DOCSLIB.ORG

Juanita Renwick Thesis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Juanita Renwick Thesis POPULATION STRUCTURE AND GENETIC DIVERSITY OF SOUTHEAST QUEENSLAND POPULATIONS OF THE WALLUM FROGLET, CRINIA TINNULA (TSCHUDI). Juanita Renwick B. App. Sci. (Hons) School of Natural Resource Sciences Queensland University of Technology Brisbane, Australia This dissertation is submitted as a requirement of the Doctor of Philosophy Degree 2006 KEYWORDS Crinia tinnula; population genetic structure; phylogeography; Pliocene; mitochondrial DNA; 12S; COI; wallum; southeast Queensland. ii ABSTRACT Genetic diversity is a fundamental attribute that contributes to a species evolutionary survival. In recent times, conservation managers have recognized the need to preserve genetic diversity of declining species, and have also acknowledged the utility of genetic markers for describing genetic and ecological relationships within and among populations. Information obtained from genetic studies can be used in conjunction with information on population demography, land use patterns and habitat distribution to develop effective management strategies for the conservation of species in decline. The wallum froglet, Crinia tinnula, is one of Australia’s smallest habitat specialist anurans. In recent years there has been a dramatic decrease in population numbers of this species. The habitat to which C.tinnula is endemic (‘wallum’ habitat) is restricted to low coastal plains along the southeast Queensland and northern New South Wales coastline. As human populations in this region expanded, the coastal areas have undergone significant development and large areas of wallum habitat have been cleared. The effect has been to convert once largely continuous patches of coastal heathland in to a matrix of small habitat patches within an area undergoing rapid urban expansion. This study aimed to document levels and patterns of genetic diversity and to define the population structure of C.tinnula populations within southeast Queensland, with the objective of defining possible conservation management units for this species. Results from 12S and COI mitochondrial markers clearly showed that two distinct evolutionary lineages of C.tinnula are present within southeast Queensland. The high level of divergence between lineages and strict geographic partitioning suggests long term isolation of C.tinnula populations. It is hypothesized that ancestral C.tinnula populations were once confined to wallum habitat refugia during the Pliocene resulting in phylogeographic delineation of ‘northern’ and ‘southern’ C.tinnula clades. Populations within each geographic region show evidence of range contraction and expansion, with subsequent restricted gene flow. Levels of genetic diversity appear, largely, to be the product of historical associations rather than contemporary gene flow. A revision of the current systematics of C.tinnula is required to ensure that discrete population groups are recognized as distinct evolutionary lineages and will therefore be protected accordingly. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS KEYWORDS...................................................................................................................................ii ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................iii TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................................iv LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................................viii LIST OF TABLES..........................................................................................................................ix LIST OF APPENDICES.................................................................................................................xi STATEMENT OF ORIGINAL AUTHORSHIP ...........................................................................xii Chapter One: General Introduction .................................................................................................1 1.1 Relevance of genetics to conservation biology .......................................................... 1 1.2 Population genetic structure ....................................................................................... 2 1.2.1 Earth history events that shape population structure ........................................... 6 1.3 The use of molecular markers to describe genetic variation and population structure.................................................................................................................................. 7 1.4 Declining frog populations......................................................................................... 9 1.5 Case Study: The Wallum Froglet (Crinia tinnula).................................................. 11 1.6 Thesis structure and Aims ........................................................................................ 13 Chapter Two: General Methods.....................................................................................................15 2.1 The study area .......................................................................................................... 15 2.1.1 Biogeography of the wallum.............................................................................. 15 2.1.2 Biogeography of the coastal sand islands of southeast Queensland .................. 19 2.2 The study species; Crinia tinnula............................................................................. 21 2.2.1 Systematics ........................................................................................................ 21 2.2.2 Morphology ....................................................................................................... 22 iv 2.3 Sampling design and sample collection ................................................................... 24 2.4 Laboratory methods: Mitochondrial DNA techniques ............................................ 28 2.4.1 Outgroup species................................................................................................ 29 2.4.2 DNA extraction.................................................................................................. 29 2.4.3 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ...................................................................... 29 2.4.4 Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE)............................................ 30 2.4.5 Sequencing......................................................................................................... 34 2.5 Laboratory methods: Nuclear DNA techniques ...................................................... 35 2.5.1 Development of microsatellite genomic library................................................. 35 2.5.2 Primer design and optimisation of PCR............................................................. 36 2.5.3 Amplification of F2.5 ........................................................................................ 37 2.5.4 Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP)........................................... 38 2.5.5 Data analyses ..................................................................................................... 40 Chapter Three: Historical Population Structure Inferred from Mitochondrial 12S rRNA.............44 3.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 44 3.2 Materials and methods.............................................................................................. 47 3.2.1 Sampling localities and sample numbers........................................................... 47 3.2.2 DNA extraction and amplification of 12S rRNA mitochondrial DNA fragment.......................................................................................................................... 48 3.2.3 Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE), Heteroduplex analysis (HA) and Sequencing..................................................................................................... 49 3.2.4 Data analysis...................................................................................................... 50 3.3 Results ...................................................................................................................... 52 3.3.1 Mitochondrial DNA sequences.......................................................................... 52 3.3.2 Sequence variation............................................................................................. 53 3.3.3 Neutrality tests ................................................................................................... 54 v 3.3.4 Test for clock-like evolution.............................................................................. 54 3.3.5 Population genetic diversity and structure......................................................... 56 3.3.6 Population structure across the natural distribution of C.tinnula....................... 61 3.3.7 Genetic comparisons within Crinia genus......................................................... 64 3.3.8 Phylogenetic analyses........................................................................................ 65 3.3.9 Genetic structure within regions ........................................................................ 67 3.4 Discussion ................................................................................................................ 73 3.4.1 Broad scale population structure.......................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Amphibian Abundance and Detection Trends During a Large Flood in a Semi-Arid Floodplain Wetland
    Herpetological Conservation and Biology 11:408–425. Submitted: 26 January 2016; Accepted: 2 September 2016; Published: 16 December 2016. Amphibian Abundance and Detection Trends During a Large Flood in a Semi-Arid Floodplain Wetland Joanne F. Ocock1,4, Richard T. Kingsford1, Trent D. Penman2, and Jodi J.L. Rowley1,3 1Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia 2Centre for Environmental Risk Management of Bushfires, Institute of Conservation Biology and Environmental Management, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia 3Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, 6 College St, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia 4Corresponding author, email: [email protected] Abstract.—Amphibian abundance and occupancy are often reduced in regulated river systems near dams, but com- paratively little is known about how they are affected on floodplain wetlands downstream or the effects of actively managed flows. We assessed frog diversity in the Macquarie Marshes, a semi-arid floodplain wetland of conserva- tion significance, identifying environmental variables that might explain abundances and detection of species. We collected relative abundance data of 15 amphibian species at 30 sites over four months, coinciding with a large natural flood. We observed an average of 39.9 ± (SE) 4.3 (range, 0-246) individuals per site survey, over 47 survey nights. Three non-burrowing, ground-dwelling species were most abundant at temporarily flooded sites with low- growing aquatic vegetation (e.g., Limnodynastes tasmaniensis, Limnodynastes fletcheri, Crinia parinsignifera). Most arboreal species (e.g., Litoria caerulea) were more abundant in wooded habitat, regardless of water permanency.
    [Show full text]
  • Amphibian Neuropeptides: Isolation, Sequence Determination and Bioactivity
    Amphibian Neuropeptides: Isolation, Sequence Determination and Bioactivity A Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Chemistry by Vita Marie Maselli B.Sc. (Hons) July 2006 Preface ___________________________________________________________________________________________ Contents Abstract viii Statement of Originality x Acknowledgements xi List of Figures xii List of Tables xv The 20 Common Amino Acids xvi Chapter 1- Amphibians and their Peptides 1 1.1 Amphibian Peptides 1 1.1a Amphibians 1 1.1b The Role of Anuran Peptides 2 1.2 The Pharmacology of Peptides 4 1.2a Neuropeptides 5 1.2b Hormonal Peptides 7 1.2c Antibacterial Peptides 8 1.2d Anticancer Agents 9 1.2e Antifungal Peptides 9 1.2f Antimalarial Peptides 9 1.2g Pheromones 10 1.2h Miscellaneous Peptides 10 1.3 Peptide Biosynthesis 11 1.4 Methodology 12 1.4a Collection of Frog Secretions 12 1.4b Analysis by High Performance Liquid Chromatography 13 1.4c Mass Spectrometry 14 1.4d Q-TOF 2 Hybrid Quadrupole Time of Flight Mass Spectrometer 15 ii Preface ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 1.5 Peptide Sequencing 18 1.5a Positive and Negative Ion Mass Spectrometry 18 1.5b Automated Edman Sequencing 21 1.5c Enzyme Digestion 22 1.5d Determination of the C-terminal End Group 23 1.6 Bioactivity Testing 24 Chapter 2- Studies of Skin Secretions from the Crinia genus 2.1 Introduction 25 2.1a General 25 2.1b Cyclic Peptides 29 2.2 Host-Defence Compounds from Crinia riparia 30 2.2a Results 30 2.2.1a Isolation
    [Show full text]
  • ARAZPA Amphibian Action Plan
    Appendix 1 to Murray, K., Skerratt, L., Marantelli, G., Berger, L., Hunter, D., Mahony, M. and Hines, H. 2011. Guidelines for minimising disease risks associated with captive breeding, raising and restocking programs for Australian frogs. A report for the Australian Government Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. ARAZPA Amphibian Action Plan Compiled by: Graeme Gillespie, Director Wildlife Conservation and Science, Zoos Victoria; Russel Traher, Amphibian TAG Convenor, Curator Healesville Sanctuary Chris Banks, Wildlife Conservation and Science, Zoos Victoria. February 2007 1 1. Background Amphibian species across the world have declined at an alarming rate in recent decades. According to the IUCN at least 122 species have gone extinct since 1980 and nearly one third of the world’s near 6,000 amphibian species are classified as threatened with extinction, placing the entire class at the core of the current biodiversity crisis (IUCN, 2006). Australasia too has experienced significant declines; several Australian species are considered extinct and nearly 25% of the remainder are threatened with extinction, while all four species native to New Zealand are threatened. Conventional causes of biodiversity loss, habitat destruction and invasive species, are playing a major role in these declines. However, emergent disease and climate change are strongly implicated in many declines and extinctions. These factors are now acting globally, rapidly and, most disturbingly, in protected and near pristine areas. Whilst habitat conservation and mitigation of threats in situ are essential, for many taxa the requirement for some sort of ex situ intervention is mounting. In response to this crisis there have been a series of meetings organised by the IUCN (World Conservation Union), WAZA (World Association of Zoos & Aquariums) and CBSG (Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, of the IUCN Species Survival Commission) around the world to discuss how the zoo community can and should respond.
    [Show full text]
  • Newsletter Welcome to Our Summer Edition
    Issue 34 - December 2015 Newsletter Welcome to our summer edition. It is a time for insects; dragonflies, damselflies and butterflies all appreciate the warmer weather. Insects provide food for the many bird species that migrate to the Wombat Forest to breed. Beautiful mauve fringe lilies are starting to appear. It is also a time to look for sun orchids, and in the swampy areas, the large sickle greenhood orchids. Gayle Osborne (editor) and Angela Halpin (design) Owl Watch - Powerful Owls South of Trentham By Trevor Speirs In December last year, when searching for Rose Robins delight two Powerful Owls Ninox strenua were found and Pink Robins, Gayle and I stopped at a well-treed roosting in a Blackwood Acacia melanoxylon along the gully south of Trentham. No robins, but to our great dry creek bed. They appeared young, being slight in build and lightish in colour, and were a bit nervous, quickly taking off into the forest, but judging by the amount of familiar chalky excreta and small animal bones on the ground, this roost had been in use for some time. The surrounding bush looked like good owl habitat, with a stand of large Mountain Grey Gums Eucalyptus cypellocarpa with spacious hollows, and we made a note to return during next year’s breeding season. We visited on and off over the winter months, and while there was still plenty of evidence of owl presence, it was not until mid-September that we saw our first bird, a female. This was a good day, as shortly after dusk an owlet could be heard trilling from one of the grey gums that we suspected was being used for breeding.
    [Show full text]
  • Predation by Introduced Cats Felis Catus on Australian Frogs: Compilation of Species Records and Estimation of Numbers Killed
    Predation by introduced cats Felis catus on Australian frogs: compilation of species records and estimation of numbers killed J. C. Z. WoinarskiA,M, S. M. LeggeB,C, L. A. WoolleyA,L, R. PalmerD, C. R. DickmanE, J. AugusteynF, T. S. DohertyG, G. EdwardsH, H. GeyleA, H. McGregorI, J. RileyJ, J. TurpinK and B. P. MurphyA ANESP Threatened Species Recovery Hub, Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT 0909, Australia. BNESP Threatened Species Recovery Hub, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Research, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia. CFenner School of the Environment and Society, Linnaeus Way, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2602, Australia. DWestern Australian Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Bentley, WA 6983, Australia. ENESP Threatened Species Recovery Hub, Desert Ecology Research Group, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. FQueensland Parks and Wildlife Service, Red Hill, Qld 4701, Australia. GCentre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences (Burwood campus), Deakin University, Geelong, Vic. 3216, Australia. HNorthern Territory Department of Land Resource Management, PO Box 1120, Alice Springs, NT 0871, Australia. INESP Threatened Species Recovery Hub, School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas. 7001, Australia. JSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom. KDepartment of Terrestrial Zoology, Western Australian Museum, 49 Kew Street, Welshpool, WA 6106, Australia. LPresent address: WWF-Australia, 3 Broome Lotteries House, Cable Beach Road, Broome, WA 6276, Australia. MCorresponding author. Email: [email protected] Table S1. Data sources used in compilation of cat predation on frogs.
    [Show full text]
  • ARAZPA YOTF Infopack.Pdf
    ARAZPA 2008 Year of the Frog Campaign Information pack ARAZPA 2008 Year of the Frog Campaign Printing: The ARAZPA 2008 Year of the Frog Campaign pack was generously supported by Madman Printing Phone: +61 3 9244 0100 Email: [email protected] Front cover design: Patrick Crawley, www.creepycrawleycartoons.com Mobile: 0401 316 827 Email: [email protected] Front cover photo: Pseudophryne pengilleyi, Northern Corroboree Frog. Photo courtesy of Lydia Fucsko. Printed on 100% recycled stock 2 ARAZPA 2008 Year of the Frog Campaign Contents Foreword.........................................................................................................................................5 Foreword part II ………………………………………………………………………………………… ...6 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................9 Section 1: Why A Campaign?....................................................................................................11 The Connection Between Man and Nature........................................................................11 Man’s Effect on Nature ......................................................................................................11 Frogs Matter ......................................................................................................................11 The Problem ......................................................................................................................12 The Reason
    [Show full text]
  • Sloane's Froglet, Crinia Sloanei
    Sloane’s Froglet, Crinia sloanei What is Sloane’s Froglet? Sloane’s Froglet is a very small (around 15 to 20mm), native Australian frog that lives in inland Victoria, New South Wales and possibly southern Queensland. This unique froglet was first discovered in the late 1950s in southern NSW and northern Victoria along the Murray River near Tocumwal by Murray Littlejohn1. Since that time there has been little research into Sloane’s Froglet. In NSW in 2008 it was declared a threatened species under the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act2. Photo ©David Hunter Figure 1: Female and male Sloane’s Froglets in amplexus How can I tell if it is a Sloane’s Froglet? Both male and female Sloane’s Froglets have backs that are brown or browny-grey, often with darker brown or olive markings, and males may Photo ©Marion Anstis also have orange or ochre coloured spots. Their bellies are generally white with some darker blotches and a greenish marbling under the chin. Sloane’s Froglets are hard to see and hide quickly so the best way to identify a Sloane’s Froglet is from its call. During the winter months and after heavy rain it makes a short chirp while floating on top of a water body. It calls during the day and at night. Sloane’s Froglet is often mistaken for other species, most commonly for the Plains or Eastern Sign-bearing Froglet, Figure 2: The belly of a male Crinia parinsignifera. This froglet Sloane’s Froglet sounds similar to Sloane’s although its call is usually a longer wail rather Photo ©Dirk Spenneman than a chirp.
    [Show full text]
  • Field Survey Methods for Fauna. Amphibians
    Threatened species survey and assessment guidelines: field survey methods for fauna Amphibians Published by: Department of Environment and Climate Change 59–61 Goulburn Street, Sydney PO Box A290 Sydney South 1232 Ph: (02) 9995 5000 (switchboard) Ph: 131 555 (information & publications requests) Fax: (02) 9995 5999 TTY: (02) 9211 4723 Email: [email protected] Web: www.environment.nsw.gov.au DECC 2009/213 ISBN 978 1 74232 191 2 April 2009 Contents 1. Introduction................................................................................................................1 2. Nocturnal searches...................................................................................................3 3. Call surveys, including call playback .........................................................................4 4. Tadpole surveys ........................................................................................................6 5. Other survey methods ...............................................................................................8 6. Information to be included in the final report .............................................................9 7. Survey effort ...........................................................................................................10 8. Recommended survey effort and method for each species ....................................11 9. References and further reading...............................................................................31 1. Introduction All investigators conducting
    [Show full text]
  • Frog Census 1999 Frog Census 1999
    FROG CENSUS 1999 FROG CENSUS 1999 Cover photographs: Top: Smooth Frog (Geocrinia laevis) Photograph by Steven Walker Middle: Desert Froglet (Crinia deserticola) Photograph from Bayly C, Hunwick J, Hutchinson M, Mahony M. 1990. FrogWatch Resource Materials, South Australian FrogWatch Committee, Adelaide. Bottom: Peron’s Tree Frog (Litoria peroni) Photograph by Steven Walker Document production: Environment Protection Agency Department for Environment and Heritage GPO Box 2607 ADELAIDE SA 5001 Telephone: (08) 8204 2000 Facsimile: (08) 8204 9393 Freecall (country): 1800 623 445 ISSN 1327-8592 OCTOBER 2000 © Environment Protection Agency This document may be reproduced wholly or in part for the purpose of study or training, subject to the inclusion of an acknowledgment of the source, and to its not being used for commercial purposes or sale. Reproduction for purposes other than those given above requires the prior written permission of the Environment Protection Agency. Printed on recycled paper FROG CENSUS 1999 A report on community monitoring of water quality and habitat conditions in South Australia using frogs as indicators By SJ Walker, BM Hill, PM Goonan EPA Frog Census 1999 Frog Census 1999 CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS v SUMMARY vii 1. INTRODUCTION 4 2. METHODS 3 3. RESULTS 4 3.1 Observer and Location Details 4 3.2 Frog Species Abundance and Distribution 4 3.3 Distribution and Abundance of each Species 10 3.3.1 Family Hylidae 10 3.3.2 Family Leptodactylidae 15 3.4 No Frogs Recorded 29 3.5 Species Diversity 30 4. DISCUSSION 31 4.1Frogs of
    [Show full text]
  • Woinarski J. C. Z., Legge S. M., Woolley L. A., Palmer R., Dickman C
    Woinarski J. C. Z., Legge S. M., Woolley L. A., Palmer R., Dickman C. R., Augusteyn J., Doherty T. S., Edwards G., Geyle H., McGregor H., Riley J., Turpin J., Murphy B.P. (2020) Predation by introduced cats Felis catus on Australian frogs: compilation of species records and estimation of numbers killed. Wildlife Research, Vol. 47, Iss. 8, Pp 580-588. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/WR19182 1 2 3 Predation by introduced cats Felis catus on Australian frogs: compilation of species’ 4 records and estimation of numbers killed. 5 6 7 J.C.Z. Woinarskia*, S.M. Leggeb, L.A. Woolleya,k, R. Palmerc, C.R. Dickmand, J. Augusteyne, T.S. Dohertyf, 8 G. Edwardsg, H. Geylea, H. McGregorh, J. Rileyi, J. Turpinj, and B.P. Murphya 9 10 a NESP Threatened Species Recovery Hub, Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, 11 Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT 0909, Australia 12 b NESP Threatened Species Recovery Hub, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Research, 13 University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; AND Fenner School of the Environment and 14 Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2602, Australia 15 c Western Australian Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Bentley, WA 6983, 16 Australia 17 d NESP Threatened Species Recovery Hub, Desert Ecology Research Group, School of Life and 18 Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia 19 e Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service, Red Hill, QLD 4701, Australia 20 f Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences (Burwood campus), Deakin 21 University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia 22 g Northern Territory Department of Land Resource Management, PO Box 1120, Alice Springs, NT 0871, 23 Australia 24 h NESP Threatened Species Recovery Hub, School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, 25 Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia i School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Ave, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom.
    [Show full text]
  • A Cartesian Coordinate System of Wnt and BMP Signaling Specifies Bilaterian Body Axes Christof Niehrs*
    HYPOTHESIS 845 Development 137, 845-857 (2010) doi:10.1242/dev.039651 © 2010. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd On growth and form: a Cartesian coordinate system of Wnt and BMP signaling specifies bilaterian body axes Christof Niehrs* Summary the dorsoventral (DV), mediolateral, directive and aboral-oral axis The regulation of body axis specification in the common in echinoderms] extends from the back to the underside or belly and ancestor of bilaterians remains controversial. BMP signaling is perpendicular to the primary axis. Its hallmark in most bilaterians appears to be an ancient program for patterning the secondary, is the unilateral location of the central nervous system (CNS) or dorsoventral, body axis, but any such program for the (Benito-Gutierrez and Arendt, 2009). Although body axis regulation primary, or anteroposterior, body axis is debated. Recent work is mainly considered together with early embryonic development, it in invertebrates indicates that posterior Wnt/b-catenin signaling also occurs in adults: several bilaterians, such as certain annelids, is such a mechanism and that it evolutionarily predates the flatworms, echinoderms and colonial ascidians, reproduce cnidarian-bilaterian split. Here, I argue that a Cartesian agametically (see Glossary, Box 1) and thus establish new body axes coordinate system of positional information set up by gradients in fully grown organisms (Adiyodi et al., 2002). Furthermore, of perpendicular Wnt and BMP signaling is conserved in certain invertebrates, such as Hydra, earthworms, flatworms and sea bilaterians, orchestrates body axis patterning and contributes to squirts, can regenerate an adult body, emphasizing that body axis both the relative invariance and diversity of body forms.
    [Show full text]
  • Peron's Tree Frog
    mallee frogs field guide Mallee CMA Region Mallee CMA RegionMCMA MCMA Wentworth REGION Wentworth REGION Mildura Mildura Merbein Merbein VICTORIA VICTORIA Irymple Irymple Cullulleraine Cullulleraine Red Cliffs Red Cliffs MCMA MCMA Wentworth REGION Wentworth REGION Mildura Mildura Merbein Merbein Robinvale VICTORIA Robinvale VICTORIA Irymple Irymple Cullulleraine Cullulleraine Red Cliffs Red Cliffs Robinvale Robinvale Ouyen Ouyen Manangatang Manangatang Underbool Underbool Nyah Nyah Murrayville Murrayville Ouyen Ouyen Lake Lake Tyrell Manangatang Tyrell Manangatang UnderboolSea Lake UnderbooSea Lakel Nyah Nyah Murrayville Murrayville Woomelang Woomelang Hopetoun Lake Hopetoun Lake Tyrell Tyrell Sea Lake Sea Lake Rainbow Rainbow Beulah Beulah Birchip Birchip Woomelang Woomelang Hopetoun Hopetoun Rainbow Rainbow Beulah Beulah Birchip Birchip Acknowledgements The Mallee Catchment Management Authority would like to acknowledge the support of the Mallee community who assisted in development Acknowledgementsof this field guide. The Mallee Catchment Management Authority would like to acknowledge the Photography support of the Mallee community who Photographs are acknowledgedassisted in development of this field guide. within the guide. Front Cover Photos Photography ISBN: 978-1-920777-20-3 Peter Robertson and Photographs are acknowledged Wildlife Profiles Pty Ltd.within the guide. © Mallee CMA 2009 This publication is not for Litoria ewingii Front Cover Photos sale, copies are availableISBN: 978-1-920777-20-3 (Southern Brown Tree Frog)Peter Robertson
    [Show full text]