3.2x3.7; that the Geistingen axes belong chronologically to the 2.4x3.05 cm). Part ofcollar missing. Loop )(-shaped (2.2xO.35 cm). tail end of the Bronze Age, overlapping into the On non-loop side, inverted arch-shaped rib. Casting semTIS present. beginning of the Hallstatt period. Perhaps there will Cutting edge irregular and battered anciently. Patina: glossy dark some day be a find that will confirm or alter this green, with lighter patches; Olle face pitted, with partially brownish conception. patina. Found 13 March 1967. Museum: Museon, Den Haag: lnv.No. 9647, presented by IC. Wagner. (DB 1361) 8. SOCKETED AXES OF ARMORICAN TYPES CATNO. 560. OOL, GEMEENTE HERTEN (now GEMEENTE (AXT:arm) (26 ex.; figs 34-39; map 7) ROERMOND), LIMBURG. L. 15.35; w. 4.2; th. 3.1 cm. Circular mouth opening (formula: 2.4x2.6/2.7; 2.9x3.l5 cm). Straight, sharp cutting edge, very thin casting seaITIS (also inside!), which project so that the axe could 8.1. Definitions and dating never have been shafted (why internal casting seams?). Slight in­ The most problematical of the socketed axe types verted arch-shaped rib on each side. Prominent casting seams on outsides. Patina: blackish, ve ry small loop (1.1 cm). Condition prac­ here presented are those of Armorican type. The ticaLly perfect. Found 1971 while dredging in graveI pit. Museum: peculiarities of these socketed axes (seven varieties Ve nlo, Inv.No. GI0299, ex col!. Van Herten. (DB 1924) of which have been distinguished: Briard, 1965; Map reference: Sheet 58D, c. 194/3 55. Briard & Verron, 1976) are well known. They were References: Butler, 1973: p. 339, afb. 16; BIoerneI's, 1977: afb. 4:1; made, and in their core area of western Annorica Wielockx, 1986: Cat.No. HU.I09.

CAT. NO. 561. HERTEN, GEMEENTE HERTEN (now GE­ MEENTE ROERMOND), LIMBURG. Oelerveld; River Maas. • 2 or more per Gemeente L. 15.1; w. 3.9 cm (one tip slightly damaged). Oval socket and mouth • 1 per Gemeente (formula: 3.1 x3.4; 2.85x3.2 cm). Loop )(-shaped (2xO.5 cm). On unlooped side, inverted arch-shaped rib. Inside the socket, on each face at its edge, a rib pattern /\. Casting seams present, but not prominent. Cutting edge sharp. Patina: dark bronze, tinny; black inside socket. Perfectly preserved. Grey sand in bottom of socket. Dredge find 1974. Museum: Ve nlo, Inv.No. L3260; ex col!. Peters. (DB 23 11) Map reference: Sheet 58D, c. 195.60/355.70. Refere/lce: Bloemers, 1977: p. 13, afb. 4: l.

CATNO. 562. GEMEENTE NTJMEGEN, GELDERLAND. L. 15.2; w. 4.2 cm. Round socket-mouth, somewhat damaged (for­ mula: 3.7x3.8; 3.1 x3.25 cm). Single shallow biconical collar, low loop (2.5xO.6/0.85 cm). Straight, sharp cutting edge. Some rough projections inside socket. Casting seams sharp. Patina: partly glossy dark green, partly lighter dull green, loss encrustation. Museum: RMO Leiden, mv. No. e. 193 1/2.74, legacy collection Gildemeester. (DB 437)

Dating: None of the socketed axes of Type Geis­ tingen have been fo und with datable associations (except, very dubiously, the two examples from Ca­ berg, Cat.Nos 550-551); so we are left with typologi­ cal considerations, plus the metal analyses of a few Map 7. Socketed axes of Armorican types: find-spot attributions of the German specimens. Typologically, there is no by dea lers. 310 J.J. BUTLER & H. STEEGSTRA deposited, in incredible numbers, running into the sittere as unreliable and are therefore not listed 01' tens of thousands. Many are unfinished: the clay core mapped by himl); Wielockx, 1986(1): pp. 249-295; is often still inside, the cutting edge unsharpened, the (II): figs. Arm 1-36 and distribution map 6; (III): pp. casting seams not removed Ol' reduced. When anal­ 493-5 14 (ten find-spots with total of 26 examples, ysed they show a bronze with a very high propor­ including a hoard from Hoogstraten with a dozen tion of lead (examples are known of lead alone). They examples, smaller hoards from Luik and Tongeren, are regarded as votive objects, a kind of primitive but some uncertain provenances). 01' money ( ' un phenomene paleomonetaire' according For Brittany: Briard, 1965: pp. 24 1-282, with to Briard, 1995: pp. 190-1 91), though these concepts distribution maps of hoards figs 90-105; wider dis­ are not without their critics (e.g. recently Huth, 1997: tribution in France, fig. 106. Also Briard, 1995: pp. pp. 177-191). Few Al'ffiOrican socketed axes have 177-193; Briard, 2001: pp. 140-141, with further been found in association with other types of objects; references. in so far as they have occUlTed in datable hoards they For PicC/I'dy: Blanchet, 1984: pp. 378-381, fig. belong to the very end of the Bronze Age and the 212. beginning of the Iron Age. For Britain: O'CoilllOr, 1980: pp. 235-236; dis­ At least 26 Armorican socketed axes are pre­ tribution in British hom'ds map 77, list 228. For North served in museUlllS and private collections in the Britain: Schmidt and Burgess, 1981: pp. 248-249 (nine ex., most of uncertain approximate prov­ Netherlands (the actual number is probably lm'ger, 01' since we may have failed to record some examples), enance). but 17 of these - two thirds! - are with 'prove­ For middle West Gerll1any: Kibbert, 1984: pp. nance unknown': a most extraordinary percentage. 170- 175; 39 ex. are catalogued, but only five of these And of the eight with a claimed provenance, almost have an undoubted provenance; 16 ex. have an un­ all are dealer's provenances. Not one has been re­ certain or only a regional provenance attribution and corded as having been acquired from the actual the remaining 18 ex. are unprovenanced. finder. TI1US there was no demonstrable export of ArmOl'ican socketed axes to the Netherlands in anti­ 8.2. Catalogue of Armorican socketed axes quity; all examples present in the Netherlands are likely to have arrived by way of the modem antique 8.2.1. Ar/llorican, large, 110 neela'ib, with slightly II ( trade. sides 2 ex.; fig. 34) Parallels and literature: For Belgiull1: Desittere, CAT.NO. 563. PROVENANCE UNKNOWN. 1974: pp. 114-1 15, carte I, with selected list (three L. 12.25; w. 3.1 cm. Rectangular mouth opening (forI11ula: 2.9x3.9; times as many Armorican axes are regarded by De- 2x2.6 cm). Slightly biconical collar. Loop: 1.85xO.9 cm. Blowhole

564 565

Fig. 34. Armorican socketed axes, no neckrib. 563: no provenance; 564: Wessem? (drawing HS); 565: Batenburg, Ge (dealer's pro v­ enance). Bronze Age metal and all/bel' in the Ne therlands (111 :2) 311 or damage beside loop. Casting seams not worked away. Corroded. Valkhof, Inv.No. xxx.d.44. Ex eoll.Kam. (DB 1540) Edge battereel. Private possession. (DB 1747) CATNO. 568. BEUGEN, GEMEENTE BOXMEER, NOORD­ CAT.NO. 564. NEAR WESSEM, GEMEENTE WESSEM, BRABANT (dealer's provenance). LTMBURG? L. 7.5; w. 2.5 cm. Moutb fo rmula: 1.75x2.25; 1.25x 1.75 cm. Loop: L. 12.5; w. 3.3 cm. Rectangular mouth opening (formula: 3.35x3.8; 1.55xO.5 cm. 'Found in a gravet layer'. Patina: glossy dark green. 2.25x2.7 cm). Slightly biconical collar (anciently damaged in one Museum: Enschede, Tnv.No. 1078 (old No. 500-230); ex coll. Ter eorner). Loop: 2.1 xO. 7 cin. Casting seams prominent. Cutting edge Kuile. Purchased 1906 by Ter Kuile fr om the antique dealer sharpened. Patina: Illottled greenlblack. We ll preserved. Museum: Grandjean at Nijmegen. (DB 1053) Ve nlo, Limburgs Museum, Inv.No. L606 1, ex eoll. Niessen. Said to be fo und in Cuyk in Maas gravels from the surroundings ofWessem. (DB 2439) 8.2.3. A/'lIlorican, large, with thin neelo'ib and slightly /\ olltline (AXT:armJ\Nr» (17 ex.; CATNO. 565. BATENBURG, GEMEENTE WIlCHEN, GELDER­ fig. 36a-c) LAND (dealer's provenanee). L. 13.0; w. 3.4 cm. Reetangular mouth opening (fonnula: 3.2x3.8; CATNO. 569. OVERASSELT, GEMEENTE OVERASSELT (now 1.8x2.3 cm). Pronounced collar, from which springs D rib­ GEMEENTE HEUMEN, GELDERLAND) (dealer's proyenanee). <_> bon loop (1.7xO.8 cm). Neal'ly parallel sides; rectangular cross­ L, 1 2.9;. w. 3.6 cm. Mouth formula: 3.lx3.9; 2.3x2.8 cm. Promi­ section; straight cutting edge, sharpened. Prominent casting seams. nent collar + single thin neckrib (not on loop-side). Band <_> Patina: dark green. Ve ry well preserved. Purchased from antique loop (2.1x 1.0 cm). Prominent casting seams. Straight cutting edge; dealer IN.E. Esser togetber with other objects as 'from surround­ neyer sharpened. Patina: dark green. Very well preserved. Museum: ings ofNijmegen', but later (in 1950, according to a marginal note RMO Leiden, InY.No. e. 1 95011 0.2; purchased from antique dealer in the RMO inventory book signed L. Appelboom) fo und to con­ IN.E. Esser. (DB 532) tain in the socket a paper giving the find-spot as 'Batenburg'. Mu­ seum: RMO Leiden, Inv.No. e. 1948/8.1. (DB SIS) CATNO. 570. PROVENANCE UNKNOWN. L, 12.3; w. 3.7 cm. We ight 314.7 gr. Mouth fo rmula: 3.2x4.0; Note: see also Cat.No. 576. Cat.No. 565 is very simi­ 2.0x2.2 cm. Prominent casting seams. Band loop (2.0x 1.0 cm). lar to Cat.No. 569 (but has one neckrib). Neyer sharpened; the 'cutting edge' is 0.7 cm thick. Patina mottled green. Museum: Nijmegen, Museum Het Va lkllOf, [nv.No. xxx.d.42. Ex coll.Kam. (DB 1539) 8.2.2. Annorican, smal! with l neelo'ib and slightly /\ outline (AXT:armJ\Nr<) (3 ex.; fig. 35) CAT NO. 571. PROVENANCE UNKNOWN. L. 13.3; w. 3.45 cm. Rectangular mouth (formula: 3.3x4.0; 2.4x2.6 CATNO. 566. NO PROVENANCE. cm). Strong collar, with large stumps ofthree (ofthe original <_> L. 7.5; w. 2.6 cm. Weight 81.4 gr. Mouth fo rmula: 1.85x2.25; four) casting runners. Neckrib not on loop-side. Band loop (1.9xO.9 1.2x 1.5 cm. Loop: 1.3xO.6 cm. Prominent casting seams; never cm). Faces slightly conyex. Cutting edge neyer sharpened. sharpened. Patina: mottled green. Museum: Museum Het ValkllOf, Blowholes on both fa ces. Casting seams sharp. Patina: originally Tnv.No. xxx.d.45. Ex coll. Kam. (DB 1541) black; mostly peeled off, silOwing mottled green; othenvise well preserved. Loamy encrustation. Museum: 's-Hertogenbosch, Inv.No. CATNO. 567. PROVENANCE UNKNOWN. 8562. (DB 267) lo7.7; w. 2.5 cm. We ight 72.5 gr. Mouth fo rmula: 1.75x2.3; I.lx 1.4 The museum fiche attributes the find-spot to Bergeijk, with ref­ cm. Loop: 1.45xO.5 cm. Prominent casting seams; never sharpened. erence to a letter fr om P.N. Panken to C.R. Hermans, dated 6 0cto­ Patina: mottled green/black. Museum: Nijmegen, MusellIn Het ber 1846, but Panken didn't ment ion any find-spot in this letter:

566 567 •

Fig. 35. Armorican socketed axes, one neekrib, small size. 566-567: no provenance (drawings HS); 568: Beugen, N-B (dealer's prov­ enance). 312 J.J. BUTLER & H. STEEGSTRA

570 571 go 00

572 573 574 o Fig. 36a. Armorican socketed axes, one neckrib, medium size. 569: Overasselt, Ge (dealer's provenance); 570-573: provenance unknown; 574: De Duno, Ge (dealer' s provenance) (570, 572-574: drawings HS) (see also ligs 36b, c). Bronze Age metal and amber in the Ne therlands (111:2) 313

575 576 577

� "'%. z % 0 0 oP �, j D o I-0oI

579 o o 0 0 Fig. 36b. 575: De Duno, Ge (dealer' s provenance); 576: SI. Joost, Li (dealer' s provenance); 577-580: no provenance (575, 577: drawings HS) (see also figs 36a, c). 314 J.J. BUTLER & H. STEEGSTRA

•

, I

581 582 o O o-o

i I

\ \ � I )l ' 584 583

Fig. 36c. 581-584: provenance unknown (58 1: drawing HS, 583: sketch JJB) (se e also figs 36a, b).

"Hooggeleerde Heer ell Wa arde Vrielld. Hiemevells het bedoelde CAT.NO. 572. PROVENANCE UNKNOWN. metaielI \\lerktllig. Bij de olltdekkillg \\las het zoodmlig illge.... • dat L. 13.1; w. 3.75 cm. Rectangular mouth (formula: 2.75x3.8; J .8x2.6 het toell sc/,eell geheel groelI gevonlld te Zijll. Om beter de stof te cm). Prominent collar, with traces of four jets, from which springs kIllIIIelI ollderscheidell is er op 2 piaatselI. gelijk te ziell is. de korst loop (recently broken off) : 1.6xc. 0.7 cm. Single neckrib, on faces

\liat afgeveild ....." . only. Trapeze shape, rectangular section. Blowhole on one side. Docllmelltatioll: letter P.N. Panken (Westerhoven) to C.R. Hermans Castillg seams prominent. No core. Patina: mottled green. Slight Cs-Hertogenbosch), 6 October 1846. Dossier signature: KHS A2 traces of dark glossy green surface. Some brown loamy deposit (in 'Kostbare Halldschriftell' in Bibliotheek Katholieke Universiteit inside. Museum: Enschede, Inv.No. 1978-33 (old No. E44), via Brabant, Tilburg). antique dealer Tielkens, Delden. (DB 2404) Bronze Age metal and amber in the Netlierlands (III: 2) 315

CAT.NO. 573. PROVENANCE UNKNOWN. looped side). Loop: 1.8xO.8 cm. Casting seams present (also on L. 13.3; w. 3.2 cm. Rectangular mouth opening; prominent single unsharped cutting eclge). Blowhole near cutting edge on one fa ce. mouth-moulding (formula: 2.8x3.8; 1.95x2.75 cm), from which Patina: mottleclgreen, part blackish; some ruhbed-off spots show­ springs D loop ( 1.6xO.6 cm), somewhat thilUledby cOlTosion. Single ing golden bronze (similar to Ve rleur series). Museum: Nijmegen, neck moulding on faces only. Trapeze outline, rectangular section. Museum Het Va lkhof, Inv.No. 28. 1 .28(3). (DB 1579) Casting seams prominent. Has been sharpened (anciently). In the socket, jammed in, a fragment of plate bronze, exact fo rm not vis­ CAT.NO. 578. PROVENANCE UNKNOWN. ible. Patina: mottled greeil; surviving traces of smooth surface. L. 13.1; w. 3. 15 cm. We ight 190.7 gr. Mouth formula: 2. 75x3. 7; Mostly now dul\. Some brown loamy deposit inside socket. Mu­ 1.8x2.7 cm. collar, with jet shlmps front and back; below <_> seum: Enschede, Inv.No. 1034. 1 (old No. 600- 103 in red ink). (DB moulding single rib, on faces only. D loop (1.95xO.55 cm). Body 2341) with mildly II outline, rectangular section. Casting seams present. Cutting edge with (modem) abrasion; also abraded along one edge. CAT.NO. 574. DE DUN O, GEMEENTE DOORWERTH, GELDER­ Patina: mottled green, part blackish. Museum: Nijmegen, Museum LAND? Het Va lkllOf, Inv.No. 6.8.3 l .1. Purchased (along with Cat.Nos 579 L. 12.95; w. 3.65 cm. Rectangular mouth (formula: 3.2x4.0; 2.2x2.8 and 580) from A. Ve rleur (Nijmegen). (DB 1565) cm). Prominent collar, from base of which springs D-shaped band loop (1.9x 1.0 cm). Single neckrib on fa ces only. Trapeze outline, CAT.NO. 579. PROVENANCE UNKNOWN. rectangular section. Cutting edge anciently sharpened. Casting L. 12.8; w. 3.5 cm. We ight 159.9 gr. Mouth fo rmula: 2.6x3.7; semns prominent. Blowhole under neckrib on reverse face, near 2.3x3.2 cm. Biconical collar, single thin rib on fa ces only. D loop edge. Patina: mottled green, surface rough. Some brown loamy (I.75xO.8 cm). Body with rectangular section. Casting seams present deposit inside. Museum: Enschede, Inv.No. 1034.2 (old No. 600- (also on unsharpened cutting edge). Two blowholes on non-Iooped 104 in red ink), ex coll. Van Deelen. Card inside socket: 'Duno side. Comparatively thin-walled. Patina: mottled green, part black­ near Arnhem' in blue ink. (DB 2342) ish; powdery green c1eposit,especiaIly inside socket. We ll preserved. Museum: Nijmegen, Museum Het Va lkllOf, Inv.No. 6.8.3 1.2. Pur­ CAT.NO. 575. DE DUN O, GEMEENTE DOORWERTH, GELDER­ chased (along with Cat.Nos 578 and 580) from A. Verleur LAND? (Nijmegen). (DB 1566) L. 12.35; w. 2.8 cm. Rectangular mouth; single mouth moulding (fonnula: 3.0x3.8; 2.3x2.5 cm), with one strongly projecting jet CAT.NO. 580. PROVENANCE UNKNOWN. attaclunent. One neckrib, from which springs D-shaped band loop L. 11.8; w. 3.1 cm. We ight 162.2 gr. Mouth fo rmula: 2.55x3.9; (1.5x1.0 cm). Casting seams mostly removed. Blade unsharpened. 1.9x2.9 cm. Biconical collar (partly broken away), below which Patina: mottled green; no co re, but traces of burnt clay in socket. single thin rib on fa ces only. Casting seams present. Cutting edge Surface dull, rough. Cutting edge corners have slight moderndam­ not sharpenecl. Elongated blowhole on non-Ioopecl side. Patina: age. Museum: Enschede, lnv.No. 1034.3 (old No. 500-237), ex col\. mottled green. Museum: Nijmegen, Museum Het Va lkllOf, Inv.No. Ter Kuile. (DB 2343) 6.8.3 1.3. Purchased (along with Cat.Nos 578 and 579) from A. Ve rleur (Nijmegen). (DB 1567) Note: Cat.Nos 574 and 575 were, according to Dr A.D. Verlinde (museum Enschede), almost certainly Note: Cat.Nos 578-580: purchased together from purchased by the collectors concernedfr om a dealer, dealer A. Verleur; very similar in patina, and possi­ although this is not explicitly so stated in the records. bly (part of?) a hoard. Cat.No. 577 may, to judge by The Duno is a well known early-historic fortified hill its similar patina, belong to the same fi nd. site overlooking the Rhine, not otherwise l

8.2.4. Arll1oriean, with parallel sides (AXT:armiD Pa rallels: Kibbert, 1984: Nos K.857 ('Rheilllalld') and K.858 (prov­ (fig. 37) enanee ullknown).

a) Miniature specimen (AXT:armll« ) Cl ex.; fig. 37) b) Large (AXT:mmll» (l ex.; fig. 38)

Cf.Kibbert, 1984: Armorikiillische Tiillellheile, Va riaIIIe Maure (pp. CAT.NO. 586. NIJMEGEN, GEMEENTE N1JMEGEN, GELDER­ 173-174; Taf. 64: Nos. 857-858) LAND (dealer's provenance). L. + 12.3; w. 3.4 cm. Rectangular mouth opening (formula: 3.5x3.9; CAT.NO. 585. PROVENANCE UNKNOWN. 2.7x2.45 cm). Biconical collar. D loop (2xO.75 cm). Patina: dark L. 4.7; w. 1.4 cm. Weight 21.7 gr. Mouth formula: l.4x2; 1.0x 1.6 green to black. Very corroded. Edge broken anciently (break cm. Loop 1.0xO.5 cm. Single collar. Prominent casting seams. Cut­ patinated). Museum: RMO Leiden, lnv.No. e.194817.7; purchased ting edge moderately sharp. Patina: mottled green; light brownish from antique dealer lN.E. Esser in 1948. (DB 514) loamy encrustation. Museum: Nijmegen, Museum Het Valkhof, Map referellce: Sheet 40C, c. 186/427. luv.No. xxx.d.48. Ex coll. Kam. (DB 1542) c) Large, with thin neela·ib (AXT:armIINr» (2 ex.; fig.39 )

CAT.NO. 587. PROVENANCE UNKNOWN. L. 13.2; w. 3.4 cm. We ight 257.6 gr. Mouth fo rmula: 3.7x4. 1; 2.5.5x2.75 cm. Biconical collar with casting jet stumps front and back. Single thin neckrib on all fom sides. Band D loop (2.2xO.8 cm); ribbon D loop (2.0x 1.1 cm). Casting seaIns present (also on cutting edge). Long blowhole (5 cm long) on non-Iooped side. Pa­ tina: mostly mottled green; blackish in part. Light brown loamy encrustation. Museum: Nijmegen, Museum Het Va lkhof, Inv.No. 28. 1 .28(2). (DB 1578)

CAT.NO. 588. NIJMEGEN, GElvIEENTE NIJMEGEN, GELDER­ LAND (dealer's provenance). Fig. 37. Armorican socketed axes, mini. 585: provenance un­ L. 13.0; w. (3.4) cm. Weight 257 gr. Mouth fo rmula: 3.75x4.0; known (drawing HS). 2.3x2.55 cm. Loop: 2.0xO.65 cm. Nearly square socket. One neckrib, present on three sides, but absent on the loop-side. Paral­ lel sides, strictly rectangular cross-section. Cutting edge not sharp­ ened. Patina: dull green; where damaged blackish. Some brown loam inside socket. Has suffered a heavy blow on the non-Iooped side; somewhat squashed in, and part of the cutting edge is broken away. Museum: Nijmegen, Museum Het Va lkhof, Inv.No. 6. 1940.2; pmchased from A. Verleur (for f 3.00). (DB 1910) Map referellce: Sheet 40C, c. 186/427.

9. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

In the above we have listed, described and classified 85 socketed axes (plus one bronze haif-mOllid fo r casting a socketed axe) of types which in the Neth­ erlands occur exclusively or almost exclusively in the southeastem part ofthe country, i.e. in the provinces of Limburg and Noord-Brabant. In addition, we list details of 26 socketed axes of Armorican types in museums and private collec­ , / 586 tions in the Netherlands; which, however, as far as available documentation goes ('provenance un­ known' or dealer' s dubious provenances) ean safely be regarded as exclusively the result of modem im­ port, entirely without significance for Netherlands prehistory. () Most numerous among our four principal south­ ...... , em types are the socketed axes of Type Plainseau, a type common and characteristic in the northem part Fig. 38. Armorican socketed axes, no neckrib, parallel sides. 586: of France and in Belgium in the French Bronze fi- Nijmegen, Ge (dealer's provenance). Bronze Age metal and amber in the Netherlands (IIJ:2) 317

% 11 z I ' % I , 'I1 _ _ >...::: :J ! Do! ! ! \"""..""J g o Fig. 39. Anllorican socketed axes, one neckrib, parallel sides. 587: provenance unknown; 588: Nijmegen, Ge (dealer's provenance). nal IIIb. Plainseau axes are well represented in the Both the Niedermaas and Helmeroth types may Maas valley and in eastern Noord-Brabant; very few have originated in the Stufe Obernbeck of Kibbelt, have been found faither north (map 4). It is at present though a more solid in chronological grounding impossible to say to what extent the Plainseau axes would be most desirable; in any case, both of these in Belgium and the south of the Netherlands are types may have been in production in the time of the import from France; the variety of the ornament on Plainseau axes. the numerous axes in the Heppeneert hoard might An extraordinary group of socketed axes consists provide clues as to the possibility of local manufac­ of the long, impracticably thinly cast socketed axes ture of Plainseau axes in the Lower Maas area. of Type Geistingen. They occur especiaIly in a con­ Almost as frequent in the south of the Netherlands centration of smal! hom'ds and river finds along the are axes of the varieties grouped together under the Rhine from the Nijmegen area to the mouth of the name Niederll1C/C/s type. In the Netherlands their dis­ Lippe within which area they were presumably manu­ tribution is similar, but slightly more limited, than fa ctured; with a fe w strays into the Rhein-Main area; that of the Plainseau axes (map 3), with which they along the Maas is the large Belgian hoard from Geis­ are contemporary. They are rare in western Germany, tingen (map 6). The unusual character, typological and we do not know of any in France. There is no homogeneity, and concentrated distribution suggest reason to doubt that they were manufactured in the that they originate in a single workshop. It is gener­ Lower Maas area, though their typological variety ally believed that they date from the transition Late suggests that they are not from a single source. Bronze Age-Em'ly Iron Age, though direct dating By way of contrast, axes of Kibbert's Form Hel­ evidence is absent. meroth are fa irly common and widespread in middle In a subsequent pmt of this study we wil! discuss: West Germany, where they may have been made, but a) the socketed axes of Kibbert's Forll1 Wesse­ there is no distinct concentration within that area. In ling, a relatively numerous type in the North Gelman the Netherlands their chief occurrence is in middle Rhineland, but also in the eastern halfof the Nether­ Limburg, with some examples in the Maas-Waal­ Iands, fa irly equally divided between nOltheast, mid­ Rhine river area (map 5). The bronze half-mould die east, and southeast; (Cat.No. 549) attributed to Roermond is of the Hel­ b) the socketed axe types occurring principal!y in meroth type. Noteworthy is the findof three Helme­ the northeast of the Netherlands (the 'Hunze-Ems' roth axes in Denmark, in the Period IV hoard of types); Basland (fig. 30b). c) the considerable number of socketed axes, 318 J.J. BUTLER & H. STEEGSTRA mostly import, of types represented in the Nether­ BRlARD, J, 1965. Les depots Bretons et I'Age du Bronze Atlanti­ Iands by too few examples to display a characteris­ que. Tr avaux du Laboratoire d'Allthropologie Prehistorique. tic distribution; Faculte des Sciences de Rennes, Rennes. d) the hom'ds of the Late Bronze Age in the Ne­ BRIARD, J, 1995. L'age du Bronze. In: P. R. Giot, l Briard & L. Pape: Protohistoire de la Bretaglle. Ed. Ouest-France, Rennes, therlands. pp. 25-197. BRIARD, J, 2001. Armorique, Grande-Bretagne et Pays-Bas il 10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I' Age du Bronze. In: W.H.Metz, B.L. van Beek & H. Steegstra (eds): Pa tilla. Essays presellted to Jay Jordall BIItier Oll the We express our heartful thanks to all - colleagues, occasioll of his 80th birthday. Privately published, Groningen! museum directors and curators, private owners of Amsterdam, pp. 125-143. BRIARD, J G. VERRON, 1976. 7} pologie des objets de I'åge objects, helpers in various ways in the Netherlands & du Brollze ell Fr allce, IV Had/ es (2) herlIlillettes. Societe and outside - who have contributed to this and re­ Prehistorique Fran9aise, Commission du Bronze, Paris. lated parts of the present study. They are far too BROHOLM, H.C., 1943-1 949. DalIlIIarks Bronzealder, I-IV Nyt numerous to name individually, so we hope they will Nordisk Forlag/Arnold Busck, Copenhagen. accept this collective thank-you. BROUNEN, ET.S., 1988. Mm·graten. In: H. Stoepker, Archeologi­ Our special indebtedness to Kurt Kibbeti will be sche kroniek van Limburg over 1987. Publicatiolls de la Societe evident from the frequency of our citations of his Historique et Archeologique dallS le LilllbO/ug 124, pp. 345- monumental work on the axes of the mittIere West­ 425. (ROB Overdrukken 356) deutschland in the PriihistorischeBronze jimde series. BUTLER, l1., 196011961. A Bronze Age concentration at Bargeroosterveld. With some notes on the axe trade across We must also record our gratihlde to the past and northernEurope. Pa laeohistoria 8, pp. 100- 126. present draughtsmen of the Biologisch- Archaeo­ BUTLER, J.J., 1963. Bronze Age connections across the North Sea. logisch Instihmt, now absOl'bed into the Groninger A study in prehistoric trade and industrial relations between Instituut voor Archeologie: B. Kuiteti, B. Kracht, H. the British Isles, the Netherlands, North Germany and Roelink, lM. Smit and M.A. Los-Weijns; as well as Scandinavia - c. 1700-700 B.C. Pa laeohistoria 9, pp. 1-286. parttimers or freelancers L. Hart and G. de Weerd. BUTLER, Jl, 1965. Ook eens iets voor dames. Een bijzonder Fa cet We are especially indebted tot Jan Smit and Miriam van de Noordnederlandse bronsbewerking in de 8e eeuw v.Chr. Los-Weijns, for their invariably cheerfulguidance of (with English summary). NieulVe Drelltse Vo lksallllallak 83, the drawing activity of one of the authors (HS). pp. 163-198. BUTLER, lJ., 1973. Einheimische Bronzebeilproduktion im The distribution maps (by HS) are on the basis Niederrhein-Maasgebiet. Pa laeohistoria 15, pp. 319-343. of the automatic mapping facility provided by l BUTLER, ll, 1986. Drouwen: end oF a 'Nordic' rainbow? Kraak and J.T. Ubbink of the University of Gro­ Pa laeohistoria 28, pp. 133-168. ningen Computer Centre. BUTLER, J.J., 1987. Bronze Age connections: France and the Neth­ For a contribution to travel costs we are grateful erlands. Pa laeohistoria 29, pp. 9-34. to the Foundatiol1 Netherlands Museum for Antlu'o­ BUTLER, lJ., 1997. Bronze Age metal and amber in the Nether­ pology and Praehistory. 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