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Redes De Datos: Contexto Y Evolución Redes de datos: Contexto y evolución Tercera Edición M. en C. José Ignacio Castillo Velázquez Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México – INTERNET Revisores Dr. Ricardo Marcelin Jiménez Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana – Redes y telecomunicaciones Dra. Rafaela Blanca Silva López Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana – Gestión del conocimiento SAMSARA José Ignacio Castillo Velázquez Redes de datos: Contexto y evolución. 3ª Ed. 2019 Redes de datos Contexto y evolución José Ignacio Castillo Velázquez Primera edición septiembre de 2014. ISBN 978-970-94-2915-2 Segunda edición septiembre de 2016. ISBN 978-970-94-2968-8 Tercera edición abril de 2019. ISBN 978-970-94310-9-4 © Samsara Editorial 2019 © José Ignacio Castillo Velázquez 2014, 2016, 2019 Registro INDAUTOR: 04-2019-091526811324-024 Editor: Sergio A. Santiago Madariaga [email protected] Diseño de portada: Iziar Nancy Eudave Salazar Reservados todos los derechos. Prohibida la reproducción o transmisión parcial o total de esta obra, por cualquier medio o método sin autorización por escrito del editor. ISBN 978-970-94310-9-4 Impreso en México Datos de catalogación bibliográfica: José Ignacio Castillo Velázquez (2019). Redes de datos: Contexto y evolución. Ciudad de México: Samsara Editorial. 266 pp., 21x27 cms. pág. 1 José Ignacio Castillo Velázquez Redes de datos: Contexto y evolución. 3ª Ed. 2019 “A todas mis familias en todos los universos paralelos antes y después de la INTERNET” Edición conmemorativa a 50 años de la ARPANET, gestada durante la 3ª revolución industrial, aceleró el tiempo y gestó a la 4ª revolución industrial. pág. 2 José Ignacio Castillo Velázquez Redes de datos: Contexto y evolución. 3ª Ed. 2019 pág. 3 José Ignacio Castillo Velázquez Redes de datos: Contexto y evolución. 3ª Ed. 2019 Contenido PREFACIO ........................................................................................................................... 8 PARTE I: Las redes de telecomunicaciones en la 2ª y 3ª revolución industrial ...................... 18 CAPÍTULO I: Las redes de telegrafía y telefonía ................................................................ 20 I.1 La primera red de telecomunicaciones: La telegrafía eléctrica ........................................ 22 I.2 La segunda red de telecomunicaciones: La telefonía ....................................................... 30 I.3 Autoevaluación para el capítulo I ................................................................................... 40 CAPÍTULO II: Las computadoras ...................................................................................... 42 II.1 La generación cero: 1936-1949, mecánicas y electromecánicas ...................................... 44 II.2 La generación 1: 1950-1958, Mainframes de bulbos ...................................................... 48 II.2.1 Las primeras mainframes en América Latina ............................................................. 51 II.3 La generación 2: 1958-1965, comercial con transistores discretos. ................................. 52 II.3.1 La segunda generación en México .............................................................................. 54 II.4 La generación 3: 1965-1975, circuitos integrados SSI y MSI .......................................... 55 II.4.1 La tercera generación en México ................................................................................ 57 II.5 La generación 4: Desde 1975, computadoras con LSI, VLSI, UVLSI ............................. 58 II.5.1 Memorias semiconductoras: adiós núcleos magnéticos. ............................................... 58 II.5.2 Microprocesadores y microelectrónica ....................................................................... 59 II.5.3 La transición de la microelectrónica a la nanoelectrónica ........................................... 61 II.5.4 Nanoprocesadores y nanocomputadoras [64 bits] ....................................................... 62 II.5.5 Microcontroladores .................................................................................................... 63 II.5.6 Circuitos auxiliares para microprocesadores 1970-1999 ............................................. 63 II.5.7. La computadora como una máquina multinivel ......................................................... 64 II.5.8 Elementos básicos de una computadora ...................................................................... 65 II.5.9 Secuencia de arranque de una microcomputadora ...................................................... 66 II.5.10 La cuarta generación en México ............................................................................... 67 II.6 La 5ta generación y la IA .............................................................................................. 69 II.6.1 La 5ta generación ....................................................................................................... 69 II.6.2 Supercomputadoras modernas ................................................................................... 69 II.6.3 Computación cuántica comercial ................................................................................ 70 II.6.4 Cyborgs y transhumanismo: Siglo XXI ........................................................................ 73 II.6.5 Generaciones de Cyborgs ............................................................................................ 76 II.6.6 El futuro humano ya está en el laboratorio ................................................................... 78 II.6 Autoevaluación para el capítulo II ................................................................................ 80 pág. 4 José Ignacio Castillo Velázquez Redes de datos: Contexto y evolución. 3ª Ed. 2019 CAPÍTULO III: El nacimiento de las redes de datos ............................................................ 82 MAN-WAN ......................................................................................................................... 82 III. El nacimiento de las redes de datos ................................................................................ 83 III.1 La primera generación de redes MAN-WAN: ARPANET V1 ...................................... 83 III.2 La segunda generación de redes MAN-WAN: ARPANET V2 y la NSFNET ................. 92 III.3 La tercera generación: NSFNET e INTERNET comercial ........................................... 97 III.3 La cuarta generación: IPV6 e Internet Interplanetario .............................................. 106 III.3.1 Internet en México y su contexto económico ............................................................ 112 III.4 Autoevaluación para el capítulo III ............................................................................ 117 PARTE II: Las redes de datos y la arquitectura cliente servidor ........................................ 118 CAPÍTULO IV: La estandarización en redes de datos ....................................................... 120 IV. La estandarización en las redes de datos ...................................................................... 121 IV.1 Ethernet. ................................................................................................................... 121 IV.2 La estandarización para los sistemas abiertos: ISO/OSI. ............................................ 123 IV.2.1 El encapsulamiento y desencapsulamiento de datos. ................................................ 126 IV.3. Las capas ISO/OSI y algunos de sus protocolos ......................................................... 127 IV.3.1 La capa física y sus protocolos ................................................................................. 127 IV.3.1.1 Comunicación serial: RS232 y USB ...................................................................... 128 IV.3.1.2 Cables de par trenzado para redes de computadoras ............................................ 130 IV.3.2 La capa DLL y sus protocolos: CSMA en Ethernet ................................................. 131 IV.3.2.1 La dirección MAC de un host ............................................................................... 137 IV.3.3 La capa de red y los protocolos ARP e ICMP .......................................................... 140 IV.3.3.1 Direcciones físicas y lógicas en un host .................................................................. 146 IV.3.3.2 Comunicación en una red punto a punto vía Ethernet .......................................... 148 IV.3.4 La capa de transporte y los protocolos TCP y UDP ................................................. 155 IV.3.5 La capa de sesión y sus protocolos ........................................................................... 156 IV.3.6 La capa de presentación y sus protocolos ................................................................ 158 IV.3.7 La capa de aplicación y sus protocolos .................................................................... 162 IV.3.7.1 aplicación para medir la velocidad de transferencia de datos ................................ 162 IV.4. Autoevaluación para el capítulo IV ........................................................................... 163 CAPÍTULO V: La arquitectura “cliente–servidor” ........................................................... 164 V. La arquitectura “cliente servidor” ................................................................................ 165 V.1. Software y sistemas operativos ................................................................................... 165 V.1.1 Sistema operativo UNIX ..........................................................................................
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