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A Phenomenological Study of Wang Yangming's 王陽明 Theory of Moral Effort Minglai Dong

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A Phenomenological Study of Wang Yangming's 王陽明 Theory of Moral Effort Minglai Dong Duquesne University Duquesne Scholarship Collection Electronic Theses and Dissertations Summer 8-11-2018 To the Effort Itself: A Phenomenological Study of Wang Yangming's 王陽明 Theory of Moral Effort Minglai Dong Follow this and additional works at: https://dsc.duq.edu/etd Part of the Comparative Philosophy Commons, Continental Philosophy Commons, and the Ethics and Political Philosophy Commons Recommended Citation Dong, M. (2018). To the Effort Itself: A Phenomenological Study of Wang Yangming's 王陽明 Theory of Moral Effort (Doctoral dissertation, Duquesne University). Retrieved from https://dsc.duq.edu/etd/1463 This One-year Embargo is brought to you for free and open access by Duquesne Scholarship Collection. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Duquesne Scholarship Collection. For more information, please contact [email protected]. TO THE EFFORT ITSELF: A PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY OF WANG YANGMING’S 王陽明 THEORY OF MORAL EFFORT A Dissertation Submitted to McAnulty College & Graduate School of Liberal Arts Duquesne University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Minglai Dong August 2018 Copyright by Minglai Dong 2018 TO THE EFFORT ITSELF: A PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY OF WANG YANGMING’S 王陽明 THEORY OF MORAL EFFORT By Minglai Dong Approved May 30th, 2018 _________________________________ __________________________________ Dr. L. Michael Harrington Dr. Lanei Rodemeyer Associate Professor of Philosophy Associate Professor of Philosophy (Committee Chair) (Committee Member) _________________________________ Dr. Jay Lampert Professor of Philosophy (Committee Member) _________________________________ __________________________________ Name of James Swindal Dr. Ronald Polansky Dean, McAnulty College of Liberal Arts Chair, Department of Philosophy Professor of Philosophy Professor of Philosophy iii ABSTRACT TO THE EFFORT ITSELF: A PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY OF WANG YANGMING’S 王陽明 THEORY OF MORAL EFFORT By Minglai Dong August 2018 Dissertation supervised by Dr. L. Michael Harrington In this dissertation, I phenomenologically clarify the theory on moral effort (gongfu 功夫) of the sixteenth-century Chinese philosopher Wang Yangming (or Wang Shouren 王陽明/王守仁 1472-1529). For Wang, the final purpose of moral effort is to cultivate one’s heart (xin 心) as the subject of consciousness, with the goal of sagehood. The heart is also the foundation on which all methods of moral effort can rely. I argue that Husserl’s phenomenology can shed a light on Wang’s doctrine, for it describes the transcendental structure of all aspects related to consciousness, which are also topics and phenomena studied by Wang’s philosophy. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, I would like to give my gratitude to my committee members: Dr. Michael Harrington, my director; Dr. Lanei Rodemeyer and Dr. Jay Lampert, my readers. Dr. Harrington helped me to develop the whole project of this text, and offered inspiring suggestions in my process of writing. Dr. Rodemeyer gave me instructions in understanding Husserl’s phenomenology both before and in my process of writing. Dr. Lampert phenomenologically challenged my understandings of many issues, whose critiques helped me to think more carefully, and to make my arguments sound. I am grateful for the kindness Dr. Ronald Polansky, the chair of philosophy department. To Ms. Joan Thompson, the administrator of our department, I also own my words of thanks. I would also like to thank Dr. Zhao Yiheng, who was my advisor when I was in the MA program of literature at Sichuan University. Dr. Zhao suggested me to go further in the study of Husserl, which was the initial step for this dissertation. I have to give my hearty thank to my family for their invaluable generosity and patience. I own an especial gratitude to my mother Kuai Huiqin, who provided the initial funding, and, more importantly, continuous encouragement for my pursuit of degrees in the academic world. Finally, my greatest gratitude goes to my wife, my Muse Peng Juan, for the love, company, and ease of my soul that she tenderly offered. Without her warm and sweet support, I would not have been able to sail through those difficult moments in my years v in the doctoral project. Words of both Chinese and English escape from me, when I try to portray my love and appreciation for you, Juan. In other words, I love you. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................. v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................ x Introduction: The Importance of Moral Effort for Wang Yangming as a Neo-Confucian ..... 1 Chapter 1: Intention, Thing, Knowing, and Heart: The Parallel Between the Systems of Wang and Husserl .......................................................................................................................... 6 §1 Wang’s New Reading of The Great Learning as an Expression of His Theory ..................... 6 §2 The Relation Between the Body and the Heart According to Wang ....................................... 9 §3 Wang’s Method of Recovering the Original Substance of the Heart Based on Liangzhi ..... 11 §4 The Relation Between Heart, Intention, and Thing According to Both Wang and Husserl . 15 §5 The Essential Correlation Between Noesis and Noema ........................................................ 17 §6 Different Forms of Intentional Objects Constituted by Noetic Acts ..................................... 24 a) Actual and Illusionary Things as Intentional Objects ........................................................ 24 b) Other People as Subjects Intentionally Given ................................................................... 29 c) Intentional Acts Themselves as Intentional Objects .......................................................... 31 d) Essences as Objects of Eidetic Seeing ............................................................................... 33 §7 Intentional Objects as Objects for the Ego ............................................................................ 33 §8 All Noemata as Objects for an Ego via the Medium of Noeses of the Ego .......................... 37 §9 The Relation Between Things and Intentions According to Wang ....................................... 40 §10 Other People as Targets of Intentions ................................................................................. 43 §11 Illusions, Intentions Themselves, and Knowledge as Things ............................................. 44 §12 Wang’s Understanding of the Relation Between Heart and Intentions ............................... 47 §13 The Relation Between Heart and Things ............................................................................ 48 §14 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 52 Chapter 2: Correcting Things as Correcting Emotional Intentions: A Phenomenological Study on Wang Yangming’s Doctrine of Gewu ......................................................................... 54 §1 Introduction: Wang’s Theory of Gewu and an Important Critique Against It ...................... 54 §2 Emotional Acts as Acts on a Higher Noetic Layer ............................................................... 57 vii §3 Valued Objects as Objects Constituted by Emotional Acts .................................................. 62 §4 Moral Acts as Emotional Acts in Accordance with Ethical Principles ................................. 66 §5 The Will as a Special Emotional Act .................................................................................... 74 §6 Wang Yangming’s Theory of Emotional Intentions ............................................................. 82 §7 Wang’s Theory of Heavenly Principles Which Should Be Followed by Emotional Intentions .................................................................................................................................... 85 §8 The Function of Body Within the Framework of Wang ....................................................... 90 §9 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 95 Chapter 3: Husserl and Wang on the Contents of Ethical Principles ..................................... 97 §1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 97 §2 Other Subjects as Intentional Objects Constituted by the Ego .............................................. 98 §3 Husserl’s Theory of the Others as Objects of Ethical Love Different from Hedonistic Desires ...................................................................................................................................... 104 §4 Heavenly Principles as Objective Ethical Laws .................................................................. 109 §5 Other People as Other Rational Subjects Who Should Be Loved ....................................... 114 §6 The Special Role of Family Love Within the System of Wang’s Ethics ............................ 126 §7 Values of Cultural Objects According to Husserl and Wang .............................................
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