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Diplomarbeit Diplomarbeit Titel der Diplomarbeit Elisabeth Bergners Wiener Zeit Verfasserin Barbara Zeman angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosophie (Mag. phil.) Wien, im Oktober 2007 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 312 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Geschichte Betreuer: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Frank Stern 1 Inhaltsverzeichnis Einleitung....................................................................................................................................4 1. „Sie kam aus Wien“1............................................................................................................7 1.1 Elisabeth Bergners Kindheit und Jugend..............................................................................7 1.2 Elisabeth Bergner und die Leopoldstadt...............................................................................8 1.3 Jacob Levy Moreno und das Mädchen Elisabeth................................................................12 1.4 Der Beginn einer Theaterlaufbahn......................................................................................14 1.5 Elisabeth Bergners Zeit an der Akademie...........................................................................15 1.5.1 Theaterschülerin Bergner.................................................................................................19 1.6 Familie Bergner und das Dritte Reich.................................................................................21 1.6.1 Die akkulturierte Jüdin Elisabeth Bergner.......................................................................24 2. Elisabeth Bergners Gastspiele in Wien vor ihrer Emigration........................................26 2.1 Auf Wiener Brettern............................................................................................................26 2.2 Mai 1917 Wiener Stadttheater...........................................................................................26 2.3 1919 Engagement an der Neue Wiener Bühne....................................................................36 2.3.1 Die Büchse der Pandora/ Frank Wedekind......................................................................37 2.3.2 Der Erdgeist/ Frank Wedekind........................................................................................41 2.3.3 Hamlet/ William Shakespeare..........................................................................................43 2.3.4 Die Gelbe Lilie/ Ludwig Biro..........................................................................................47 2.3.5 Die Sendung Semaels (Ritualmord in Ungarn)/ Arnold Zweig.......................................50 2.3.6 Einen Jux will er sich machen/ Nestroy...........................................................................55 2.3.7 Aufenthalt in Steinhof – Frühjahr 1920..........................................................................57 2.4 1923 Wie es euch gefällt am Raimundtheater.....................................................................60 2.5 1924 Ich liebe Dich! und Fräulein Julie am Raimundtheater.............................................64 2.5.1 Ich Liebe Dich!/ Sacha Guitry.........................................................................................65 2.5.2 Fräulein Julie /August Strindberg....................................................................................69 2.6 1926 Mrs. Cheneys Ende und Die Heilige Johanna am Volkstheater................................71 2.6.1 Mrs. Cheneys Ende/ Fredrick Lonsdale...........................................................................74 2.6.2 Die heilige Johanna /Bernard Shaw.................................................................................77 2.7 1931 Amphytrion 38 am Raimundtheater...........................................................................79 2.7.1 Amphitryon 38/ Jean Giraudoux......................................................................................79 2.7.2 Der Kreis/ William Somerset Maugham..........................................................................83 1 Salzburger Volkszeitung. 13. 8. 1960, 3. 2 3. Arthur Schnitzler und Fräulein Elisabeth.............................................................................85 3.1 Einleitung: Bergner und Schnitzler.............................................................................................85 3.2 Umriss der Novelle Fräulein Else - Vorgeschichte und Inhalt...................................................89 3.3 Der Film „Fräulein Else“ (1928)................................................................................................96 3.4 „24 Stunden vorher verspricht man vieles. Das halten ist dann schwerer“2............................102 3.4.1 Kleine Scharmützel: Die Entstehung des Films – Uraufgeführt am 7. 3. 1929 Berlin...........103 3.4.2 Große Scharmützel: Das Scheitern der Bühnen-Else.............................................................109 4. Gastspiele in Wien nach Elisabeth Bergners Rückkehr.......................................................116 4.2 1954 Gastspiel des Grünen Wagens/ Theater in der Josefstadt...............................................117 4.3 1960 Gastspiel des Grünen Wagens/ Theater in der Josefstadt................................................120 4.3.1. Lesung der Else in Wien......................................................................................................120 5. Zusammenfassung...................................................................................................................122 6. Quellen......................................................................................................................................123 5. Bibliographie............................................................................................................................136 7. Lebenslauf................................................................................................................................138 2 Neues Wiener Journal. 6. 6. 1926, 5. 3 Einleitung Elisabeth Bergner war ein Star. Einer, den man heute kaum noch kennt. Im Berlin der zwanziger Jahre stand sie nicht nur umjubelt auf Theaterbühnen, blickte sie nicht nur mit großen Augen von den Leinwänden der Lichtspieltheater, sondern regierte ebenso mittels Bergner-Locke zahlreiche Frauenköpfe. Locken die seitlich tief in die Stirn fallen, am Hinterkopf burschikos kurz geschnitten. Weil die Bergner als eine unter vielen im Filmgeschäft Jüdin war, musste sie emigrieren, fasste in London Fuß, weiter ging es in die USA, zuerst an die West-, später zur Ostküste, nach New York. 1950 kehrte sie, gemeinsam mit ihrem Leibregisseur und Ehemann Paul Czinner nach Europa zurück. Zwischen dem Zeitpunkt, an dem sie Berlin und Wien den Rücken kehren hatte müssen und jenem Tag, an dem sie nach dem Krieg das erste Mal wieder Wien besuchte, mussten noch einige Jahre ins Land ziehen. Vergessen hat man sie in der Stadt, in der sie aufgewachsen ist, zu ihren Lebzeiten dennoch nie, wie man aus den zahlreichen Kritiken von sporadischen Gastspielen am Theater, Lesungen oder aber auch aus den Rezensionen zu ihrer 1978 erschienenen Autobiographie lesen kann. In den Zeitungsausschnitten gibt man sich zwar nicht mehr so verliebt in die zierliche (und nunmehr gealterte) Frau, wie dies bei der jungen Theaterelfe der Fall war, dennoch herrscht ein Tonfall vor, der sich aus Sentimentalität, einer gewissen Sprachlosigkeit und sehr viel Respekt zusammensetzt. Man ist stolz, dass die Kindfrau in Wien aufgewachsen ist. Elisabeth Bergner selbst schreibt in ihren Unordentlichen Erinnerungen, dass sie wohl zurückgekommen wäre, wenn man sie darum gebeten hätte, wenn man sich von Wiener, von österreichischer Seite, darum bemüht hätte. Anfang der sechziger Jahre (23. April 1960) antwortet Bergner auf die Frage, wie sie denn zu Wien stehen würde, sehr umgänglich, und gibt an, dass Wien „schöner denn je, nur so schlecht beleuchtet“ sei. Meine Diplomarbeit soll nun genau das erhellen - was neben den Straßen Wiens in den Sechzigern - bisweilen im Dunkeln liegt: Elisabeth Bergners Zeit in Wien. Ihre Kindheit, ihre Eltern, ihre Geschwister, ihre Freunde, ihre Studien- und Theaterkollegen, ihre Lieblingstheater, ihre Lehrer, ihre Lebens- und Wohnorte, ihre Ausbildung - und somit die Kreise, die sie prägten, das Milieu aus dem sie kam, das sie formte und schließlich aus einem unbeschriebenen Menschen namens Elisabeth Bergner die Schauspieldiva namens Elisabeth Bergner machte. Ich will zuallererst die Zeit behandeln, in der sie noch nicht Superstar war, die Zeit, in der ein Haarschnitt nur „Locke“ hieß, und das vorangestellte Wörtchen „Bergner“ noch in weiter Zukunft lag. Ich widme mich jener Zeit, in der weder Schnitzler noch Czinner noch Reinhardt ihren Namen kannten. Die Zeit aber, in der sie die Weichen für ihre späteren Erfolge stellte. 4 Daneben werde ich eine Zusammenstellung aller Gastspiele, aller Engagements der Schauspielerin in Wien vornehmen, in den Memoiren ihrer Theaterkompagnons oder weltbekannter Zeitgenossen nach bergnerschen Anekdoten suchen, ihre Autobiographie nach ihrer Wiener Zeit abklopfen und der Vollständigkeit halber mit den Wiener Stippvisiten der Bergner nach Kriegsende abschließen. Bewusst ausgelassen habe ich in meiner obigen Aufzählung (von Freunden, Eltern und Kollegen) die Verehrer der Bergner, von welchen wohl Arthur Schnitzler einer der Bekanntesten war, der ihr sein Meisterstück des inneren Monologs – Fräulein Else - auf den Leib schreibt. Als Bergner bereits ihren Lebensmittelpunkt
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