Soudan Underground Laboratory: an Interdisciplinary Look
A.N. Villano (University of Minnesota) For the: Soudan Underground Lab, UMN/UMD Depts. Of Physics
12/18/12 A.N. Villano ‐ ASPERA Synergies 1 Depth and Loca on
12/18/12 A.N. Villano ‐ ASPERA Synergies 2 Depth and Loca on
• Level 27 contains laboratory • 710 m depth 2090 m.w.e • mine is not active • small experimental “overhead”
12/18/12 A.N. Villano ‐ ASPERA Synergies 3 Lab Layout – Level 27
12/18/12 A.N. Villano ‐ ASPERA Synergies 4 Precision Physics
• (left) Soudan 2 modules • searching for proton decay • active 1987 – 2001 • 1k ton mass
• (right) CDMS inner detector • dark matter direct detection (WIMP) • active 2000 – 2015 • ~10 kg Germanium in SuperCDMS • operation at 50 – 60 mK
12/18/12 A.N. Villano ‐ ASPERA Synergies 5 Precision Physics
• (above) MINOS detector
• νµ disappearance from Fermilab beam • active 1998 – 2015 • 5.5k ton iron • (right) CoGeNT detector • dark matter direct detection (WIMP) • active 2008 – 200xx
12/18/12 A.N. Villano ‐ ASPERA Synergies 6 Dic onary (so far)
CDMS: Cryogenic Dark Ma er Search
SuperCDMS: Current stage of CDMS experiment and successor to CDMS‐II
CoGeNT: Coherent Germanium Neutrino Technology
MINOS: Main Injector Neutrino Oscilla on Search
12/18/12 A.N. Villano ‐ ASPERA Synergies 7 Radiogenic/Cosmogenic
There are two broad categories of background for underground low background experiments
Radiogenic: • contaminants from various chains • can produce gammas or neutrons • mitigated by screening efforts
12/18/12 A.N. Villano ‐ ASPERA Synergies 8 Radiogenic/Cosmogenic
There are two broad categories of background for underground low background experiments
Cosmogenic: • muons very penetrating • can produce neutrons in underground environments • can produce radioactive secondaries which remain as contaminants • mitigated by simulation and measurement efforts
12/18/12 A.N. Villano ‐ ASPERA Synergies 9 “Ac ve” Cavern Environment
• (above) veto shield from Soudan 2 detector • currently works and reads out events with global ∼µs stamp • can support an “LBCF” with correlated tracking/timing
12/18/12 A.N. Villano ‐ ASPERA Synergies 10 “Ac ve” Cavern Environment
• (above) LBCF scheme for timing correlation • use global ∼µs stamp to correlate NMM or other events to muons • being extended to NMM meter in a generic user-oriented way 12/18/12 A.N. Villano ‐ ASPERA Synergies 11 Novel Detectors – Beta Cage
• (left) schematic of detector • MWPC to detect drift electrons
• (right) prototype at Caltech • collaboration between Syracuse and Caltech • prototype built but not out of radiopure materials • final design to be installed at Soudan perhaps LBCF 12/18/12 A.N. Villano ‐ ASPERA Synergies 12 Screening
• Support screening efforts at Soudan • Use LBCF veto shield in concert with installed detectors • Propose new infrastructure to assist underground low background exp.
12/18/12 A.N. Villano ‐ ASPERA Synergies 13 Screening – Gopher HPGe
• “Gopher” coun ng sta on recently re‐built (2012) by UMN • One layer ancient lead from Lemar Pax • Queue includes SuperCDMS and outside samples
12/18/12 A.N. Villano ‐ ASPERA Synergies 14 Novel Detectors ‐ NMM • UCSB effort to measure high energy neutrons underground • Use Gd loaded water and photomul pliers to detect spalla on products of high energy neutrons on a lead target • Currently running at Soudan (next to CoGeNT) and in posi on to take advantage of detailed veto shield informa on • LBCF correla on successfully tested spring 2012 12/18/12 A.N. Villano ‐ ASPERA Synergies 15 Novel Detectors ‐NMM
12/18/12 A.N. Villano ‐ ASPERA Synergies 16 Dic onary (so far) LBCF: Low Background Coun ng Facility – generic name for screeners or other experiments which benefit from the re‐furbished Soudan 2 veto shield
β-cage: Beta cage, a detector for screening samples with low‐level beta contamina on using a Mul Wire Propor anal Chamber (MWPC)
NMM: Neutron Mul plicity Meter, a detector to measure spalla on from high energy neutrons entering a target material ‐ lead 12/18/12 A.N. Villano ‐ ASPERA Synergies 17 Industry and Science Support • Copper electropla ng (SBIR) ini a ve – J. Reeves ini a ve was successful in crea ng copper, space and infrastructure s ll exist at Soudan – Did not flourish into larger scale opera on but interest s ll exists
12/18/12 A.N. Villano ‐ ASPERA Synergies 18 Biology – Microbial Studies
• microbial life at Soudan is abundant! • Level 27 is a “microbial galaxy” • Biomass living in underground env. may surpass surface life work of: J. Gralnick, Department of Microbiology BioTechnology Institute, UMN 12/18/12 A.N. Villano ‐ ASPERA Synergies 19 Biology – Microbial Studies • Bacteria have been cultivated from the level 27 brine near each vertical borehole (seep). • All isolates (6/6) were identified as belonging to the genus Marinobacter. • Marinobacter is commonly found in oceans. • Are these bacteria remnants from an ancient ocean?! • Some species are able to oxidize ferrous iron, a metabolism we would predict to be occurring in the iron-rich brine. work of: J. Gralnick, Department of Microbiology BioTechnology Institute, UMN
12/18/12 A.N. Villano ‐ ASPERA Synergies 20 Biology – Microbial Studies • Oxydizing Bacteria • This ancient Banded Iron Formation provides the appropriate redox gradients for life to thrive. • This ecosystem is independent of surface processes. • No photosynthesis input (unlike in marine systems)
• Very little (if any) mixing with surface waters
• If there is life on Mars today, this is what it would probably look like. work of: J. Gralnick, Department of Microbiology BioTechnology Institute, UMN
12/18/12 A.N. Villano ‐ ASPERA Synergies 21 Geology
• Dean Peterson survey during Soudan early days • (left) showing iron formations around the mine workings (purple) and laboratory structure (yellow)
12/18/12 A.N. Villano ‐ ASPERA Synergies 22 Geology
• (above) ore bodies in and around mine/laboratory • iron in the region appears to be pre-cambrian • http://www.d.umn.edu/prc/ center founded on these studies 12/18/12 A.N. Villano ‐ ASPERA Synergies 23 Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVIII (2007) 1758.pdf
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• (left) shows simulated muons which can be detected in minos • the energy spectrum will be distorted by the iron structures • detailed knowledge of these structure help all physics experiments to more accurately model the incoming cosmic rays
12/18/12 A.N. Villano ‐ ASPERA Synergies 25 Outreach
• Mine tours conducted through spring/ summer • Good location for outreach being located on the site of a state park
12/18/12 A.N. Villano ‐ ASPERA Synergies 26 The Future – MINOS+
• (above) MINOS detector upgraded with new electronics etc. • start running in 2013 simultaneous with NOVA • off oscillation maximum for Numi energy, exotic theories can be tested
12/18/12 A.N. Villano ‐ ASPERA Synergies 27 The (Possible) Future – DIANA
12/18/12 A.N. Villano ‐ ASPERA Synergies 28 Summary • Soudan mine has a wide variety of ac vi es which are going on • The mine is not ac ve so it is well suited to sensi ve detectors and equipment • There is li le overhead in ge ng started with studies being operated by UMN • There are s ll many open opportuni es for both physics and other general scien fic research
12/18/12 A.N. Villano ‐ ASPERA Synergies 29