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Contribution À La Conception Et À L'optimisation Thermodynamique D'une Microcentrale Solaire Thermo-Électrique

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Contribution À La Conception Et À L'optimisation Thermodynamique D'une Microcentrale Solaire Thermo-Électrique Contribution à la conception et à l’optimisation thermodynamique d’une microcentrale solaire thermo-électrique Antoine Mathieu To cite this version: Antoine Mathieu. Contribution à la conception et à l’optimisation thermodynamique d’une mi- crocentrale solaire thermo-électrique. Autre. Université de Lorraine, 2012. Français. NNT : 2012LORR0027. tel-01749207 HAL Id: tel-01749207 https://hal.univ-lorraine.fr/tel-01749207 Submitted on 29 Mar 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. AVERTISSEMENT Ce document est le fruit d'un long travail approuvé par le jury de soutenance et mis à disposition de l'ensemble de la communauté universitaire élargie. Il est soumis à la propriété intellectuelle de l'auteur. Ceci implique une obligation de citation et de référencement lors de l’utilisation de ce document. D'autre part, toute contrefaçon, plagiat, reproduction illicite encourt une poursuite pénale. Contact : [email protected] LIENS Code de la Propriété Intellectuelle. articles L 122. 4 Code de la Propriété Intellectuelle. articles L 335.2- L 335.10 http://www.cfcopies.com/V2/leg/leg_droi.php http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/infos-pratiques/droits/protection.htm U.F.R. Sciences et Techniques de la Matière et des Procédés École Doctorale EMMA Département de Mécanique et Énergétique Thèse proposée au réquisit du titre de Docteur de l'Université de Lorraine en Mécanique et Énergétique par Antoine MATHIEU Contribution à la conception et à l'optimisation thermodynamique d'une Microcentrale Solaire Thermo-électrique Soutenue publiquement le 23 Mai 2012 Membres du jury : Rapporteurs : M. Abdelhamid BELGHIT Professeur, Université de La Rochelle M. Giampaolo MANFRIDA Professeur, Università degli Studi di Firenze Examinateurs : Mme Monica COSTEA Professeur, Universitatea Politehnica din Bucuresti Mme Lavinia GROSU Maître de Conférence, Université de Paris Ouest M. David GUALINO Innovation Manager, Schneider Electric Industries Directeurs de thèse : M. Michel FEIDT Professeur, Université de Lorraine (directeur) M. Pierre ROCHELLE Professeur, Université de Paris Ouest (co-directeur) Laboratoire d’Énergétique et de Mécanique Théorique et Appliquée 54500 Vandœuvre-Lès-Nancy retour à la Table des Matières 2 La nature est invisible à l’œil nu Anaxagore retour à la Table des Matières 3 retour à la Table des Matières 4 Pour Anouk et sa petite sœur Lila en pensant à Marguerite et Léon Cécile et Louis retour à la Table des Matières 5 retour à la Table des Matières 6 Remerciements Ce travail a été réalisé dans le cadre d'un contrat conventionné Cifre. Merci donc à l'ANRT, qui a financé ce contrat. Merci également à l'Ademe, qui soutient le projet Microsol depuis ses débuts, et a contribué en cela à la consistance de mes travaux et leur relation étroite avec l'application pratique au niveau industriel. Je tiens à remercier particulièrement M. Frédéric VAILLANT, manager d'équipes au sein du pôle Stratégie et Innovation de Schneider Electric Industries de Grenoble, de m'avoir recruté pour ce contrat, et d'avoir encouragé mes travaux en soutenant le projet Microsol. Une reconnaissance distinguée doit être formulée à l'égard de M. Gilles VERMOT-DESROCHES, responsable du programme BipBop de Schneider Electric, pour avoir soutenu le projet Microsol, avec le concours de la Fondation Schneider Electric. Je remercie spécialement M. David GUALINO, chef de l'unité Mécatronique du pôle Stratégie et Innovation de Schneider Electric, à l'origine du projet Microsol, qui a participé à mon recrutement, ainsi que M. Benoit GRAPPE, chef du projet. Remerciements distingués, à M. Abdelhamid BELGHIT, Professeur à l'Université de La Rochelle et M. Giampaolo MANFRIDA, Professeur, à l'Università degli Studi di Firenze, d'avoir accepté le rôle de rapporteur pour ma thèse, ainsi qu'à Mme Monica COSTEA, Professeur à l'Universitatea Politehnica din Bucuresti, de me faire l'honneur de participer au jury. Remerciements déférents à M. Michel FEIDT, Professeur à l'Université de Lorraine, et M. Pierre ROCHELLE, Professeur à l'Université de Paris Ouest, qui ont assuré la co-direction de ma thèse avec constance, exigence et bienveillance, ainsi qu'à Mme Lavinia GROSU, Maître de Conférence à l'Université de Paris Ouest qui a participé activement à l'encadrement de mes travaux. Merci aux entreprises qui participent, ou on participé au projet Microsol et apporté de la matière d’œuvre à mes réflexions : ACSystèmes, BATT, CEDRAT, Défi Systèmes, Exosun, Mécachrome, SAED et Stiral. Merci encore à Mme Grâce GANDANEGARA, MM. Jacques ECRABEY, John GRAHAM et Vincent SCHNEIDER, œuvrant au développement du projet Microsol au sein de Schneider Electric, ainsi qu'à Mme Maryse CHASSIER, MM. Charles BLONDEL, Albert CHANSAVANG, Gilles CORTESE, Dimitrios LADAS et Roland MOUSSANET de l'équipe Mécatronique, pour leur bonne humeur, leur esprit d'ouverture, leur sens aigu de l'échange, de la collaboration et du brassage d'idées, qui entretiennent une ambiance de travail dynamique et motivante. retour à la Table des Matières 7 retour à la Table des Matières 8 Contribution à la conception et à l'optimisation d'une micro-centrale solaire thermo-électrique Résumé En ce début de millénaire 1,3 Milliard d'humains, parmi les plus démunis de la planète, vivent dans des sites isolés et ne bénéficient pas de réseaux de distribution d'énergie. Leur besoin en électricité est modeste, mais important en terme d'usages : accès aux soins médicaux et à l'instruction, communication, développement d'économies locales. C'est face à ce constat que Schneider Electric Industries relève, depuis 2009, le défi de concevoir et réaliser des micro-centrales solaires thermodynamiques, concurrentielles à d'autres solutions, pour fournir à ces populations une énergie électrique fiable et respectueuse de l'environnement. Inscrit dans le cadre de ce projet, le présent travail – réalisé en Cifre – est séquencé par l'évolution industrielle du projet. Dans un premier temps, un État de l'Art, étendu à une analyse de détail, a contribué à privilégier certains choix technologiques : Capteurs solaires à concentration, stockage thermique à chaleur sensible et moteur de Stirling. Dans un second temps, une étude thermodynamique préliminaire a permis d'évaluer le dimensionnement d'éléments clefs du système : Champ de captage solaire et stockage thermique. En complément une étude de sensibilité paramétrique du dimensionnement et des performances à divers facteurs de pertes énergétiques a souligné les points durs techniques et participé à l'orientation des travaux de conception. Enfin, l'analyse exergétique de fonctionnement de capteurs solaires et d'un moteur de Stirling en régimes dynamiques stationnaires proposent des bases pour l'optimisation de contrôle et commande, visant à accroitre les performances énergétiques du système et favoriser sa viabilité thermoéconomique. retour à la Table des Matières 9 retour à la Table des Matières 10 Table des matières Introduction générale 21 Chapitre 1 État de l'Art 23 1.1 Introduction 23 1.2 Généralités 24 1.2.1 Le solaire et la thermodynamique : quelques éléments d'histoire 24 1.2.2 Le potentiel de la ressource solaire 30 1.3 Centrales solaires thermo-électriques 32 1.3.1 Centrales à miroirs héliostatiques et tours thermiques 32 1.3.2 Centrales à concentrateurs cylindro-paraboliques 33 1.3.3 Systèmes à Parabole/Stirling 35 1.3.4 Cheminée solaire 36 1.3.5 Micro-systèmes expérimentaux 37 1.3.6 Quelques chiffres 40 Chapitre 2 Composants technologiques potentiels pour un projet de microcentrale 41 2.1 Introduction 41 2.2 Réception solaire thermique 42 2.2.1 Les absorbeurs solaires 42 2.2.2 La réception directe 44 2.2.2.1 Par capteurs simples 44 2.2.2.2 Par capteurs évolués 44 2.2.3 La réception à concentration 45 2.2.3.1 Concentrateurs à une direction 46 2.2.3.2 Concentration à deux axes 48 2.2.4 Conclusion sur la réception solaire 50 2.3 Conversion thermomécanique 51 2.3.1 Moteurs à flux continu : turbines 51 2.3.1.1 Turbines à vapeur et assimilés (cycle de Hirn) 51 2.3.1.2 Turbine à cycle de Brayton-Joule 54 2.3.2 Machines à volumétrie alternative 55 2.3.2.1 Moteur d'Ericsson 56 2.3.2.2 Moteur de Stirling 57 retour à la Table des Matières 11 2.3.3 Conclusion quant aux machines 60 2.4 Transport et Stockage de la chaleur 60 2.4.1 Fluides caloporteurs 60 2.4.1.1 L'eau 61 2.4.1.2 Polymères glycolés 61 2.4.1.3 Huiles minérales 61 2.4.1.4 Huiles silicones 62 2.4.1.5 Huiles synthétiques 62 2.4.1.6 Conclusion quant aux caloporteurs 63 2.4.2 Stockage thermique 64 2.4.2.1 Accumulation par chaleur sensible 64 2.4.2.2 Stockage thermique direct, indirect et semi-direct 65 2.4.2.3 Accumulation par chaleur latente 66 2.4.2.4 Conclusion sur le stockage thermique 67 2.5 Conclusions du chapitre : vers une architecture du système 67 Chapitre 3 Prédimensionnement de la microcentrale solaire thermo-électrique 69 3.1 Introduction 69 3.2 Modélisation des sous-systèmes 69 3.2.1 Modèles de capteurs solaires 69 3.2.2 Modélisation du stockage thermique 71 3.2.3 Auto-consommations 75 3.2.4 Génératrice 75 3.2.5 Modèle statique de moteur de Stirling 76 3.2.5.1 Rendement thermostatique du cycle idéal avec régénération thermique imparfaite 76 3.2.5.2 Rendement du cycle endo-irréversible avec régénération thermique imparfaite, pertes thermiques et pertes mécaniques 77 3.3 Modélisation du système 79 3.3.1 Schéma thermique global, conditions de fonctionnement.
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