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Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49132-7 — Neanderthal Language Rudolf Botha Index More Information

Index

Adler, D. S., 174 evolutionary pathway, 177 Aiello, L., 33, 109 frontal and temporal poles, 115, 150 Alcock, K. J., 177 left-lateralised/lateralisation, 12, 15, 19–24, Appenzeller, T., 35, 77, 78, 168 148, 149, 159 Aranguren, B., 171 occipital lobes, 116 Aristotle, 170 olfactory bulbs, 115 Atkinson, E. G., 145, 147, 148 ontogenetic growth and development, 177 Aubert, M., 78 orbito-frontal cortex, 115, 150 parietal lobes, 115 Balari, S., 104, 159 shape, 177 Balter, M., 78 size/volume, 155, 177 Barceló-Coblijn, L., 98, 170, 177 Britton, K., 128 Barham, L., 168 Brooks, A. S., 168 Barnard, A., 57, 99 Brown, S., 8 Barthes, R., 170 Brumm, A., 78, 79, 167 Bar-Yosef, O., 36, 37, 162, 163 Bruner, E., 111, 115, 177, 178 Bastir, M., 115, 177 burials, Neanderthal Baynes, K., 22, 24 deliberate, 92, 93 Behr, O., 130 grave goods, 92, 95, 96 Belfer-Cohen, A., 96, 158, 169, 170 vs funerals, 95 Benítez-Burraco, A., 5, 14, 21–24, 98, 149, 177 see also inferences about Neanderthal Berlant, T., 81, 82, 167, 168 language: the deliberate-burial Berwick, R. C., 5, 118–20, 127, 143, 144, 152, inference 159, 161, 170, 176, 177 Byrne, R. W., 22, 160 Bicho, N., 75 Bickerton, D., 8 Callaway, E., 35, 40, 69, 74, 166 Binford, S. R., 78, 169 Cann, R. L., 177 Bishop, D. V., 22 Cârciumaru, M., 109 Blackwell, l., 48–51, 163 Carlyle, T., 171 Bolhuis, J., 6 Caron, F., 29, 36, 37, 38, 40, 162 Bordes, J. -G., 26, 35, 45, 162, 163 Cataldo, D. M.122, 125–27, 173, 174 Botha, R., 7, 11, 13, 14, 16, 18, 25, 159, 160, Cave, A. J. E., 158 166, 172, 175, 177, 178 Cave art, Neanderthal, 9, 31, 69, 70, 71, 81, Boule, M., 4, 158 82 see non-symbolic behaviours, Neanderthal, hashtag engraving, 29, 69–74, 77, 80, 102 see symbolic behaviours, Neanderthal red disks, 29, 69, 70, 75, 76, 80, 102 Boussiac, P., 67, 165 red hand stencils, 29, 69, 70, 71, 74, 75, 76, Bouyssonie, A., 95, 169 80, 102 Brains, Neanderthal, 4, 12, 23, 24, 115, 116, red painted speleothems/mineral deposits, 142, 147–57 69, 70, 76 Broca’s area, 24, 147–57, 177, 178 scalariform/ladder-shaped sign, 30, 69, 70, Cerebellum, 115, 116, 149, 150, 155 71, 77

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Index 205

Caves, rock shelters and sites, Neanderthal Chomsky, N., 118–20, 127, 143, 144, 152, Abric Romaní, 130 160, 161, 170, 176, 177 Ardales Cave/Doña Trinidad Cave, 69, 76, Churchill, S. E., 128, 174 78, 80 Clark, G. A., 92 boufﬁa Bonneval, 89, 93, 169 Cochet, H., 160, 172 Cauna de Belvis Cave, 168 Clothing and footwear, Neanderthal, 109 Combe-Grenal, 41, 52, 53 Collins, M., 36 Cueva de los Aviones, 40, 41, 51, 53 Communication, Neanderthal, 100, 131, 132, 136 Dederiyeh, 91 and cooperation, 133 El Castillo Cave, 29, 70, 74–76, 80, 102 form of, 99, 100 El Sidrón Cave, 109, 110, 145, 177 gestural, 137, 138 Foradada Cave, 165 Hmmmmm, 176 Gorham’s Cave, 29, 69–74, 77, 80, 102 hunters’, 131, 141, 142 Goyet Cave, 176 social, 85 Grotta di Fumane/Fumane Cave, 40, 43, 44, system, 6, 10, 154, 155 52, 53 verbal, 99, 100, 106 Grotte du Renne, 35–40, 51, 65, 83, 144, vocal, 100 162, 163 vs language and speech, 100 Kebara Cave, 91, 95, 109 Conard, N. J., 6, 29, 100, 101, 109 La Chapelle-aux-Saintes, 4, 5, 89, 91–95, Conceptual frameworks for studying 109, 169 Neanderthal symbolism La Cotte de St. Brelade, 175 The Basic Framework, 59, 62–65, 68, 103 La Ferassie Cave, 89, 90, 95, 109 The Extended Framework, 63, 64, 103 La Garma Cave, 167 The Received Framework, 64, 65, 67 La Pasiega Cave, 30, 69, 76, 80 see also symbols, symbolism, symbolicity La Roche-à-Pierrot, 90 Coolidge, F. L., 6, 30, 37, 56–59, 62, 92, 95, La Roche Cotard Cave, 70, 166 99, 109, 128, 131–35, 138, 147–49, Le Regourdou, 91, 95 155, 163 Les Fieux, 41, 52 164, 166, 174, 175, 177, 178 Maastricht-Belvedere site, 168 Craighero, L., 151 Maltravieso Cave, 30, 69, 79, 80 Crow, T. J., 21 Mandrin Cave, 42, 52 Pech de l’Aze, 29, 83 Dating of artefacts Pešturina Cave, 165 radiocarbon dating, 38–40, 73 Pogetti Vecchi site, 171 U-Th/U-series dating, 74, 162, 167 Quinçay, 51, 163 Davidson, I., 8, 9, 33, 70, 73, 74, 88, 111, 163, Rio Secco Cave, 42, 52 171, 172 Roc de Marsal, 89, 92, 93, 169 Deacon, T., 33, 59, 68, 164 Roche au Loup, 168 Dediu, D., 5, 98, 99, 146, 159, 175, 177, 175, Saint Césaire, 62 176 Schöningen, 109, 174 de la Costa-Laremondie, M. C., 21 Scladina site, 176 De Mortillet, G., 4, 7 Shanidar Cave, 30, 91, 95 Denisovan(s), 79, 146, 147, 166, 170 Sima de los Huesos, 16, 17, 29, 30 d’Errico, F., 6, 29, 30, 33–37, 45, 48–51, 60, Spy site, 176 61, 64, 66, 68–70, 83–86, 88–92, 104, Tabun, 91 162–65, 168 Trilobite Cave, 162 DeSalle, R., 177 Vindija Cave, 16 de Saussure, F., 170 Caves and rock shelters, southern Africa see also linguistic signs, Saussurean Blombos Cave, 49, 53–55, 60 Dibble, H. L., 74, 75, 92–96, 164, 166, 168, Border Cave, 49–51 169 Diepkloof Rock Shelter, 10, 164, 168 Diet, Neanderthal, 137, 158, 176 Chaminade, T., 113, 116–19, 172, 176 Diller, K., 177 Chance, S. A., 21 Dubreuil, B., 49, 54–59, 164 Chase, P. G., 95, 96, 105–7, 162, 164, 165, 172 Duday, H., 169

206 Index

Egeland, C. P., 92 Holloway, R. L., 21, 117, 171, 178 Enard, W., 145–48 Hovers, E., 96, 158, 169 Evidence Hunting, Neanderthal data vs facts vs evidence, 26, 27, 164 ambush hunting, 129, 130 direct vs indirect evidence, 6, 7, 19, 30, 65, communal, cooperative, social hunting, 9, 68, 154, 159 10, 30, 110, 128, 188 communication, 131, 138, 141, 155 Fadiga, I., 151 kill/near-kill sites, 141 Falk, D., 8 prey, 109, 128, 137 Finlayson, C., 6, 42, 79 spears, 128, 174, 175 Fisher, S. E., 145, 176, 177 strategy/tactics/method, 129, 131 Fitch, T., 8 Huntley, J., 78 Foley. R., 67 Foundas, A. L., 21, 22 Inferences about language evolution FOXP2 gene, modern human and Neanderthal, the motherese inference, 8 144–48, 177 the music inference, 8 Franklin, B., 171 the pidgin inference, 7, 8 Frost, G. T., 21, 23, 186 Inferences about Neanderthal language Fuentes, A., 63, 107 the body-decoration inference, 84ff.: soundness, 86, 87, 102, 103; structure, 84 Gamble, C., 6, 30, 33, 93, 98, 147, 148, 168 the brain inference, 148ff.: soundness, 149ff.; García-Diez, M., 29, 74, 75 structure, 149 Gargett, R. H., 88, 104, 169 the cave-art inference, 70: soundness, 80ff. Garofoli, D., 29, 62 the deliberate-burial inference, 88ff.: Gatewood, J. B., 172 soundness, 96f., 103; structure, 90ff. Gaudzinsky-Windheuser, S., 128, 133, 174, see also burials, Neanderthal 175, 187 the FOXP2 inference, 145ff.: soundness, Gazzaniga, M. S., 24 147, 148; structure, 146 Gestures, natural the hashtag-engraving inference, 71 iconic gestures/pantomimes, 135–37 soundness, 73ff., 102; structure, 72 Neanderthal hunters’, 136, 137, 155, 157 the Iberian-caves inference, 76ff.: soundness, pointing gestures, 135–37 78ff., 103; structure, 78 see also teaching stone-tool making/knapping the jewellery-inference, 33ff.: soundness, Gil, D., 134 34ff.; structure, 33, 34 Gonzáles Morales, M. R., 71 see also the personal ornament inference, the Graves, P., 122, 172 symbol inference, the language inference Grodzinsky, Y., 150, 151 the knapping inference, 113ff.: soundness, Grünberg, J. M., 109 113ff.; structure, 113 Güntürkün, O., 24 the knapping-pedagogy inference, 124ff.: soundness, 124ff.; structure, 124 Hagoort, P., 177 the language inference, 34, 97: soundness, handaxes 100ff.; structure, 98 characterisation, 81, 167, 170 the no-language inference, 142–44 Neanderthal, 82 the personal-ornament inference, 34, 40: uses, 171 soundness, 40, 102 Handedness, Neanderthal, 12, 14, 16–25, 159, the red-disks-and hand-stencils inference: 160 soundness, 101, 102 Hardy, K., 110 the scratched-teeth inference, 11ff.: Harrold, F. B., 169 soundness, 14ff., 25; structure, 12, 13 Harvati, K, 30, 109 the symbol inference, 34: soundness, 63ff., 164 Henshilwood, C., 49, 54–61, 66, 86, 164, 165 Ingold, T., 122 Hewes, G. W., 171 Heyes, P. J., 84, 85 Jackendoff, R., 105, 135, 138, 170, 171, 178 Hoffecker, J. F., 171 Johann, K., 109 Hoffmann, D. L., 30, 40, 69, 77–79 Johansson, S., 98, 147, 148, 159, 170

Index 207

Kahn, R., 23 Linguistic signs Khreisheh, N., 114–16, 172 Saussurean, 10, 155, 170 Kissel, M., 63, 107 vs cultural symbols, 104–7, 141, 153 Knecht, S., 21 Lithic industries/technologies Kochiyama, T., 150, 177 Acheulean, 123, 124, 171 Koller, J., 109 Levallois, 38, 171, 173 Krantz, G., 122 Oldowan, 113, 171 Krause, J., 5, 98, 145 Lombao, D., 125 Kuhn, S., 128 Long, D. L., 22 Lorblanchet, M., 166 Lai, C. S. L., 145 Lakoff, G., 170 MacDermot, K. D., 145 Language MacDonald, K., 66 cognitive capacity, 8, 15, 19, 121 Majkic, A., 165 conditions on concept of ‘language’, 107, Malafouris, L., 55, 56, 62, 164, 165 160 Mania, D., 109 E(xternalised)-language, 15, 160 Marcus, G. F., 145, 176 I(nternalised)-language, 15, 160 Marean, C. W., 164 language vs processing of language/ Maricic, T., 177 linguistic utterances, 116, 121, 170 Marín, J., 128, 130, 133 language vs speech/use of language/ Marquet, J. C., 166 communication, 8, 100, 117, 132 Marshall, M., 76, 80 see also language faculty; language, Martin-Loeches, M., 81 Neanderthal; linguistic ontology, Mazza, P. P. A., 109 restricted linguistic systems McManus, C., 21 Language faculty Mellars, P., 33, 36, 39, 45, 96, 144, 162, 168 in a broad sense (FLB), 15, 16 Meller, N., 109 in a narrow sense (FLN), 15, 160 Mellet, E., 167, 173, 174 see also language Milks, A., 174 Language, Neanderthal, 3, 4, 6, 98–100, 133, Mithen, S., 6, 8, 85, 163, 175 155–57 Morgan, T. J. H., 122, 124–27, 173, 174 grammatical complexity, 10, 155 Morin, E., 29, 41, 52, 53, 161, 176 Saussurean linguistic signs, 10, 155, 170 Moro, A., 120 syntax, two-slot paratactic, 99 Moro Abadía, O., 47, 48, 63, 66, 71, 163 see also language skills, Neanderthal; linear Morse, M. A., 4, 6, 30, 99, 147, 175 grammar; linguistic capacities/capabilities, Mountford, H. S., 177 Neanderthal; speech, Neanderthal Movius, H. L., 35, 161, 162 Language/linguistic skills, Neanderthal, 13, 14, 99, 100 Naito, Y. I., 176 Laroulandi, V., 29, 41, 52, 53, 161 Naksopoulos, D., 21 Lazuén, T., 174 Neanderthals Leroi-Gourhan, A., 35, 45 modern view, 4, 158 Levinson, S. C., 5, 98, 99, 146, 159, 175–77 non-monolithic species, 6–27, 88, 101 Li, Z., 166 traditional view, 3, 4, 158, 159 Lieberman, P., 6, 99 Newbury, D. F., 177 Linear grammar, 135, 138 Nishitani, N., 151 Lingjing archaeological site, 167 Niven, L., 128 Linguistic capacity/capacities, Neanderthal, 5, Noble, W., 33, 88, 168, 171, 172 11–14, 19, 23, 24, 90, 98, 100, 148, Noiré, L., 171 156 Non-symbolic behaviours, Neanderthal Linguistic ontology, 8, 14, 15, 25, 100, 106, hunting big game, 109, 128ff. 117, 121, 133, 153 see also hunting, Neanderthal see also language faculty in a broad sense interbreeding with early modern humans, (FLB); language faculty in a narrow 159, 177 sense (FLN). making/knapping stone tools, 109, 111ff.

208 Index

Non-symbolic behaviours, Neanderthal (cont.) Radovčic, J., 29, 41, 52, 161 making pitch, 109 Rendu, W., 29, 30, 89, 92, 93, 94, 95, 131, 133, making tools and spears, 109 145, 169 making/using ﬁre, 109 Renfrew, C., 90, 166, 169 making waterproof clothing and footwear, Renfrew, J., 90, 165 109 Restricted linguistic systems, 7, 15, 156 see also stone tools, Neanderthal Basic Variety, 125, 156 structuring living sites, 109 home signs/homesign, 135, 156 stuff and cut eating, 20 incipient pidgins, 135, 156 teaching stone-tool making 122ff. village sign languages, 136 treating/caring for the injured, impaired and see also Riau Indonesian sick, 109 Riau Indonesian, 134, 135, 154, 156 using medicinal herbs, 110 Richards, I. A., 170 Nowell, A., 29, 30, 47, 48, 63, 66, 67, 76, 163 Riel-Salvatore, J., 92 Rincon, P., 73, 74 Ocklenburg, S., 24 Rizzolatti, G., 151 Ogden, C. K., 170 Robb, J., 63, 166 Ohnuma, K., 127, 173 Rodríguez-Hidalgo, A., 165 Overmann, K. A., 163 Rodríguez-Vidal, J., 29, 70–74, 166 Roebroeks, W., 66, 70, 78, 109, 128, 158, 161, Palaeolithic stone-tool industry 167–69 Aurignacian, 37 Rossano, M., 58, 59, 62 Châtelperronian, 37 Ruebens, K., 170 Gravettian, 174 Mousterian, 37 Sample, I., 79, 167 Papadatou-Pastou, M., 24, 160 Sandgathe, D. M., 92–94, 169 Papagianni, D., 4, 6, 30, 99, 147, 175 Santi, A., 150, 151 Pearce, L., 115, 172, 177 Sauvet, G., 167 Peirce, C. S, 58, 59, 61, 79, 164, 165 Schick, K., 114, 122, 127 (semiotic) theory of signs, 63, 164 Scott, B., 175 see also symbols, symbolism, symbolicity; Scratched teeth, Neanderthal, 11, 16, 17 symbols vs indexes vs icons Shackley, M. L., 169 Peresani, M., 29, 42, 43, 52, 53, 70, 158, 166 Shu, W., 176 Personal ornaments, Neanderthal Skipper, J. I., 151 animal teeth, (perforated), 29, 30, 33, 38, 46, Smith, E. E., 151 61, 101, 103 Sommer, I. E. C., 23 eagle/raptor phalanges, 33, 41, 46, 51, 52, 53 Sorensen, B., 109 ivory rings/beads, 33, 35, 51, 101, 103, 163 Soressi, M., 29, 45, 64, 70, 83, 84, 109, 158, marine/sea shells/shell beads, 29, 30, 33, 35, 161, 169 40, 41, 43, 44, 46–53, 59, 101, 103, 163 Soriano, S., 109, 174 raptor feathers, 29, 42, 46, 52, 53, 69, 89 Speech, Neanderthal, 8, 99, 132, 133 raptor talons/claws, 29, 30, 33–35, 41, 44, Speth, J. D., 109 46–53, 101, 103, 104 Spiering, H., 167 raptor wing bones, 42, 52, 53 Spikins, P., 109 Pettitt, P., 30, 63, 76, 80, 88, 91, 92, 95, 96, Stiner, M. C., 128 101, 161, 165, 167, 169 Stone tools pigment, ethnographic and/or prehistoric making/knapping, 112, 113, 117–21 uses, 54 modes of making, 171 Pike, A. W. G., 29, 69, 74, 75, 167 types, 171 Poeppel, D., 177 uses, 171 Pope, M., 73 see also handaxes, lithic industries, teaching Porrill, J, 177 stone-tool making Preston, Y., 111 Straus, L. G., 29, 30, 109, 158 Price, C. J., 177 Straus, W. L., 158 Progovac, L., 99, 146, 170 Stringer, C., 6, 29, 30, 33, 35, 39, 44, 46, 53, Putt, S. S., 125, 126 83, 66, 88, 161, 162, 168, 169, 177

Index 209

Stubbe-Dräger, D., 21 Verpoorte, A., 109 Symbolic behaviours, Neanderthal, 29 Villa, P., 109, 163, 174, 184 beautifying/decorating bodies, 29, 83ff. burying the dead, 30, 88ff. Wadley, L., 33, 69, 84, 86 decorating bone tools, 29 Wager, T. D., 151 making/manufacturing and wearing personal Wales, N., 109 ornaments/jewellery, 29, 33ff. Warrants, 10, 18, 152–54 producing abstract/non-ﬁgurative art/cave Watkins, K. E., 145, 177 art, 29, 69ff. Weaver, A. H., 115 see also conceptual frameworks for studying Weyrich, L. S., 110 Neanderthal symbolism, symbolic Wheeler, P., 109 behaviours, Neanderthal; symbols vs White, M., 128–30, 133, 174 indexes vs icons White, R., 36, 37, 45, 162, 163 Symbols, symbolism, symbolicity Wilkins, W. K., 24, 149 approaches, 166 Window inferences (about language evolution) conceptual frameworks, 59–68, 103 characterisation, 6–8 criteria, 60, 61 instances, 7, 8 general theory, 54, 59, 60 soundness, 8, 12, 13 Peircian theory, 62, 65, 79, 81, 165 structure/anatomy, 11, 12, 25 see also conceptual frameworks for studying see also Windows Approach to Language Neanderthal symbolism; symbolic Evolution; window inferences, behaviours, Neanderthal; symbols vs soundness conditions; window indexes vs icons; Peirce’s (semiotic) inferences, underpinning theories theory of signs Window inferences, soundness conditions symbols vs indexes vs icons, 57–59, 62, 65, 66 Groundedness Condition, 16 see also symbols, symbolism, Pertinence Condition, 13 symbolicity; Peirce, C.S. Warrantedness Condition, 18 see also data vs facts vs evidence, direct vs Taçon, P., 29, 74 indirect evidence Tattersall, I., 6, 14, 143, 144, 158, 160, 161, Window inferences, underpinning theories, 25 176, 177 bridge theory, 19 Teaching stone-tool making/knapping, grounding theory, 37 122ff. linguistic ontology, 8, 14, 15, 25, 100, 106, gesture/gestural communication used, 122, 117, 121, 133, 153 125, 126, 173 warrants, 10, 18, 152–54 speech/verbal language used, 123, 125, 126, Windows Approach to Language Evolution, 173 6–8 see also the knapping-pedagogy inference see also window inferences (about language The Old Man of La Chapelle-aux-Saintes, 16, evolution); window inferences, 17, 89, 158 soundness conditions; window Thieme, H., 109 inferences, underpinning theories Tilley, L., 109 Wissing, C., 137, 176 Tomasello, M., 135, 136, 138, 175 Wittenberg, E., 105, 135, 138, 170, 171 Toth, N., 114, 122, 127 Wynn, T., 6, 10, 37, 44, 56, 57–59, 65–67, 81, Trinkaus, E., 70, 146, 158 82, 92, 95, 99, 101, 111, 112, 115, 116, 119, 121, 128, 131–35, 138, 147–50, Vallortigara, G., 24 163, 164, 166–68, 172, 174–78 Vandermeersch, B., 169 Vanhaeren, M., 6, 29, 47–49, 92, 163, 168 Zhang, J., 145 Vauclair, J., 22 Zilhão, J., 29, 35, 36, 37, 41, 45, 48, 51–53, Verbal medium of communication, 63–65, 69, 73, 83, 92, 104, 109, 158, Neanderthal, 99, 100, 125 160–63, 169, 170